Do you know what it is , and where I can get one ? We suspect you had seen the Terrex Autospade , which is made by Wolf Tools . It is quite a hefty spade , with bicycle - type handlebars and a sprung lever at the rear , which you step on to activate it . Used correctly , you should n't have to bend your back during general digging , although it wo n't lift out the soil and put in a barrow if you need to move it ! If gardening tends to give you backache , remember to take plenty of rest periods during the day , and never try to lift more than you can easily cope with . For neurophysiologists and neuropsychologists , the way forward in understanding perception has been to correlate these dimensions of experience with , firstly , the material properties of the experienced object or event ( usually regarded as the stimulus ) and , secondly , the patterns of discharges in the sensory system . Qualitative Aspects of Experience The quality or modality of the experience depends less upon the quality of energy reaching the nervous system than upon which parts of the sensory system are activated : stimulation of the retinal receptors causes an experience of light ; stimulation of the receptors in the inner ear gives rise to the experience of sound ; and so on . Muller 's nineteenth - century doctrine of specific energies formalized the ordinary observation that different sense organs are sensitive to different physical properties of the world and that when they are stimulated , sensations specific to those organs are experienced . It was proposed that there are endings ( or receptors ) within the nervous system which are attuned to specific types of energy , For example , retinal receptors in the eye respond to light energy , cochlear endings in the ear to vibrations in the air , and so on . Quantitative Aspects of Experience There are three fundamental dimensions of quantity in experience : ( a ) intensity ; ( b ) ( spatial ) extensity ; and ( c ) duration . At a neurophysiological level , the intensity of an experience is typically reflected in the number of neurones activated ( the phenomenon of recruitment ) and , more specifically , in the firing frequency of the relevant neurones . Extensity ( for example the size of a patch of light ) usually correlates with the number and spatial distribution of receptors activated . Finally , duration is correlated with the period of time for which the relevant neurones are active . Extensity ( for example the size of a patch of light ) usually correlates with the number and spatial distribution of receptors activated . Finally , duration is correlated with the period of time for which the relevant neurones are active . ( I am leaving aside phenomena such as accommodation , whereby a constant stimulus when sustained may activate the nervous system progressively less intensively , with a corresponding reduction in the perceived intensity of the stimulus . These , and other features of adaptation , do not invalidate the underlying conceptual framework . ) The earliest psychophysical observations demonstrated a correlation between the intensity of the physical stimulus and subjective reports of the intensity of the resultant experience . Special attention has been paid to security . The clock is attached to the table on which it will stand by means of a padlock and plastic covered cable , which is located with the clock and out of sight . Whilst a prospective burglar might fumbling with the clock and wondering why it wo n't lift , his movement will have activated the pressure pad which controls an audible alarm giving out 85dbs . This alarm may only be de - activated by a key holder , and the noise alone is such that the prospective thief will hopefully abandon his anti - social ideas . It is an interesting thought that had John Ellicott not donated one of his magnificent clocks to mark his benefaction , the greed of a contract thief nearly 250 years later would have never taken place and my humble tribute to this great gentleman , philanthropist and scientist , would never have been built . The clock is attached to the table on which it will stand by means of a padlock and plastic covered cable , which is located with the clock and out of sight . Whilst a prospective burglar might fumbling with the clock and wondering why it wo n't lift , his movement will have activated the pressure pad which controls an audible alarm giving out 85dbs . This alarm may only be de - activated by a key holder , and the noise alone is such that the prospective thief will hopefully abandon his anti - social ideas . It is an interesting thought that had John Ellicott not donated one of his magnificent clocks to mark his benefaction , the greed of a contract thief nearly 250 years later would have never taken place and my humble tribute to this great gentleman , philanthropist and scientist , would never have been built . Happily , the work of these old timers still inspires and encourages us to this very day . These choreographic sentences , no matter how short or long , broad or narrow , high or low must make sense within the total pattern or movement traced on the stage . This pattern is made not only by the dancers ' feet as they move over the surface but also by the dancers ' bodies as they move through space . Their limbs , torsos and heads can make straight , angled or rounded lines , usually at one and the same time , according to the natural structure of the dancers ' bones and how they are activated by the muscles . The choreographer must learn the natural functioning of the dancers ' bodies in order to combine steps and poses in a way that gives quality to the whole . If the dance design is to have physical , musical and , when necessary , dramatic sense , would - be choreographers should study how and why Petipa divided his steps into seven categories and then study some examples of how other choreographers have used his ideas . As de Valois said in a lecture to teachers : It is better to have a rule to break than no rule at all if chaos is not to reign in the class - room or on the stage . A choreographer working in the classical style is wise to conform to the traditional principles and rules found valuable through years of experience . They are based on a refinement of the natural movements made by the bones and joints when activated by the muscles , tendons and ligaments found in any human body . The movements were and still are practised because they are designed to display the body as it moves to the best advantage from the audience 's point of view . They were and still are designed to give that style of dance spaciousness , calm , balance and grace of form so that the lines drawn during the transition from one step an/or pose to another fills the available space in every dimension . In the case of the human body , that steady field is the Earth 's magnetic field . The ions in motion are those chemical ions in body fluids and present within body cells . The activating field producing resonance is the electric and magnetic field set up by an overhead power line or magnetic field producing appliance such as an electric blanket , etc. On this matter , some point out that , assuming electromagnetic radiation does have an effect , it can only proliferate cancers already present . This view is not convincing given that we all have a latent capacity to develop cancer cells through oncogene gene sectors ; exposure to fields might reasonably be supposed to accelerate transmutations . Can body cells be the seat of a human cyclotron effect ? The cyclotron needs a magnetic field and a transverse AC electric field to pump energy into ions in motion in that field . There are ions activated by thermal motion in blood and these are always subject to the Earth 's magnetic field . Proximity to a weak 50Hz or 60Hz electric field therefore means that ions in a certain mass range can respond to cyclotron action . The ions in water and blood happen to be in the critical mass range . Labour hopes to transform the situation by increasing the number of A - levels to five for the brighter youngsters and providing grants for four - year training courses ( two years in a Further Education college followed by two with an employer ) for the rest . These reforms will only achieve their objective if accompanied by the implementation of the 1944 Education Act provision for compulsory part - or full - time education or training up to the age of 18 . This clause has never yet been activated . The sharply reduced number of 16 - 18 - year - olds will inevitably lead employers to bid up the wages of that age group to entice young people away from education and into unskilled or semi - skilled jobs . Employers must be required to release 16 - 18 - year - olds for education and training for at least two days per week . But , according to Peter Sommer , a computer forensics expert , a hard disc is more likely to be wiped out by glitches in the electricity supply . He said computer networks would not be affected and copies of information should be made on floppy discs . Infected programmes activate the virus when started up and it looks for other programmes to infect . Experts say on 12 October it will wipe out the hard disc of any machine it has entered . Computers can catch it by using floppy discs holding infected programmes , or from programmes copied off an electronic bulletin board , which is where it was probably first planted . Scepticism arose with the first television interviews . The four , who had trimmed each other 's hair , did not fit the popular image of castaways , and their mental state appeared sound . Flames of doubt were fanned by the crew 's insistence that they had activated the emergency radio beacon for a week , though it was not picked up. In addition , the last radio reports purportedly from the Rose - Noelle had been received on 6 and 9 June days after its capsize the latter giving its position as near the Kermadec islands , en route to Tonga and 620 miles north of Auckland . This prompted a fruitless air search at the end of June when the yacht had not reached Tonga . We 're not talking art here , we 're talking memories . For simple read automatic ; uncluttered exteriors conceal complex innards . Light - sensitive cells govern lens - aperture and shutter - speed settings ; infra - red beams measure distances to activate lens focusing ; motors wind films and operate zoom lenses . Some moments are too fleeting for clumsy fiddling . If you venture out in all weathers , you need a compact camera that can brave the elements , too . CAFE Quick is a state - of - the - art vending machine which dispenses freshly cooked meals from frozen in less than a minute . It holds 216 packets of food in a freezer unit fitted with a first - in - first - out stock rotation system and an alarm , which will shut down operations if the temperature gets too high . Once the machine is activated , either by coins or cards , a hydraulic lift places a plate with the selected food into a microwave for defrosting . The food is then pushed out of its protective package and left in its serving dish to be cooked in a hot - air oven . After cooking , the protective cardboard outer is removed and the cooked food dispensed . They were drafted by the Ministry of Defence and Department of Health . Department of Health officials wrote to regional administrators in 1980 with details of a new plan code - named Bittern providing for the use of service ambulances and drivers in the event of an industrial dispute the decision now taken yesterday by ministers . Two other plans , not activated now , were also drawn up. One , code - named Concord , dealt with how the armed forces would drive NHS ambulances , and the other , code - named Lionel , with a limited service in a strike involving certain ancillary workers . Brittan rebuts Thatcher terms for EC progress . But for the moment he 's not too disheartened . Simpson 's own practice recently received a computer disc from an unnamed council containing the names of over 5,000 defaulters . They duly processed the information and despatched warning letters stating that offenders had five days to make a payment arrangement with a 10 per cent surcharge before a court order , a summary warrant , was activated . As a result , we 've had an awful lot of letters from people saying there 'd been an oversight on their part , says an outwardly cheerful Simpson . We 've only had a couple of abusive ones , and a couple of nasty telephone calls . Exactly what is melanoma ? It is linked with melanin , the dark brown pigment of the hair , skin and eyes which is present in varying amounts in people of all races . Melanin producing cells in our bodies are activated by ultraviolet light from the sun and can have a protective effect . The disease , however , may be triggered in moles containing unusually high concentrations of melanin . Consult a doctor immediately if a mole causes irritation , itching , soreness , inflammation , or bleeding or changes in size or colour . The talks are retrievable . But if the negotiators do allow them to fail after all , or if the United States Congress rejects any compromise that may be worked out during the next two months , the effects will be disastrous . Many trade disputes are pending , awaiting the outcome of the talks ; failure would activate them immediately . Protectionists in Europe and America would rejoice , as they buried their governments under demands for trade remedies of every sort a super - 301 action here , a countervailing duty there . The struggling economic reformers in Eastern Europe and the third world would despair . She realised that this was not a woman to whom one chatted about shops or clothes . Jane had not visited her on impulse , nor yet as a premeditated plan . She was activated by something in between . To show Christopher the human face of the dreaded development . IF she could persuade him to come , which she doubted . Driving very slowly over the narrow bridges spanning the fast flowing streams which stemmed from the River Ouse , he noticed that a massive flock of coots had flown in while he had been away . There must have been two or three thousand on the river banks and the water . Pulling the car off the narrow country lane , Mark pressed the button which activated the power - operated windows . It was early evening and very still . Soft white clouds remained motionless against an azure blue sky . A delay timer , variable between zero and 180 seconds , holds the elevator at the end of the slew , allowing the corners of the store to be filled evenly . The wings are folded manually , but the slewing arc can be varied to fit different sheds . To complete the uniformity of the pile , one of the wheels is fitted with an electric motor which when activated manually will pull back the elevator from the heap in increments down to 25mm ( 1in ) . Edward Clarke , managing director of Swift Lift , says the evenness of the pile is particularly important when handling crops which are still carrying a high soil content . If soil builds up in a cone it will heat and eventually rot the crop . As Hubel remarked no one needs or wants to be reminded sixteen hours a day that his shoes are on . The most striking feature of the frog retina is the presence of bug - detectors : that is , fibres in the optic nerve which are stimulated by small dark moving objects on the retina . Returning to higher mammals , you will recall that fibres entering the primary visual cortex are best activated by spots of light with dark surrounds on the retina . Hubel and Wiesel went on to record output from cortical cells , while illuminating the retina in various ways . They found that the most effective stimuli were oriented lines of various kinds . How do cells become different ? When I learnt biology , I was taught that Weismann , although he was right about the independence of germ line and soma , had given the wrong answer to this question . He argued that cells become different because , at the time of cell division , different genes are transmitted to different daughter cells ( he did not use the word gene , but that is what he meant ) ; whereas in fact all body cells contain the same genes , and become different because different genes are activated in different cells . Now it is true that Weismann was mistaken in thinking that different cells receive different genes , but his reasons for thinking so are illuminating . He saw that the alternative was to suppose that cells become different because they are exposed to different external influences . He said that if the reports by eye witnesses were correct and normally they are unreliable the jet was out of control . In most military aircraft , the crew would have been banged out . The procedure would have been for the pilot to pull a handle , situated between his legs , which jettisoned the canopy while activating a rocket that fired his seat and that of his navigator clear of the plane . The EF - 111 uses a General Dynamics ejector system that blows the entire cockpit away from the airframe . The cockpit is then propelled by a large rocket and almost immediately stabilised by a small drogue , or parachute , which then pulls out the main chute , said Mr Brian Miller , of Martin Baker , the leading name in ejection seat invention and manufacture . Jennings said further investigation will reveal its potential . The molecule can be delivered to a cell from outside but works on the RNA inside it . Jennings says the minizyme is activated when it combines with its target , an advantage over other anti - viral agents in that it limits the prospect for side effects . Business Technology : Better printing ENGINEERS at the University of Wales , Swansea , have begun a 1.4 million project to improve the speed and efficiency of printing colour magazines and books . Cellular hara - kiri was first dubbed apoptosis ( the second p is silent ) by Alastair Currie , John Kerr and Andrew Wyllie at the University of Edinburgh . In just a few hours , a doomed cell separates from its neighbours and shrinks , while its nucleus changes shape and fragments . The conventional view is that the body somehow tells these altruistic cells to do the honourable thing by activating a suicide programme . But Raff speculates that it makes more sense that all cells are suicidal : to survive they have to be constantly reminded by signals from the body that they are loved and cherished . He cites evidence from the developing nervous system . City Comment : Looking abroad for our funds WHOEVER wins the election , we know that planned government borrowing will be high . To raise its money , the Treasury will thus re - activate that forgotten corner of the Civil Service , the Department of National Savings . In recent years this department has been busier repaying savings to the public than attracting them . In 198990 it took in 5 billion and paid out 9 billion , the following year 's net outflow was 1 billion but for the year just ended there was a 1 billion inflow and now that the government really needs cash , it is probably looking for about 5 billion this year . SHARE prices soared yesterday in celebration of the Conservative election victory . The pound strengthened on the foreign exchanges and in the money markets interest rates fell , bringing forward the prospect of cuts in bank base rates and mortgage costs . As the overnight election results came in , the Bank of England activated a programme to sell more than 2 billion of gilt - edged stock to help fund the Government 's high public spending . Some stockbrokers had remained open overnight and marked up prices as results were declared . When the Stock Exchange opened the FT - SE index of the 100 largest companies ' shares jumped by more than 130 points and peaked at lunchtime with a 151 - point rise . Although the country may have lost its strategic significance with the collapse of the Soviet Union , Washington is nevertheless concerned at the possibility of an unstable radical Islamic state growing up on the borders of the former Soviet Central Asia . The signal for the collapse of the regime was Mr Najibullah 's announcement last month that he was ready to step down in favour of a United Nations - appointed interim committee . It destroyed morale throughout the regime , forcing commanders and party chiefs to activate their tribal links with the Mujahideen and save their skins before the time of reckoning . The effect has been to accentuate divisions between the majority Pushtuns ( known in the days of the Raj as Pathans ) and the ethnic minorities of the north such as the Tajiks , who are kin to the people of the former Soviet republic of Tajikistan across the Amu Darya river . The minorities have thrown off the Pashtun yoke , largely thanks to the military prowess of Commander Ahmed Shah Massoud , a Tajik from the Jamiat - e - Islami ( Islamic Society ) opposition group . During assessment , it was more frequently the case ( approaching significance ) for the specialist team than for the other teams that more than one visit was made to the client . RESPONSE TIMES Immediate response ( allocation and visiting ) can be distinguished from ultimate response ( recommending and activating service - provision ) . In the early stages the generic team responded more quickly , but the specialist team completed the assessment process sooner . SERVICE RECEIVED ( Table 3 ) See Fig. 2 . These assumptions form a template or schema with which the information about environmental events and self is processed . If subsequently a critical incident happens which is pertinent to the individual 's particular dysfunctional assumption , then , rather like a key fitting into a lock , the dysfunctional assumptions are activated . For example , a person who early on in life formed the assumption that they had to have everybody 's approval in order to be happy , could become depressed if they did not subsequently secure the approval of someone important to them . They may , for example , have suffered redundancy or have difficult financial problems , but these events would not be directly impinging on their particular vulnerability . Critics argue that the solvent was too fierce to use on such a delicate painting . The team at the Sistine have admitted that the cleaning techniques used involving removal of the solvent gel with large amounts of water has introduced solvent into the fabric of the fresco . The solvent is activated by water and will remain harmless unless moisture levels build up. If this happens the frescos could be damaged by salt formation and solvent corrosion . Recent controversies have resulted in the hearing of a court case against the art historian Professor James Beck from Columbia University in the US , for remarks he made about recent restoration work on a famous Italian sculpture . Other features include six measurement scales and calibration standards traceable back to International Standards Organisations . Circle 136 A personal oxygen monitor which is switched on constantly and helps protect the wearer against oxygen - depleted atmospheres was launched by BOC Cryospeed 's audible alarm and flashing red light are activated when oxygen levels fall below 18 per cent or rise above 22 per cent . Circle 137 A new process control refractometer which gives continuous online analysis was launched by Index Instruments . Circle 145 The SM2000 fume cupboard safety monitor was launched by Contronics . By independently monitoring the temperature of a chemical reaction , it can activate an internal alarm should an experiment exceed a pre - programmed safety limit . If the temperature continues to rise above a pre - set critical level the power source will be shut down completely . Circle 146 The HT4 cortical cells , on the other hand , did not habituate to depolarisation . After trying various neurotransmitters the group found that serotonin could potentiate the cell 's response ie enhance the response to stimulation . The difference between long and short term memory depends on whether certain NMDA ( N methyl - D - aspartate ) receptors were activated or not. A stronger ( long ) serotonin stimulus causes the release of amino acids which activate the NMDA receptors , leading to long term memory . A short stimulus gives only a transient NMDA elevation , but if the cells are treated with both serotonin and NMDA , then long term potentiation could be induced . We can think of neurons as the chips and the connecting dendrites as the wiring , explained Koshland . He pointed out the importance of having both long and short term memory you do n't want to clutter up your brain with information that is irrelevant long term , he said , giving as an example the way you would look at traffic approaching as you crossed a street you need to recall the situation for only a few seconds . When you remember something , the chemistry is the same each time every time you see Mr Jones , the same pathway is activated . Scientists believe that often it would be possible to recall lost information by constructing a new access path or connection especially valuable for stroke victims or others suffering memory loss . There is some evidence that highly educated people recover more quickly from stroke , since they are probably used to accessing more pathways . The class wants something to do with horror mystery . The teacher does not make the mistake of finding a game that has all the stereotype trappings of horror and mystery . He finds a symbol two simple drawings which are intriguing enough to activate each pupil into endowing them with whatever his or her own personal interpretation of horror might be . Sometimes a most carefully planned game structure is ineffective because it is not for some reason appropriate either to the material or to the particular class . Included in a report of a National Association of Teachers of Drama conference ( 1981 ) there is a detailed account and analysis of a lesson with a group of young adolescents on the subject of a holy community living in twelfth - century Durham Cathedral . At night they slowly sink . This maintains them within the layer of plant plankton upon which they feed . Such wired - in behavioural programmes controlled by neuronal pacemakers are innate response repertoires activated endogenously or in relation to shifts in local conditions . Similarly , reception of certain stimuli , usually by specialized neuronal receptors , sets off appropriate responses to the appearance of food , a predator , or a potential mate . Such organisms have evolved their complex response repertoires as the means whereby they can relate to stimuli impinging from outside , either through direct tactile contact or at a short distance , by vibration or chemosensory means . Existing road links to the busy port of Larne Harbour and from the Port Stranraer into England must be improved , while airlines must increase cargo capacity on their flights to major airports on the U.K. mainland . The issue of road links to ports is not being addressed by Government and time is running out . The same is not the case in the Republic of Ireland with plans already activated to provide proper links to ports . If it is not the intention to update shipping serviced to maintain land - bridge services then the establishment of a sea - bridge to Europe must be earnestly considered . Success in exporting is largely based on good quality products delivered on time and at the right price . And accordingly it was drawn . The residue ( 10 11s . 1d . ) was put on deposit for future redemptions ! This is the last bond to be actively redeemed until 1957 when a minor flurry of interest in activating redemption might have been responsible for some bond buying - in activity , although the Club waited until 1983 for the total buying - in to take place . Furthermore , this 1937 reference to bonds is the last on the subject until 1955 . Over all the years , including these nineteen , some bonds were given to the club but the majority were bequeathed to individuals , either to be kept as an investment out of family sentiment , or possibly sold quietly to Club members , selected as previously described . The reactor automatically shut down and , most critically , a pressure relief valve jammed open , allowing cooling water to steadily escape . As had happened in previous nuclear accidents , the operators misread the situation . Thinking there was too much water in the system , rather than too little , they turned off even the emergency cooling system which had by then been activated . But the decay heat from the reaction was still enough to cause the uranium fuel to begin to melt . At one point , its temperature reached over 3,000 fahrenheit , five times the normal operating level . For another , many of the genes carried by plasmids such as those specifying resistance to the antibiotics kanamycin or penicillin are flanked by special DNA which enables them to jump from plasmid to chromosome and back , or from one plasmid to another . Again , these jumping genes , or transposons , cause chromosomal fluctuations . Moreover , the chromosomes of some strains of E. coli contain enigmatic lengths of DNA ( insertion sequences ) which code for no known product but can move about the chromosome during bacterial multiplication , activating or silencing genes . They are present in plasmids , too . Finally , the chromosome is not even intrinsically stable it mutates . The Lake District was fortunate in having plenty of fast - running water , not always available in the towns , and cloth to be fulled came to the area from many places . Soap was locally made from animal fat and lime mixed with potash derived from the burning of green bracken . The fulling mill had a large wheel , turned by the water power , which activated wooden hammers , rising and falling on the cloth in soapy water . After fulling , the cloth was well rinsed and , now reduced from 35 to 27 in width , was taken to the tenter ground to be stretched to shape by fastening hooks in the selvedge and attaching them to the tenter frames . It was a capital offence to steal a web from the frames . Wagner 's ( 1976 , 1981 ) theory of habituation , discussed at length in Chapter 2 , is also a theory of latent inhibition . It will be recalled that , according to this theory , a stimulus is held to be fully effective only when it is able to generate the Al ( primary activation ) state in the node that constitutes its central representation . A node that is in the A2 ( secondary activation ) state ( either because its stimulus has only recently been presented or because it has been activated internally by means of an excitatory associative link ) will not be able to move into Al . Accordingly , a stimulus will be relatively ineffective both when it has itself recently occurred and also when it is presented along with cues that have previously signalled its occurrence . ( In the case of habituation training , these cues will normally be those that constitute the context in which the stimulus has been presented ) . Estes 1950 ; Neimark and Estes 1967 ) . Latent inhibition is held to be a consequence of the formation of associations among these elements . More specifically , the model makes the usual associative assumption that excitatory links will be established between representations ( of elements ) that are activated concurrently . Repeated presentation of a given stimulus , therefore , will allow a network of links to be established among the elements that go to make it up ( particularly strong links being formed among those elements that tend to be sampled frequently ) . After such training a given element will , when the stimulus is applied , be the target both of external input and of internal input by way of the associative links that connect it to other elements . If we accept ( and the case has been argued in detail with respect to habituation ; Chapter 2 , pp. 503 ) that the presentation of S2 modify the representation of S1 that is formed , then generalization decrement will ensure that little latent inhibition will be evident after S1 S2 pre - exposure . Kaye et al . ( 1988 b ) support this interpretation by demonstrating that the VS pre - exposure treatment will produce perfectly good latent inhibition when the CS used in the conditioning phase is itself vinegar followed by sucrose , an arrangement that should ensure that the same representation of vinegar is activated on both occasions . They further point out that the likelihood of such generalization - decrement effects will depend upon the exact nature of the stimuli ( some pairs will interact more than others ) and that not all combinations of S1 and S2 can be expected to generate an attenuation of latent inhibition . Certainly , experiments using more orthodox conditioning stimuli ( tones , lights and so on ) have produced only scanty evidence that the presence of S2 during can influence latent inhibition . 1985 ) . Odd as this may sound , the idea that an association might be formed between a CS and the absence of some event is not without precedent in associative theorizing . Konorski 's ( 1967 ) well - developed and influential theory of conditioning deals with inhibitory learning by assuming that an inhibitory CS is one that activates a no - US representation . ( See also Pearce and Hall ( 1980 ) . ) The inhibitory CS is supposed to owe some of its behavioural effects to the fact that activity in the no - US centre inhibits that in the US centre . Latent inhibition training can be expected , therefore , to establish a network of associations among the component parts that go to make up the stimulus . McLaren , Kaye , and Mackintosh ( 1989 ) made use of this suggestion in developing their account of latent inhibition . Their proposal ( see Chapter 3 ) was that the associability of an element activated by external stimulation will be enhanced when this element lacks associative connections . The analysis offered by interference theory is similar , but rather simpler it is that the existence of these ( within stimulus ) associations will interfere with the ability of the elements to form new ones . ( f ) Conclusions And a tendency for the responding acquired to to generalize to will also explain why discrimination learning which requires the subject to make different responses to the two stimuli should be retarded . Although the S - R terminology seems well fitted to the case in which is a verbal label , it is possible to dispense with the reliance on the notion of response - produced cues that is central to S - R theory . As we have seen , modern theories of Pavlovian conditioning assume that stimuli can activate the representations of other events . Such theories can therefore allow that an associatively activated representation may support generalization between stimuli that share the ability to elicit activity in this representation . Thus both A and B could become directly linked with a representation of stimulus X as shown in Fig 5.10 ( a ) . Thus B would become capable of activating the US representation ( and of evoking a CR ) by way of its ability to activate the X representation . A and B might well have features in common from the outset ( the c elements in the figure ) and these will produce primary generalization training on A will give associative strength to stimulus elements that are present also in B. The X representation functions in just the same way as the c elements in producing generalization except for the fact that the ability of A and B to activate X is based on prior conditioning . It should be acknowledged that not all theories of Pavlovian learning are entirely happy with the suggestion that an associatively activated representation can form an excitatory link with the ( directly activated ) representation of some other event . In particular , Wagner 's ( 1981 ) theory ( see Chapter 1 ) asserts that the state of activation produced by an associative link ( A2 ) is different from that produced by the stimulus itself ( the A1 state ) . When one representation ( node in Wagner 's terminology ) is in A2 and another in A1 , the latter may form an inhibitory link with the former . Stimuli A and B may be regarded as physically similar to the extent that they share common , c , elements . The mechanism responsible for mediated generalization does nothing to increase the number or proportion of such elements and thus those wanting to cite mediated generalization as a characteristic of concept formation can assert that , in a very real sense , the similarity of the stimuli has not been changed . But when it comes to the issue of how a given physical stimulus is actually perceived , we have chosen to represent this in terms of the central representational elements that it activates . The percept initially evoked by A , therefore , must be equated with the a and c elements that it activates unconditionally , After training , however , presentation of A activates not only these but also elements that in other circumstances are unconditionally activated by stimulus X. The pattern of central representation ( and thus , by one definition , the percept ) is changed by experience , making the phenomenon an instance of perceptual learning . ( c ) Acquired distinctiveness mechanisms The central question in terms of the diagram used in Fig. 5.11 ( a ) ( see also Fig. 5.10 ) is why experience of A and B should reduce the effectiveness of the c elements in producing generalization between these stimuli . The critical aspect of differentiation theory in this context is its assertion that exposure to A and B will lead to an increase in the number of distinctive features that can be detected . This must mean , in terms of the figure , an increase in the number of a and b elements activated by the stimuli , something that can be represented diagrammatically in more than one way . Figure 5.11 ( b ) shows an increase in the areas a and b with a consequent reduction in the proportion ( although not the absolute number ) of c elements activated by a stimulus . figure 5.11 ( c ) presents a slightly different possibility in which the sizes of the A and B circles have not been changed . Figure 5.11 ( b ) shows an increase in the areas a and b with a consequent reduction in the proportion ( although not the absolute number ) of c elements activated by a stimulus . figure 5.11 ( c ) presents a slightly different possibility in which the sizes of the A and B circles have not been changed . There is no net increase in the number of elements activated by a given stimulus but the circles have been moved apart , indicating not only an increase in the number of unique elements activated by a stimulus but a corresponding decrease in the number of common elements activated . It is not clear if either of these possibilities accurately represents the full implications of Gibson 's ( 1969 ) differentiation theory , but both are capable of predicting the required result . * Comparing the scheme shown in fig. 5.11 ( b ) with that of Fig. 5.11 ( a ) , we might expect that the presence of the extra active a elements would produce more effective overshadowing of the c elements during training with A. Generalization to B would therefore be reduced . * Comparing the scheme shown in fig. 5.11 ( b ) with that of Fig. 5.11 ( a ) , we might expect that the presence of the extra active a elements would produce more effective overshadowing of the c elements during training with A. Generalization to B would therefore be reduced . Generalization would also be reduced given the scheme shown in fig. 5.11 ( c ) . There would again be an increase in the ability of a elements to overshadow c elements , but in addition the reduction of the number of c elements activated by A would mean that relatively few of them would be capable of acquiring associative strength in the first place . Evaluation of the theories The interpretations of acquired distinctiveness/equivalence effects offered by mediation theory and differentiation theory differ markedly on two ( related ) issues . To understand them by identifying with them , like you said ? To experience them ? To attempt , in some intuition of evil , to understand them , to enact them , and so to activate and reveal the evil in one 's own soul . To unmask and destroy one 's own evil . And so become a just judge of theirs . What is seen takes second place to the act of seeing . Much of what is seen , furthermore , the reality of the narrator 's experience , conveys the impression of having been seen already . For all his doubts and self - irony , Palomar still wants to penetrate the secrets of the world and , to this end , what is seen acts only as a means of activating the thoughtfulness of language . Whether the explorations of language , with all their risk of being self - defeating , are successful is another question . But compared with the world of De Carlo 's first novel , where the information garnered by the eye leads to no critical interrogation of reality , Palomar 's , and Calvino 's , project seems almost hopeful . Often described as automatic dosing equipment they have one or two delivery systems for the detergent and for the rinse additive if fitted . Detergent systems operate by means of an electronic sensor fitted in the wash tank of a machine or the re - circulation tank of a CIP system . The sensor measures alkalinity and when the level falls below a pre - set value it activates a pump that delivers product from a bulk container to the tank in sufficient quantity to make up solution to the desired strength . Rinse additive systems work by having a sensor linked to the rinse cycle actuator so that while rinse water is being pumped a metered dose of rinse additive is delivered . Feed systems vary according to whether liquid or powder detergents are used as the same system cannot be used for both . Dodging a motorized patrol sent out to cut them off , they made the crossing point and , as dawn broke , managed to shove and coax the truck up the steep track . Just as they reached the top and comparative safety , Lilley yelled for everyone to bale out . He had smelt burning and realized that the time pencil in one of their bombs had activated . They had twenty seconds . Johnny Cooper still has vivid memories of that frightening moment . When you leave your car unattended : Always lock every door and close every window . Turn on or activate any security devices you have fitted . Park in a well - lit area or use an attended car park and never leave your parking ticket in the car ! Avoid parking in residential side streets or in unauthorised car parks . If the no - decompression time is exceeded , the Solution displays ascent time and the depth at which stops are needed . After surfacing the Solution remains active and displays time elapsed since surfacing , time until complete desaturation , maximum depth and dive time of your last dive , and amount of available no - decompression time for planning the next dive . The unit will automatically activate if submerged , but should be activated prior to diving , either by immersing it in water or placing moistened fingertips on the two on contacts . After a short audible beep the start up display elements turn on . Then the current altitude mode selected is displayed . However , recovery does not usually happen by itself . The brain needs information which provides the experience of controlled movements , in order to respond with the ability to produce the same movement control . The information required is proprioceptive : it has to provide a kind of internal sensation or perception in order to activate the correct response . The physiotherapist has to analyse what kind of proprioceptive information the patient needs in order to relearn how to move normally , and this is different for every patient . Then she has to work out how to deliver this information to the patient in the most effective way . Nevertheless , with the acquiescence of successive Home Secretaries , but without the support of Parliament , we have seen a growing centralization of police conduct in recent years . This is based upon the National Reporting Centre which operates from Scotland Yard . Set up in 1972 , the NRC is not a permanent body and is only activated in times of crisis as during the miners ' strike , from which two developments of particular importance emerged . The first is that the NRC co - ordinates strategy and the deployment of officers on a national basis in consultation with the Home Office , which may well have keen political interests in the matter to hand . Secondly , in the co - ordination of this strategy , it is believed that the NRC gives policing orders to local forces , thereby overruling the operational discretion of these local forces . This implies that signals from HeLa cell cytoplasm have entered the chick nucleus and brought about this gene activation . Another example illustrating the importance of cytoplasmic factors in continually controlling gene activity comes from fusing mature muscle cells with cells of a completely different type . Mature striated muscle cells make muscle - specific proteins and when such a cell is fused with a variety of other cell types which include liver and cartilage cells , then muscle - specific genes are activated in these cells leading to the production of muscle - specific proteins . Identification of the new muscle proteins was made possible by fusing human cells with mouse muscle cells ; the human muscle proteins are similar but distinct from those made by mice . There can be no doubt , from these experiments , of the importance of factors in the cytoplasm controlling gene action . That the control of gene activity that characterizes a particular cell type is due to specific factors in the cell acting on the promoter , comes from experiments in which the promoter elements are switched around . Genetic engineering makes it possible to join the promoter of one gene to that of another . When this DNA construct is incorporated into the DNA of the developing embryo the protein will be made in those cells where the promoter is activated , even if the protein is quite inappropriate to the cell . Growth hormone is a protein made in the pituitary gland at the base of the brain . It is essential for normal growth and is secreted by the pituitary and carried in the blood to all parts of the body ( Chapter 10 ) . Many copies were injected and some of them inserted , almost randomly , into the DNA of the nucleus of a fertilized mouse egg . The egg was then allowed to develop and all the cells of the embryo now contained multiple copies of the growth hormone gene and its new promoter . Shortly after birth , the mouse was fed water containing traces of metal , so activating the injected construct ; the result was a mouse almost twice the size of a normal mouse , and was affectionately labelled Supermouse . The growth hormone gene had been turned on in all the cells throughout the body and the increased production of the growth hormone had resulted in increased growth . Supermouse is known as a transgenic mouse . The state of a cell can , in principle , be described by its genetic activity which genes are switched on and off . Development can in this sense be viewed in terms of the changing networks of gene activity in different cells . Activation of one gene can lead to the synthesis of a protein which activates some genes and inhibits others , which in turn may control yet other genes . It is not yet clear just how complex these networks of gene activity are . One possibility is that there are master genes whose products control the activity of many others . But what commits the muscle to this final pathway and what ensures that all the necessary genes are turned on at the same time ? In the case of muscle it seems that there is a master gene controlling the expression of all the main genes , known as myogenin and it is always switched on in mature muscle cells . Its special property is that it can activate most of the genes that are required in the mature muscle . The myogenin gene has been isolated and can be introduced into non - muscle cells where it becomes integrated into their DNA . The effect of introducing just this one gene is to switch off some genes and to set in train a sequence of gene activation so that the cell develops into a muscle cell with all the appropriate proteins master gene is an appropriate description . The effect of introducing just this one gene is to switch off some genes and to set in train a sequence of gene activation so that the cell develops into a muscle cell with all the appropriate proteins master gene is an appropriate description . But whether this is peculiar to muscle , or whether other master genes will be found , remains to be discovered . One can imagine how an external signal could activate a gene like myogenin and so guide the cell down the muscle pathway . Such branch points are crucial in the development of diversity and are particularly clear in the development of blood cells , of which the red blood cell is only one representative . THE BLOOD LINEAGE Initial experiments were performed on porcine platelets stimulated by thrombin but subsequently many substances ( secretagogues ) have been found to provoke platelet aggregation : ADP , adrenaline and collagen as well as thrombin provoked release of 5 - hydroxytryptamine and nucleotides from platelets ( Mills et al , 1968 ) . In addition , immune complexes ( Humphrey Jaques , 1955 ) , arachidonic acid ( Kaplan et al , 1979 ) and thromboxane A 2 ( Hamberg et al , 1975 ) cause platelet release . More recently , the degranulating action of platelet - activating factor has been demonstrated ( Chignard et al , 1979 ; McManus et al , 1979 ) . Some secretagogues ( e.g. , ADP ) stimulate the release of certain granules ( dense bodies , some - granules but not the lysosomal granules ) , whereas thrombin stimulates secretion of all types of granule including lysosomes ( Holmsen , 1977 ) . In addition to these physiological stimuli many non - physiological stimuli stimulate platelet degranulation including calcium ionophores ( Gerrard et al , 1974 ) , lectins ( Greenberg Jamieson , 1974 ) and latex and viral particles ( Holmsen , 1977 ) . Thromboxane A 2 is a more powerful pro - aggregatory substance in platelets than the endoperoxides , and it has been proposed that it is the arachidonic acid metabolite that mediates platelet aggregation and the release reaction ( Hamberg et al , 1975 ) . Whether platelet endo - peroxides have a proaggregatory role in their own right or only when converted to thromboxane A 2 has been the subject of many studies ( Bunting et al , 1983 ) . However , from experiments using thromboxane synthetase inhibitors it appears that when platelets are activated and the prostaglandin cascade is triggered by release of endogenous arachidonic acid then the endoperoxides generated exert their proaggregatory effects by their conversion to the more potent compound thromboxane A 2 . However , when the thromboxane generation is suppressed it is probable that endoperoxides can be proaggregatory themselves ( Bunting et al , 1983 ) . It has been proposed that endoperoxides and thromboxane A 2 activate platelets by acting as calcium ionophores , hence mobilising intracellular free calcium ( Gerrard et al , 1978 ) . However , from experiments using thromboxane synthetase inhibitors it appears that when platelets are activated and the prostaglandin cascade is triggered by release of endogenous arachidonic acid then the endoperoxides generated exert their proaggregatory effects by their conversion to the more potent compound thromboxane A 2 . However , when the thromboxane generation is suppressed it is probable that endoperoxides can be proaggregatory themselves ( Bunting et al , 1983 ) . It has been proposed that endoperoxides and thromboxane A 2 activate platelets by acting as calcium ionophores , hence mobilising intracellular free calcium ( Gerrard et al , 1978 ) . However , all prostaglandins that induce platelet aggregation cause a monophasic reversible primary response at low concentrations and a monophasic irreversible secondary response at high concentrations . In this way the activation of platelets by prostaglandins resembles that produced by ADP and adrenaline . There are a variety of sulphonylurea agents available for the therapy of diet - failed non - insulin - dependent diabetic subjects , varying mainly in their half - life and mode of excretion . In addition to their hypoglycaemic action it is probable that some or all of these compounds may have antiplatelet effects . Thus gliclazide depresses various parameters of platelet function in vitro and appears to inhibit arachidonate release from platelet phospholipids ( Tsuboi et al , 1981 ) and to activate platelet adenylate cyclase leading to increased levels of cyclic AMP ( Lagarde et al , 1975 ) . In addition , ex vivo platelet aggregation to ADP and adrenaline was significantly reduced in diabetic subjects treated for up to a year with therapeutic doses of gliclazide ( Poari et al , 1979 ) . These authors considered that the antiplatelet action observed was unrelated to effects on glycaemic control as the two effects were dissociated in time ( Poari et al , 1979 ) . Instead I warmed up retracing the predawn walk to Cross where I would collect the big rucksack and the last bus to Stornoway . I passed through townships kissed like the Sleeping Beauty by the Prince . Not an appropriate analogy as fairy tales and pantomimes are the Devil 's tools , I 'm sure Ness District deleted Devil 's Dance from the SCO posters but all that had been asleep was now activated . Chattering starlings and continual dog barking backdropped carrying voices in the pellucid late afternoon air . Those puffing chimneys again and a strong peat reek now . Again , this method is well - documented for those who wish to read about it . What is interesting , is that the outer negative force seeks within the data of your left brain , the evidence of your failure on a given subject . This tangible negative force then activates the left side of your brain and projects onto the inner screen of your mind the failures mentioned earlier . This destroys your impetus and your courage to confront your fears . With loss of hope , you do not want to try again . You are listening to your needs and fulfilling them . STRESS STAGNATION Don't choose aggressive , adrenaline - inducing activities but use exercise to activate the body fully as our nervous system and chemistry have primed our bodies for this purpose . Exercise on this level will calm the mind , improve digestion and increase the metabolic rate of the body , enabling us to detoxify and provide the vitality that only comes with balance . HOW MUCH ? The less you feel like it , the more you need it . Walking clears the mind and removes stale air from the lungs . When done briskly it will warm you up , activating your metabolism , eliminating stress - induced chemicals from the body , and exercising muscles and joints . Take a walk every day for a month , at the same time every day and feel the results . There are many other forms of exercise . Many self - cutters have depressive symptoms , but the highly transient nature of these does not suggest serious depressive illness . The picture is often one of violent and rapid mood swings in response to stress . The stress is usually an actual or perceived rejection , which activates the individual 's underlying sense of worthlessness . A very interesting association appears to exist between cutting and eating disorders , which were found in 15 ( 65 per cent ) out of 23 cutters studied by Rosenthal et al. ( 1972 ) , and in 18 ( 75 per cent ) out of 24 patients reported by Simpson ( 1975 ) . The eating disorders include compulsive overeating and severe anorexia , both being found in some patients . The mechanism of this anti - viral effect is still not fully worked out , but it certainly involves the increased production of two particular enzymes . The first of these enzymes makes an unusual series of oligonucleotide molecules with the general name of 2 ' 5 ' oligoadenylate . These molecules go on to activate a nuclease enzyme that breaks down messenger RNA molecules used to make viral proteins . The second interferon - induced enzyme adds a phosphate group to a protein that is essential for the synthesis of new proteins to begin . Addition of this phosphate group impairs the function of the essential protein , and viral protein synthesis fails to begin . The second interferon - induced enzyme adds a phosphate group to a protein that is essential for the synthesis of new proteins to begin . Addition of this phosphate group impairs the function of the essential protein , and viral protein synthesis fails to begin . Both enzymes appear to be activated by viral double - stranded RNA . But exactly how viral protein synthesis is selectively inhibited , leaving cellular protein synthesis relatively unaffected , is still not clear . The great appeal of interferon as an anti - viral agent is its effectiveness against a wide range of viruses of varied structure and containing different types of genetic material . Several research groups have performed clinical trials with a simple synthetic RNA called polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid ( polyl : C ) . While interferon production was certainly induced by this compound its efficacy in treating viral infections bas so far been disappointing . Another idea thrown up by interferon research has been to make synthetic analogues of the 2 ' 5 ' oligoadenylate molecules formed in response to interferon and which activate the nuclease enzyme to break down viral messenger RNA . Paul Doetsch and co - workers at the Temple University Medical School in Philadelphia have administered a 2 ' 5 ' oligoadenylate analogue to human lymphocytes ( a type of white blood cell ) infected with a herpes virus called Epstein - Barr virus . This virus causes glandular fever and is also associated with a human cancer called Burkitt 's lymphoma . Of course the actions of carcinogens on methylase activity in a test - tube may not reflect what happens in tissues exposed to those chemicals . But it has recently been shown quite independently by Andrew Feinberg and Bert Vogelstein at Johns Hopkins University that the DNA of tumour cells is much less methylated than that of normal cells from the same tissue . All of which lends circumstantial weight to the idea that oncogenes may be activated by stripping them of their methyl groups and also explains the common observation that tumour cells may sometimes express inappropriately characteristics of other tissue cells . Alert readers of Monitor will have remembered a recent report on the experimental use of a demethylating drug for an inherited anaemia ( New Scientist , vol 96 , p 725 ) . The patients in that trial were already mortally ill . In man , there are three such chromosomes : chromosomes 14 , 2 and 22 . During the normal differentiation of an antibody - producing cell , each of these chromosomes undergoes drastic internal reorganisations that bring the widely separated segments of the antibody gene together . At the same time they activate the rearranged DNA so that large quantities of antibody protein are produced from it . In the perversion of this process that typically occurs in Burkitt 's lymphoma cells , any of three chromosomes containing the antibody genes , instead of reorganising their own DNA , exchange some DNA with chromosome 8 . This led George Klein , of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden , to suggest ( Nature , vol 294 , p 213 ) that these translocations might not just activate the antibody genes on the normal rearranged DNA they might also activate a proto - oncogene on chromosome 8 . At the same time they activate the rearranged DNA so that large quantities of antibody protein are produced from it . In the perversion of this process that typically occurs in Burkitt 's lymphoma cells , any of three chromosomes containing the antibody genes , instead of reorganising their own DNA , exchange some DNA with chromosome 8 . This led George Klein , of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden , to suggest ( Nature , vol 294 , p 213 ) that these translocations might not just activate the antibody genes on the normal rearranged DNA they might also activate a proto - oncogene on chromosome 8 . Klein 's suggestion was one major source of inspiration for the research that culminated in three papers in PNAS all reporting that chromosome 8 does indeed contain a proto - oncogene a gene known as myc , after the myelocytomatosis virus in which it was discovered . The other source of inspiration and indeed guidance for the research was an experiment by William Hayward and his colleagues at the Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center in New York ( Nature , vol 290 , p 475 ) , Their work on a virus - induced lymphoma of birds inspired the researchers to look specifically for the myc gene rather than for any of the 13 other known proto - oncogenes . The other source of inspiration and indeed guidance for the research was an experiment by William Hayward and his colleagues at the Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center in New York ( Nature , vol 290 , p 475 ) , Their work on a virus - induced lymphoma of birds inspired the researchers to look specifically for the myc gene rather than for any of the 13 other known proto - oncogenes . The bird virus studied by Hayward and his co - workers does not contain its own oncogene and is very much less efficient in causing cancer than those viruses that do . They suspected that it might work by inserting its own genes and in particular the promotor DNA that activates them next to an innocent cellular proto - oncogene , thus stirring it to an unnatural and cancer - causing level of activity . Their suspicions were borne out by a careful analysis of six different tumours ; in each case the viral promotor turned out , as expected , to have inserted itself next to the proto - oncogene myc . This result made myc the obvious gene to look for in other lymphomas and led to its identification on chromosome 8 . The horizontal distance from the staff to the surveying source is measured automatically : the beam geometry gives a coarse value , and a distance meter on the staff gives a fine value . Photoelectric cells on the staff determine the height of the point being surveyed from the geometry of the beam as it sweeps across . The beam needs to activate only two of the five cells on the staff . The source also transmits a VHF signal for every 8 seconds of arc it passes through . A box the size of a calculator , mounted on the staff , measures the angle and distance from source . This mobility gap separates the occupied delocalised states that contain the mobile electrons ( and are so - called precisely because they can move around in the semiconductor ) from vacant delocalised states in higher Landau levels . At low enough temperatures the gap is insurmountable , and dissipative scattering ( with loss of momentum ) is impossible because there are no vacant delocalised states that an electron has sufficient energy to reach . On the other hand , occupied localised states , confined to limited regions of the semiconductor , do exist adjacent to vacant localised states , at energies just below EF , and their electrons can move by thermally - activated hopping between sites . But the probability for this to occur decreases very rapidly with decreasing temperature . So at low enough temperatures , with the gate voltage , Vg , chosen to put EF in a mobility gap , all the current is in effect carried by electrons that cannot be dissipatively scattered , and the resistance falls to zero . Once viral genes have become integrated into chromosomes their activity is usually altered or totally suppressed . They often seem to be in a latent state in which no new viruses are produced and the cells escape the damage caused by acute infections . Such latent viruses can be re - activated by a variety of poorly understood influences ( including ultra violet radiation , carcinogens and other chemicals ) to produce a sudden outbreak of the viral disease . This is what happens when , in some cases , integrated viral genes can convert the infected cell into a rapidly dividing cancer cell . For most viruses the replicative and integrative pathways appear to be unrelated alternatives . He discovered it has two electrons that could be described as ready and waiting to form chemical bonds . This type of electronic structure may be a prerequisite for a good alkane activator . So far no - one has succeded in activating methane , but if the current rate of progress is maintained that feat must be just around the corner . TECHNOLOGY Dumping : Britain faces a cul - de - sac One of these is a LC oscilloscope developed by Scopex Instruments in conjunction with the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment ( RSRE ) , An oscilloscope needs only display waves single - valued functions so drastic simplifications can be made to the addressing . The screen no longer needs to be fully multiplexed . Now only one pixel in each column must be activated ; all the others must contrast with it . These lone pixels together display the oscilloscope trace . There is no problem in updating the screen , of 128 x 256 elements in this case , as often as needed . The same technique can be used for projections though this reintroduces some of the disadvantages notably the bulk of CRTs . The LC layer is used as a shutter , blocking light or transmitting it onto a screen . Some prototypes have been made with the LC molecules activated by laser light . In these , the light beam is thrown by rapidly moving mirrors onto a small LC cell to create minute , cursively written characters and graphics . These are then enlarged onto a workstation screen . In other LC TV prototypes different crystalline phase transitions are exploited . Toshiba and Matsushita use the dynamic scattering effect . The liquid crystal molecules may adopt a random orientation when they are activated ( 2 ) and thus scatter light incident on the LC cell . Alternatively when the display is switched off ( 2a ) the LC molecules are aligned with the light and let it pass . A third phase takes the form of helical threads in the off state ( 3 ) . Bombarding metal carbonyls with electrons in a matrix results in the production of negatively - charged ions . These can be studied free of interference from positively charged counter - ions something chemists normally find extremely hard to achieve . Malcom Green and Robin Perutz at Oxford University have harnessed matrix isolation work in the quest to find a simple way of activating methane , a process of enormous commercial interest because of the vast stores under the North Sea . The idea is to find a molecule that will attach itself to methane and then react so that the methane is converted into a product that is useful as a fuel ( New Scientist , vol 97 , p 441 ) . No such molecules are known , but Green made a tungsten compound , called bis ( cyclopentadienyl ) tungsten dihydride , that will attach itself to certain hydrocarbons . This clue led to the realisation that , in its lowest energy form , the intermediate has two bonding electrons in different energy levels . This is probably the reason that the molecule forms two new bonds when it reacts with a hydrocarbon , one with carbon and one with hydrogen . Unfortunately , the tungsten compound will not react with methane , so the problem of activating it is not yet solved . Organic chemistry has also profited from matrix isolation techniques . Once again methane serves as a good example . The city 's traders have installed 350 Point Rubis ( ruby point ) terminals in department stores , small shops and restaurants , linked via telephone lines and the national Transpac data network to all but two of the big banks . When a customer wants to pay for something through the system , he or she presents a banker 's card or a Visa credit card to the shopkeeper . To activate the system , the shopkeeper passes the card through a magnetic - strip reader in the terminal , enters the cost of the purchase , and the customer punches out a personal code on a detachable keypad . The terminal checks with the bank 's computer that the number corresponds with the card , and that the customer has not spent over the limit of 200 that day . If the transaction is in order , the display on the terminal writes oui , and prints out a receipt . Irreversible cell expansion very rapid growth caused the movement , not turgor change . In fact the closed traps were less turgid than open ones the opposite of what would be expected if changes in turgor pressure springs the trap . Many plant cells rapidly expand when their cell walls are acidified ; acid activates enzymes that increase the flexibility of cell walls . The researchers suspected that such acid growth could be at work in the fly - trap . To test the idea , they infiltrated the trap leaves with buffers of varying p H. Chimpanzees have been observed to indulge in mobbing in certain unusual cases . One intrepid field - worker took an electrically animated , stuffed leopard into the forests of West Africa , placed it in a clearing near a group of chimpanzees , and hid in the bushes near by . When the chimpanzees came close to the leopard , he activated its mechanism , so that it started to move its head . The apes ' reaction was astonishing . Film of the event shows that they immediately ganged up on the leopard , rushing at it , screaming , stamping their feet and throwing objects at it . It is never a good idea to sit for long periods but , if this is essential , get up from time to time in order to move the body . If you do not do this the muscles may become fixed in a shortened state , putting a strain on joints and various internal organs . The soles of the feet should be in contact with the ground because receptors in the feet directly activate the postural muscles throughout the torso . If these are not activated , by having the legs stretched out in front , for example , then you will end up sitting in a slumped manner . This will , of course , affect the breathing and other vital functions of the body . If you do not do this the muscles may become fixed in a shortened state , putting a strain on joints and various internal organs . The soles of the feet should be in contact with the ground because receptors in the feet directly activate the postural muscles throughout the torso . If these are not activated , by having the legs stretched out in front , for example , then you will end up sitting in a slumped manner . This will , of course , affect the breathing and other vital functions of the body . It might be useful at this point to discuss muscles . The gentlest way of doing this is to use the effect of the deprivation of something desired , and where the training of children is concerned , that something need be nothing other than the temporary withholding of manifestations of love . It is believed , as already mentioned , that one of the greatest pleasures for a child comes from the security it feels when it knows that it is loved , and it is the ability to withhold manifestations of that love for a little while , or threaten so to do , that provides a non - violent means of securing acquiescence when it is required . To advocate the starting of the process on a very young child might appear to be heartless , but the overriding need to generate within the child mind the beginning of a conscience and the instinctive urge to activate it , must be the guiding factor . The accusation , that person has no conscience , carries a condemnation of character , but the real culprit is the society which has failed to raise to a position of the utmost importance in the public mind , the fact that the human conscience is the very rock - bottom foundation on which civilisation rests . The control which the withholding of love gives to a parent emphasises how tremendously important it is that a child should be genuinely loved in the first place . New foods are rejected . Such cats can become a real problem if their rigid daily routine is upset say by the death of an elderly owner . The other type of cat one that is given a more excitingly varied diet has its food variety mechanism fully activated throughout its life and therefore becomes more demanding and fussy with food . In other words , given no food choice a cat gives up asking for variety ; given variety it demands more . Can a cat survive on a vegetarian diet ? The Industrial Central Atmosphere Monitoring System from Perkin Elmer has been designed to provide maximum security against toxic spills or releases . Ambient air samples from 50 locations , up to 1000 feet away , are continuously analysed for up to 25 different chemical compounds chosen by the user , at concentrations as low as a few ppb . The system can activate central alarms or shut down distribution systems in affected areas . A search program compares unknown chemicals against records to identify chemicals not on the routine monitoring list . Circle 143 The fluid phase of the body is a superb electrolyte that contains many extremely active biological species , especially enzymes , and components that are able to produce free radicals and other reactive species . As a result , there are very few materials which are inert in the body and indeed it may be argued that none are truly inert in this context . On the other hand , as the presence of a splinter of wood in the finger readily proves , tissues have very effective sensors for foreign objects , and defence mechanisms are readily activated . Although the immunological rejection processes that occur with organ transplants do not occur with synthetic materials , a complex series of reactions are available to deal with any invading object and biomaterials can be treated in much the same way as invading bacteria , setting up inflammatory processes . The science of biomaterials and the success of future applications depends upon the improved understanding of the various phenomena that are associated with these interfacial reactions , collectively described under the heading of biocompatibility . It is raining . They are bored and start to explore the house . One of them activates a secret latch , book shelves swing aside to reveal a flight of descending stone steps . With torches ( all story - book children carry torches torches with sound batteries , too ) they explore the dark tunnels . If this were a story by a serious writer the critics would pursue the symbolism of hidden latches and dark tunnels as diligently as the children pursue the gang of international smugglers discovered in the cave at the end of the tunnel . The trouble with planners is that they often persuaded themselves that they could and should impose their plans on other people . Paradoxically , community councils are an insidious form of planning since they stem indirectly from the dominant ideology . Their purpose is to activate local debate but on terms laid down by the dominant ideology . Thus local views on Sunday observance or prohibition are often disregarded and only views of the more vocal section of the community heeded . Perhaps only by attacking the dominant ideology can it be transformed since action groups may stimulate a rethinking of the situation . Topical creams , such as the hip and thigh cream which I used , are usually based upon plant extracts which affect the circulation just below the skin . The choice of cream base is very important in maintaining the stability of the active substance and in controlling its absorption by the skin . The ease of application , fluidity and prompt absorption are of prime importance for such products and the massaging action on the affected area helps to activate the ingredients of the cream and improve circulation . The cream need only be lightly massaged with the finger tips either once or twice a day and the manufacturers stress that you do not have to knead or use a special applicator . After two weeks of regular use an improvement should be visible , with a further improvement if the applications are continued for four weeks . So you may decide on a statement such as , We intend never to buy any item on HP . This is a clearly - stated objective that is a feasible and practical way of dealing with finances . However , the statement also lacks any structure to be activated . It tells you what you want to avoid but not how you intend doing it . It is a bit like running a race with no starting or finishing lines . Cleaving can best be defined as being welded together . When things are glued together there is a foreign substance in between , but when things are welded , the two are melted , or fused , into one unit . If this cleaving or oneness is actually to occur , it must be activated by a commitment to intimacy , not just physical intimacy but spiritual and psychological intimacy as well . Intimacy cannot be attained without making one 's self vulnerable . Intimacy is risky because as the other person discovers our weaknesses they could exploit them . If you are a person who is classified as being at risk , that is elderly , frail or disabled in some way , then you should seriously consider either living in a sheltered housing complex where you have the safety net of alarms in every room rigged to a 24 - hour warden service , or subscribing to a medical alert system . The latter is either a private network , or one set up by the local authority in your area which operates an alarm system at a central control point . Alarms can either be rigged up in every room in your house , or you can wear an alarm unit on your person , to activate in times of need . The alarm will trigger in a central control point and the people there will either ring a neighbour to ask them to go and see what the problem is , or immediately ring the emergency services . If you want to find out what is available in your area , ask the social services department or your local health visitor . Then he shrugged , and made his way towards the aircraft . The piercing whine of the C130 's four Allison turbo props rose even higher , hurting his ears , the air stinking with the smell of burnt kerosene , the hot moist gases buffeting and pulling at his clothes . He ran up the ramp , the sergeant liftmaster activating the hydraulics even before he had set loot on it . Delaney stood , watching the hatch close up , with the last view of the car headlights turning away towards the main building and the control tower . As soon as the hull was sealed , the liftmaster spoke into his intercom . Delaney fixed the detonating pins into the plastic , using the remaining length of wire to bind it to the timer , making a DIY bomb . Sweating profusely , he set the fuse to just less than two seconds . They both knew that no timer could be relied upon to be that sensitive , that when he activated it , the chances were reasonable that it would detonate instantly before he could throw it . They moved into the first , pitch black canyon , faintly lit by a Poacher 's Moon , their passage marked by the persistent bleeping of the detector . In the sheltered darkness , out of the wind , it seemed to grow louder and more piercing . A ballpoint pen slid into a hole in the box . We call it the pen recorder , Turner said . You take the pen out and it automatically activates the recording mechanism . He demonstrated . Put it back again , and it deactivates the mechanism . This can be restored by collecting litter , but even on the fastest of three levels it should n't be a problem . The time spent on your bottom is much more costly . It 's irritatingly easy to crash at first , as the pushscroll is only activated when you 're more than halfway across the screen , giving you little time to see and avoid hazards . Scott has a bonzer time , cruising the streets of Erinsborough . In fact , he 's got no spare time to make pop records and wear a loincloth phew , what a relief ! This is the ideal glue for woodworking it is waterproof , heat resistant and produces a strong joint . Apply it to one surface , then clamp the parts together while the adhesive sets . UV - activated This is a clear , liquid adhesive for glass that sets when exposed to natural daylight . It leaves no glue line and , once set , is detergent - proof and waterproof . A binary counter displays the number of pulses fed into it . It consists of a series of interconnected D - type flip - flops each connected in toggle mode ( see Fig. 16 ) . Each output activates the clock for the next one in line . One bistable is needed for each bit thus , a 4 - bit counter ( able to count up to 1111 or 15 in decimal ) could be made using 4 flip - flops ( or 2 off 4013 's ) . For ease of construction it is helpful to make a 2 - bit counter that is , one able to count up to 11 ( 3 in decimal ) . The voltage on pin 3 if IC5 stays , therefore , below that on pin 2 and the output at pin 6 remains low . For a sustained output from IC2 however , capacitor C5 is enabled to charge up to a level exceeding that on pin 2 of the op.amp and the output switches high , so turning transistor TR5 on and operating the relay which closes RLA1 contacts . This closure is only momentary because of the differentiating action of the coupling components capacitor C6 and resistor R21 , and the rest of the circuit is then activated in the way already explained . The use of the relay at this point may seem a bit odd as the switching could be electronically activated , but the use of a mechanical relay introduces a small but desirable time variation ( as well as possible bounce ! ) in the duration of the relays closure and so helps in enhancing the random operation of IC6 during the short time that the VCO is producing its high frequency output . Only the function of diode D18 remains to be mentioned . For the man or woman in the fast lane , keeping in touch while you 're on the move is safer and simpler than ever before with the new British Telecom 's Azure cellphone . In fact , it 's as easy as 1,2,3 , or any other convenient number code you choose to programme into the carphone 's memory . Because the BT Azure is Britain 's first totally voice - activated cellphone . It 's not just a hands - free mobile , but an eyesfree one too . When you want to make a call , you just speak your code to wake up the phone , say Dial , tell it the number you want , say Send and you 're through in seconds . Very long developing time , or resist does not develop fully or at all Resist is underexposed to UV light : increase exposure period accordingly ( only area which have been thoroughly exposed to UV light will be developed ) . Resist may also be too thick or artwork film too opaque , and has not been thoroughly activated by the UV light see above . Developer cold , weak or exhausted . Renew . MAX HORSEY Is this the comeback of the 70 's disco tie ? Sound activated , it will soon send out good vibrations to the rest of the groovers . DESIGNED for disco 's and parties , not to mention Red - Nose Day , the Tie - Pulser consists of a set of 20 l.e.d.s fastened to the front of a tie . An electronic circuit , complete with microphone and battery are concealed within the tie , which for ease of use should be a clip - on type . The immunity enjoyed by clownfish from the venomous tentacles of the anemone has only recently become properly understood . How exactly these small fish can be safe nestled within the anemone 's embrace while other fish and invertebrates are stung , killed and devoured remained something of a mystery until recently . The answer was found during detailed studies of the trigger mechanism which activates the anemone 's nematocysts or stinging cells . The anemone was found to be triggered into action by the protein - based mucus covering most fish and invertebrates and therefore stimulated into stinging by the taste of its prey . To counteract this , clownfish have adopted a dual strategy to deceive the anemone . It 's light enough to carry around , tipping the scales at just under 5lbs , but with the help of large rubber pads on the base it should stay put on stage . Power is supplied by a 12 volt AC mains adaptor and to prevent accidental unplugging from this type of lightweight plug BOSS have included a cable hook on the back panel to secure the cord . Alongside the power socket are a pair of sockets from which to remotely switch the effect bypass and to take the ME - 6 from program into manual mode , where each of the 6 pedals activates individual effects , making the ME - 6 work just like a series of ordinary pedals . There 's also a socket for connecting an expression pedal , to allow real time control over your volume . Hooking up the Boss FV 300L pedal to this socket inserts into the effects chain after the compressor , distortion and noise suppressor but before the delay , chorus reverb and master ; this allows the reverb and delay to decay naturally , instead of being suddenly cut off when the patch or volume level changes . Connecting the ME - 6 up to an amp , power amp or mixer is as easy as connecting any effect pedal , and once hooked up the ME - 6 can store 25 different effect combinations in five memory banks . Each effect patch is identified by a combination of bank number and patch LED ; the former appears in the value/bank readout while the patch is indicated by the relevant pedal . BOSS have set up the ME - 6 to work in two different ways : it can be left to recall programmed patches or , by using the manual programming button , be set to operate like a series of pedals with each footswitch activating an effect in real time . As previously mentioned , the top panel display has a series of boxes with a description of the effect and a status LED showing if the effect is on or off . This works in both manual and program modes , although in manual mode the bank select footswitch becomes the reverb on/off switch . This works in both manual and program modes , although in manual mode the bank select footswitch becomes the reverb on/off switch . Back in program mode , operating the ME - 6 begins by stepping on the bank switch to select a bank ; this causes the value/bank LED to flash . You then press the relevant patch pedal to set the bank number and repress the relevant patch pedal to activate the chosen sound . In general use the ME - 6 is very user - friendly , and this simplicity carries over into its programming . Modifying one of the factory patches is very simple to do , even though the parameters for adjustment are limited . This is n't as intimidating as it sounds ; it simply means they do two jobs , depending on whether they are rotated or pushed . The first of these knobs is the chain/bypass control . In play mode , rotating this control selects effect chains , and when pushed it activates the bypass function . In edit mode , rotating the control varies the selected effect , while pushing turns the effect on or off . This control will also compare the programmed patch to the original when in parameter/edit mode . That said , should you purchase an Abacus with your TriAxis you 'll get it for 325 . On powering up , the front panel breaks out into a mini light show , each window blazing out its particular setting in red , except for the program number window which reads out in green for easy identification on stage . Additionally , the aforementioned bank of LEDs indicates which mode is selected , whether or not the TriAxis 's effects loop is engaged and which of the preamp 's outboard switches is activated . Outboard switches ? Yes , well , these comprise a group of four jack sockets on the back , and constitute a clever move on Boogie 's part . The expected toggle switch controls the pickup selections , but in a rather cunning fashion . With the coil tap not selected , the toggle switches from the front ( single ) to the back ( humbucker ) pickups . However , once the coil tap has been activated , the switch moves you between tapped bridge and both bridge and neck together . It 's clever , efficient and , more importantly different . I suppose the feature on this guitar that would be most difficult to miss is the distinctive string anchorage . After engraving , the bodies were nickel - plated , and that 's why a 60 - year old guitar can be so shiny ; for some complex metallurgical reason , electro - plated nickel on top of nickel does n't tarnish . But the amazing looks are only half of the story ; National made these instruments specifically to be the loudest acoustic guitars in existence and they succeeded . Underneath the rounded , triangular coverplate lie three six - inch spun aluminium cones , activated by a T - shaped bar that connects the bridge to the centre of each speaker . From there the sound radiates outwards through the holes in the front , giving a pure , sharp , sweet sound with amazing projection . It was this sweetness of tone that made National Tri - Plates a favourite of Hawaiian lap - steel players , although bizarrely enough the National company had much higher ambitions for their guitars . The car 's driver would have to manoeuvre so that the line on the screen pointed dead ahead of his car 's nose . He would then be following the direction - finder . The device in the attach case would be activated by remote control from inside the limousine . They drove fast down Park Lane , through Knightsbridge and into Kensington . Activate , said Brown . The operator depressed a switch . The screen did not respond . Keep activating every thirty seconds until we get lock - on , said Brown . Chuck , start to sweep round Kensington . Moxon took Cromwell Road , then headed south down Gloucester Road towards Old Brompton Road . From there , a body will be directed into a dock where a pair of workers perform all the functions previously described . This includes considerable inspection work , firstly to establish what grinding needs to be done , and then to ensure that the body is fit , after they have completed their welding and grinding , to go on into the paint shop . When they have finished their work on one body , they activate the conveyor which carries off the completed body and pulls in another from the buffer store . The work is therefore not paced by the track , and the job cycle time is extended from seconds to about 20 minutes . The performance of this form of work organisation is interesting and impressive . When an emotionally articulate speaker wants to convey to me , not the fact that he is sad , but in what way and to what degree , his language becomes rhythmic and metaphorical , pulls me to his viewpoint to visualize his situation becomes a poetry which infects me with his melancholy and a rhetoric stirring me to help him , and afterwards perhaps I find myself regretting having committed myself to an action in his interests rather than my own . He does not describe his emotions , he calls them up ; if anything is described , it is the situation which excites them . Imaginative writers know as an important item in their craft , that the way to convey emotion with most lucidity and particularity is to choose the apt words , not for the emotion itself , but for the image or scene which activates it . Nor does their command of verbal symbolism , the only medium in which one can even pretend to be describing inward states objectively , give them any advantage over painters and musicians . The media through which the sharers of a culture refine their insight into what goes on in each other 's heads are the arts in general , through which the most aware evoke in their audience the look and feel of things from their own viewpoints ( in the case of the drama and novel , of multiple interacting viewpoints ) , in fixed forms available to be explored at our leisure . Our mind , emotions and spirit integral to our physical well - being , or conversely our state of disease are not divorced from our cellular components , and the known ability of the mind to influence DNA coding ( or vice versa ) and therefore enzyme activity , opens doors to a view of the human entity that has far - reaching implications yet to be realized . The relationship between genetic anomalies and cancer is now also better understood . 1989 Nobel Prize winners J. Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus of the University of California , San Francisco , along with Dominique Stehelin of France , discovered in 1 976 that normal cells contain genes that can activate cancer if they malfunction . More recent research has revealed that genetic malfunction can be caused by chemical carcinogens that convert normal genes into cancerous ones . What has not been known , until now , is the nature of the mechanism by which this occurs . THOSE of you with Hudson Hawk on ST should type in SANITYCLAWSISCOMINGTOTOWN on the title screen . Amiga owners can use SCIENCEFICTION . Both should activate infinite lives . Letters section follows Germanic Saxons Maybe for a short time somebody takes a free course at the great university of misery , and pays attention to the things he sees with his eyes and hears with his ears . Doing this , he will perhaps have learned more than he can tell . What he had learnt in the Borinage was that human suffering of the most basic sort somehow activated his creative energies , as well as enabling him to gain access to the depths of his own nature . He loved the superb art of the Dutch Golden Age , but he wanted to master a different , rougher , Adamistic art , purposely naive , one that satisfied his demands for simplicity and truth and vindicated his distaste for luxury . It had to be an art that did not separate him from the uncultured poor but was founded in them , gathering them to him in a home of art they could all share , a home that sheltered and consoled ; a warm place . Proposals for syllabuses based on this reduced notion of communication also illustrate how the potential for change inherent in new ideas is stifled by assimilation into established patterns of thinking . The syllabus is still conceived of as a collection of atomistic linguistic elements even though they are now functionally rather than formally defined . It is still regarded as a preconceived construct which incorporates goals for learning , and its relationship with a methodology which activates the immediate process of learning remains as undefined as before . But the idea of communicative competence arises from a dissatisfaction with the Chomskyan distinction between competence and performance and essentially seeks to establish competence status for aspects of language behaviour which were indiscriminately collected into the performance category . Now it seems reasonable to suggest that the competence/performance distinction might also mark the division of responsibility between syllabus and methodology , with the former specifying the knowledge to be acquired and the latter providing conditions for its behavioural realization . What is required is that the language which is pedagogically presented should be a projection of that which actually occurs as recorded by the computer analysis of text . I made the point earlier that descriptive facts about actual usage do not necessarily determine what is to be included in a language course . The abstractions of a type description may be preferred on occasions in that they activate more effectively the process of learning . Consider , for example , that type of syntactic structure which Chomsky refers to as the kernel sentence , of which the following are examples : The birds are singing . And this is something which computer analysis of a corpus cannot of course determine . Notice that the principle of contextual plausibility allows legitimacy to expressions which arise in the contrived contexts of the classroom . If it is allowed that such contrivance is pedagogically desirable as activating the process of learning , then it sets its own conditions for normality . The crucial point is that such expressions should be warranted by conceptual and communicative purposes recognized as having point in classroom activity . These purposes do not , however , have to correspond with those which are current or authentic uses of language in the world at large . This common knowledge of shared experience and conventionally sanctioned reality can be called schematic knowledge : it is the knowledge which is acquired as a condition of entry into a particular culture or sub - culture . Schematic knowledge , then , is a necessary source of reference in use whereby linguistic symbols are converted into indices in the process of interpretation . But we should note , too , that language development itself , the acquisition of knowledge of symbolic meanings , is activated by the need to extend schematic knowledge so as to cope more effectively with the social environment . We learn language in order to manage our affairs in the world we find ourselves in . Language is the means of initiation into the conventions of conceptualization and communication which define particular cultures . Formal education extends this process by providing guidance into different ways of conceiving of the world and different ways of conveying these concepts in modes of description , argument , and so on . Particular subjects on the curriculum can be seen as different sub - cultures in which reality is variously reformulated . But if it is the case that language learning is activated by the socio - cultural purpose of schematic extension , that we learn language in order to get a better grasp of the world so that we can turn it to our advantage , then it would seem to follow that a central problem in the teaching of a foreign language lies in the provision of some comparable activating purpose . In other words , we need to identify areas of schematic knowledge which the learners will accept as independently relevant and worth acquiring so that the learning of the language is seen as the necessary means to a desired end . If this is so , the first question to be asked in designing a language course should not be What language do we need to teach ? but rather What do we need to teach that will stimulate the learning of language ? Rightly or wrongly , the investing public , and others , do not see going concern qualifications as purely objective assessments of the distribution of future cash flows designed to aid investors in their portfolio choice . They see them as having wider connotations , which may include casting doubt on both management competence and the financial statements ' integrity . For these reasons , client managements are unlikely to welcome a going concern qualification , and their concerns may well be reinforced if such a qualification restricts management freedom of action , possibly by allowing debt covenants to be activated , restricting the freedom to pay dividends , and so on . It may well be that risk - taking companies are managed by risk - taking individuals with powerful personalities . Such individuals are likely to react adversely to anything they perceive as criticism of either their company or themselves , and may react by penalising the auditor by directing lucrative consultancy contracts elsewhere or even changing auditors . On the basis of extensive research in a number of congregations in the United States , Peter Wagner has postulated an estimate of ten per cent who are either effectively or potentially gifted as evangelists . If this percentage potential could be considered to hold true outside the USA , we would certainly have to ask of the great majority of congregations , What has happened to your ten per cent ? If it exists at all , their efforts must be going unrecognised , or have been rendered inoperative , or were never activated in the first place . The fact that there is little or no evidence that a gift is operating does not necessarily mean , however , that it is not present . Gifts can atrophy . Accepting that the contact was friendly , the detection system shut itself down. Vologsky took over control again , knowing that he must be within twenty miles of the outer warning ring around Alma - Ata . To be completely safe , he activated his automatic call - signal which would be picked up on the ground . It ensured that no trigger - happy missile controller would fail to observe the safety precautions and attempt a little target practice . Moments later , Vologsky received a two - tone pulse signal over his headphones , followed by a brief message . He was really on his own now , and in less than two minutes he would be flying over hostile territory . As the last of the concrete missile silos of Alma - Ata slipped away beneath him , Vologsky made his final preparations for the mission proper . He activated the aircraft 's radar scrambling unit , switched on the moving map display and set the detection and recording equipment for fully automatic sequence . The actual mechanics of the operation would take care of themselves . All Vologsky had to do now was to fly the Foxbat across the Chinese border and bring her out safely again . A new and very exciting service now being offered to clients from leading stylists around the country is Tec Ni Pli by L'Oral Technique Professionnelle . Comprising of a completely new type of lotion and pinless , lightweight rollers , this unique technique has been introduced to keep up with the increasing demand for 90 's sets . Thermo - Fixing Spray is activated by heat , either from a hair dryer or heated rollers , and contains non - sticky polymers to give volume and control as well as condition and shine . There are three variants of lotion to enable the stylist to choose one most suited to the client 's hair condition and needs . Special Tec Ni Pli kits will be available from your stylist so you can continue to create the look yourself between salon visits ask your local L'Oral appointed salon . From a sort of mobile console a thin tube containing a fibre - optic light and a wire - cutter is uncoiled and inserted into the penis . When it reaches the bladder the surgeon , like a submarine commander , applies his eyes to the other end of the fibre - optic and sees the area of tissue that needs to be cut away . He then , with a foot pedal , activates the wire - cutter . It is as simple as that ( though I guess the skills required are far from simple ) . I asked my own surgeon how many of these prostate operations he did in a year , and he said around four hundred . They 'll be available to you through a special bank account in London . There is one more thing . A Pessarane Behesht sleeper cell has been activated in London to assist you . Originally it was planned for them to eliminate enemies of the Islamic Republic , but this mission was deemed more important . They will have the weapons you will need . And all four burners are highly rated . The modern grey or brown fascia sets off the knobs with colour co - ordinated inserts . Her is where you 'll also find a push button which activates the battery repetitive spark ignition for the whole cooker , grill , hotplate and oven . Carry on down to the oven and you 'll find six shelf positions and enough room for a 25lb turkey and all the trimmings . You 'll also find a Slow - set control which will cook a casserole to perfection while you 're out for the day doing something more interesting . If you hot foot it whatever the weather , there 's only one watch that can stand the pace . The Casio STR 1000 , not only offers you superb styling and unrivalled precision to sec , but also includes functions invaluable to your sport . Perhaps the most invaluable feature is the unique cable control that allows you to activate the stopwatch from a tailored finger grip . The 100 hr. stopwatch features 5 lap/split time and total time memories , 5 target times and an auto - start function . In addition all the functions of the sec. stopwatch are complemented by audible signals . With Autoseeker fitted you only have to make one simple phone call and Autoseeker 's advanced technology does the rest . It will contact your vehicle and remotely , initiate a chain of events which will ultimately bring the vehicle to a halt , enabling recovery . A coded signal activates a 120db siren and the vehicle 's indicators flash alternately . A voice synthesiser continuously speaks to the unauthorised driver warning that Autoseeker has been activated , the police alerted and that the vehicle will be automatically disabled within minutes . Autoseeker speaks to the thief the facts speak for themselves . It will contact your vehicle and remotely , initiate a chain of events which will ultimately bring the vehicle to a halt , enabling recovery . A coded signal activates a 120db siren and the vehicle 's indicators flash alternately . A voice synthesiser continuously speaks to the unauthorised driver warning that Autoseeker has been activated , the police alerted and that the vehicle will be automatically disabled within minutes . Autoseeker speaks to the thief the facts speak for themselves . AUTOSEEKER Switch instantly between dynamic graphic plotter displays and alpha - numeric presentations . Assign names and/or symbols , as well as numbers , to up to 500 waypoints , to identify their location or purpose . At your command , our unique GPS Man Overboard feature immediately goes into a special plot mode which continuously gives range and bearing back to the location at which it was activated . Other great GPS features include constant tracking of up to 5 available satellites , steering guidance , 7 plotter ranges with 8 plot intervals , instant event mark memory , multiple route planning , alarms , stopwatch , clock and timer . For more information about the world 's most versatile GPS receiver , see your local Raytheon dealer or call our 24 - hour Brochure Line : ( 0279 ) 626316 . There are a variety of different types available ( Mountjoy et al . 1984 ; Schmitt 1982b ) but the one most often used in Britain consists of two pads of wire mesh that are placed on the child 's bed with a sheet separating them and another sheet on top for the child to lie on . They are attached to an alarm and when the child wets during the night the circuit is connected which activates the alarm . The child should get up , go to the lavatory to finish urinating , and then with the help of the parents change the bed and reset the alarm . The rationale for the use of this technique is a conditioning process in which the child associates relaxing of the bladder sphinctre with being woken up. You simply open your mouth and hope something comes out and you can only do that if you 're relaxed . Nothing destroys a sense of humour more than fear . Nothing activates the bladder as much as fear , either , and this is the moment when the studio audience will often hear the clatter of heels across the floor as guests make a last - minute dash for the loo . As soon as they 're installed in the Green Room , guests are looked after by the Floor Manager . He 'll take them to the top of the stairs and make sure they know when to go on usually by the gracious means of a prod in the back . Cohort Theory views word recognition ( for speech input ) as a bottom - up process of eliminating possible candidates by de - activation . This is in contrast with its predecessor ( Logogen Theory ) which assumes activation of only a single lexical item . According to Marslen - Wilson and Welsh , a set of potential word candidates ( the cohort ) is activated during the earliest phases of the word recognition process solely on the basis of bottom - up sensory information . That is , all words sharing the same initial sound characteristics become activated in the system . As the system detects mismatches between initial bottom - up sensory information and the top - down information about the expected sound representation of words generated by context , inappropriate candidates within the initial cohort are de - activated . This is in contrast with its predecessor ( Logogen Theory ) which assumes activation of only a single lexical item . According to Marslen - Wilson and Welsh , a set of potential word candidates ( the cohort ) is activated during the earliest phases of the word recognition process solely on the basis of bottom - up sensory information . That is , all words sharing the same initial sound characteristics become activated in the system . As the system detects mismatches between initial bottom - up sensory information and the top - down information about the expected sound representation of words generated by context , inappropriate candidates within the initial cohort are de - activated . A word is said to be recognised at the point when a particular word can be uniquely distinguished from all other words in the cohort . Her pile was spent , her hydraulics dry and full of spiders ' webs . She had done sterling service already , and was as inert as a ship can well be which is actually , as we have already speculated , not quite inert after all . People used to believe ( permit me this , one last one ) that once you activated the Capellan drive it could never be entirely deactivated again , not until it suffered ruin or physical destruction . And I , where was I , during those years when chipmunks scampered through the undercarriage of the battered little Kobold ? I was asleep . It is often possible to identify the characteristic eggs from a faecal sample , but regular treatment against this and other similar parasites is usually deemed preferable . The embryonated infective eggs or larvae of the dog roundworm , Toxocara canis are ingested by the dog ( 1 ) and migrate to the body tissues ( 2 ) such as the kidneys . Unfortunately , the larvae usually enter the tissues of developing foetuses ( 3 ) and localise in their intestines , being activated by the pregnancy . After the birth of the puppies the larvae can also migrate into the puppies ' system and infect them through the mother 's milk ( 4 ) The worms mature passing eggs in the puppies ' faeces which are consumed by the mother and can reinfect her ( 5 ) . Alternatively , larvae which fail to establish themselves and are passed out in the faeces , may find another host and begin producing eggs . Here , in similar territory , a Siberian Husky howls to attract attention from its owner . Special collars which give a small yet painful electric shock to deter barking are permitted to be sold in some countries , but really have no part in training a dog properly . There is a particular problem associated with some designs in that they are activated simply by the sound of barking . They do not distinguish between individual dogs , and so the sound of a neighbour 's dog may cause yours to receive a punishment shock when it has not actually been barking . Clearly , this is not a desirable state of affairs , and apart from being unfair , will also prove upsetting to your dog . The refracted rays then reach the retina . The retina consists of the inner lining at the back of the eye and is a delicate membrane , constructed of ten different layers , one of which contains the two types of light - sensitive cells , the rods and cones . The rods are situated mainly in the peripheral area of the retina and they are activated in lower levels of lighting . The cones are receptive to colour and to higher lighting levels . These cells are concentrated in the central area of the retina which is used in the discrimination of fine and sharp images . Surely . This was one of the arcane rites of passage of the Chapter . Only after this rite was completed did one of the elder cadets de - activate the control hoops of the tunnel , liberating the other Necromundans who had gazed wonderingly from their sanctuaries within . The Sergeant could not but have noted how Lexandro had taken the lead From this time onward , a kind of oscillating magnetism seemed ever more to bind the three brothers of Trazior , attracting each to one , and one to each , yet also as well repelling each in a bizarre negative of friendship . Protective monocles were squeezed into the orbits of the combatants ' eyes . They saluted the cloaked umpire with their thin tungsten pes ; then one another . The umpire invoked and activated some instruments attached to the notator machine , then the steel blocks glided forward to within two squares of one another pe range and locked magnetically to the floor . One square 's separation would have been dagger range . Superficially it might have appeared as though two brawny giants , immobilised but for the sway of their torsos , were about to jab and slash at one another , piercing and flaying till the vampire bat device decided that sufficient flesh had been sliced , that sufficient blood had coagulated in slim cinnabar threads . There 's other people I 'd rather be . I mean , I 'm the most unsociable person I 've ever met . On the other hand , there 's an inbuilt defence mechanism in Carter which is activated by criticism . I find it frustrating the way we 're perceived by a lot of people , explains Jim Bob . Because I 'm proud of what we 've done as Carter . Not in wartime . But a bit far - fetched . How would this mine be activated ? My continued ignorance must be a great disappointment . I know nothing about mines . You 're a source of great comfort , Van Gelder , Hawkins said heavily . I admit , sir , that the alternatives are n't all that attractive . My own conclusions , which in this case are probably completely worthless , are that this ticking represents a period of grace I mean that it cannot explode as long as the ticking lasts and that it 's not designed to explode when the ticking stops but is then activated and ready to explode when triggered by passing engines . A guess , sir , but not necessarily a wild one . I 'm going on the assumption that this mine could well be dropped by a surface vessel as well as a plane . One thing at a time , Jimmy . That 's as far as my thinking has got so far . Would we try to de - activate it ? Denholm looked at Wickram . Do you think it could be de - activated , sir ? Quite a bit of space will be taken up by the timing mechanism and , of course , it will have to be weighted to give it negative buoyancy . The real sting comes in the tail , Hawkins said . When the ticking stops the timing clock has run out and the firing mechanism is activated and ready to be triggered by mechanical stimulation , by which I take it they mean ship 's engines . So it looks as if you were right about that one , Van Gelder . Then , by way of cheerful farewell , they say that enquiries so far confirm that the timing mechanism , once in operation , cannot be neutralized and appears to be irreversible . Provided there 's access to the plane and the fuselage is not crushed a few minutes should tell us all we want to know . Two points about the helmet . There 's a rotary chin switch which you depress to activate an amplifier that lets us talk , visor to visor . A second press cuts it off . It also has a couple of sockets over the ears where you can plug in what is to all effects a stethoscope . Long enough to find out what we needed . Missiles are there , all present and correct as listed by the Pentagon . Only one bomb has been activated . Three dead men . That 's all , except for the most important fact of all . The timing device is still at it so I think we 'll start the engine . Gently , at first . At this distance I hardly think we 'd trigger anything even if the bomb was activated , but no chances . Course 095 . There were nine of them in the whaler Talbot , Van Gelder , the two divers , McKenzie and the four seamen who had rowed them so far . Tretorn , in filing its complaint , believes that the EC Commission 's lawyers may have missed the significance of the word in dispute ( type ) because the LTA 's previous ball agreement , ( ie the one that the EC Commission was asked to consider ) contained no written reference to pressureless tennis balls , therefore ensuring that it could not be party to such vital information . So on February 6th of this year , while Mr Dubois was closing his file and writing to the LTA accordingly , Tretorn , having considered its position , went ahead with its complaint to the EC Commission. Tretorn 's action was activated , following correspondence in December between Tretorn 's President , Michael MacCaughey and the LTA 's National Events and Tournaments Manager , Gavin Fletcher , copies of which have come into our possession . In Fletcher 's letter of 3rd December , he states , All professional tournaments in Britain have traditionally been played with pressurised tennis balls If Tretorn wish to bid for tournaments in this Category ( Category A ) , they might assume that a bid from a company producing pressurised balls is likely to succeed . As you will have noticed , the strategies we have reviewed have been operating back along the stress cycle ( as shown in Figure 1 on page 70 ) at points nearer and nearer the source . If you imagine stress as being in hot water then there are roughly three stages in its creation . First the tap is turned on ( demand rises ) ; then the water gets hot ( injunctions activated ) ; finally stress occurs ( withdrawal , anger and tension arise ) . Our coping strategies have been listed in reverse order . If you ca n't do anything better , keep mopping up. During that time , he has pursued his own path , favouring lyrical abstraction at the expense of changing fashion . He marks this anniversary with an exhibition of works on paper by twenty gallery artists ( to 20 December ) including Sandra Blow , Jennifer Durrant , Sheila Girling , John McLean , Mali Morris and Jules Olitski . Willard Boepple contributes an abstract sculpture , and Charles Quick , former artist - in - residence at Leeds City Art Gallery , has devised an exterior light sculpture , a minimalist Christmas decoration in the form of a vertical line of floodlights activated in a sequence by pedestrian traffic passing beneath it . Quietly and surprisingly , Thomas Gibson , the leading dealer in Giacometti and the modern masters , has been redirecting his gallery towards contemporary art . He has opened an exhibition of twenty works on paper , executed in inks , coloured crayons and pastel , by Glenn Baxter ( to 22 January 1993 ) , the surreal humorist , formerly represented by Nigel Greenwood , who derives his style and characters from the illustrations of boys ' adventure books . Determine randomly which characters are the targets of which darts ; no character can be a target for more than three unless he is standing right in front of the chest ( e.g. , raising the lid ) . If the chest is forced open , the same trap will be triggered , save that there 's no chance of defusing it with the extra lock - turn . The second chest has an identical trap , save that this time the poison in the darts is Elfbane , and it has a second trap which will be activated only if the chest is forcibly opened . Inside this chest is a delicate glass globe packed with Yellow Mould spores , and if the chest is tipped up , broken into , etc. , this will release its deadly contents in a 10 - yard radius . If the adventurers are successful in picking the lock , this trap wo n't be activated , but they will have to be very careful taking out the money without breaking the glass sphere ( no test needed , but you should roll dice as if you were making some secret test just to scare the players ) . Both had become convinced that papal jurisdiction had been wrongful , and now wished to make use of the supremacy to strengthen the monarchy . Their true intentions were revealed by their promotion of the 1536 Act Extinguishing the Authority of the Bishop of Rome ; by their dissolution of the smaller monasteries ; and by their execution of prominent opponents of their policy , such as Sir Thomas More , Bishop John Fisher , and the London Carthusians . These moves convinced Pope Paul III that Henry 's disobedience was serious , and in an attempt to activate an earlier bull of excommunication against the king , he lent his support to the Northern rebels during the Pilgrimage of Grace . Henry 's anti - papalism was based on the belief that the pope had wrongfully usurped the spiritual and temporal power which had traditionally belonged to the kings of England , and while he therefore rejected the pope 's claim to jurisdiction in England , he was prepared to regard him as the rightful Bishop of Rome . Others , however , including Cromwell and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer , were much more vehement in their condemnation of the papacy ; attracted by the new ideas and reforming zeal of the continental Protestants , they argued that the papacy had falsified the word of God and distorted true religion . The difference is only in the kind of task and size of hardware . For example , in the case of starting up a machine at a control panel the operator will be given the instructions and asked to provide a verbal commentary as he actuates the various controls and checks the various indications , this is a talk through . On the other hand , a maintenance check of a series of related machines may involve moving to and fro between them while activating this and that , this is a walk through . The operating instructions/task description can be modified if the analysis reveals any problems from the operator 's point of view ; anything which the designer may have omitted or any difficulties the operator has in moving around , manipulating controls or checking information presentations . Ultimately , the machine layout or interface design may be modified to make the operating instructions easier to follow . It was not , and could not be , a vehicle . for European integration . In the 1950s it was only occasionally activated , with nominal headquarters in London ; and indeed any proposals on defence that emanated from its Consultative Assembly were invariably ignored by the member governments . If WEU had a role , it was to ensure the closest possible cooperation within NATO , and although it did play a limited role in the Saar settlement , it remained essentially a paper organisation . With the handing over to the Council of Europe in 1960 of the social and cultural responsibilities it had inherited from the Treaty of Brussels , it seemed that to all intents and purposes WEU had become moribund . Some of the information was unreliable and amounted to a considerable wastage in air dropped ordnance and flying hours by launching bombing and strafing missions over dead jungle . Army Intelligence and Police Special Branch informant networks allowed British South East Asia Command ( SEAC ) to implement effective tactical plans to block and hit communist bandits transiting through the jungle towards hard civilian and military objectives . As the Commanding Officer of 1 Squadron was also the Senior Strike Leader at Tengah , he had the task of activating operations as directed by SEAC . The Lincolns played an integral part in the overall harassment of the communist offensive campaign and were effectively the only permanent heavy bomber unit in Malaya . Bombing sorties required exceptional skill and technical accuracy on the part of the Lincoln aircrews , particularly the navigation plotters and bomb aimers as most bombing missions required ordnance to be dropped on an exact point as opposed to the more conventional method of carpet bombing large areas . 39 RESTORATION GROUP are looking for a volunteer , local to the North Weald airfield area , to help them to organise their newsletters and membership details . Preferably an ex 39 Squadron member or any ex - RAF personnel who might feel able to dedicate some time to assisting the Group 's efforts at North Weald . The above spare time could also include re - activating the full 39 Squadron Association Membership . 1933 FORDSON TRACTOR . Recently purchased for vintage vehicle collection . Can he eavesdrop through a card , Jaq ? Sense what you 're thinking ? When I activate them . Maybe ! Otherwise , I strongly doubt it . The economy will boom Ah yes , the economic stimulus of slaughter ! Jaq held up his palm once more , activating the electronic daemon - head tattoo of the outer Inquisition . The guardsmen in saurian leather and goggles , who manned this last of many checkpoints , stiffened . An Obispal had recently reinforced the Inquisition 's authority . He was always willing to entertain a doubt before , as was so often sadly the case , needing to crush all doubt . He never destroyed a witch simply on the say - so of vindictive enemies . Came the day when a robed elder Inquisitor activated a palm - tattoo that Jaq had never seen before , and spoke to him the words : Inner Order A wheel within a wheel At that very moment , from the air - gargoyles furthest away , fingers then arms of grey jelly erupted to interlace across the corridor . Behind the little party similar tentacles of hydra burst forth , blocking any retreat . Jaq activated his power axe and strode forward . Meh'Lindi and Grimm flanked him , firing their lasers , slicing through the impeding arms . Severed segments writhed and melted . In return Jaq had received a new electro - tattoo , imprinted on to his right cheek by Carnelian . The design was of a squirming octopus clinging round a living human head . All of those present who had shed their masks activated their own identical tattoos then willed the image to vanish again . So it transpired that the elusive Zephro Carnelian was a trusted roving agent for the Ordo Hydra . Not an enemy at all but an ally in the greatest , most righteous , yet perhaps also the vilest of plans . Indeed , she agreed . Both the Eldar and the Slann should be grateful to know about this weapon which would one day be launched against them . Long before the hydra could be activated we would have ended our days amidst aliens or on some wild frontier world . Why , the galaxy is so vast that in the latter case I could continue to pose and behave as an Inquisitor ; though I would truly be a renegade Even as he spoke , this avenue closed up in his mind 's eye like a pupil contracting to a black point . More accurately , they launched an attack on the idea that activity in the autonomic nervous system was a sufficient condition for emotional experience . The attack was based on a number of strands of evidence , including the fact that activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system was too diffuse to underpin the range of subtle emotional experiences of which we are capable , and the observation that severing the spinal cord in dogs does not prevent them displaying facial signs of emotion when provoked in an appropriate way . As an alternative , Cannon proposed a centralist theory in which emotion was seen as the result of activating specific mechanisms in the central nervous system . However , his evidence did n't permit particularly precise localization within the brain . It was n't until Papez ( 1939 ) published his theory of emotion that the field really moved again . It would certainly be naive just to assume that nerve cells are the same in molluscs as in people , but fortunately it is possible to rely on more than assumption . The advantage of this sort of work is that the descriptions of cellular mechanisms are very detailed and this provides a good basis for determining whether the same cellular mechanisms are available in mammals . For example , plasticity seems to depend on identifiable ion channels and catalytic molecules that activate or inhibit these channels . It is possible to use advanced biochemical techniques to look for comparable ion channels and catalytic units in the mammalian brain , without directly studying the role of cells in learning . The problem with this approach is that it does n't allow for the possibility that there are additional cellular mechanisms of plasticity in mammals , that have evolved to underpin our greater learning abilities . Each of the input neurons connects to every output neuron . Output neurons can be activated in one of two ways , either by the output pattern generator line , or by the input cells . The input cells are activated only by sensory input . The system is designed so that it will learn to generate output patterns in response to input patterns . It can do this because the capacity of an input neuron to activate any of the output neurons increases every time the output pattern generator activates the output neuron simultaneously with external activation of the input neuron . The input cells are activated only by sensory input . The system is designed so that it will learn to generate output patterns in response to input patterns . It can do this because the capacity of an input neuron to activate any of the output neurons increases every time the output pattern generator activates the output neuron simultaneously with external activation of the input neuron . After a number of such pairings a particular pattern of input will come to evoke a selected output pattern , without the output pattern generator being activated . Associative learning will have taken place . What emerges from this work is the complexity of the interactions between components of the system . For example , loading the stomach with food or water directly has some satiating effect , but not as great as when the substance is also allowed to pass into the intestine or has previously passed through the mouth . These findings raise another problem with stimulation methods , which is that the effects of stimulating at individual points in a system are only readily interpretable when the effects of activating separate parts of a system are additive . That is to say , the effects of activating two components together have to be the sum of the effects of activating either in isolation . If this does n't occur with a relatively simple system like the peripheral mechanisms controlling appetite , there must be some doubt about how often this condition is satisfied in the central nervous system . For example , loading the stomach with food or water directly has some satiating effect , but not as great as when the substance is also allowed to pass into the intestine or has previously passed through the mouth . These findings raise another problem with stimulation methods , which is that the effects of stimulating at individual points in a system are only readily interpretable when the effects of activating separate parts of a system are additive . That is to say , the effects of activating two components together have to be the sum of the effects of activating either in isolation . If this does n't occur with a relatively simple system like the peripheral mechanisms controlling appetite , there must be some doubt about how often this condition is satisfied in the central nervous system . Recording A further problem comes in deciding how to interpret differences in the amount of activity elicited by a set of conditions . Does the brain use all of this information , or does it work on a trigger basis so that , once a level of activity has been exceeded , the actual level is irrelevant ? For example , if a cell doubles its discharge rate under one set of conditions but quadruples under another , does that difference affect how subsequent levels in the circuit respond so that one group of cells is excited by the first set of conditions but a second group is activated by the second set ? These issues are far from resolved and affect our interpretation of some potentially significant findings . Analogous studies outside the CNS This is the stuff of colour constancy . Our sense organs are not passive relays , but encode the constantly fluctuating patterns of stimulation impinging on the receptors into fluctuating patterns of neural activity . These patterns are related to the patterns of input but already selective recoding has begun , since some aspects of the input will activate the nervous system more than others . For example , edges tend to activate the visual system more than areas of uniform brightness . Changes of pressure across the fingertips produce much more intense input from touch receptors than steady pressure . Our sense organs are not passive relays , but encode the constantly fluctuating patterns of stimulation impinging on the receptors into fluctuating patterns of neural activity . These patterns are related to the patterns of input but already selective recoding has begun , since some aspects of the input will activate the nervous system more than others . For example , edges tend to activate the visual system more than areas of uniform brightness . Changes of pressure across the fingertips produce much more intense input from touch receptors than steady pressure . You can verify that for yourself by running your fingertips ova a slightly rough surface and then stopping . Independently of the discovery of X - , Y - , and W - cells came the demonstration of multiple representations of the visual field in the secondary visual cortex . This is most clearly seen in studies of the primate visual cortex ( Maunsell and Newsome 1987 ) . Visual field representations are mapped by sampling successive locations in the visual cortex with a microelectrode and , at each location , determining where you have to place a stimulus in the visual field to activate single cells at that location . You find that cells in adjacent parts of the visual cortex are activated by stimulation in adjacent parts of the visual field . The cortex is said to be retinotopically mapped . Now , a thrust - reverser is there for only one reason . It is a bucket - shaped attachment that deploys when a plane lands ; it is designed solely to stop the plane flying . When a pilot activates his reversers , he also pours on the power to create reverse thrust , to have the blast from the jet engine going forward over the wings instead of backwards . It 's like putting a car into reverse . It is not something any pilot would wish to happen on take - off , when power is at full thrust and the plane has only begun to fly as it approaches the end of the runway . The company says it believes that Macrovision may be applicable in interactive video products such as Philips ' Compact Disk - Interactive , games machines and multimedia computers . To copy - protect a particular programme , the rights owner directs the distributor to turn on the Macrovision circuit in the individual decoders by inserting encrypted codes into the video transmission . Each set - top decoder would then have its Macrovision - component circuitry individually addressed and activated through the network 's addressable access control system . ALIAS RESEARCH MAKES ITS SOFTWARE AVAILABLE ON MACs , IRIS WITH OPEN DIGITAL STUDIO ENVIRONMENT Alias Research Inc of Toronto , Canada is making its digital media creation software easier to integrate with other industry - standard digital media formats under its Open Digital Studio environment . This code enables users to produce a complete working Agent for installation in an System V.4 environment in minutes . By midsummer , Paul Freeman hopes to offer run - time Management Information Base loading and unloading . Disk - resident MIBs will be able to be loaded and activated dynamically as well as unloaded and de - activated in order to free memory . SPAIN 's GSI TECSIDEL OFFERS X400 PRODUCTS FOR UNIX , IBM USERS Barcelona , Catalonia - based GSI Tecsidel SA has launched a new range of X400 products for Unix environments and IBM proprietary systems under the name of Ositel/400 , and consists of a package advising on requirements and problems involved in addressing messages in internal electronic mail systems , a set of user agent software packages with a user interface or application programming interface , and a set of Message Transfer Agent packages . The company is aiming to persuade private and public wireless and wireline data network operators , application developers and manufacturers of computing and communicating devices and infrastructure equipment to license the software architecture . SHAKESPEARE SPEECHWRITER OFFERS SPEAKER - DEPENDENT CONTROL SYSTEM East Grinstead , West Sussex - based company Shakespeare Speechwriter UK Ltd , formerly EMG Software , has come up with the ultimate system for keyboard - phobes a voice activated personal computer . The eponymously titled Shakespeare Speechwriter is based on what was EMG 's flagship product the Shakespeare database - word processing - relational database system , with additional Shakespeare Office Organiser and voice recognition algorithms . It supports dictation at a rate of over 30 words per minute , which is quite an improvement on the 20 words per minute rate average clocked up non - touch typing executives . A new report has highlighted the isolated plight of elderly people in residential care who have a hearing loss . Their needs are largely ignored and the introduction of community care reforms seems unlikely to make any difference , according to Counsel and Care . General manager , Jef Smith , said : The current situation is bleak , with confusion about who is responsible for activating services for hearingimpaired people in residential and nursing homes . Research shows 60 per cent of those in homes over the age of 70 have impaired hearing , yet less than one - quarter have hearing aids . Counsel and care suggests care staff should be trained to fit and adjust hearing aids . In this new shape , it can accommodate molecules called G - proteins , which hang around inside the cell . These G - proteins are , themselves , also shape - changers . Interacting with the receptor activates the G - proteins ; these then head off to spread the word via yet more molecules , called second messengers . The second messengers tell the cell about the signal from the neurotransmitters . One part of the cell that listens is the system which sends out and suppresses nerve impulses . What are the pharmaceutical companies , to which this should be of interest , doing about it ? Some work is going into drugs to treat drug addiction . Naltrexone keeps heroin from activating endorphin receptors , without activating them itself . Methadone works in the same way as heroin , but less effectively ; it thus provides a way off heroin that minimises withdrawal symptoms . Similar approaches to cocaine are being tried . Therefore we analysed tyrosine phosphorylation of Schwann cell protein by western blotting ( Fig. 3 ) . This demonstrated that Schwann cells treated with either native or recombinant GGFs phosphorylated ( on tyrosine ) a protein of 185K . A simple hypothesis that unifies these observations is that GGF - II ( or other GGFs ) stimulates Schwann cells to divide by activating the tyrosine kinase of p185 erbB2 or a closely related subtype of that receptor . Tissue - specific expression Because glial growth factors could be involved in the development of the peripheral nervous system , we have localized , by preliminary in situ hybridization experiments , the sites of GGF transcription in the developing rodent nervous system ( Fig. 4 ) . Cooperative interaction between c - myc and bcl - 2 proto - oncogenes Abdallah Fanidi , Elizabeth A. Harrington Gerard I. Evan THE bcl - 2 proto - oncogene is activated by translocation in a variety of B - lymphoid tumours and synergizes with the c - myc oncogene in tumour progression . The mechanism of synergy is unclear but bcl - 2 expression inhibits apoptosis , a property presumably pertinent to its proto - oncogenic mode of action . We have shown that the c - myc gene is a potent inducer of apoptosis , in addition to its established role in mitogenesis . Expression of Bcl - 2 completely inhibits the onset of apoptosis in serum - deprived Rat - 1 cells after c - Myc activation , as shown in Fig. 2 . It is important to determine whether Bcl - 2 blocks c - Myc - induced proliferation as well as apoptosis : the synergy between c - Myc and Bcl - 2 can easily be rationalized if Bcl - 2 blocks only the apoptotic function of c - Myc and leaves its mitogenic activity unaffected . We examined the mitotic rate of Rat - 1/c - Myc - ER cells that were proliferating in low serum under the influence of - oestradiol - activated c - Myc , with and without Bcl - 2 expression . A proportion of the cells without Bcl - 2 died before undergoing division , as previously described , and thus could not be scored . We excluded such cells from our analysis and studied 100 of the remaining cells , chosen at random , through their first divisions . Our results demonstrate that acquisition of constitutive Bcl - 2 expression is an example of such a mutation . Bcl - 2 mitigates the apoptotic effects of deregulated c - Myc expression without affecting its ability to promote continuous cell growth , so providing a mechanistic basis for the oncogenic synergy between these two proto - oncogenes . The interaction between c - Myc and Bcl - 2 differs from the usual form of oncoprotein cooperation as observed between c - Myc and activated Ras in that , although c - Myc/Bcl - 2 fibroblasts proliferate continuously in the absence of mitogens , they neither appear to be morphologically transformed nor to form foci in monolayer culture ( Fig. 1 ) . The interaction between c - Myc and Bcl - 2 thus represents a novel type of oncogene cooperation , undetectable by classical transformation - focus assays . Further characterization of the growth and death of cells containing various combinations of activated c - myc , ras and bcl - 2 oncogenes should provide insights as to how the various attributes of these three classes of oncogene interact . Thymidine block . Exponentially growing Rat - 1/c - Myc - ER and Rat - 1/c - Myc - ER/Bcl - 2 cells were arrested in S phase by addition of 2mM thymidine to the growth medium for a period of 24h as described . c - Myc was then activated by addition of - oestradiol to a final concentration of 2M and the cells were monitored by time - lapse cinemicroscopy at a rate of 12 frames per hour . Cumulative apoptotic deaths , of 100 cells of each type , are shown plotted against time . b , Consistent with this idea , Myc mutants with deletions of either helix - loop - helix or leucine zipper domains did not show any activity , though positive controls are not available for these mutants ( data not shown ) . The transactivation domain of Myc maps to the 177 N - terminal residues , consistent with the mapping of this domain in GAL4 - Myc chimaeras in mammalian cells . The deletion mutant Myc N ( retaining residues 178 to 439 ) fails to activate in dimerization and in DNA - binding assays ( Fig 3 c ) , but efficiently enhances transactivation by Max - VP16 ( Fig. 2 b ) . This shows that Myc N can dimerize with Max - VP16 and bind DNA but does not transactivate . The Myc transactivation domain also functions in yeast when fused to heterologous DNA - binding domains ( LexA - Myc ( ref . 22 ) and 1235Myc - SRF , data not shown ) . Bacteria adapt to the lethal effects of oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide by inducing the expression of protective stress genes . Analogous responses have been identified in human cells . For example , haem oxygenase is a major stress protein in human cells treated with oxidants , and reactive oxygen intermediates activate NF - B , a transcriptional regulator of genes involved in inflammatory and acute - phase responses . We report here the isolation and characterization of a novel complementary DNA ( CL100 ) corresponding to a messenger RNA that is highly inducible by oxidative stress and heat shock in human skin cells . The cDNA contains an open reading frame specifying a protein of M r 39.3K with the structural features of a non - receptor - type protein - tyrosine phosphatase and which has significant amino - acid sequence similarity to a Tyr/Ser - protein phosphatase encoded by the late gene H1 of vaccinia virus . If we assume that the relative risk is well approximated by the odds ratio , the percentage of cases that could be attributable to this genotype was 8 % in the whole population and 35 % in the low - risk group . The values of these estimates indicate a strong impact of the ACE/ID polymorphism on myocardial infarction in the population . ACE exists predominantly as an ectoenzyme of vascular endothelial cells and plays a key part in the renin - angiotensin and kallikrein - kinin systems by activating angiotensin I into angiotensin II and inactivating bradykinin . These two peptide hormones have opposite effects on vascular tone and on smooth muscle cell proliferation , and as neointimal proliferation and vasospasm may be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease , the most likely mechanism by which the ACE polymorphism affects the risk of myocardial infarction is by modulating the level of these peptides in the coronary arteries . This hypothesis is compatible with earlier results and with a study of hypertensive patients with high renin profiles , a condition likely to be associated with increased angiotensin II , who were found to be at higher risk of coronary heart disease than those with low renin profiles . In our system , we upset the pattern of tension in the epidermis by cutting so as to create a free epidermal edge . This abolishes the component of tension acting at right angles to the cut , while the tangential tension remains , suppressing lamellipodia and provoking formation of an actin cable , which in turn presumably reinforces the tangential tension . The act of wounding may also trigger an influx of Ca 2+ , activating contraction of the cable ; and we have in fact shown elsewhere that c - fos is rapidly induced in the epidermis at a wound margin in rat embryos . We do not know how this activated state is subsequently maintained throughout the healing process , although the final overrun and pile - up suggest that it takes some time to switch off . One attractive hypothesis would be that there is positive feedback , whereby tension in the cable generates an intracellular chemi - cal signal for the maintenance of tension ; this would maintain an activated state in every cell containing a segment of the taut cable . At least eight distinct isozymes of PLC are recognized in mammalian cells . Receptor - controlled PLC is often regulated by G proteins , which can be modified by pertussis toxin in some cells but not in others . In the latter cells , PLC - 1 , but not PLC - 1 or PLC - 1 , may be activated by members of the q - subfamily of the G protein - subunits . An unidentified PLC in soluble fractions of cultured human HL - 60 granulocytes is specifically stimulated by G protein subunits purified from retina and brain . Identification of a second PLC - complementary DNA ( PLC - 2 ) in an HL - 60 cell cDNA library prompted us to investigate the effect of purified G protein subunits on the activities of PLC - 1 and PLC - 2 transiently expressed in cultured mammalian cells . Antibody epitopes and ligand binding sites The epitopes for several monoclonal antibodies raised against human CD2 have been mapped to three discrete regions . Region 1 and 2 antibodies block ligand interactions and the combination of certain region 1 or 2 antibodies with region 3 antibodies can activate T cells . The equivalent regions in the rat sCD2 structure span residues 3445 , 7790 and 130131 respectively . Region 1 ( the CC ' loop and C ' strand ) and region 2 ( the FG loop ) are centred on opposite corners of the GFCC'C sheet in domain 1 . Here we use gene targeting to introduce a mutation in the TCR or genes into the germ line of mice . Initial analysis of these mice revealed that TCR - gene rearrangement or expression is necessary for the maintenance of normal thymocyte number and the DN to DP transition . Our results show that a single rearranged TCR - gene introduced as a transgene can quantitatively convert DN cells to DP cells from DN cells that have accumulated in mice mutant for the recombination activating gene - 1 ( RAG - 1 ) and increase the total thymocyte number to the normal level . By contrast , TCR - gene expression seems to be irrelevant for these developmental events . Our study also indicates that T cells are unnecessary for the generation of apparently normal T cells . Modulation of the cGMP - gated channel of rod photoreceptor cells by calmodulin Yi - Te Hsu Robert S. Molday PHOTOBLEACHING of rhodopsin in rod photoreceptors activates the visual cascade system leading to a decrease in cyclic GMP and the closure of cGMP - gated channels in the rod outer segment plasma membrane . Calcium plays an important role in the recovery of the rod outer segment to its dark state by regulating the resynthesis of cGMP by guanylate cyclase . Here we report that calmodulin , a Ca 2+ - binding protein present in the rod outer segment , increases the apparent Michaelis constant of the channel for cGMP . Because the channel is in its low - affinity state , it may be positioned on the cGMP dose - response curve to be sensitive to a small decrease in free cGMP concentration , thus facilitating its closure . A decrease in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ levels ( estimated to be below 100nM ) will result because of the decreased influx of Ca 2+ through the channel . This decrease in Ca 2+ will activate the guanylate cyclase , possibly through recoverin and limit phosphodiesterase activation . Calmodulin will also dissociate from the channel complex and cause the channel to switch to its high - affinity state for cGMP . The channel will now reopen at a lower cGMP level , thus aiding the recovery of the ROS to its dark level as cGMP synthesis proceeds . The column was then washed with 15 column volumes of washing buffer ( 10mM HEPES , pH7.4 , 1mM DTT , 1mM CaCl 2 , 15mM CHAPS and 0.18 % asolectin ) . Calmodulin - binding proteins were then eluted off the column with the washing buffer in which 1mM CaCl 2 was substituted by 2mM EDTA . For the antibody affinity chromatography , PMc 6E7 monoclonal antibody was purified from ascites fluid and coupled to CNBr - activated Sepharose 2B beads . The purification of the cGMP - gated channel complex was essentially the same as the calmodulin affinity chromatography except DTT was omitted and 0.9mgml - 1 of synthetic peptide corresponding to the N - terminal of the 63K ROS channel ( Ser - Asn - Lys - Glu - Gln - Glu - Pro - Lys - Glu - Lys - Lys - Lys - Lys - Lys ) was used to elute the channel complex . SDS gel electrophoresis and western blotting were done as described . Yoshiya Tanaka , David H. Adams , Stefan Hubscher , Hiroyuki Hirano , Ulrich Siebenlist Stephen Shaw LYMPHOCYTE migration from blood into tissue depends on integrin - mediated adhesion to endothelium . Adhesion requires not only integrin ligands on the endothelium , but also activation signals because T - cell integrins cannot bind well until they are activated . The physiological triggers for T - cell adhesion are unknown , but cytokines may be good candidates as they are released during inflammation and trigger adhesion in neutrophils and monocytes . We have identified a cytokine , macrophage inflammatory protein - 1 ( MIP - 1 ) , that induces both chemotaxis and adhesion of T cells ; MIP - 1 is most effective at augmenting adhesion of CD8 + T cells to the vascular cell adhesion molecule VCAM - 1 . There is controversy over whether the carrier also transports a proton ( or pH - changing anion ) . Here we show that the carrier generates an alkalinization outside and an acidification inside glial cells , and transports anions out of the cells , suggesting that there is a carrier cycle in which two Na + accompany each glutamate anion into the cell , while one K + and one OH - ( or HCO ) are transported out . This stoichiometry predicts a minimum Glu o of 0.6M normally ( tonically activating presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic NMDA receptors ) , and 370M during brain anoxia ( high enough to kill neurons ) . Transport of OH - /HCO on the uptake carrier generates significant pH changes , and may provide a mechanism for neuron - glial interaction . Glutamate uptake was monitored electrically in salamander retinal glia , which have uptake like that in mammalian glia and neurons but have no glutamate - gated ion channels . Activating uptake , by hyperpolarizing in the presence of external glutamate , led to the pH o going alkaline ( Fig. 1 a ) . Omitting external glutamate ( Fig. 1 a ) or sodium ( Fig. 1 b ) abolished this pH o change , as would be expected if it were produced by glutamate uptake . Hyperpolarizing to more negative potentials , to activate more uptake , generated larger H + o changes ( Fig. 1 c ) which were proportional to the uptake current activated ( Fig. 1 d ) . D - Aspartate , a non - metabolized analogue of L - glutamate and D - aspartate ( Fig. 1 f ) , showing that glutamate metabolism does not cause the pH o change . Intracellular pH ( pH i ) changes produced by uptake were monitored using the dye BCECF . Yves Thriault , Timothy M. Logan , Robert Meadows , Liping Yu , Edward T. Olejniczak , Thomas F. Holzman , Robert L. Simmer Stephen W. Fesik CYCLOSPORIN A , a cyclic undecapeptide , is a potent immunosuppressant that binds to a peptidyl - prolyl cis - trans isomerase of 165 amino acids , cyclophilin . The cyclosporin A/cyclophilin complex inhibits the calcium - and calmodulin - dependent phosphatase , calcineurin , resulting in a failure to activate genes encoding interleukin - 2 and other lymphokines . The three - dimensional structures of uncomplexed cyclophilin , a tetrapeptide/cyclophilin complex , and cyclosporin A when bound to cyclophilin have been reported . However , the structure of the cyclosporin A/cyclophilin complex has not been determined . Long - term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus is the primary experimental model for investigating the synaptic basis of learning and memory in vertebrates . The best understood form of long - term potentiation is induced by the activation of the receptor complex . This subtype of glutamate receptor endows long - term potentiation with Hebbian characteristics , and allows electrical events at the postsynaptic membrane to be transduced into chemical signals which , in turn , are thought to activate both pre - and postsynaptic mechanisms to generate a persistent increase in synaptic strength . THE assumption that information is stored in the brain as changes in synaptic efficiency emerged about a century ago following the demonstration by Cajal that networks of neurons are not in cytoplasmic continuity but communicate with each other at the specialized junctions which Sherrington called synapses . External events are represented in the brain as spatio - temporal patterns of neural activity , and it is these patterns of activity which must themselves be the agents of synaptic change . When many fibres are activated in synchrony by a strong stimulus , depolarization spreads between neighbouring synapses to enhance the unblocking of NMDA channels . Associativity has a similar explanation except that the required depolarization is provided by a different set of afferent fibres ; in theory , these helper inputs could use any neurotransmitter that promotes depolarization , and , experimentally , depolarization is often provided by injecting current into the cell . Input - specificity is explained by the need for the presynaptic terminal to provide a sufficient concentration of L - glutamate to activate adequate numbers of NMDA receptors . ( It follows that there can be little activation of NMDA receptors by ambient or spontaneously released L - glutamate , otherwise LTP would be induced by depolarization alone . ) Because the induction of LTP by tetanic stimulation is prevented by a variety of NMDA antagonists , including those which act at the receptor ( such as 2 - amino - 5 - phosphonopentanoate ( AP5 ) ) , in the channel ( for example , MK - 801 ( ref . 25 ) ) and at the allosteric glycine site ( for example , 7 - chlorokynurenic acid ) , it is clear that activation of these receptors is an essential trigger for the process . There is general agreement that PKC inhibitors will block LTP if they are applied after the tetanus , indicating that kinase activity outlasts the initial induction signal . But the duration of the time - window during which kinase inhibitors are effective and the manner in which the activation of kinases is maintained are both matters of debate . For example , it has been suggested that constitutively activated PKC is involved because H - 7 , which inhibits the activity of the catalytic subunit , but not sphingosine , which prevents the initial activation of PKC , can depotentiate synapses in a reversible manner even when applied up to 3h after induction . But the selectivity of H - 7 for potentiated pathways has been challenged , and other PKC inhibitors that act on the catalytic subunit , including K - 252b ( ref . 85 ) , are not able to depotentiate fully established LTP . There is also disagreement as to whether the sustained kinase activity that might be necessary for LTP is located within the postsynaptic cell or not. Demonstration of the properties of cooperativity , input specificity and associativity . The diagram at the top shows the experimental arrangement in area CA1 of the hippocampal slice preparation . Two independent sets of afferent fibres converging on a common population of cells are activated by stimulating electrodes ( S1 and S2 ) placed either side of the extracellular recording electrode . The stimulus intensities are adjusted so that S1 activates fewer fibres than S2 . The slope of the population e.p.s.p.s , in response to stimuli delivered alternately to S1 and S2 at 15 - s intervals , are plotted as a function of time . The diagram at the top shows the experimental arrangement in area CA1 of the hippocampal slice preparation . Two independent sets of afferent fibres converging on a common population of cells are activated by stimulating electrodes ( S1 and S2 ) placed either side of the extracellular recording electrode . The stimulus intensities are adjusted so that S1 activates fewer fibres than S2 . The slope of the population e.p.s.p.s , in response to stimuli delivered alternately to S1 and S2 at 15 - s intervals , are plotted as a function of time . Arrows denote episodes of tetanic stimulation to S1 ( the weak pathway , open arrows ) or S2 ( the strong pathway , solid arrows ) . The effect is small , develops gradually , is blocked by Ca 2+ channel antagonists , and requires stronger tetanic stimulation for its induction than is needed for NMDA receptor - dependent LTP . Long - lasting potentiation can also be induced by transient exposure of hippocampal synapses to a variety of chemical agents , including Ca 2+166 , arachidonic acid , the metabotropic glutamate receptor ( mGluR ) agonist aminocyclopentane - 1S,3R - dicarboxylate ( 1S,3R - ACPD ) , the K + channel blocker , tetraethylammonium ( TEA ) and the G - protein activator NaF/AlCl 3 . Chemically - induced potentiation usually occludes with tetanically - induced LTP ( that is , saturation of one prevents induction of the other ) , suggesting a convergence of mechanisms ; in general , chemically induced LTP is not blocked by NMDA antagonists , presumably because the components of the LTP cascade activated by the various agents lie downstream from the NMDA receptor . BOX 2 The role of amino - acid receptors in the induction of LTP This e.p.s.p . can be blocked by the quinoxalinedione antagonists , such as 6 - cyano - 7 - nitroquinoxaline - 2,3 - dione ( CNQX ) , and is usually referred to as AMPA receptor - mediated after the selective ligand for these receptors - amino - 3 - hydroxy - 5 - methyl - 4 - isoxazolepropionate ( AMPA ) . The results were independently confirmed by in situ hybridization of the endogenous genes at selected stages ( data not shown ) . Our results focus on the reproducible phenotype generated by retinoic acid treatment at 7.5 days post - coitum ( d.p.c . ) . The Hox - B1/lacZ transgene , like the endogenous gene , is initially activated in a broad domain at preheadfold stages , with an anterior limit mapping to the future r3/4 boundary . There is a progressive restriction of the anterior domain of expression which is limited to rhombomere 4 in the hindbrain by 9.5 d.p.c . ( Fig.1 a - d ) . Between 9.09.5d.p.c . , these patterns becomes refined with a progressive restriction leading to the appearance of stripes of expression in r2 and r4 and a stream of crest cells migrating from each ( Fig. 1 i ' ) . These dynamic changes in spatial expression are identical to those observed with Hox - B1 , therefore the combination of Hox genes expressed in r4 ( ref . 10 ) is reproduced in r2 upon exposure to retinoic acid . The Hox - B1 experiments showed that a marker for r5 ( expression in neural cell bodies ) was activated in r3 and we wanted to examine whether there were other changes to segmental expression in r3 . We have used a line of transgenic mice that accurately reveals the normal spatial and temporal patterns of Krox - 20 expression in r3 and r5 ( Fig. 3a - e ; ref . 23 ) . In initial stages , as reported for both Xenopus and mouse embryos treated with retinoic acid , we find that although there is a clearly defined segment in the r3 position , the r3 stripe of Krox - 20 expression is absent . ACET Director , Dr Patrick Dixon , recently told the National Symposium on Teenage Sexuality at Swanwick . The conference was attended by 300 church youth leaders and school workers from across the UK . Dr Dixon said , With up to 20 years from infection to illness , we just have to ask how many of our congregation have been added during that time ? Three - quarters of the AIDS problem is in London and much of the rest in Scottish cities . Churches in these areas particularly need to be informed , involved in community care and supporting Christian workers seeking to prevent new HIV infection in schools . New approaches are needed , with close partnerships between local communities , non - government agencies , governments and international organisations . I believe ACET has an important part to play in this process . He added , We are just at the beginning of the worldwide epidemic and the situation is still very unstable . The major impact is yet to come . Over the next decade a global approach is going to be essential . Also , by making a proper Will you could well save your dependants from paying an unnecessary amount of inheritance tax ( death duties ) . Moreover , death is a time of great stress to those you love most . Not to have made a Will can only add to that stress . How do I make a Will ? There is nothing complicated about it . Very often they are pleased to invite ACET in as a church - based agency . Our educators present a personal message , each one having had experience of caring for those dying with AIDS at home . Furthermore our work in Uganda and Romania adds a wider perspective . The content of each lesson is agreed beforehand in consultation with teachers so it can be tailored to the priorities and individual needs of the school or class . Prejudices are challenged and myths exposed for example that only homosexual men and drug users are at risk . ( See Amnesty Oct/Nov 1990 ) . The four members of the National Police were arrested in June 1990 . At their trial , the judge is believed to have added 25 per cent to each sentence specifically because the police had carried out the attack while operating in their official capacity . In April AI learned that warrants had been issued for the arrest of two police officers and a civilian in connection with the killing of 17 - year - old Anstraum Aman Villagrn Morales . Anstraum Villagrn was shot and killed on 25 June 1990 in Guatemala City by two uniformed police officers . It is in this more informal context that his draft for a sixteenth and ironical discourse should be read . It attacks his constant enemy , the idea of genius : Gentlemen : It is with great regret that I see so many students labouring day after day in the Academy , as if they imagined that a liberal art , such as ours , was to be acquired like a mechanical trade , by dint of labour , or I may add the absurdity of supposing that it could be acquired by any means whatever . We know that if you are born with genius , labour is unnecessary ; if you have it not , labour is in vain ; genius is all in all . It was wittily said by a bright genius , who observed another to labour in the composition of a discourse he was to deliver in public , that such a painstaker was fitter to make a pulpit than to preach in it . In a number of places Pilinski completely misunderstood the indications of the original . THE SURVEY WITH A THEME Themes in art have a fascination , since they add a subject interest to a viewer 's enjoyment of artistic qualities . The portrait is an endlessly interesting example , a theme redolent with social connotations and artistic references . In Dostoevsky 's opinion , The portrait painter seeks the moment when the model looks most like himself ; in the capacity to find and hold this moment lies also the talent of the portraitist . Rodin was a skilful salesman of his work , making careful use of photography in establishing and maintaining his good name . After 1900 , he insisted that no photography of his work was allowed without his permission . There was a healthy demand for prints and postcards , which added to his income from the arrangements he had with photographers and agencies . As Albert Elsen has noted : We know that with major sculptures such as The Burghers of Calais and the Balzac , Rodin did not claim that they were equally successful from all points of view . But this one looks impeccable . There 's only one solution , and that is to destroy the picture . It 's second rate , in any case ( he added smiling ) , so the artistic loss to the world will be nil . As for the purchaser , tell him to come to my house and choose another picture something that both he and I like . SNAPSHOTS : THE ARTICLES The family slave boy , Metty ( the name means half - caste ) , who had come to live with him , is firmly left behind . Salim is now homeless in the sense that he has shed an old tendency to nostalgia : the idea of going home , of leaving , the idea of the other place , he takes to be weakening and destructive . This feeling is added to a previous illumination , to a stoicism which believes in the unity of experience and the illusion of pain ' Salim tells Salim 's story . It is not Naipaul 's ; it does not constitute the author 's testament or confession on the subject of race relations and the rest of it . Crying when things go wrong . Making difficulties just so as to be a person . But when Patrick says that sort of thing to Jenny , he adds that she is an exception to this law of nature . She is not , as he puts it , that sort of woman . Meanwhile the also sympathetic but Grahamly maddening Tim is struggling to move into a flat on the row , while supposing himself to be struggling to come out of the closet . There was a time when it must have seemed to many of them that he would never receive a bad review , or even a cross word . His first book , If this is a man , about his months in Auschwitz , and its sequel , The Truce , were hard to fault , and the successive publications of his middle age have been greeted by an admiration responsive both to his skills as a writer and to his character as a man.i In October 1985 , however , the chauvinistic American Jewish magazine Commentary did succeed in performing the outlandish act of disparaging Levi and his books . Alas , wrote Fernanda Eberstadt , a German - American , the later ones are inferior to the first two , and alas , the personal character imparted by his writings freely imparted , one might add , and yet not unreservedly is flawed . Reading Primo Levi is in some respects a strong essay . The later books are in large measure accurately described , and the experience of the assimilated Jew in Italy , where the Jews came to harm under Mussolini but where they were never the strangers they have been in several other countries , is summarised in a well - informed and pertinent fashion . AMANDA I do n't think there 's a style of voice , thank goodness . But there is the chance of working with Cicely Berry , who is so wonderful at adding in a positive , performance orientated way to all the things you have learnt about voice . And of course holding together a part like Juliet with long gaps between the performance nights and no real rehearsal in between is difficult to do that can be rather hairy . Sometimes you 're a week away from the last performance you gave and then find yourself out there so that the voice and understanding of the part does need constant refreshing . But generally speaking the ideal has always tended to accentuate the gap between the clerical world view and the lay world view within catholicism . Even though the gap between clerical and lay religious intellectuals has closed , with clergy being left behind in some areas , the clerics remain the true cognoscenti in religious matters , and are expected to be so by the laity . This has always added to the clergy 's spiritual authority and status , and has tended to merge with the authority claimed by the clergy in matters of faith and morals , with the high clergy deciding what constitutes matters of faith and morals . The attitude towards authority within the church partnered the perception of the spiritual life . The clergy were and still are in a special position , holding power over the laity because of it . Such a measure would be an insult to our Faith ; it would without question prove to be gravely damaging to morality , private and public ; it would be , and would remain , a curse upon our country . ( Abp . McQuaid of Dublin , letter to all the churches of the archdiocese , Mar. 1971 , quoted Wright 1973 : 224 ; italics added ) It is the specific effect this religious form has in Ireland which is under scrutiny . But the form as a whole should be recognized as inimical to protestants , especially when pursued in the arena of politics . Despite Buckley 's reluctance to play up the siege of Derry as a key myth and his preference for general categories of interpretation derived from various historical experiences , it does seem that the siege has particular significance . Those who still seek compromise with catholic nationalists today are still known to the erudite leadership of the DUP as Lundies . One should add that Buckley takes the Christian myth for granted , as backdrop to the discourse . But one must remember that the divergent reading of the Christian myth by Reformation and Counter - Reformation is at the heart of the religious as opposed to the rough interpretation of the conflict . The importance of the protestant variant should not be underestimated given the extent of religious practice and the power of religious men within the protestant loyalist bloc and the grave importance of conceiving of one 's position as absolutely irreproachable , depending as it does on a divine source . All the ruthless attempts to force her from this allegiance have not shaken her faith . She remains a Catholic nation ( Catholic Bulletin , 25/4 ( Apr. 1935 ) , p. 273 , quoted Whyte 1980 : 48 ) . To the link catholicism - nation de Valera was also adding Gaelic identity in the form of the state promotion of the language : The Irish language as the national language is the first official language . The English language is recognised as a second official language . The community or comprehensive - type schools which are beginning to replace vocational and local church schools have a more religious flavour , as they may include the interests of a former convent , which the new school is in part replacing , a former vocational school , and possibly a former diocesan boys ' school as well . The churches have never objected to the existence of the vocational schools since their establishment in the early 1930s . It must be added that vocational schools have traditionally had low status . They took what was left after the church schools had creamed off the more academic pupils and the upper classes . Admittedly , the Christian Brothers ' schools were open to all , but they tended to be academically inclined in curriculum and ethos . Anxiety no guarantee of authenticity . The right conditions for serenity , he wrote . Laundry ! he wrote in the margin of his page , and Goldberg , alter a moment 's hesitation , typed it in and added , in brackets , margin ! Romanticism , he wrote , not a wet Romanticism . Wet R as ( half - hearted ) belief that energy equals salvation , he wrote . The folly of it . There is no last word , he wrote , and Goldberg , seizing his felt - tip pen , wrote in the margin no last . He licked the tip of the pen and added : word . Folly of last words as of first , wrote Harsnet . Always in the middle , he wrote . But that is not how it is , he wrote . There is no meaning in the world , so there is no meaning in art . To go on acting as though there were is to add to the layers of falsehood which already cover our ( so - called ) civilization . What needs to be done , he wrote , is to strip away , not to add . Yet all art is addition . There is no meaning in the world , so there is no meaning in art . To go on acting as though there were is to add to the layers of falsehood which already cover our ( so - called ) civilization . What needs to be done , he wrote , is to strip away , not to add . Yet all art is addition . Even when it speaks of stripping it still adds . What needs to be done , he wrote , is to strip away , not to add . Yet all art is addition . Even when it speaks of stripping it still adds . How then to escape the falsity ? he wrote . The death of images , he wrote . A mere delay in seeing the world . Even in gallery , he wrote , it will disturb no one , merely make it a little more difficult to get from one side of the room to the other. Why this urge to add , constantly to add ? he wrote . Pictures , he wrote , statues , books , children . Goldberg and his brood , he wrote . Desire of Bachelors to be more than bachelors , to be husbands and fathers too . Hold up the glass to such viewers , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , and let them see themselves in it . The bridge between the different elements that , between them , could add up to a story , is space , he wrote . Let those who will fall into that space , and fall for ever . The space is glass , he wrote . Because I have wasted my time with something like that ? But how else should I have spent my time ? Sense that in spite of everything it too only adds to the stream of lies and filth ? That I too have done my little bit for pollution ? And I dared to condemn Goldberg . When I offered to let him finish it he laughed . My artist days are over , he said . He could n't resist adding : Helped to the grave by you . It still rankles with him. But why should one incident put him off for ever ? The wort is then run into a copper where it is boiled for an hour or more with hops . Without hops , beer would be unpleasantly sweet . Hops , brought to Britain in the 15th century by Dutch brewers , not only add bitterness and aroma but also act as a preservative and prevent infections in the brew . After boiling the hopped wort flows from the copper into a vessel called a hop back . Like the mash tun , it has a slotted base and the liquid runs out of the vessel over a bed of spent hops . After boiling the hopped wort flows from the copper into a vessel called a hop back . Like the mash tun , it has a slotted base and the liquid runs out of the vessel over a bed of spent hops . The wort is then cooled and run into fermenting tanks where yeast is added or pitched . Yeast is made up of millions of tiny fungus cells which literally go berserk when confronted by a liquid rich with sugars . Within a few hours a scum appears on top of the wort and this rapidly builds up into a great yellowy - brown crust as the yeast turns the sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide . The remaining yeast continues to turn the residual sugars into alcohol and also helps to purge the beer of the rough after - tastes created by fermentation . Some brewers add extra sugar at this stage to encourage the continuing fermentation . Caramel is sometimes added to give darker colouring to the finished beer . Finings , a glutinous substance made from the bladder of the sturgeon , is added either at the conditioning stage or when the beer is in cask to fine or clear the beer . The finings attract yeast and other particles and begin to drag them to the bottom of the tank . The finings attract yeast and other particles and begin to drag them to the bottom of the tank . Now the beer is ready for the final stage in the brewery before it leaves for the pub cellar . It is run or racked into casks , made either of wood or metal , sometimes with some priming sugar and a handful of dry hops : the sugar will encourage a vigorous secondary fermentation in the cask and the hops will add a delightful aroma . After all the mashing and boiling and the heaving and frothing of fermentation we now have beer , ready for its journey to the pub cellar . The description of the brewing process varies from brewery to brewery : in some mashing , boiling and fermenting taking place in open or partially - open vessels . There is a vital difference between real ale and keg beer . Keg , which includes lager , is known in the industry as brewery conditioned beer . Instead of a secondary fermentation in the cask to add a full , mature palate , keg beers are killed off in the brewery by a number of unnatural processes that affect the taste and quality of the product . The aim is to produce beers quickly which , because they are sterile and have a long shelf life , are also highly profitable . Where keg milds and bitters are concerned , when fermentation is complete they are conditioned for a short period in tanks under a heavy blanket of carbon dioxide . It seems most surprising that the breweries consider the large open space to be the pub 's ideal internal form , or believe the artificial , standardised historic pub interior to be preferable to genuine historic detail , when the original internal divisions and features are essential elements of the historic character that customers expect when entering such a building . The Duke 's Arms at Presteigne in Powys provides the perfect illustration of how the misguided quest for the ideal traditional pub character can seriously threaten genuine historic features . This pub was originally a 17th century timber frame jettied building ; in the early 19th century its front was removed and a new rendered facade added . Although the loss of the original front is regrettable , the present facade is in accord with the general architectural character of the street and retains original late - Georgian features , such as its sashes with glazing bars . The pub 's owner , however , wished to remove the 19th century facade and undertake a conjectural restoration of the jetted , timber framed front ( the design of which included various historically inaccurate details ) . Now nothing remains whatsoever of the old fittings , features or proportions ; in their place is a vast , open - plan space with bright white walls , bistro furniture and cheery chintz . A similar treatment was recently meted out by Allied 's Tetley Walker subsidiary to what remains a fundamentally Georgian pub in an urban setting near Manchester the Church Inn at Lowton . Having applied cement render over the external brickwork , attached a hideous modern porch and added an extension in jarring and inappropriate modern materials , the brewery designers have gutted the interior . As at Buckland , all of the original divisions have been removed to make one long , characterless room , from which all trace of its former features has disappeared . Countless other pubs which date from the Georgian period , or at least incorporate a significant element of Georgian building work , have suffered similar fates . But if the children 's autumn half - term coincided with a bank holiday weekend for their parents , that would make sense both for families and for the tourist and leisure industry . At the other end of the tourist season , Britain has a log - jam of holiday weekends , particularly if Easter is late , when it is followed closely by May Day and not much later by the spring bank holiday . The NEDC Committee suggests that one of these could be transplanted to October but why not move them further apart , and add another in the autumn ? Even then , we would trail behind other European Community members , such as Germany , France and Italy , each with 11 public holidays a year , Spain and Portugal with 13 each , and Denmark with 10 . Britain has just eight statutory days off . However , the most up - to - date leaflet available to the catering industry leaflet 709 published in February 1990 clearly states that cold takeaway food is zero - rated in hotels . Their new interpretation is illegal , said Martin Hill , proprietor of the Coul House Hotel in Ross - Shire . In most cases , the hotels Caterer spoke to had offered guest prices that were inclusive of VAT or the tax was simply added to their bill . Hotel marketing consortium MinOtels UK chairman Jon Redfern said his 200 members were virtually unaware of the changes . It 's grossly unfair and discriminatory that cold take - out food should carry VAT from a hotel but not from anywhere else . I would have thought the UK hotelier would have nothing to fear from a European directive , he said . It is possible an EC directive would be at the same level or just below UK standards . He added : You only have to look at the figures for fire deaths in hotels to see this is not a problem . We have had a substantial reduction over the past 10 years . But he said it could mean duties of managers/owners such as keeping a hotel plan or ensuring staff are trained to use the fire fighting equipment implicit in UK laws would have to be spelt out . UK Fire Certificates might say hotels must have a warning system but might not specify the means , Mr Kidd said . The directive will say hotels of a certain size will have to have an automatic fire detection system permanently linked to a manned location for calling the fire brigade . He added that a draft directive standardising safety signing making a lot of UK signs obsolete could also be included in his committee 's report . MAFF guides lose out to coup FOOD Minister David Maclean has blamed the KGB for poor publicity surrounding the launch of a series of food safety guides from the Ministry of Agriculture , Fisheries Food ( MAFF ) . Richard Jarram , senior economist at the Economist Intelligence Unit in London , explained that the changes were designed to help India reach an agreement with the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . The IMF will not lend any money unless India shows it is doing something about putting its house in order , he explained . He added that the government was also helping local businesses to expand and invest by cutting down on red tape : If people in business try to expand it is very , very bureaucratic and government approval is needed for most projects . The loosening - up of regulations could lead to more hotels being developed in India . Hilton International chairman and chief executive Michael Hirst said the country was a target area for the group . We feel the arrangements will assist in development opportunities , he said . However , from a management company perspective , we feel that doing business there very much depends on associating with the right partner . Mr Hirst added that Hilton had been discussing the possibility of moving into India and had already evaluated properties in Delhi and Bombay with the aim of a management contract with a small amount of equity . Pannell Kerr Forster senior management consultant Nick van Marken said he did not think the changes would result in a dramatic increase in hotels . It all boils down to supply and demand , he explained . PUBLIC COMPLAINT WAS UNFAIR EVERYONE is entitled to their opinion , and while I agree with Joe Hyam 's concerning service charges ( Caterer , 1521 August ) , I feel he is taking unfair advantage of his position to have a go at people who do not do things the Joe Hyam way . If the restaurant in question adds a service charge , then that is between it and the customer . Complaining in print about one restaurant 's service charge policy giving both the restaurant and proprietor 's name could cost that establishment a great deal of money in bad publicity . Mr Hyam can choose not to pay the service charge or pay it under duress , stating so , but to complain like this in a magazine read by thousands is unfair and childish . Head of the school Mike McKechnie later visited Shanghai to seal a friendship agreement and discuss the course content , a scaled down but otherwise authentic version of that taught at the institute . Jermey 's aim is not to turn out chefs who can produce Chinese wedding feasts , but adventurous chefs who can borrow techniques where appropriate and incorporate them into their own style : They 'll see new ways of finishing dishes , new combinations of flavours . Assistant head of the hotel school , John Staples , adds : They wo n't be experts but they 'll have a good understanding of what it 's all about . There 's no reason why they should n't be able to develop their own dishes . There are tens of thousands of Chinese recipes and shades of flavour . Lodgistix , for example , will come to the hotel or accept clients ' staff at its office in Croydon , Surrey . Off - site training is far more effective , Charles Mobbs As Lodgistix account manager Phillip Wanbon points out , different packages require different timescales for training , but he adds : We do guarantee to stay on site until we are fully satisfied that all the relevant personnel within the hotel or conference centre are competent enough to run an efficient operation with minimal help from us . This is of course in our own interests . Training on - site can cost anything in the range of 200 to 350 per day . There is some justification for this caricature of the typical computer user though customers ' critics might ask themselves first how well - written the manuals are , before complaining that people never read them . Assuming the manual is in comprehensible English , users can avoid many unnecessary calls to the help desk by a combination of consulting its index , and using the onscreen help built into the software . Pabulum Consultants ' Jennifer Rust adds : They could also help themselves by thinking through a problem before phoning the support desk . In many cases a user will actually solve his or her own problem while on the phone to Neptune ! Users must also be encouraged to recognise the difference between a reception problem and a computer problem . This is part of the Catering Allied philosophy of link manning people need to be able to pick up their colleagues ' responsibilities if necessary , so knowledge gets passed on . Brown will probably be involved in passing it on to other sites as well as to colleagues at the Morgan Grenfell operation . Within TIS , too , the work which was done to bring Caterdata and the Psion together can now be sold on to other Caterdata customers , and a section explaining how Psion works has been added to the Caterdata manual . Stocktake can be done in half a day with the Psion Organiser Hotel Manager offers room status facility Stainless steel cutlery is a mix of steel ( itself a substance of variable quality ) , chromium and nickel . The chromium and nickel are added to give shine and prevent rusting . The amount of chromium and nickel added is indicated with a number , which should be part of the description of cutlery in any sales literature . Sometimes it is stamped on the piece . It is impossible to judge the value of cutlery without knowing the alloy content . Frozen and chilled pasta comes into its own when you are talking about filled pasta , especially individually quick - frozen products . Generally frozen pasta has whole egg in it , giving it a softer , smoother texture which goes well with cream and lighter tasting sauces . Bray adds that frozen pasta with good quality fillings is especially useful to caterers because it can be made up quickly into either single - or multi - portion dishes without waste . One example is Nestl 's Buitoni Beef Cannelloni , which has a ratio of 72 % filling to 28 % pasta . The shape of things to come McDougalls Catering Foods ' Caribbean Chicken , Sunshine Lasagne and Veggi Surprise The essence of pasta is its simplicity Cooke says : Egg pasta is certainly preferred by many chefs not only because of its excellent colour and flavour , but because it offers them the possibility of upgrading their pasta menus , thus increasing their profits . ItalBrokers managing director Carlo Gambuzzi adds : Egg pasta is more enjoyable to the palate than other pastas and remains better al dente . In fact , in the mature Italian dried pasta market it is the only sector showing a substantial increase . Two brands of dried pasta are marketed by ItalBrokers Ferrari and Dallari , both of which are made with flour and eggs only . In fact , in the mature Italian dried pasta market it is the only sector showing a substantial increase . Two brands of dried pasta are marketed by ItalBrokers Ferrari and Dallari , both of which are made with flour and eggs only . The traditional Emilian recipe does not add water . By contrast , the Federici range of dried pasta from Princes Catering Products emphasises the special water from the famous Sangemini Springs used in its manufacture . The Pasta Factory , with 104 varieties of fresh and frozen pasta , specialises in designer pasta . by Linda Petit AN EC working document on food hygiene , leaked before it had reached its consultation form , is already being criticised , for being too weak . Institution of Environmental Health under - secretary , Linda Alan , said that the document was not strong enough , adding : It leaves so much open to interpretation . She said that the aim of the directive was to harmonise the hygiene practices of all the member states , and it was up to each country to interpret the directive . We would hope that in consultation it would be tightened up , but the EC might prefer it in its general form , she said . She adds eggs , cream , or a little crme fraiche , and wild mushrooms cooked with shallots . The mix is baked for 20 minutes in moulds and served with a vegetable cream sauce , lentils , and sauted mushrooms . She sometimes puts slices of smoked guinea fowl around the edge to give added texture . Vaughan 's eyes light up when she describes the bright greens of this flan against the buttery yellow of the sauce . She also becomes quite animated when talking about the excellent local supplies of fresh fish available to her . MUSTARD Hot stuff Britons play safe with herb mustards , but the French add roses and bananas , reports Michael Raffael ENGLISH mustard holds pride of place . This is far from being an indication of cultural superiority , but is due to the fact that English manufacturers extract the essential oil through their milling process . And the word forte on a label is an indication of strength usually enough to get up one 's nose ! Dijon mustards are flavoured with spices . Some have added sugar . Some are more salty . The colour and the texture can also vary from yellow to brown . Moutarde de Dijon is also a basic element of other cold sauces . Rmoulade has to have plenty of strong Dijon mustard in it . A summery variation is to add finely chopped cress . A neo - classic , sauce grelette is a blend of cream , mustard and vinegar with fresh herbs . Smetana or soured cream can replace the cream - vinegar and Roger Verg mixes in a fresh tomato coulis . It 's caught by locals on the high tides and subsequently brought to the hotel at very competitive prices , I do n't seem able to say no to it , says Andrew Baird , head chef at Longueville Manor , St Saviour , Jersey . To make his favourite dish of poached seabass fillet with langoustines , he scales the fish and removes the innards , being careful not to break the connective tissue between the flakes of flesh . He then slices open the fillet to add a langoustine mousse . The mousse is made with a scallop meat base , which is pured and combined with a reduced stock of langoustine shells , tomato , brandy and a little garlic . The resultant mix is passed , seasoned and left to cool . The mousse is made with a scallop meat base , which is pured and combined with a reduced stock of langoustine shells , tomato , brandy and a little garlic . The resultant mix is passed , seasoned and left to cool . Baird rarely adds eggs to the pure as the scallop meat tends to be firm enough without them to absorb a fair amount of cream . He leaves the mousse a little on the firm side to preserve the seafood flavour . When tasted and corrected , the mousse is piped on to the fillets which are then carefully folded back together . I could not in the court of law swear that you had been under my observations the whole time we were making the ascent . But the others , with the abominable tout in their sights , had been quick to fix the blame on him. The Carabinieri chief had left at once with a promise of finding the man within the hour , to which he added , sotto voce , a pledge to get the truth out of him by whatever methods might be necessary . Sven Hjerson was not , however , willing to let this convenient solution put an end to his own investigation . Ladies and gentlemen , he said when the police chiefs hurrying back was out of sight , let us not make ourselves deceived . I bet she 's a Jew . You 're not supposed to say that , Claire said primly . And she added something po - faced about toleration and talent . It was the dullest reception ever . It 's always the same . I 'm sorry , sir , I should n't have said that . Henry Tyler waved a hand airily . My dear fellow , we spend our time here working on things that should n't have been said , but unless they are , he added thoughtfully , nobody gets anywhere . That case of pneumonia ? Genuine , said the inspector . And Miss Chalder is a very good - looking girl . Ah , so that 's the way the wind blows , is it ? said Henry , his mind beginning to stray . Mind you , he added fairly , doctors are able to get their hands on poison more easily than most of us . Oh , did n't I say , Mr Tyler ? It was n't a medical poison that was used to kill Mrs Tyler . And how much of this er horticultural poison does it take to kill a human being ? asked Henry , ignoring this last . Not a lot , said the inspector quietly . Something under a fifth of a teaspoonful say four or five drops added to which it is highly soluble . It seems to me , said Henry Tyler , in the last analysis a Ministry man , that this stuff , whatever it is , is something that ought to be put a stop to . Very possible , sir , said the inspector smoothly . Henry rubbed his hands . First he probably smeared a little horseradish sauce or even some colourless Vaseline on the righthand side of the carving knife . Then he added a fatal dose of your ethylene stuff to it and put it back on the carving rest With the other blade facing upward . Detective Constable Bewman could hardly contain his excitement . Screenings are scheduled as follows : films on central For the whole of the festival period Central Television will be joining in and adding a new screen with a difference . From Saturday 21 September to Saturday October 5th , in its late night/early morning slot , Central will be screening movies with connections to the festival . For the first week the FILMS FROM THE URBAN JUNGLE series echoes the city themes of the festival , from the Cities and Media conference to the presentation of Tavernier films which celebrate the city of Lyon , Tavernier 's birthplace , and Birmingham 's twin town . Oh , it 's been around the common room for some time now . You 've been trying to ease me out , Charles . That 's what 's been going around the common room and that 's what all this adds up to . Well , what are all these rumours about you wanting to retire ? You tell me what they 're about . I did n't go after anything fancy , but somehow I seemed to keep muffing up the interviews . I was too anxious far too anxious and this put my interviewers on their guard . They were suspicious about my past , my age and a picture of me that simply did not add up. I was a risk , and a risk they could all get by without taking . Looking for work costs money . That point may seem obvious but I do n't think whoever worked out the amounts given in state benefits ever took it into account . Clean clothes , fares to and from the interview , possibly something to eat or drink when you 're far away from home , even going around the job centres they all cost money . All these little bits and pieces were starting to add up and I was getting nowhere . Admittedly I was depressed again no , not depressed exactly , low would be a better word . My plan for how I was going to live out the rest of my days had just been torn up in front of my face and I needed time to adjust . I reckon they 'll just be relieved to see you 're still in one piece . I 'll find out tomorrow . I paused for a moment , then added , Would you mind if I had some pudding ? No , of course not. What do you fancy ? I do n't usually come up this way , it 's all a bit new to me , actually . This lot are OK , do n't worry . He put the newspaper to one side , then added : Sit down , take the weight off your feet . Thanks , I said . I will . Whether you 're looking for bowls of bulbs to brighten the home or the best miniatures for a rock garden , now 's the time to start work and Daphne Ledward and Anne Swithinbank are here to pass on a host of colourful ideas . And finally , a very warn Gardeners ' World welcome to Richard Jackson , who presents Garden Clippins on BBC Radio 5 's Saturday breakfast programme . Richard is joining us every month to pass on tips , ideas and news from the world of horticulture , and add a touch of humour too . Until next month , happy reading and good gardening . Dovecote deliberations in this month 's Question Time , p80 Spring into action Your new patio will be designed and built in time for spring when you can really enjoy it to the full . Two runners - up will win Bradstone Riven paving and Cotswall walling to construct a planter seat , an instant way to add colour and character to the garden . How to enter Below are six requirements for a patio which we want you to place in order of importance : So do listen in ! Show for the smart and crafty Some gardeners will do anything to win prizes ( marrows filled with lead shot to add weight , for instance ) , but there 's one show where cheating is positively encouraged . It 's the Alternative Flower Show held annually in the village hall at Beadness , near Ainwick in Northumberland . Categories include Superweed , Hanging 's Too Good For It ( for hanging baskets ) , and The Most Mis - shapen Potato . Hostas love moist clay but suffer very badly from slugs which are always more abundant than on lighter soils . Other good perennials include cranesbills , particularly Geranium malviflorum , monardas such as Cambridge Scarlet or purple Prairie Night and any of the violets , Viola labradorica , as pretty for its purple foliage as for its violet spring flowers , looks absolutely superb in a mauve colour scheme . Grasses will help to build up the feeling of luxuriance and they add their own special grace when they sway about in the breeze . Exceptional grasses for heavy soils include the 6ft - high Miscanthus sinensis and the smaller Molinia caerulea , whose dead winter stems turn parchment yellow . The dreaded gardeners ' garters , of Phalaris arundinacea Picta manages to creep all over the place but is far too lovely a plant to write off just for that reason . Transplant the sowing of spring cabbages made in July into the patch that grew the shallots . But do n't add any fertiliser ; these plants will have to stand through the winter , so it 's not a good idea to encourage too much soft growth . Make a final sowing of an early carrot , such as Amsterdam Forcing , Early Nantes , Almoro or Bertop , for pulling as baby carrots at around Christmas time . An arch creates a feeling of spaciousness , giving the garden an extra room The arbour will play host to Vitis coignetiae , the crimson glory vine Hibiscus syriacus Woodbridge will add colour to the borders TV Special Cope with a slope Bulbs bring welcome colour to the New Year , says Anne Swithinbank , and even the smallest garden can house a stunning display of miniature varieties The main bulb planting season is upon us once again . Shops and garden centres are fully stocked with row upon row of tempting treasures to add to our gardens . Spring - flowering bulbs are difficult for any kind of gardener to resist since , unless they are asked to grow in appalling soil conditions , success if usually guaranteed . As well as the more familiar tall - growing daffodils and tulips , there are many dwarf - growing bulbs to choose from . By following our guidelines and shopping list , you can create a border like this one , ending the season with a cracking display of firework colours This month 's plan is for a wide , rectangular border which receives lots of sunshine every day . Although it is mostly made up of perennial plants which will come up fresh in spring , there are one or two evergreen shrubs added for structure : an upright rosemary and a couple of spiky yuccas . The border will provide plenty of interest and colour from midsummer onwards , particularly at summer 's end , when many other plants have long since finished flowering . Some of the key plants are described in more detail below . Before planting , you should cultivate the site thoroughly . Prepare a strip 34ft wide , extending a little beyond the ends of the hedge . Dig to two spade - lengths if possible , adding at least a bucketful of organic matter per square yard . Clear out all perennial weeds . Plant in the same way as for trees and shrubs , mulching the prepared ground with black plastic or strips of old carpet . Judging by the number of trailer accidents on the motorways , it may be wiser to keep off them whenever possible . Factors which influence the stability of the combination include the softness of the car and the trailer 's suspension , plus the balance of the trailer . It is a good idea to add an extra 5 or 10 p.s.i . to the pressure in the car tyres and to keep the trailer tyres at a higher pressure than might at first seem necessary . If you are building a trailer , fit a suspension rated for a trailer heavier than the actual weight . This can be allowed for by the winch or car driver reducing the power slightly . However , this increase in speed must not be relied on if the launch is too slow and the pilot wants more speed , because the cause of a slow launch may be the beginning of a power failure , in which case steepening up in the hope of creating more speed would be dangerous . During a winch launch the potential load on the glider is at a maximum near the top of the launch , when the pull of the cable adds directly to the weight of the glider . Excessive speed at this time can be dangerous in rough air if the pilot is pulling back hard . The take - off This kind of accident is relatively common with inexperienced pilots , especially when they are flying in competitions . The final glide back to the base airfield at the end of the day is a particularly stressful time . Usually it is at the end of a long day 's racing , with a number of stressful periods all adding to the pilot 's fatigue . Perhaps the glider is theoretically just within range for a straight glide home , but has very little extra height in hand and not much prospect of getting another climb . At 1,000 feet the pilot may be some distance from his base when some extra height is lost because of strong sink . Eating regular nourishing meals is important to keep yourself fit and well . Make sure you eat a wide variety of the foods you enjoy . Go easy on fatty foods and avoid adding extra sugar but include plenty of fruit , vegetables and cereal foods in your diet . You also need to be aware of certain precautions that should be taken in the handling , preparing and storing of food . For your health 's sake , it is important not to let yourself get overweight . The lift must not be installed before you have grant approval . The Social Services Department may be able to help with a maintenance scheme contact the Social Services Occupational Therapist for further information . If you are putting the lift in and paying for it yourself it is wise to take out a maintenance agreement and add the lift to your Home Contents Insurance . Through Floor Lifts These lifts go up through the ceiling into the room above . she noticed every moment with Lucy , pictured her , listened to the memory of her voice . The time they shared became special now , where before they had been free and easy . Love added uncertainty , love lavished all her extravagant colours and textures . The day before Jay 's birthday , Lucy said , Let 's go somewhere different Islington . Follow me . Note that the supporting leg is twisted so that your hips face 120 away from a forward - facing position . Then thrust your kicking foot until it travels in a straight line . Slide in the direction of the kick and you will add body momentum to an already powerful technique . pull the spent kicking foot right back to the body before setting it down. Side kick ( a ) Lean away and point your heel directly at the opponent 's midsection The object , therefore , is to force your opponent to fight in unfamiliar or less preferred ways that he finds difficult . However , in order to do this , it follows that you must be versatile and able to assume many different roles . If you are by nature a defensive fighter , then by adding on the abilities of an attacking fighter you will effectively double your capability . Put an aggressive fighter onto the defensive by attacking strongly Perhaps the first step towards achieving this balance of ability is to be able to use both left and right sides with equal effectiveness . What do you say ? The marriage is the man and the woman wedding each other , that is the common law we all believe in . What does the minister do but add the mumbo - jumbo and the bit of paper ? That is right , of course it is . But why pick on me ? Donald McLaggan had gone too far with Flora Stewart , swinging so wildly that the girl flung against the smaller table and fell onto it with her hair in the great bowl of broth . For a moment she looked furiously at Donald , her teeth bared like a cat 's , then she shook her hair out , spattering Donald with bree and barley , and hauled him back into the dance . Sandy McGlashan had taken out a little yellow fiddle and was adding a frenzied strum of strings to the piper 's notes . As the dancers changed partners , set to each other , backed away , then set again and spun with crossed arms , Donald McCulloch became masterful , gripping the girls ' hands strongly , spinning so hard that the balls of their feet ached on the cobbles , and passing them on with an almost lordly flourish of his arm . Jean felt belittled ; for as long as the dance lasted she seemed no more to him than any girl there , but then he came round to her again and clasped her closely as they stepped it down the aisle between the lines of dancers . And word of the meeting at Fortingall must be spread . The sawyers at the government mill at Kinlochrannoch were good friends of Cameron 's , and might try to bring out their neighbours , although they themselves were still felt to be incomers . If the people from the hill farms around the loch foot could be mobilized , they would add a fierce thrust to the movement . If they kept to themselves , the whole northern end of the area might as well be written off . The Sawmill Pacey also argues that terror is another of its features : Terror of the wilderness , of storm and flood , of savages and of the intense extremes of cold and heat . Significantly he adds : But there is also exultation , the fascination as well as the fear of great strength . In such comments we find ourselves in the precise atmosphere of Rudolf Otto 's numinous , the mysterium tremendum et fascinans the mystery that creates wonderment as well as terror which surely accounts at least in part for the high level of religious feeling in Canadian folklore and literature ; not least in Leonard 's expression of it . The New York stock - market had collapsed but five years previously , ushering in a period of need and anguish not only across America and Canada ( New York is but 400 miles from Montreal ) , but throughout Europe , too . In Canada it came to be known as The 10 Lost Years , which were devastating for those on the prairies and very difficult for those in the cities . To the scourge of this Depression dark voices were being added , and the shadows of armed conflict were beginning to impinge a most unwelcome , even unbelievable thought to those who had , within the last 20 years , already risked their lives for King and country in The War To End All Wars . Nathan Cohen was one of them , and he had just cause to fear the upturn of the events , as did his younger brother , Horace . ( A third brother , Lawrence , was too young to enlist ) . The city is divided geographically from mainland Canada . But the geographical differences pale when they are compared to the deep threefold divisions which rend the city itself : of language ( four - fifths of the population speak French , only one fifth English and the smaller languages ) ; of culture ( the French - speaking part naturally looks to France and French literature for its mores , while the English - speaking part relies on the attachment to the Commonwealth and its close neighbour , the United States of America ) ; and of religion ( for the gulfs here are wider than the Atlantic as the former protestant cross - sectioning of Episcopalianism/Presbyterianism meets the Roman Catholicism of the French , and both meet the surging secularism and agnosticism of our day ) . To all this is added ( and it must be emphasised that Catholicism has always been in the ascendancy ) , a healthy input from the Jewish fraternity whose civic and educational emphasis greatly increases the town 's well - being , albeit from a proportionately tiny community . ( Professor Dudek has demonstrated that from a base of only 1.7 per cent of the population , the input in terms of literature and art amounts to a staggering 25 per cent . ) Montreal is an unusual city , made up of 50 villages which have grown and merged together over the years to form the modern conurbation : about 100 square kilometres in size ( 60 square miles ) , encircled by the St. Lawrence River . His names projected an above - average sensitivity and commitment , which was to haunt Leonard throughout his life . Names , like words , in Hebrew are things ; they are not merely descriptive labellings , but possess a dynamic of their own which can be communicated to those touched by them . It is as if , with the name , an extra dimension of personality is added not merely as a pious recollection of the great , but as a stimulus ( at times a goad ) to the one so named . The naming of a child is a rite of the greatest importance in Judaism . In addition to the secular names , there is an additional one by which the person is known in the synagogue , by which he is called to the Torah . So the family settled down in its definitive shape : father , mother , daughter and son . It was overshadowed by two problems : one personal ; the other national , indeed , international . To Nathan 's persistent ill - health , always attentively managed by Masha , was added the growing concern about their fellow jews in Europe . Their own family experience had spelled out the horrors of bigotry and racial hatred ; to these general and now somewhat distant things came the chilling reality of Adolf Hitler 's seizure of power in Germany . By 1935 the infamous Nuremberg laws which deprived Jews of their citizenship had been effected ; with them went the boycotting of their businesses , their harassment in public places ( such as education and law ) , and the first signs of ultimate horror the moves to be rid of them completely . As soon as Leonard learned to talk he was taught to recite the first words of the Shema , the creed of Judaism which originated on Sinai with Moses and is recited daily : O Israel , the Lord our God is One To this , as he matured , more was added , until the whole declaration of faith was perfectly grasped , part of his deepest consciousness : And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart , and with all thy soul , and with all thy might . And these words , that I command thee this day , shall be upon thy heart ; and thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children , and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thy house , and when thou walkest by the way , and when thou liest down , and when thou riseth up. The Talmud Torah ( Study of Torah ) , the official name for Hebrew school , was very close to the family 's heart , his forebears having put much energy into its foundation and extension . And Solomon Klinitsky - Klein 's rekindled reputation , albeit now based in New York , increased that determination . ( Leonard called him , a wise man ; a world - study teacher , adding I received a great deal from my grandfather . ) His daughter Masha was careful to deposit in the synagogue 's library copies of his works as they appeared , to the great appreciation of those who minded such things . But there is cause to suspect that even by this time , a certain boyish scepticism had erupted in Leonard 's mind . Yet there were bright moments , and the overall feelings in his life were those of contentment and growing confidence . One of these showed itself in his prowess as a teenage hypnotist . I could get anyone under the spell , he says , adding that he had hypnotised their maid ( as Breavman had in The Favourite Game ) and feared that he had driven her insane by it ! Another was that he had been elected to the Students ' Council at his school , Westmount High , and to its Board of Publishers . His literary prowess was now enforcing itself upon him with the urgency of a destiny , as with all true writers , born , not made . The reading - list to which Leonard 's mind was directed was broad and enticing . It is worth looking at , for from it sprang his fund of knowledge along with the all - important Jewish scriptures and his family 's experiences with them in eastern Europe . The formidable recommended reading - list adds a proviso : There is no list of minimum readings . You are responsible for a field . This list and its two supplements , far from setting limits , offers suggestions . On which he makes two statements : first , that we are unmoved by it ; second , that it is a tragedy , especially to the eight - year - old son . ( Where did he get that information from ? ) But the second is surely contradicted by the first ; especially if one adds to it the sympathetic view he evinces of the widow 's plight . It is difficult to avoid the feeling that this , one of his first university essays , is purely subjective . He is that eight - year - old boy . But Leonard himself was smitten , he says , by his family 's past , by its name and meaning . He used to drive his cousins crazy with its mythology . Like his mother , Leonard was even then subject to alternating highs and lows , which added spice to their friendship . Morton saw that Leonard and Mrs Cohen were very close , and nothing emphasised this more than her willingness to take them and their friends out for meals , especially to a favourite Greek restaurant where she would be the life of the party , not least in singing , and encouraged by good wine which the restaurateur would ply them with in order to get the mood of the evening going . At other times she would refuse to let Rosengarten in the house , especially if Leonard had had a late night out . It was raised by Dudek in somewhat different form when he said that Leonard always had an image of himself as a rabbi . We are talking of two very perceptive men whose mtier is perception ; and their recollection of Leonard at this young age , his late teenage years . Layton put it somewhat differently when he added that the two great qualities a young writer has are his arrogance and inexperience , and on another occasion he picked out the twin characteristics of precocity and independence . Leonard was never arrogant , but he was as Pierre Berton once remarked on Canadian television , a very confident young man. By the time they met , Leonard was indeed pushing hard at the doors of his own individuality in one sense he had been doing that for years . The die had been cast . He had perceived . But to the rebellion ( which may have given rise to something far deeper , as we shall see ) we must add two further emphases which we have italicised . One , the unforgettable incantation , the melody and tune of the services things which were deeply rooted in his soul , and would reappear with striking force through his music and songs ; and two , his distancing himself from its strictly religious aspects . Moreover his stark question , Why was his father 's pain involved ? raises a very different note . Mythological or not , it has to be emphasised that he was speaking here of a group of poets Ellenborgen , Hine , Mandel , Purdy , Macpherson , Layton and Cohen not just Leonard himself . But he clearly places Leonard within this group which , he held , grasps at a confusion of symbolic images , often a ragbag of classical mythology , in the effort to organise a chaos too large for them to deal with in the light of reason , which in turn causes them to express a sardonic bitterness in their social criticism , a realism without any utopian idealism to support it . Not only sardonic bitterness , we must add but delicate irony , too . Leonard 's mind was such that he always had several ironies in his fire at any one time , even when he was seeking to demythologise some of them ! This , so far as it concerns Leonard , simply goes too far . We must remember that this collection was put together in late 1955 , when most Jewish thinkers ' minds were somewhere between the atrocities of the Holocaust and the fearfully questionable use of the Bomb . Further , Israel was now a reality next year in Jerusalem for millions had been fulfilled ; but the reaction of the Arab world was very hostile Suez was but months away , and glimmerings of its possibility ( and worse ) were evident . Moreover , the Cold War was not thawing ; Eisenhower was firm , if complacent ; Khruschev was , well , Khrushchevian ; stamping round the world belligerently , rattling his bombs and adding reality to the nascent CND warnings . Young people were afraid , wondering if they would have time to have their children , and became agitated at the racheting - up of international tensions in East and West . They were not sure that they would see 30 ; millions had not , scarcely a decade ago. Leonard was actually looking in a shop window when he first saw them , noticing Marianne naturally first ! She took his breath away , as she did most men 's . He never realised , on that eventful day , that she would come into my arms ( as he put it ) and stay there for so many years , adding in no small degree to the legends of love which keep the world sane and hopeful . There was serious work , however , at hand for Leonard . His writing , prose and poetry demanded rigorous attention , and received it with the same daily routine that he had established earlier : three pages a day , writing and rewriting , creative and self - critical . There was serious work , however , at hand for Leonard . His writing , prose and poetry demanded rigorous attention , and received it with the same daily routine that he had established earlier : three pages a day , writing and rewriting , creative and self - critical . Moreover , he had added to his possessions a piece of luggage of inestimable value for now - and for the next 30 or so years : his Olivetti 22 portable typewriter , which he had bought in London for 40 , no small investment for those days. There were also the calls from home with which , throughout this period and always , he was to keep in close contact . He had built , or at least started to build , a public ( in the Kierkegaardian sense : a gigantic something , an abstract and deserted void which is everything and nothing ) and he was determined to stay true to it ; recognising that publicity is the lifeblood of an author . He was due to join up with his old friend Irving Layton again , and former professor F.R. Scott at New York 's prestigious YM/YWCA centre on 92nd Street . Here they gave poetry readings in the 800 - seat auditorium ; a measure of the man he was becoming and of the distinguished company he kept . It was serious stuff , this poetry , Leonard 's now suntanned complexion adding to the prophetic tones as he came , Elijah - like , out of his own wilderness experience . ( Scobie correctly urges this background in prefacing his comments on Leonard 's work , but fails to mention , alongside Canada 's vastness , the particular Jewish motif by which all prophets found their calling ; similarly he omits reference to Leonard 's own wilderness experience , on Hydra . ) Distanced from the day - to - day world of his youthful and not - so - youthful listeners , he could speak with all the more understanding , all the more authority , to their needs . Scobie is surely right when , with regard to Let Us Compare Mythologies he says that the title seems to indicate that Cohen himself regarded the religious sense as the primary one which in The Spice - Box Of Earth becomes completely explicit and even urgent . The ceremony of the havdalah , the bidding adieu to the Sabbath , centres on the spice - box and the candle . The blessing itself is made over a cup of wine in honour of the day ( Blessed art Thou , O Lord our God , King of the universe , who createst divers kinds of spices ) which adds to the light of the Sabbath , symbolised by the candle , offering a fragrance and a beauty all its own . Leonard extends this sense here in this book to those who will read and ponder . The book was offered with a sharp recollection of his own family , not only regarding his father 's absence of many years ( whose duty it was , formally , to say the prayer ) , but in the dedication of the book , another link with the past broken , another mainstay , albeit distant , removed : This book is dedicated to the memory of my grandmother Mrs Lyon Cohen , and to the memory of my grandfather Rabbi Solomon Klinitsky . Two Hasidic sayings exemplify this particularly : The best synagogue is the human heart , and The heart is half prophet . Jonathan Eibeschutz , a Polish authority on the Cabala , similarly commented when he said , Man 's heart is the holy of holies . It adds significantly to Masha Cohen 's constant advice to her son throughout his life : follow your little heart . Prayer itself therefore had to be personal , spontaneous and joyous . The felicity of God was not a piece of theological reasoning , but an essential part a large and essential part of God 's being and the world 's essence . For the interview she opted for a cream silk shirt , and a tailored black skirt . That would show she could fit in neatly anywhere . She added something for the panel to remember her by sheer seamed black tights with black and grey checked flat shoes and , on the lapel of her jacket , a blue glass antique brooch . Her bag was also a surprise a black purse sewn over with tiny blue beads and a thin , black shoulder strap . The brooch and the bag would make it clear she had originality although , taken in the context of the rest of the outfit , not too much . In the bedroom she took off her blouse and skirt and hung them carefully in the wardrobe . She folded her slip and draped it over a chair . She added her underwear to Tom 's Y - fronts in the laundry basket . She slipped into her nightie and slid into bed beside Tom , who was asleep and breathing through his mouth . She would not wake him or touch him or even lie close enough to feel his warmth . I checked a couple of precedents in my files . I thought for a while . I added a number of subsidiary claims . I varied the audacity of these to ensure the change of pace and tone so essential to a good negotiating table . I imagined the scene : Mellowes at one end of the table , Forbes at the other. He would read it , nod and announce that he was ready to make a concession . Forbes would request an adjournment . I would be waiting for him outside the room and would suggest that he too withdraw a minor claim ; then add a new demand . The final settlement , as with the various disputes to which the Department seemed ever more prone , would be in my gift and mine alone . I finished my list of demands and took it to the Branch Office , where I received something of a hero 's welcome . The bedroom door opened and she rushed in . Want anything ironed ? she asked and dumped a mug on the bedside table with such vigour that steaming coffee splashed in Don 's direction . She flung the wardrobe open , riffled the line of clothes , selected a blouse , waved it at him , added , while I 'm doing this , and rushed out again . Don sat up and sipped his coffee . Amanda filled the flat with so much energy it hurt : humming , calling out snatches of news from the radio , crunching toast at a painful volume . He was the first man I ever thought of partnering . She watched as Michael frowned and leant back . Never seriously , of course , she added quickly . Is he stationed on Zork ? Far from it . Otherwise the dressing wo n't adhere . After dinner they agreed that Rodney should not wash up. Peter produced a bottle of Bacardi , poured himself a large measure , added some coca cola , looked in the fridge , commented gloomily , No ice , and followed Rodney into the living room . John issued instructions . I 'll wash , Sara , you dry . John issued instructions . I 'll wash , Sara , you dry . Veronica added that she 'd put away later and went to join the others . John and Sara sang Buddy Holly songs while they worked : Words of Love and Peggy Sue and Peggy Sue Got Married . By the time they started I Guess it Doesn't Matter Anymore they were onto the last saucepan and the table was covered with clean , dry things . How do you find these things ? Everything she was wearing shot into line . Come and have a drink , he added . He led her through the crowded flat to the kitchen and poured her a glass of wine . You have to meet Tony , he said . She even made pound cake you know , a pound of butter , a pound of flour , a pound of eggs without weighing anything . Maggie approached Godfrey and said over his shoulder , I made it by the pound cake method . You cream the butter first , add the egg yolks , then the whites whipped separately , then the flour . Luke had disappeared while she was talking to Godfrey . Roger arrived at her elbow with more wine and a further introduction . It means that we can think about things that are not present . Sure enough , we would expect the input systems to ensure that the right kinds of distinctions are drawn between contour changes that define occlusion and those which define disappearance , for example but this surely does not mean that the possessor of these input systems is capable of thinking about unperceived entities . What this adds up to , then , is the claim that if there existed an organism which either could not act or whose actions made no difference to its perceptions then not only would that organism not be cognisant , it could never become cognisant . ( It is not clear to me whether this is some kind of philosophical claim or an hypothesis . You may say that it is refutable and so it is empirical ; but then see below our criteria for cognisance are so much bound up with what the subject can do that it is difficult to see how we could assess the cognisance of a totally passive creature . ) Initially , an entry in a reading lexicon which matches the sequence of letters that one has detected is located . The reading lexicon ( or visual input lexicon as it is sometimes known ) contains our knowledge of written English word forms . It is built up as a result of encountering these words in print as one is learning to read , though of course new word forms will be added throughout adult life as they are encountered . This whole - word visual representation is then used to address and so locate its associated pronunciation in a lexicon of spoken word forms known as the speech output lexicon . It is known as a speech output system because there is evidence that a quite separate lexicon is involved in speech perception . Even though I did n't say a word in the uproar and drank only water , I was standing there like them in the crowds and smoke , proud and glad and sure of myself . As soon as he entered my room that night , he declared provocatively that I must be rich to have such a bed and quilt , as well as cassettes and a television and a video . He 'd expected it , he added , since he noticed that I had my own plate and cup at work , and bought tea for whoever was sitting with me . I smiled , nodding my head , not unhappy that he 'd jumped to the wrong conclusions , but surprised that he did n't know the secret of paying by instalments . He flung himself down on my bed , trying it out in different positions . Not so , I insist , and Keith agrees : But I like Spencer too . He then continues : There are only three great English painters this century : Stanley Spencer , Wyndham Lewis and Francis Bacon . I add Burra . We 've just emerged from an exhibition at the Royal Academy , British Art of the Twentieth Century . Yes , I like Hogarth , but Spencer intrigues me . But when you have a situation where youngsters of 12 or 13 and in some cases even younger who may only have won a couple of matches , are being offered 500,000 guarantees to sign up with one of the management companies before they are snapped up by one of the rival agents , the potential for long term damage is enormous . This year , in prize money alone , there is well over 100m available for professional players round the world , including team events such as The David Cup and The Federation Cup . And that is before you start taking into consideration commercial endorsements and appearance money which , at a conservative guess must add at least another 3040m . Yet all we seem to have heard , either from a few of the more militant leading players or their representatives in recent months , has been the cry We want more . If it is not the Women 's Tennis Association , spurred on by the vocal support of Martina Navratilova and Monica Seles demanding equal prize money at Wimbledon and the French , then it is the voices on the men 's side who want prize money for the top tier of their tournaments doubled to 2m . Apart from re - iterating his belief , which is gaining support , that there probably should be a completely new major circuit of not more than a dozen tournaments , based round the Grand Slams and culminating in one end - of - season event , Becker said We 're not machines . For the top five in the ranking list , only the Grand Slams count . More directly , on the issue of the Grand Slam Cup , he added I think it will replace The Masters ( the ATP Championships finals ) . I believe the two events will join together . Both ca n't survive like this . We have never before been able to run more than one senior men 's squad , yet now , thanks to Cellnet 's backing , we will have three to back the elite Davis Cup squad . Each offers slightly different and more appropriate benefits to the players , so that the individuals have a secure platform from which we hope they will make serious bids for international success . A good example of the sort of player who should be a great beneficiary of this scheme is James Lenton a tremendously hard worker who has struggled financially and once even had to quit to resort to coaching , Lewis added . He has been crying out for support for ages , and I am sure that this new opportunity is just what he is looking for . Nigel Sears will be taking up the role as permanent coach to the Cellnet Challenger Squad , whilst John Paish will be working with the Achiever Squad . In the case of Jimmy Connors , Segura acknowledges the Connors ' clan helped Jimmy immensely . Jimmy was born to be a tennis player , Pancho says . Yes , he adds , it was his destiny . The tennis shots Segura esteemed in Connors related to balance on the court . Jimmy was able to shift his weight from left to right . A varnish made from copal was known as short , medium or long oil length , depending upon the proportions of copal to oil . The mixture of oil and copal was thinned , usually with white spirit . If Mr Ridgley 's varnish is slow drying , he can add a little paint driers . If too thick for easy brushing , then the varnish can be thinned with white spirit . Copal varnishes have now mainly been replaced by polyurethane and alkyd varnishes . The burn marks are most easily achieved when the Woodcarver has lost its edge Every piece of carving on the Chindit , which stands about 3ft high , was done with the Woodcarver As a professional carver I thought it only natural to get my hands on one of those new Arbortech Woodcarvers to add to my compendium of tools last year . I had no specific use at the time , but I thought it would prove a handy addition to the workshop , and was delighted when my grandfather elected to purchase the tool for me . Sadly he died shortly afterwards and for many reasons it was some months before I used the disc . The change The top is not what I wanted . My original design featured an ovolo and round moulding adding detail and delicacy to the edge , but this table was to have a tablecloth in use , and there was a fear that anything placed too close to the edge might tumble . I was allowed only a small chamfer . I knew , however , that the top must remain thick . Where there are two people in the property the reduction will be given if two community charges are higher than the rates bill plus 52 . If there are more than 2 people , the threshold for help is increased by 52 for each extra person . So , for example , 104 is added to the rates bill for a three person household and 156 for a four person household . Example Mr and Mrs Forest 's bills are as follows : The Act imposes a duty on all holders of health records , usually a hospital or GP , to disclose information on application by a patient . The Act applies only to records produced from November onwards . A DoH press release states that access to records will be free except when they have not been added to in the previous 40 days. When this is the case , a fee of up to 10 may be charged . DoH Press Release H91/403 , 27 August 1991 . BT News Release NR64 , 12 August 1991 . PROBATE NEW ACE FACTSHEET A new title has been added to Age Concern England 's information factsheet series . Probate dealing with someone 's estate ( Factsheet no 14 ) explains ways in which money may be collected , debts paid , and the balance distributed to those who are entitled to receive a share in the estate . Other areas covered are : how to apply for a grant ; who may apply for a grant ; inheritance tax ; settling the estate ; intestacy ; and other sources of information . The achievement of the eighties was that at least something was achieved out of the stops and goes . And on the whole achieved at less cost than earlier schemes with less disruption , too , especially on the East Coast main line . So Bedford , Leeds , Norwich , Hastings , Weymouth , are added to the places from which you travel electric to London , perhaps not so bad a score for the decade . Even Paddington 's platform ends were given supports for overhead electrification when the Lawn was extended to accommodate a shopping centre , leaving Marylebone as the only other London terminus yet to see electric activity . But even Marylebone sees a revitalised Chiltern service . With its pictures as well as text contributed by a team of experts , it portrays a colourful decade in which hope was more rekindled than lost . Our wish is that it will enable you better to recall and enjoy your own memories . Might we indeed suggest adding a personal looseleaf comment and photograph or two within your copy for posterity ? Finally , a few guideline wishes for the 1990s : undoubtedly , first , that the Channel Tunnel will be completed without undue delay and that a new highspeed route will rapidly follow through Kent ; that under their new chairman , Robert Reid the second , from Shell , due to take his post in October 1990 , BR will somehow regain a touch of personality , warmth , humanity , without losing their commercial edge ; that the policy of providing new and cheaperto - operate stock for secondary routes rather than handing down yesterday 's worn - out express trains pays real dividends and prevents too much discussion of bustitution ; and that defensive theory will give way to common - sense pragmatism over matters such as the quality of the printed timetable and what really benefits the customer . Class 50 No 50021 Rodney leaves Newton Abbot with the 10.30 Liverpool to Penzance train on 10 March 1987 a few weeks before the removal of the semaphore signals . But by 1985 the sad reality had to be faced that so far as InterCity was concerned the market had changed , probably for ever . Business people no longer prepared to spend five hours or more on a daytime Euston - Glasgow journey had switched to air , while leisure travellers had been lured away by the bargain - priced coaches . To offset the loss of Glasgow business , extra stops were added to the daytime service which was revamped to serve towns such as Warrington , Wigan , Lancaster , Oxenholme and Penrith which offered greater business prospects . Only the Royal Scot remained as a viable Euston - Glasgow train but with a schedule fifteen minutes slower than the five - hour norm established in the 1974 timetable . At one stage the average time of the five daytime trains between Euston and Glasgow was over five and a half hours . Indeed , for a time it enabled the service to become an all HST operation so that some places actually had a better service . There were four major East Coast developments in the 1980s : the significant increase in HST productivity so that sets could be more extensively deployed to provide service to Inverness , Glasgow Queen Street , Hull and Cleethorpes ; electrification of the route from Hitchin to Leeds with only minor interference to train services ; introduction of a new track - maintenance strategy and transfer of overnight Anglo - Scottish sleeping - car services to the West Coast main line . Although the original HST plans provided for two daily return journeys between King 's Cross and Aberdeen , by judicious programming of the sets ( plus some extra sets transferred from the Western region ) it was possible to add on some extra trips to existing rosters . This enabled InterCity to introduce additional HSTs to Aberdeen , a pair of business services to Hull and Cleethorpes and an entirely new service The Highland Chieftain between King 's Cross and Inverness with a journey time of seven hours . Because of the need to refuel the two power cars , the practical operating range of an HST set is about 1,100 miles after which the unit must visit the depot to replenish its tanks . LSE went out with a bang rather than a whimper . 12 May was marked by the introduction of no less than four new electric services ; on the Eastern Region branch lines between Wickford and Southminster and between Romford and Upminster ; on the Great Eastern main line between Manningtree and Harwich ; and ( at last ) over the thirty - two miles between Tonbridge and Hastings . The Hastings 20m scheme was celebrated by a successful Gala Day on 27 April when unlimited travel over the line for only 1 was available and more formally on 6 May when the Queen Mother ( Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports ) travelled over the line in the Royal Train . In preparation for electrification , sufficient Class 411 units had been repainted in Jaffa cake livery and branded the 1066 Electrics to give added impact . Also on 12 May , and with financial assistance from Berkshire County Council and the developer of an adjoining industrial estate , a new station opened at Winnersh Triangle on the Southern Region line on the outskirts of Reading . Another new station opened on 29 September at Welham Green ( between Hatfield and Brookmans Park ) . They incorporated all the Mark 3 features of air conditioning , insulation and good riding . But they were just at the design stage when early on a July morning in 1978 twelve passengers died in a fire on Mark 1 sleeping cars of the Penzance to Paddington overnight train . As a result the design was modified to include much greater fire resistance , adding 50,000 per car to the basic cost of 200,000 of the initial design . So far it has not been put to the test in service . But Mark 3 stock in its conventional form has been involved in accidents , and has been found to stand up with little crushing and buckling in potentially horrific situations where in older stock casualties might have been high . Many of the reopenings were under the Speller rule : Tony Speller 's 1981 Bill made it possible for services to reopen experimentally without the need to go through the formal closure procedures in the event of failure . Some were the direct result of campaigning by the Railway Development Society and the list is almost a tribute to it . It should be added that though this book is about BR , the 1980s also saw the opening of the last section of the Tyne Wear Metro in March 1984 and the launch of the stillexpanding Docklands Light Railway in July 1987 . Both produced passenger levels far greater than forecast and have encouraged more planning of urban light railways . Closure and Opening . Steam - heated hauled stock was also eradicated , and the response was the reclassification of more Class 31/4s and 47/4s , plus the first Class 37/4s . Longer - term planning forced BR to embark upon life - extension programmes for several locomotive types expected to be needed until well into the 1990s , although they were halted in 1989 before being completed . English Electric Class 37s in particular were subjected to near - total rebuilds , involving replacement of the main generator with an alternator , regeared CP7 bogies , and in some cases Ruston or Mirrlees power unit , electric - heat generator , or ballast weights added to provide extra adhesion for particular freight work . Thus , one standard locomotive design evolved into six specialist types . Many Brush - built Class 31s were equipped with ETH generators and given a major body overhaul , while some Class 47s were similarly treated . Not all the results were of the same high quality ; nevertheless the music they arranged reinforced the choreographer 's design by giving the plot atmosphere , local colour , continuity and flow as well as giving the dancing its rhythmic vitality , emotion and mood . In some cases it also helped to underline the main moments in the action by emphasising gestures for greater strength and expression . In other cases they added humour , most notably in Lanchbery 's score for La Fille Mal Garde , where several witty slants in the orchestration raise laughter , for example the music for the Cock and the Hens . La Fille Mal Garde Ashton 's English comic masterpiece The Cock and Hens squawk in their roost ( The Royal Ballet ) However , music chosen from a composer 's total output and specially arranged as a score for a three - act ballet with a story has rarely been completely successful . Steps of petite and grande lvation It is not enough merely to consider how to perform the five jumps as a technical exercise . They must have quality given to them because their varying dimensions can add so much to the design . Certainly in the class - room those from two feet to two feet only go straight up and down in all changements , soubresauts and entrechats with both legs fully extended at the height of the jump . But such jumps can also travel some way forwards , backwards or sideways and can become sparklingly light when the knees are sharply bent upwards at the height of the jump . There are many other instances of Ashton 's witty beaten touches that may only become apparent after several viewings and are to be found in Birthday Offering , Sylvia , La Fille Mal Garde and elsewhere . Pirouettes In the same way as steps of batterie and grande lvation , pirouettes are usually employed to add excitement . There are so many different ways of turning on one or two feet . Now that the teaching of pirouettes has become more scientific , dancers can attempt turning with the working leg held at many different angles , even changing the pose as they spin . It is not easy to achieve this effect if they do not take into account the dimension and spacing of the steps as well as their particular quality , which must be in tune with the music if it is to make sense . A contradiction in style during this change of aulement or alignment can distort the design . Nevertheless an unusual change of aulement or alignment can add interest and draw attention to a dancer 's statement . for example : the swift change from the grand dvelopp la seconde which Odile makes facing the audience and her sudden turn to arabesque when she looks straight into the kneeling Siegfried 's eyes in the Act II pas de deux of Swan Lake ; it is Odile 's triumph for she knows she has won Siegfried 's heart . Even more exciting changes of aulement can be found in Ashton 's Birthday Offering where each soloist dances an old step at a new angle , without breaking the rules or older conventions of nineteenth - century ballet . A sudden change of aulement , an unusual turn in - out of legs or arms , or quick jumps up and then down to the floor followed by a roll over or even a somersault can accentuate the particular place that unusual movement has in the whole design . Swift changes in the dimensions covered in any linear design are nowhere more obvious than in Ashton 's five abstract ballets and his example is now being followed by David Bintley in his Choros and Consort Lessons . In fact such unusual movements often arouse the audience to gentle laughter as swift changes add a touch of humour as two or more dancers compete to capture the attention of both the audience and their Colleagues . Classical dance patterns In classical ballet the patterns and groupings delineated by the dancers ' bodies are usually symmetrical and evenly balanced over the whole stage . The most outstanding are Scottish , Italian and Spanish . Scottish style The Royal Danish Ballet 's production of La Sylphide is evidence of Bournonville 's imaginative use of the Scot 's quick light footwork and capers as well as the very distinctive Highland ports de bras , which help the dancer to sustain balance . To these features he added purely classical batterie , grands jets en avant and en attitude , cabrioles and quick glissades into chapps la seconde and swift changes of aulement . He also took care to make the patterns of his dances as interesting as in Scottish country dance . Another example of this stereotyped Scottish style is danced by Swanhilda in Coppiia . It was then expanded by Fokine and used in both grave and gay moods in Les Sylphides and Le Carnaval , where it is particularly expressive of both meaning and music . In both ballets he incorporated several conventional gestures in the ports de bras but also demanded greater emotional involvement from the dancers . These changes added to the overall meaning communicated by the dancing . He used to say : Listen to the music , let it tell you what to do . Les Sylphides Fokine 's interpretation of romantic ballet Let the music tell you what to do ( The Royal Ballet ) Although some modern dancers do without music in the accepted sense of that term , they rarely do without rhythmic phrasing . If they do they have forgotten that , like them , every member of their audience has an inborn sense of measuring time . . . Without a sense of rhythm , our sense of time is devoid of landmarks and , as Frank Howes added later , and sense ( see page 68 ) . The art of the particular Particular the relation to one as distinguished from another ( O.E.D . ) The question now to be asked is where does the art of the particular begin in the creation of style ? It is thoroughly mixed in a large vessel called a mash tun with hot pure water . The sugars dissolve into the water and the sweet liquid , called wort , is pumped to a copper . The flowers of the hop plant add bitterness to beer and the oils in the plant also guard against any infections during the brewing process . As the wort is boiled in the copper with the hops many brewers also add sugars , such as glucose or cereal syrup , to encourage a strong fermentation . CAMRA would prefer beer to be brewed solely from barley malt but the use of sugar dates back to the 19th century and many renowned beers , such as Marston 's Pedigree , have recipes that include 10 per cent or more brewing sugars . Grist goes through the MASHING MACHINE mixed with hot water into the MASH TUN . Malt sugar solution ( wort ) is run off from the MASH TUN through the UNDERBACK to the COPPER . Hops are added and the mixture is boiled . Spent hops are filtered from the HOP BACK . The liquid then passes through the COOLER . Spent hops are filtered from the HOP BACK . The liquid then passes through the COOLER . From the COOLER the liquid passes into the FERMENTING VESSEL where yeast is added and fermentation takes place . Dry hops and finings are added to cask conditioned beer . Cold storage and filtration for keg and bottled beers . The liquid then passes through the COOLER . From the COOLER the liquid passes into the FERMENTING VESSEL where yeast is added and fermentation takes place . Dry hops and finings are added to cask conditioned beer . Cold storage and filtration for keg and bottled beers . Courtesy of Eldridge Pope . This year 's edition , once again generously sponsored by British Coal , is no exception . The breweries section continues to expand , such is the growth in demand for real ale , and there are many new brews to whet the appetite . More historical information on the breweries has been added and the tasting panels have once more been out and about finalising their tasting notes . If you 're a survivor of the Red Revolution or was it a failed coup ? one feature you 'll want to read is Brian Glover 's nostalgic glance back at those dreadful keg beers . Do you remember who claimed It 's what your right arm 's for ? Big brewers traditionally stagger rises , introducing increases in certain trading areas and certain types of pubs first , such as their tenanted estate before managed pubs . The authors of the report , John Spicer and Philip Morrisey , say the result is that customers perceive beer prices as rising continuously , Beer is no longer considered good value for money . The price freezes introduced by many regional brewers further damaged the reputation of the big brewers , they add . Tesco 's , with its recent price promotion , has highlighted the price difference between home consumption and that in a pub , state the report . It also warns that the legislation that followed the Monopolies and Mergers Commission report in 1989 has been a flop . Brendan designed it for hop pellets but I only use whole hops . The copper is fired at the base by roaring gas flames . Bob tips in a portion of hops at the start of the boil and adds more at the end for aroma . When the boil is over , the spent hops settle on the floor of the hop back , acting as a strainer for the wort . I do n't use any copper finings , Bob said . They now grow Whitbread Goldings Variety , developed to be more resistant to wilt than the traditional East Kent type . After years of knockabout abuse in this paper , lets give two muted cheers for Whitbread and their hops . Bob uses hops in the classic British bitter fashion : Fuggles for bitterness and Goldings , added late in the boil , for aroma . He gets his Fuggles from a leading grower named Tony Redsell at the splendidly - named Mockbeggar Farm near Faversham . Bob has a further good reason for preferring whole hops : pesticides . Enriched hop powder pellets are also possible by sieving the powder at 35C to remove coarser non a acid material and by blending with liquid extracts to further enhance the a acid content . Pellets may also be stabilised by the inclusion of vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) to reduce oxidation . Calcium and magnesium salts may then be added to partly catalyse conversion of a acids so pre - empting the boiling reactions . Losses of a acid may be reduced from 75 per cent to 50 per cent by these means . Even greater efficiency of a acid utilisation is obtained using chemical extracts of hops . Moreover the extraction leaves undesirable chemicals such as pesticides behind . Carbon dioxide also offers the flexibility to separate the hop components into bitter and flavour fractions . This advantage is considerable since the bitter fraction may then be chemically manipulated to produce bitter iso a acids from the a acids and so provide a PIKE product which may be added towards the end of the boil or even afterwards . Near 100 per cent utilisation of the hop a acid is possible by this process . Flavours may also be separated in the hop extract and can be fractionated . Dry hop flavour is an interesting application since the use of a liquid extract allows a more accurate and consistent flavour to be produced . Moreover whole hops used for dry hopping take seven to 10 days for the character to be extracted and then slowly decline . Dry hop extract provides immediate character which lasts longer and reduces the possibility of infection being added from whole hops or , more likely , from a dirty hand . Because of the degree of processing involved , hop extracts are not necessarily cheaper than using whole hops . Per unit of bitterness they are roughly as costly . There is no such decline with extracts . Within 30 years the brewing industry has gone from a cottage industry to high tech . English Hops began their development of hop oils by looking at the dry hopping end of the brewing process , when a handful of whole or pellet hops are added to casks of beer . There can be problems of infection at this stage , David Gardner said . With hop oils you can get the best from the hops , the essential oils and essences that can replicate the aroma and bitterness of two such disparate varieties as a Fuggle and a Golding . Not since Alexandra Palace in North London has the Great British Beer Festival been at a site with so much style and heritage . It is also the biggest venue to date , with more than 150,000 square feet of space . The vast arched glass ceiling adds to the sense of space and grandure . The designer , Henry E. Coe , allowed for natural ventilation by arranging for the roof to part in the centre by the use of pulleys . All being well , the skies will part once or twice during the festival only the second time the event has been out in the open air . We strongly believe that a North - east merger of Vaux 's and Brent Walker 's northern brewing and pub operations would be in the best interests of all , said Vaux chairman Paul Nicholson . But he warned that some rationalisation would be necessary . A merger , Nicholson added , is a more viable alternative to keeping the brewery open than the planned management buy - out . The MBO team , heavily supported by CAMRA , is still negotiating a similar deal . Although Brent Walker says the MBO is the preferred option , negotiations are complicated by Brent Walker 's precarious financial position . The BMC have sought clarification from the organisers and from Ben Moon ; as we went to press no reply had been received . The matter was due to be reviewed at meetings of the Competition Committee and the Management Committee , where any ban would be ratified . BMC General Secretary Derek Walker would not speculate on the outcome of these meetings , adding : It would be wrong for me to pre - empt any decision of the Management Committee . There will be one group within the BMC and climbing that will say it was n't really a competition and that the rule was invented for television spectaculars . The other view is that we 've got a rule and we 've got to stick to it . These pavements , the bare bones of the Dales , stripped of soil during the last Ice Age , seemed to stretch for miles , their surface fretted by grikes and clints and scoured and bleached by rain and winds that sweep these fells . We could n't drag Phil away . A keen botanist , he was in his element identifying the ferns , plants and shrubs which inhabit the miniature ecosystems in the cracks and fissures , adding a welcome touch of colour to this primeval landscape . A few stunted rowan trees reinforced the feeling of desolation . This is a confusing area , and in mist and rain , navigation can often be awkward as you slip and slide your way across the greasy limestone . The SA system allows the shoulder straps to be adjusted up and down aluminium struts and held in place with straps and buckles , while the lumber support pad and hip belt remain stationary . A smaller SA system is available for people with smaller backs , but unfortunately not on the Condor . Size is quickly adjusted with compression straps and full - length zipped gussets , although this system all adds to the sack 's 2.4kg . Pockets , attached via Karrimor 's Klasp system , boost capacity to a massive 100 litres . This is a two compartment sack , the lower section accessed by a curved zip , with a drawcord divider designed to allow tent poles to run the whole length of the sack with the divider closed . The pack also has side compression straps to which side pockets can be attached , wand pockets , two ice - axe loops and straps on the front of the lid from crampons or foam pad . The material is Cordura . Basic capacity is 70 litres but this can be increased by 20 litres using the extendible lid ; side pockets add another 10 litres to give a maximum of 100 litres . I 've used the Alpamayo for backpacking and Nordic ski touring and found it very stable . The pack is very comfortable with heavy loads ( 23+kg ) , due in the main to the excellent hipbelt which spreads the weight over the hips without causing the sore spots that occur with some belts . Over on the brown stuff , Andy Barker has been seeking out those remaining gems . Partnered by Martin Veale and the Famous Chris Ellis , he crowned himself the King o'Crookrise at E36a , attempting to usurp Chris 's crown , up the arete left of the Cioch LeftHand . At Wharncliffe , Andy added a direct finish to Ca ne Fait Rien to give Well Now It Is at E26a . At Banford Quarry , the evergreen pair of Stu Bolton and Sebastian Grieve had their Big Excellent Adventure on the obvious arete at E5 6b , before moving across to Staffordshire for more excellent adventures on Never Never Land , pair of them making 2nd and 3rd ascents of this nasty E6 6b . Back on the white ( ish ) stuff , John Welford made the second ascent of Simon Nadin 's 1987 testpiece Gonads giving it F8a+ , and then red - pointed Out of my Tree at Raven Tor as a warm down. This lies on Craig Yr Ysfa , taking the groove between Amadeus and Agrippa and was climbed with N. Bonnet and C. Fletcher . Rather lower down , a new crag was discovered by Niget and Dave Carson Craig y Frank Carson which lies parallel to , but behind , Carreg Hyll Drem . The discoverers added a number of routes , the best of which seem to be Cookie Monster E7 6b , and the most popular Wagtail E3 5b . Ben Pritchard added Sad Cow E7 6b , and Gwion Hughes and Ann Bierd contributed Caleb E2 5b . George Smith , aided and abetted by Martin Crook , unearthed Big - Fin - Reef - Squid E5 6b on the left of Hyll Drem itself before going on to tackle the fins of rock between Primus and Burner , resulting in Of All the Bars in All the World , E6 6b ; apparently every other move involves a knee - bar , but probably only if you 're as tall as George the rest of us should merely levitate . Rather lower down , a new crag was discovered by Niget and Dave Carson Craig y Frank Carson which lies parallel to , but behind , Carreg Hyll Drem . The discoverers added a number of routes , the best of which seem to be Cookie Monster E7 6b , and the most popular Wagtail E3 5b . Ben Pritchard added Sad Cow E7 6b , and Gwion Hughes and Ann Bierd contributed Caleb E2 5b . George Smith , aided and abetted by Martin Crook , unearthed Big - Fin - Reef - Squid E5 6b on the left of Hyll Drem itself before going on to tackle the fins of rock between Primus and Burner , resulting in Of All the Bars in All the World , E6 6b ; apparently every other move involves a knee - bar , but probably only if you 're as tall as George the rest of us should merely levitate . Pat Littlejohn and P. Judge made Craig Y Dynewydd a little more worthy of the walk with Skyline E2 5c and End of an Era E4 6a , which disappointed a couple of ole cronies who had designs on those lines ! Do not worry that the first solution will actually make the wood darker . It is applied to turn the wood into an alkaline condition , so that when the B or No. 2 solution is applied , it will liberate oxygen , thus bleaching the wood . The second solution can be left for several hours , or overnight , when the wood should then be scrubbed with clean water to which a little acetic acid has been added . If the wood is very badly stained , it may require two applications of bleach . If the wood has been bleached because a light coloured timber is required , then a very pale finish must be applied to prevent darkening the surface . Gloss acrylic varnishes are available , but the gloss is not as high as that obtained with a polyurethane or oil varnish . Varnish stains : as well as using dyes , wood can also be coloured using varnish stains . These are clear varnishes to which either dyestuffs or transparent pigments , or both , have been added . Unlike wood dyes , varnish stains can be applied to previously coated surfaces , as long as they are clean and free from wax or grease . As a varnish stain colours and finishes in one operation , they are very popular , but it should be noted that because the colour is in the finish , each extra coat will make the surface darker , and if the varnish stain is not applied evenly , where the film is thicker , the colour will be darker . Follow our guide to updating and improving the lighting in your home . Most homes have inadequate provision for lighting . The average builder will probably have put in just a single central pendant light in each room , so we have to add extra lights by plugging them into precious socket outlets ( precious because the builder does n't put enough of these in either ! ) . But if you 're prepared to learn how to do the wiring and to do the building work ( and redecorating ) involved , it 's not difficult to improve the lighting arrangements in your home by fitting new permanent lights , and by doing something about the switching set - up. LIGHTING DESIGN In loop - in wiring , the circuit cables go direct to the ceiling roses , and all the connections are made there . The ceiling rose has banks of terminals to take all the wires . Loop - in wiring is more straightforward to do , but junction box wiring is a better system for light fittings ( other than simple pendant lights ) and is easier to add to . With either system , the easiest place to add is the last light in the circuit , which is often the hall or landing light . RUNNING LIGHTING WIRING The ceiling rose has banks of terminals to take all the wires . Loop - in wiring is more straightforward to do , but junction box wiring is a better system for light fittings ( other than simple pendant lights ) and is easier to add to . With either system , the easiest place to add is the last light in the circuit , which is often the hall or landing light . RUNNING LIGHTING WIRING The upstairs lighting circuit is laid out on the floor of the loft , taking care not to put it under any loft insulation ( where it could overheat ) , and not to put junction boxes where they could be damaged by careless feet . Then glue on the new fronts . With doors and drawers in place , you have the choice of replacing old handles or investing in new . But new will certainly add to the transformation . If you experience difficulty in locating the doors , contact Leboff International Ltd LIMING AN OAK TABLE 4 Seal all joints with mortar . Use a mix of 1 cement to 4½ ; l ; soft sand by volume , and add a minimum of water to produce a dryish mix . It should be dry enough to brush off the slabs without staining ALTERNATIVE METHODS STENCILLING ON VARNISH Large areas of cabinet or wardrobe doors can look very plain . Stencilling is an easy way of producing a complex decoration that will add interest to any area of bare wood . Choose one of the many pre - cut stencil designs on the market , or make your own from card . The Ronseal varnishes used here can also be applied to a painted or previously varnished surface that has been rubbed down with a fine abrasive paper . It is the careful balance between the dynamic rigidity of the core and the weight of the surface layer which prevents significant resonance incursions . The boards are fixed to existing walls by adhesive or dowel fasteners , and the M - Original surface may be directly plastered or have plasterboard attached . The fixing process is simple and clean , and only minimally increases wall thickness and adds little dead weight to the structure . SAFETY WINDOW FILM OFFERS PROTECTION AND PEACE OF MIND Although glass surrounds us , if a glass window shatters it may cause horrific and perhaps even lethal injuries . NEWS UPdate ALARM AND LOCK BAR SECURES PATIO DOORS AND SLIDING SASH WINDOWS Older style sash windows , modern sliding windows , and patio doors can all have added security with the new all - in - one Security Alarm and Lock Bar from Smiths Industries . These battery - operated devices fit tightly between the door or window and its frame , preventing it from being forced open . If there is an attempt at a forced entry , the Alarm and Lock bar flashes a bright light and sounds a loud alarm . Snow is more likely to cause damage to a small - mesh net . Netting is likely to be made from either polypropylene or polythene . Ordinary polythene netting will deteriorate within two or three seasons , but manufacturers usually add a uv stabiliser , which considerably extends its useful life . Different manufacturers claim widely different life expectancies for both materials , but you can reasonably expect a five - year life from most types ( but as some manufacturers claim a life of only half this , and others double , check before you buy ) . The majority of bird netting is likely to be knotted ( this produces a fine and very flexible net ) or knitted , but the thickness of the thread is likely to be more important than the type of assembly . Different manufacturers claim widely different life expectancies for both materials , but you can reasonably expect a five - year life from most types ( but as some manufacturers claim a life of only half this , and others double , check before you buy ) . The majority of bird netting is likely to be knotted ( this produces a fine and very flexible net ) or knitted , but the thickness of the thread is likely to be more important than the type of assembly . A reinforced edge adds strength and is useful for a fruit cage . MAKING YOUR OWN A fruit cage is a practical d - i - y project . But your earnings , or savings , rule you out for Legal Aid , and you 're reluctant to splurge money on lawyers . That 's where legal expenses insurance helps it protects against the cost of taking legal action . Bought as an add - on with a house contents policy for a few pounds a year , it should cover you for consumer , household and personal injury claims . A separate , dearer policy would also cover you for job , tax and inheritance disputes . For more details , send an sae to the Association of British Insurers , Aldermary House , 1015 Queen Street , London EC4N 1TT , for the free leaflet , Legal expenses insurance . Corrosion in central heating systems is a major problem and can result in a build - up of sludge , the main symptom of which is cold areas at the bottom of the radiators . When corrosion really takes a hold , the radiators themselves may start to leak , and the overall effect is to reduce the system 's efficiency . Corrosion can be avoided in central heating systems if an inhibitor is added to the feed - and expansion cistern . Choosing the right inhibitor ( which may need to include anti - freeze ) and deciding on the correct procedure ( which may involve cleansing the system first ) is not always easy . ELECTRICITY Older houses will have a two - pipe drainage system with the wc waste going into its own soil stack . And the waste from bath and basin are taken into a hopper head which connects to a drainpipe running into a gully ( often the same gully as the kitchen sink ) . This type of system is easy to add to . You make a hole in the outside wall and run the waste pipe through , fit an elbow and lead another pipe into the hopper head . Cold water cisterns According to Dave , Des has doubled in size since I last saw him and has settled in well to his quarantine kennel life . He seemed very happy . He 's being well looked after and everything 's going smoothly , Dave added . After a glittering military career , Des is ready for what will be a comparatively unexciting civilian life . Des proved a real handful Steve is a trained dog - obedience instructor and believes people are to blame in almost every headline - hitting incident involving Rottweilers . Indeed , the Kennel Club describes the Rottweiler as : Goodnatured , not nervous or vicious . The Kennel Club 's Bill Edmond added : 225 Rottweilers were shown at Crufts last year without a snarl or a growl from any of them . The key is train them properly from the word go , Steve emphasised . They must be socialised , meet people and children , and get used to busy streets , fairgrounds and traffic . Dogs missing these early experiences could end up frightened of anything and , yes , a potential menace . Also , leaving dogs alone in a yard will tend to make them aggressive and anti - social . Often , what 's perceived to be aggression is simply fear or nervousness , Joanne added , recalling the first dog they rescued . It was awful . An owner , who 'd clearly been mistreating it , gave it back to its breeders . However , before you go adding vast quantities of fat to your dogs ' food , spare a thought for what it will do to the rest of your diet . For a start , both dogs will eat less of the food itself and , as a result , will take in less vitamins and minerals . By adding the extra fat , you will have altered the balance of the diet . You could add extra vitamins and minerals but how much should you give ? Remember , too much could be just as harmful as too little . The result is a townscape of terrible despairing cries which mean , and mean more than , that the drunks are leaving the pubs between two and three o'clock in the morning , the pubs that reek of alcohol and cucumber and fish . A townscape of nightmare yellows : sky , buildings , furniture , wallpaper , faces the colour of age , heat , pestilence , bile and jaundice , bruisings and stainings , with a stronger connotation of dirt in Russian than in English ; the colour of the tickets of identification which prostitutes were required to carry ; the colour of Raskolnikov 's cubbyhole of a room ; and the colour which greets him when he comes to after fainting at the police station and sees a man holding a yellow glass filled with yellow water . Looking over Dostoevsky 's shoulder , we find him first writing small yellow glass , then deleting small ; and writing water then adding yellow warm to the water , then deleting warm the final text uniting an apocalyptic starkness of yellow meets yellow with the topicality of Petersburg 's notoriously filthy water supply , a subject of much comment and complaint in the newspapers . At such moments we come as close as it is possible to get to the spirit of Crime and Punishment . Having , as I say , abandoned everything he had done , he sat down and wrote a six - part novel within a year which included a twenty - six day break in which he threw together and dictated The Gambler , itself not a small book nor a negligible one , to satisfy the terms of a contract he had made with a shyster publisher . Compare Dostoevsky 's attempt , frustrated by the good angel of his genius , to explain Raskolnikov 's motive for his crime . In the novel itself , where we might expect Marmeladov to speak of solace , respite , forgetting , companionship , he grasps the paradox that he drinks because he is in search of suffering , of tears and tribulation . And , he adds , I have found them . This has the same free , metaphysical bearing on his being a drunkard that Raskolnikov 's wanting to dare has on his being a murderer . Moreover , as always in Dostoevsky , the search for suffering refuses to settle into coherent masochistic focus . The one is the passive and the other the active form of a single human truth , as Dostoevsky sees it and realizes it fictionally . The singleness of this truth is what I called the marriage of the Drunks project and the Confession project in Crime and Punishment . The novelist is now of course in middle age , but right back in his teens he wrote to his brother Man is a mystery , adding that a lifetime spent trying to unravel the mystery would not be wasted . On its own this reads like a perfectly ordinary youthful Europeanized sententious romantic flourish . But now comes the idiosyncratic twist . And not so Svidrigailov and Raskolnikov , both hyperconscious men , and both ( as we shall see ) linked by their condition to the city which Peter the Great pondered over and then ordered to be built . Svidrigailov 's answer , when Raskolnikov asks him Shy do n't you see a doctor ? is that he does n't need to be told he 's ill . It does n't follow that he knows what the matter is honestly , though , I do n't know what 's wrong with me , he adds . He has n't got the underground man 's bodiless analytic clarity . He only knows that he needs air and ca n't get it ; a state evinced by his terminal boredom , and by single sovereign descriptive strokes like the fact that his eyes are a little too blue leaving the reader to imagine a pair of empty summer - sky souls , very bright and staring in pain . Nevertheless his crime , like the tawdry footloose elimination of Shatov , springs from unsteadiness ( shatost ) . The word appears twice in Dostoevsky 's letter to Katkov outlining Crime and Punishment , in the phrase unsteadiness of ideas which is natural since a drama of reflection is about to unfold : thinking is Raskolnikov 's work , as he tells the maid Nastasya . Unsteady work , we might add . Moreover the surname Shatov appears once in the notebooks relating to Crime and Punishment . But nothing further . And what of the document itself ? Since At Tikhon 's is constantly referred to in Russia and the West as Stavrogin 's Confession , it occurs to me to note that the word confession does not appear anywhere in the chapter . That the written statement and its publication add up to a true Dostoevsky confession , to repentance and acceptance of suffering , to a wonderful podvig in Tikhon 's words , is one possibility among many . Stavrogin s prodigal scattering of reasons does more than leave the question open . It leaves all questioning behind . If we take wanting everybody to look at him as the real reason , then the case of Stavrogin is ( in the lawyer 's phrase ) on all fours with that of the underground man 's indecent exposure of consciousness . However , I invite nobody into my soul he declares , as if to banish the exhibitionist thought.44 And then if the search for suffering is allowed to eclipse the rest , we are back with Marmeladov squinnying into the bottom of his vodka jug ; whereas Stavrogin saying he wants to forgive himself might be Raskolnikov pondering retrospectively , selfcritically , on his admission of guilt at the police station . To Marmeladov , Raskolnikov , and the underground man , I now add Svidrigailov , because the chief enormity which is being confessed , or merely admitted to , or flaunted , or feigned , binds Stavrogin to the America - minded debauchee no less tightly than does the boredom theme of the At Tikhon 's chapter . As with the highly misleading phrase Stavrogin 's Confession , critics and commentators behave as if they had got into a huddle . Everybody , including the present Soviet editor , talks about Stavrogin 's forcing or rape of a young girl . Once and once only in six hundred and seventeen pages the narrator gives his readership a disconcerting , impertinent prod by addressing it directly as Gentlemen . These things add up. They add up to a novel of leaking secrets and amputated thoughts , of wildly comic material sometimes dully , almost dutifully deployed , as if the humour had escaped the teller ; of people missing each other in dialogue Perhaps he did n't go out of his mind at all . Oh you mea because he started biting people ? ' and clashing head - on unforgettably Suppose you had lived on the moon , Stavrogin interrupted I do n't know , replied Kirillov . I 've not been on the moon , he added , without any irony , simply as a statement of fact . And here 's another fact : Nowadays they carry corpses by rail , said one of the most insignificant young men unexpectedly . A manuscript draft of this passage survives , and in the draft the narrating I remarks the strange clash of Stepan 's emotions . The final text leaves this clash alone , free to speak for itself in a world where the reader believes he understands Stepan better than the narrator does . Still not satisfied with the delicious idea of a soldier taking the doubtful reading matter away in a wheelbarrow , Dostoevsky adds , in Stepan 's reportage , and covered it with an apron ; oui , c'est cela , an apron as if in the eyes of Stepan there was something specially affronting or sinister , anyhow notable , about the apron . Relatively weak description of the he was very glad of my arrival sort is cut , and we are left with the histrionic handclasp of Stepan Verkhovensky the actor manqu whom no reader of The Possessed will ever forget . He imagines he is going to be arrested and whisked off to Siberia . Toshiba - IBM LCDs on - stream Display Technologies , a Toshiba - IBM joint venture , has completed construction of its manufacturing plant in Himeji and has started production of large size , LCDs for computer terminals . The plant produces 10.4 - in ( 640 x 480 pixel ) LCDs and will gradually add large size units . The plant is said to be a state - of - the - art facility that forms transistors onto large glass substrates , in a class - 100 clean room that has the similar level of air cleanliness to those used in the manufacture of LSI chips . Total production management is coordinated using a cim system . Laser beams consist of photons which , though small by atomic standards , have a cumulative inertial effect , Dr Carl Wieman of the University of Colorado , who heads one research group , says that cooling an atom with a laser beam is like trying to slow down movement of a heavy object by bombarding it with ping - pong balls . In practice it is quite complex because you need at least six lasers to trap a clump of atoms ; the lasers also have to be tuned to the natural movement of the atoms . Otherwise the effect is to add heat energy rather than remove it . What Wieman has done as well as reaching the lowest temperature on record is to simplify what has been an immensely complex piece of laboratory apparatus . Not only has the essential large vacuum cell been reduced to a small glass cell , but Wieman has also been able to replace gas lasers with solid state devices . For those not familiar with the effects of earth energy lines , Mr Heye sent further documentation with his letter that listed some of the tell tale signs that may show someone is suffering from bad earth vibes . These include : home making expansion and contraction noises at night ( stronger during full moon ) ; cracks in walls and pools ; ants and reptiles laying eggs ; car battery often flat ; suffering pot plants ; and twisted trees . He added that people usually pale below the eyes and above the cheek bones , have many dreams including nightmares and hallucinations , suffer disturbed sleep especially at full moon , get up tired and listless , are prone to attacks of flu , and are driven to drink , drugs and heavy smoking . He also said that most Westerners laugh at these ideas . Ed. pc engineering Curve package that really fits the bill Manually adding best - fit curves to data plots can be laborious and prone to error . Don Bradbury finds Jandel Scientific 's TableCurve curve - fitting program has all the right lines . You do n't need to be statistician or a graphic artist to be able to use TableCurve the professional - standard curve fitting program designed for scientists and engineers . First published in the US magazine EDN and edited here by Ian Hickman . NOR gate controls oscillator frequency You can make a simple , stable frequency - shift - keying ( FSK ) generator by adding an exclusive - OR gate to a standard cmos oscillator . In this circuit ( figure ) , the data input controls gate IC ID establishing positive or negative feedback around the oscillator formed by IC IA IC IB and IC IC . When the data input goes low , IC ID enters its non - inverting mode , and R2 increases capacitor C 's charging rate . The capacitor voltages then produce current flow that creates a negative charge across the load capacitor ( CL ) . The voltages in ( C3 , C2 , and C1 ) , each charge CL through two diodes in series , but the charging path through C4 has only one diode , D11 . This configuration results in a higher surge current through D11 and C4 and a slightly higher negative output voltage , unless you add a diode in series with D11 . You can change the output voltage by adding or subtracting sections ; C1 , D1 , D3 , and D2 constitute one section , for example . Make the series capacitors equal in value and the total value of these capacitors equal to the load capacitor : CL = 1/2Vrf , where I is the load current , VR is the maximum allowed p - p ripple voltage , and f is the output frequency . Each new data input results in proportional shift in the cyclically generated phases . The adders MSB output is the required phase - modulated square - wave carrier at frequency Fc . If you need a sine wave rather than a square wave , you can add the shaping circuit ( reference ) . The table ( c ) shows the required data - input connections to the adder for two , four , eight and 16 phases . Note that the circuit is not restricted to 16 phase levels . IH Phase - modulate a carrier with this simple circuit ( a ) . To obtain a sinusoidal output , add the optional shaping circuit : Choose CF for optimum response at the desired frequency . Part ( b ) shows the phase shifts for the 16 combinations of a 4 - bit data input : ( C ) gives the adder input connections for 2 - , 4 - , 8 - and 16 - phase resolution . Interfacing with C Traffic message control ( TMC ) , under development as one of the European Drive projects , may bring RDS a little nearer to Carfax . This is seen as using RDS as a data channel of very limited capacity in conjunction with a speech synthesis chip or possibly some form of printer in the car ( it could provide automatic translation when travelling abroad ) as a means of sending traffic telegrams to cars without interrupting the radio programmes . But TMC seems bound to add much extra intricacy to the already complicated RDS receiver . D Kopitz ( EBU ) in discussing development of TMC admits that : The TMC device will probably be too complex to permit its incorporation within a standard car radio case . It will also require it own RF tuner ( VHF ) to permit the car radio listener a free choice of listening entertainment , without obligation to tune to the particular programme service which carries TMC information . Promising start Some nine or ten firms are manufacturing the special RDS transmission equipment ( VG electronics in the UK ) . Rhode Schwarz take space to congratulate EBU on the great success achieved with RDS adding , not too disinterestedly , the fact that our equipment is supporting RDS in more than a thousand FM radio stations worldwide makes us rather proud . The BBC alone has RDS going out on over 700 FM transmitters . More than 20 receiver firms have RDS models in their ranges , mostly car radios , with about five firms offering domestic audio tuners with RDS , though still no portable sets . A key text is his early essay , Structure , Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences , which concludes that there are two possible interpretations of interpretation : The one seeks to decipher , dreams of deciphering a truth or an origin which escapes play and the order of the sign , and which lives the necessity of interpretation as an exile . The other , which is no longer turned toward the origin , affirms play and tries to pass beyond man and humanism . Derrida says that these two interpretations are absolutely irreconcilable , even though , he adds in his gnomic fashion , we reconcile them in an obscure economy . It is his second interpretation , deriving substantially from Nietzsche , that has become dominant in deconstruction as popularly understood , where all meaning is turned into play . And it is this approach which leads to denunciation of Derrida as a nihilist ; in Frederick Crews 's words , an intellectual nihilist , though a learned and exuberant one . Raymond Tallis expands the charge , towards the end of his long negative analysis of Derrida 's thought : His is in some ways a tragic case : a man of immense talent and massive erudition , gifted with profound insights , who could not say the things he most wanted to say but who , nevertheless , has gone on to say them . The publicity his ideas have attracted has only deepened the tragedy : the bad influence of those he has himself influenced has added frivolity to the obscurity Derrida 's admirers , and perhaps some disinterested observers , would reject such charges as based on misunderstandings of his work . This , indeed , is the most common defence of Derrida , whether advanced by himself or by his disciples . He regards Derrida as an artist - philosopher , owing much to Nietzsche , who saw the world as a work of art . Megill discusses Derrida 's early interest in French imaginative writers Mallarm , Bataille , Sollers , Ponge , Blanchot whose work was directed to calling the idea of literature in question . He points to Derrida s fascination with fourfold elements , evident in his deconstruction of the Hegelian triad thesis , antithesis , synthesis to add a fourth element , which is deconstruction itself . Beyond this specific instance , fourfoldness has a life of its own in his thought ; it appears in card - games le jeu des cartes relates to le jeu Descartes , where there are four suits , plus a joker , whom Megill identifies with Derrida himself . Derrida as joker undermines all practices and ideas , including his own . To identify English as peculiarly problematical should not weaken the general defence of humane values in education , and may in the longer run help to strengthen them . A successful military campaign may require giving up some tactically untenable territory . Having taught English Literature for a long time in universities , on both sides of the Atlantic , and having spent some years pondering the questions raised in this book , I have come to some very tentative conclusions about what might be done ; they are not , I might add , of the kind I thought I would come to when I began working on it . In the wake of the MacCabe affair in 1981 , an editorial in the Times Higher Education Supplement said that a fissiparous discipline such as English had a number of hard choices in front of it : it could become even more pluralistic and diffuse , with accompanying pedagogic problems ; it could repressively impose one favoured approach ; or it could split . Raymond Williams came to think that a splitting of the discipline was increasingly likely , since cultural materialism and radical semiotics were not compatible with the dominant paradigm of literary study : For these necessarily include the paradigm itself as a matter for analysis , rather than as a governing definition of the object of knowledge . But in every age there have been poets who were uninterested in thus cutting their poems free of any but a linguistic reality , poets who are realistic and mimetic in the most straightforward senses of those two complicated words . In our age Pound , far more than Eliot or Yeats , is such a poet . And yet we have seen that the topography of Sligo ( to which one should add the topography of at least one part of London , Bedford Park ) is illuminating for the reader of Yeats . And who is to say that the topography of the Somerset village of East Coker is unimportant to a reading of Eliot 's four Quartets ? And yet how few of us have made that pilgrimage ! The poem , we might say , is in two minds about itself and its own meaning . But that is not the whole story . For Pound undoubtedly made the poem more obscure by asking for the excision of some transitional and bridging passages where the language was not at full pressure , but on the other hand he caused to be removed some extended sections which , being plainly extraneous , could only have added to readers ' bafflement . Moreover in some important respects Pound was more old - fashioned than Eliot . As his later disastrous interventions in politics would make clear , he was a realist in quite a simple - minded sense , one who was concerned for public life , and believed ( like activists of the Left ) that a poet had the right and the duty to act in and upon that life quite directly ; whereas the oddly distant weariness of Eliot 's political pronouncements , even when he was most engag as editor of True Criterion , revealed a man for whom the psychological reality of private torments took priority over any reality which announced itself as social and public . Along with Sir James he found the US much more attractive , taking over and breaking up some fairly hefty US corporations . He rejects charges that he was partly responsible for the casino atmosphere that gripped US corporate life in the early 1980s . We stirred it up , yes , but we never lost any money for anybody and we never added to the unemployment figures . What he has learned from Goldsmith ( the only genius I have ever come across ) is that the holding company is not the most important unit of corporate organisation . The concept of the company does not interest me - it 's the businesses that are important . These were overtaken by the Government 's plans to deregulate the British securities market , announced in 1983 , which were to lead to Big Bang . There were then more pressing priorities . But since 1987 there has been added impetus to the development of the Taurus programme , triggered largely by the post - Big Bang boom in share dealing and the subsequent crash in 1987 . Huge backlogs of work built up in the securities dealers ' back offices as deals could not be completed within the exchange 's usual accounts periods . According to Anthony Preece , director of operations at investment group Citicorp Scrimgeour Vickers , speaking at last week 's conference , there were at least 13 different design concepts for the future Taurus system under discussion in the City as of March this year . Caradon also refused to comment , but has already announced that it was involved in talks which could lead to a bid . Its share price closed on Friday at 474p , valuing the group at 282.2m . A rise of 14p amid speculative interest added almost 10m to the value of the bathroom fittings and showers business on Friday . Analysts expect the company to make 36m pre - tax profits for the year to March . The price has risen by 119p since Caradon announced a possible bid on 31 August . BRITISH yuppies yearning for that charming little place they saw in the Dordogne last summer have probably never heard of Compagnie Bancaire . But since 1988 they may well have taken out Le Mortgage offered by the French company 's British offshoot , UCB Group , to finance their terrain gastronomique . In so doing , they will have added their mite to the expansion of one of Europe 's most unusual and successful financial groups . Le Mortgage offers fixed - rate sterling finance to Britons wanting to buy second homes in France . CB takes care of the notaire who is the dread of British buyers of French property . England 's full - time staying - on rate stands at 28 per cent according to the latest statistics available . This compares with 79 per cent in the US , 86 per cent in Sweden , 45 per cent in West Germany and 69 per cent in Japan . To add the part - time education and training statistics to those figures does not improve our relative position . Labour hopes to transform the situation by increasing the number of A - levels to five for the brighter youngsters and providing grants for four - year training courses ( two years in a Further Education college followed by two with an employer ) for the rest . These reforms will only achieve their objective if accompanied by the implementation of the 1944 Education Act provision for compulsory part - or full - time education or training up to the age of 18 . Fred Smithies , union general secretary , said that the redistribution of resources would result from budgets being calculated according to total pupil numbers instead of classes taught . Budgets would also be calculated to meet average teaching costs not reflecting actual staff salaries . The school curriculum will be devastated , Mr Smithies added . Pupils educational prospects will be blighted . Leaders of the Association of University Teachers , representing university lecturers , are recommending a claim which would mean a 27 per cent pay increase for its 30,100 members . Nor does it contemplate the knock - on consequences for Labour ministers of attempting to implement their programme while rebuilding the governmental machine . The medium term industrial strategy which would form the centrepiece of Labour 's economic policy would , according to the Productive and Competitive Economy review group , be administered by a transformed Department of Trade and Industry . The review adds : What we now seek is a DTI which will have an equal , if not superior status , to that of the Treasury . That approach would seek to knock out a keystone of Civil Service tradition . Labour policy has long sought to challenge the Treasury 's dominance in government . This he attributes to our oceanic climate . Proximity to the Atlantic means rainfall in Britain contains quite a lot of dissolved salts from the sea . So although the wet climate in the west of Britain causes more magnesium to be washed from the soil than in Germany , this amount is far less than that added to the soil each year from rainfall . The conundrums surrounding forest decline were many . Why was it so regional in character ? The New Zealanders , appropriately garbed in funereal black , arrive next week to scatter the ashes . On and off the field the national game of the Land of Song is in a discordant mess . Losing was one thing but to lose as spinelessly as the Welsh XV did to Bridgend on Saturday was to add insult to severely injured pride . In all honesty we should have won by at least 15 points , Brian Nicholas , the Bridgend coach , said . As if 24 - 17 and derisive chants of Easy , easy were not bad enough , this humiliation was against a side who have made a wretched start to the season a week earlier Pontypool had given them a 35 - 6 going - over and were short of at least half - a - dozen first - choice players . Yet what pleased the Bath coach Jack Rowell more than the cold facts and figures was that his team had come to terms with Neath 's unique style of total rugby . That was the greatest triumph . The only way forward for British rugby is to play that standard of game every week , he added . Playing regularly in south Wales has helped us to go places and 10 years on it 's nice to crown it with a win like this . Now we must look to the next stage of development . Last night , the East German Foreign Ministry issued a statement attacking the attitude of the refugees : Some East German citizens will justifiably ask why we let these people emigrate to West Germany via East Germany , even though they had grossly violated our laws , said the statement read as the main television news item . Among these people there are anti - social elements who have a bad attitude to work and also to normal living conditions . Earlier , East Germany had announced the solution as a humanitarian act by the government , adding that it hoped Bonn in future would run its embassies in normal manner according to international usage . West Germany had expected around 5,000 refugees including 809 from Warsaw , who arrived in Helmstedt but more kept pouring from the special trains . Hundreds had evidently gone straight to the station in Prague without contacting the embassy . Officials now warn that fuel supplies could be seriously disrupted this winter . This is the last thing President Mikhail Gorbachev needs , as he tries to contain a staggering economic crisis . But every sign now is that to shortages , inflation and a runaway budget deficit must be added serious shortfalls in output of coal , oil and nuclear energy . The troubles of the nuclear industry in the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 are well known : a slowdown or halt to construction of new plants , plus the closedown earlier this year of the nuclear power station near Erevan in Armenia because of safety worries after last December 's earthquake . Now , in the space of four days , two key ministers have given bleak warnings over the state of affairs in both the oil and coal industries , the largest of their kind in the world . Chief executive John Wyatt said he was still hopeful the target of 78 house sales by the end of the year would be achieved , with 41 sold so far . The housebuilding downturn will be largely offset this half by the sale of a commercial property development in Witney , Oxfordshire , Mr Wyatt said . Construction improved and cost pressures are easing , he added . In plant hire , the main profit earner , the larger - scale plant items are successful and profitable , but smaller ones are affected by the decline in the housing market . Mr Wyatt said action would have to be taken at the Total Power Tools offshoot , which has not been performing well . Stories that the Willis Faber stake is on the move have circulated in the past , with West German banks the favourites to pick it up. Morgan shares were also given a helping hand by the AMP offer . The bank is advising the Australian group and it has been calculated that if its bid succeeds Morgan 's commission will add 6.5 per cent to its earnings . But Morgan was not the only merchant bank in favour . Kleinwort Benson , which disclosed it had purchased 200,000 of its own shares at 353p each , rose 11p to 366p and Hambros edged ahead 3p to 232p . Specialised materials , which Tootal promised would be an engine of growth , has yet to prove its worth , though continued heavy investment could be blamed for a 40 per cent fall in profits . The fabrics side was held back by a decline in demand for batiks in West Africa . Conventional wisdom is that Tootal will add management expertise to Coats , but on the evidence of the first half neither is skilled at controlling working capital . Tootal 's is around 35 per cent higher than the group would like , and an interest charge that should be declining was a fifth higher than last year . Pre - tax profits this year will be lower than last year 's 42.3m and the shares , which slipped 1.5p to 127p , are only being held up by the Coats offer , worth 133p . The group 's shares fell 5.6 per cent after it announced a revised estimated cost for the Channel tunnel project . Frankfurt : Turnover was moderate on expectation of higher interest rates . The DAX index added 3.43 points to 1,577.8 . Zurich : Uncertainty over the market 's short - term trend combined with interest rate fears to push the all - share index down 15.5 points to 1,161.2 . Milan : Operators reacted with frustration to a spate of new capital increase operations announced late last week . This last must be the understatement of the century . There is much of the airy clubman , in fact , about Winterbotham . For instance , while admitting that Goebbels resembled an evil gnome , he adds : At least he stood by his leader to the end . Unless you are insane , it takes guts to sacrifice your whole family and die with them . And Rosenberg : Utterly misguided he may have been , but he was honest in his own belief in what he was doing . The Assembly , of 17 seats , has five appointed members , six directly - elected and six indirectly - elected members . Hong Kong 's Legislative Council as yet has no directly - elected seats . The proposals to increase the number of seats to 23 , likely to be made later this year , will not change the balance of power in the Council : two seats each will be added to appointed , directly - and indirectly - elected categories . Nevertheless , local newspaper reports say Peking is concerned that this could further fuel calls for greater democracy in Hong Kong , where the British government now seems more committed to increasing the pace of political reform . Despite the democratic element in government , however , the liberal - leaning elected members of the Assembly have little power , because the conservatives dominate the body through appointed indirectly - elected seats . Rescind the agreement with the barbarous Chinese government . But in the House of Commons , when Mrs Thatcher rose on 6 June to express revulsion for the massacre , she also restated her government 's intention to proceed with the handover in 1997 . Sir Geoffrey Howe , then Foreign Secretary , also spoke , but only , from Hong Kong 's viewpoint , to add insult to injury . Grim as events might seem , Britain could not contemplate a massive new immigration commitment which could more than double the ethnic minority population of the United Kingdom . He also said that the Prince and Princess of Wales would not make a planned visit to China in November so long as those responsible for the atrocities over the past weekend remain in control of the Chinese government . The last official census was in 1932 , when France was still exercising its League of Nations mandate for Lebanon in neo - colonial fashion . It showed that the Maronites constituted 29 per cent of the population ( 229,378 ) , the Sunnis 22 per cent ( 175,925 ) and the Shias 19 per cent ( 154,208 ) . When the Maronites were added to other Christian groups ( Greek Catholics , Greek Orthodox , Armenians and others ) , the Christians formed 52 per cent of the population . Together with the Druze , the Sunnis and Shias comprised a Muslim total of 48 per cent . The French were not blind to the bitterness of many Muslims in Lebanon , especially the Sunnis , who under Turkish rule had held a privileged position . Washington and Manila will in December begin discussions on a new lease . Mrs Aquino has said she is keeping her options open on whether to renew the lease , but diplomats say the US is privately confident her administration will agree to a five - to 10 - year extension . But they add that Washington knows the Senate will be a difficult obstacle to overcome . Diplomats say the referendum would probably violate the constitution . There are hopes that the senate can be out - manoeuvred and forced into reluctant acquiescence , the diplomat said . In 1969 , at the early age of 32 , he became president of Bowdoin . It was a turbulent time for college principals , and many were unable to cope with the urgent demands for change which constantly assailed them not least from their own undergraduates . Howell rose to the occasion and during the following nine years Bowdoin was transformed : among other changes , women were admitted for the first time , and hitherto neglected subjects like Afro - American studies added to the curriculum . He also did what any American college president is expected to do he raised money , leaving the college on a sounder footing , both financially and academically , than it had been when he took office . Attempts to lure Howell away from Bowdoin to larger and better - known institutions all foundered on his love for the college and for the state which had adopted him. Lord James Douglas - Hamilton MP , Scottish Office environment minister , described the private toll bridge proposal as a very practical way forward . Highland Regional Council had to judge the balance of advantage . In a letter to Brian Wilson MP , Labour 's Scottish transport spokesman , Lord James added that the bridge could become toll free in about 15 years . It would be better than the ferries , cost travellers no more and would be toll free before it was ever likely to be publicly funded . Local people and regular travellers would also retain their concessionary fares on the crossing . It could be the first modern private toll road north of the border . Lord James Douglas - Hamilton MP , Scottish Office environment minister , said it would be additional to the public road building programme and could start by 1992 or 1993 against a delay until the next century if it had to await public funding . He added : At this stage I ca n't give you any indication of what level the toll might be it depends on the amount of interest from industry and commerce . He expected it to become toll free after 15 to 20 years . The project is contained in a Scottish Office consultation document proposing 200m - plus of improvements to the trunk road system south of Edinburgh . The project is contained in a Scottish Office consultation document proposing 200m - plus of improvements to the trunk road system south of Edinburgh . It describes the suggested fastlink stretching 25 miles from the M8 Edinburgh - Glasgow motorway to the M74 at Douglas in Lanarkshire as the most important road proposal to emerge from the study . It adds : The viability of this proposal will need to be further explored with the private sector and others as it is too early at this stage to value the commercial opportunities a road might bring for improved coal and mineral extraction , forestry , recreation and other developments to defray construction costs . However , Lord James seemed in no doubt it would be particularly attractive to private industry and commerce . They had called for its development . He added : For the first time in energy policy history , the environment will govern our energy policy . We will attempt to meet a substantial part of our energy needs from benign , renewable sources of energy . Anxious to exploit government embarrassment over the delay in its programme for electricity privatisation , he added : Energy policy is too critical to the future of this nation to leave to the short - term whims of market forces . We do n't want privatisation to be postponed . We want it abandoned . He appealed for leniency on the grounds that nothing had been touched . He said Shooter , who admitted the blackmail plot at an earlier hearing , was an author of several works of fiction . In one unpublished crime novel , the extortion plan was mentioned , he added . In a statement read to the court , Shooter described his crime as a cry for help from someone who could no longer handle the pressures of life . Lord Allanbridge said he took into account the stress Shooter was under at the time . PATIENTS needing non - emergency treatment will face hospital checks to see if their health authority will pay and may be turned away if the doctor sending them is from a district not having a contract with that hospital . The need to check if , and how fully , an authority will meet the cost in such cases is outlined by the Department of Health in guidelines to authorities on how the NHS market will work . The department adds that GPs must remain free to send patients to hospitals with which their district has no contract . Such freedom is one of the most controversial areas in the scheme . The general principle is that the cost of those referrals will be met by each district 's contingency reserve , the guidance says . The first swap was in December 1983 but the council had not begun to play the market in earnest until late 1987 . However , there was no committee report until February 1988 and even then information was sketchy , providing merely a summary of activity which did not reveal its scale . Mr Howell added : No advice was obtained about the legality of the deals . That lack of authorisation by councillors was one of the four grounds on which the auditor was trying to prove the transactions were unlawful . The others were that there was no power conferred on the council by Parliament , that the activity would not have been engaged in by a reasonable authority , and the capital markets fund , through which the transactions were undertaken , was not reasonably organised or maintained . A good team of administrators can provide the logistical support and the efficient administration the service element , if you like necessary for the new entrepreneurs . This way , organisations can develop a tightly knit , well - run inner core , which can form a secure , cost - effective administrative base . You can then add to this the more pro - active and aggressive corporate functions needed to trade successfully and keep ahead of your competitors . These sentiments are beginning to be echoed by others in similar positions . Not least because of the mass of recent company legislation , notably the codes relating to take - overs , mergers , insider dealing and financial services . After Donal Lenihan 's withdrawal , the captaincy yesterday passed to Rob Andrew , the Lions stand - off in the second and third Test wins over the Wallabies , with Damian Cronin coming in at lock for the injured Irishman . Last night , the No. 8 Phil Davies , protecting a rib injury , also dropped out . Even with injury added to injury , the French make no bones about it : they style their visitors Les Lions Britanniques . But events have conspired to leave McGeechan well short of a full Lions choice . Finlay Calder 's reasonable insistence that all of the Lions party who wished should be included on the trip , accompanied by wives or girlfriends , followed by his non - availability when this chance of expressing gratitude was rejected , have seen to that . THE SOVIET government is introducing emergency measures to stave off a winter economic crisis , including a 15 - month ban on strikes in key industries and drastic moves to ensure the normal operation of the country 's railways above all to break Azerbaijan 's blockade of Armenia . A resolution enshrining the decisions is to be voted on by deputies today . Last night a large majority approved a motion to that effect by Mikhail Gorbachev , who admitted more bluntly than ever before that reforms , far from strengthening the economy , were merely adding to its immediate difficulties . We cannot wait any longer , the Soviet leader said . Every extra day brings terrible consequences . Earnings rose 20.3 per cent to 17.25p and a final dividend of 3.5p makes a 39 per cent increase in the total to 5p . The group 's share rose 6p to 135p on the news . The figures were helped by a review of the group 's stocks , both in television programmes and in paintings and prints , which added 1.1m to operating profits . However , there was an exceptional cost of 2.1m due to the staff reduction programme which cut 160 from the head count . The broadcasting levy paid to the Government rose a third to 4.8m . He said Anglo expects the sales to be completed by Christmas . These disposals will break the back of our 200m bridging finance , taken on to fund the bid , said Mr McErlain . He added that the group would be making further disposals in the new year , including Coalite 's North Sea oil interests and its contract hire operations . Hargreaves Quarries is expected to excite the most interest . Many of its quarries are located next to sites owned by large players such as Tarmac and ARC . The company said that the first six months of the year have seen more new business than during any previous period . Most of this was due to PR work from the financial side of the company , Lowe Bell Financial , which has been bought out by management since the period end . Lowe International is continuing to study potential for expanding its operations in European countries and is progressing in this area , it added . Worldwide , Lowe International won over 100m of new business in the first six months , more than double the total 1988 increase . Lowe Marschalk , together with the existing US agencies , now has US billings in excess of 500m , a statement added . Hoare Govett was identified as an early buyer , pointing the finger at British Aerospace , one of the stockbroking firm 's corporate clients . Another Hoare Govett client is STC . British Aerospace added to the speculation by refusing officially to confirm or deny the story . However , well - informed sources ruled out both British Aerospace and STC as buyers , saying they believed Hoare Govett was acting on behalf of normal investment clients or Middle Eastern investors with an interest in Ferranti 's future . Stock market sources said that the Hoare Govett buying dried up after about 60 million Ferranti shares had been traded , at which point Smith New Court stepped in and remained an aggressive buyer at 56p until the close . Meanwhile , Cecil Parkinson , the Secretary of State for Transport , said the Government had ruled out any idea of helping to fund the ailing project . Shares in Eurotunnel fell a further 50p to close at 600p , making a 15 per cent drop in the Anglo - French venture 's stock market value in the two days since it disclosed a 50 per cent rise in the cost of the tunnel to at least 7bn . Interviewed on the French TV channel Antenne 2 , Mr Benard conceded that the underestimate of the project 's costs poses really serious problems for us , although he added : There is no question of stopping work at this time . The banks financing the huge project have given Eurotunnel until the end of the year to come up with an agreed costing for completion of the tunnel sufficient to enable them to release fresh loans . Their technical advisers , the American engineering consultancy Parsons de Leuw Cather and the German consultancy Lahmeyer International , estimate the cost of the project now at 8.1bn . The President said that if the United States and Pakistan were really serious in wishing to settle the Afghan problem they should acknowledge the new reality in Afghanistan , where seven months after the departure of Soviet troops the PDPA had become more united and strengthened , while the guerrillas were in total disarray . He and his government colleagues were confident they could hold their own against the mujahedin . Pakistan and the United States would eventually have to accept direct talks with the PDPA , he said , adding that neither country had so far implemented any peace process . The West gave us hours to survive , then days , then weeks and now they give us seasons , but they should learn from the time that has elapsed already , he said . He dismissed reports that his party was divided over tactics and personalities . It is a historic moment , he told journalists . It is very exciting what is happening in these countries . In a statement , the foreign ministers said political and economic reforms in Poland and Hungary had made considerable progress but added : The process remains fragile and could be called into question by economic problems . Bearing in mind the need for Poland and Hungary to reach rapid agreement with international financial institutions , the Council ( of ministers ) recognises the urgent need for additional measures of support . Most significantly , Mr Major gave no sign of questioning the generous financial provisions of the proposed package . British officals have to tread a fine line between registering the UK dimension , as they call it , in the Trident debate , and not offending Congressmen by being too heavy - handed . The stern warning from Admiral Trost about possible effects on the special relationship between the United States and Britain came as a surprise to British officials . In his letter to Congressmen , Admiral Trost added that if the budget cuts were sustained there will be a catastrophic impact on the Trident programme that would involve losses of nuclear deterrent capability for many years . Coup attempt highlights corruption in Panama By ISABEL HILTON , Latin America Editor Marc Wadsworth , the black sections national organiser , said : We can live with a long struggle . But it wo n't be good for the party . Narendra Makanji , the black sections ' chairman , added that the unofficial organisation would continue to recruit locally , while campaigning to tilt the balance in trade unions such as the GMB . In the conference hall , the debate was vitriolic , with only Jack Rogers , whose NEC working party proposed the mixed race organisation , defending the leadership 's line . Jatin Haria , national secretary of the unofficial black sections organisation , branded the NEC compromise the choc - ice proposal a thin coating of Uncle Tom black around a slab of white power . Women saw British society as too unequal , too competitive , too materialistic and too greedy . Women wanted more equality , more social services , fewer weapons and less pollution . But Ms Short added : Women share our values but we are seen by these women as male dominated and the most unsympathetic of all the parties . This debate should recognise our concern to put this right with more women at all levels . But some women campaigners later protested that the debate , chaired by David Blunkett , had been rigged to silence their objections . Others , including myself , believe that non - punitive but truly compensatory damages awarded by the courts of the United Kingdom are preferable to the exorbitance of emotionally - driven jury awards , he said . Although it is argued that fear of punitive jury awards has made the US business safety - conscious , quite a price has had to be paid for that by way of corporate and insurance company bankruptcy , the closing of municipal facilities and the practice of defensive medicine . The way to police safety , which hits at those responsible without penalising innocent shareholders , lies in the risk of criminal prosecution of senior management and others , where profit is put before life and limb , Mr McIntosh added . But Mr Pannone said that while the Director of Public Prosecutions had decided eventually to prosecute P O European Ferries and directors and employees over the Herald of Free Enterprise tragedy , he had decided against prosecutions over the King 's Cross fire . It remains to be seen , if there is a conviction in Zeebrugge , what the penalties will be . Already reduced to one - tenth of their original extent , these served as a breeding and wintering ground for 12,000 waterfowl . Also , thousands of migrating birds from Canada , Iceland and Russia sought sustenance there on the way south , Ms McCloy said . She added that other developments in Belfast dictated that the Kinneger Lagoon be filled in . This would deprive wading birds such as curlew and snipe of an ideal breeding sanctuary . What remained of Belfast 's mudflats seemed certain to be diminished by unrestricted dumping . Skippers will have either to throw away the haddock or risk prosecution by bringing them ashore . One industry expert said up to 10,000 tonnes could be dumped by the end of the year . John Goodlad , secretary of the Shetland Fishermen 's Association , added : The fish taken on board are perfectly marketable . But they will have to be shovelled over the side . That leads to anger and frustration . Dr Tadecki said : Research in America indicates that someone is up to 50 per cent more likely to lose their temper if they regularly watch violent television programmes such as The Equalizer . He said he was shocked to monitor Miami Vice , shown on BBC 1 , in which characters Crockett and Tubbs killed 43 people in 18 episodes more than the real Miami vice department killed in a whole year . Coronation Street , Britain 's longest - running and most popular television soap opera which is transmitted on Monday and Wednesday , is to add a Friday edition from 20 October . The Monday edition will be repeated on Wednesday afternoons , with the omnibus edition , incorporating the Wednesday and Friday editions , switching from Sunday to Saturday afternoon . It had appeared for a while that Coronation Street 's rival EastEnders , boosted by a weekend omnibus , would oust it from top spot in the ratings . But , as the editor Andre Fontaine explains : It is not so much a new layout as a new presentation . Newspaper readers are very conservative the changes are not supposed to shock . As in Britain , French newspapers are having to respond to the growing demand for advertising space by adding extra pages . Le Monde , one of the country 's most profitable publishing concerns producing special supplements and books while printing other publications , has invested a sum conservatively estimated at not less than Fr350m in a state - of - the - art printing press . The press , at Ivry , a suburb south - east of Paris , is the most technologically advanced in Europe and will enable Le Monde to print in colour and to produce 64 - page newspaper , a third as much again . The only other black head coach in NFL history was Fritz Pollard more than 60 years ago and for years the NFL has been repeatedly criticised by American civil - rights groups for its failure to name a black head coach from its ranks of qualified assistants . Kevin Mack , the Cleveland full - back and two - time Pro Bowl selection , was yesterday sentenced to six months in prison after pleading guilty in August to using cocaine . Racing : Ratings added to the service By DUNCAN HOOPER THE RACING service of The Independent has been improved with the introduction of individual ratings to the form guide . Cumani , unlike many of his counterparts in the vanguard of British trainers , has not given the Cheveley Park saturation coverage in the past . His last runner , in 1985 , was Embla , who won in the hands of Angel Cordero . The man entrusted with the steering this year is Ray Cochrane , who proved that 20 days on the sidelines had not dulled either his skills or competitive edge when driving home a double at Wolverhampton on Monday , his first day back , and adding another winner yesterday . The Bedford House team could hardly be in better form either . Llanfranco Dettori , who completes a swift graduation from the apprentice nursery school to the academy of retained riders next season , won on all three Cumani runners at Brighton yesterday . Garde vue detention allows the police to detain suspects for interrogation for a period of up to 10 days. Recent information from former detainees , lawyers and human rights activists indicates that suspected political opponents of the government , including boys under 18 , have been detained in garde vue well beyond the maximum 10 - day period and without obtaining further authorization after four days as required by Tunisian law. AI is concerned that the Tunisian Government , by its failure to investigate allegations of torture brought to its notice , appears to be condoning the use of torture . AI welcomed the formation by the Tunisian Government of an official human rights council on 9 April 1991 , although the organization remained concerned at continuing reports of torture and ill - treatment of political detainees in garde vue detention . Bahrain Hong Song - dam from South Korea has had his prison sentence reduced while Khalid el Kid from Sudan has been moved to Kober Prison , Khartoum , Sudan . If you have had your letters to Dr Nguyen Dan Que from Vietnam returned , could you please send them to Dr Que 's brother , Dr Nguyen Quoc - Quan , . From the letters we have been receiving this year it appears that the Jehovah 's Witness from Greece Andreas Christodoulou has been passing some of the cards on to his colleagues who are also imprisoned Jehovah 's witnesses , who want to correspond with people in the U.K. Fortunately we have someone in the office who has been able to translate their letters . Please continue to write until all the prisoners of conscience in the series are free , or until there have been satisfactory investigations into those who have disappeared . Artists for Rochdale Twenty - nine of the prisoners have already died , Pilot Mohammed El Shamey has lost his mind , one has taken his own life . Recently , an anonymous note , clearly composed from a dialogue between a prisoner and a sympathetic guard , was smuggled out . It described where the prisoners were held : ; the people of Tazmamert appear to be hardly aware of it or too frightened to talk about it . It is said that the prison director steals the fuel to warm his own house in Meknes . The note describes the walk downstairs to visit the cells . Accusations continue of security force involvement in covert assassinations . On March 27 , in Alexandra township outside Johannesburg , at least 14 people were killed when men armed with automatic weapons opened fire on mourners at a night - time vigil . The police had been asked by the organizers of the vigil to provide protection after an incident earlier in the evening when about 200 suspicious - looking men appeared outside the house where the vigil was being held . According to those at the vigil , the police only checked on the hose twice before the massacre occurred at 4am . The apparent failure of the police to act promptly and effectively , including their failure to apprehend a large group of armed men under conditions of curfew in the township creates the suspicion that police were colluding with the attackers . For example , a Murder by Governments Campaign in October 1983 resulted in funeral marches with black coffins , drumbeats , and candles in Diss , Norwich , Bognor Regis , and London . How to find the money necessary to carry out Amnesty 's work has always been a worry , and from the very beginning the Section Office asked groups for help in this area . However , in the first few years groups did not appear to consider fundraising a priority . A newsletter in 1964 complains that it is clear that the requested 10 per annum is more than one group can manage . It is extraordinary to consider that nowadays groups manage a contribution of 600 per annum ! German art historians had begun much more systematically on this task than others . Several art historians wrote syntheses of art historical information , which became standard works . Histories of art appeared in sequences of volumes by different authors , there were several series of books about artists and on museum collections , besides which the most comprehensive biographical dictionary of artists by Ulrich Thieme and Felix Becker started its long publication process in 1907 . Roger Fry acknowledged German scholarship as a precursor of serious art historical studies in this century . Fry was a connoisseur of Renaissance art , but also he defended Post - Impressionism ( a term he invented ) , was a painter , and published a monograph on Czanne . An enormous amount of work has been done and perhaps still more remains to be done in arranging works of art in exact sequence of time . It is here that the Germans have done so much pioneer work , and indeed the whole tendency of their art historical studies has been to regard works of art almost entirely from a chronological point of view , as coefficients of a time sequence , without reference to their aesthetic significance . The title of the lecture in which these words appeared was Art - history as an Academic Study , but those were early days for the subject in the British Isles ; only in London was there undergraduate teaching , at the Courtauld Institute which opened in 1933 . His unusual topic gave Fry trouble with the title of his lecture : The mere fact that we have no word to designate that body of studies which the Germans call Kunstforschung a body of studies of which the actual history of Art is only a part is significant . I am obliged to use the awkward and inadequate word Art - history for it . He asserted that a modern artist should be in tune with his times , careful to avoid hackneyed subjects . Typically , a laudatory essay he wrote was called The Painter of Modern Life on the subject of the illustrator Constantin Guys ; this gifted if minor artist was accurately targeted by Baudelaire as being in the mainstream of contemporary social and political life . Guys ' drawings appeared in such papers as the Illustrated London News , a very successful venture begun in 1842 , the decade which also saw the founding of satirical journals like Punch or Kladderadatsch . The illustrated periodical was a phenomenon of a world which Baudelaire saw as reborn on Guys ' paper : Natural and more than natural , beautiful and more than beautiful , strange and endowed with an impulsive life like the soul of its creator In arguing for pointillism , he quoted the scientific treatises consulted by Seurat and even printed mathematical equations . Fnon possessed a dry wit , honed to a sharp edge by journalism ; he was a specialist in the sort of notes usually titled as News in brief , but in France called faits divers ( Sundry facts ) . He made these three - liners into sardonic comments which undercut the banalities of the newspaper in which they appeared . As a critic , his descriptions of paintings were phrased with exceptional care. For example , this is how he evoked Seurat 's scene of the Parisian suburban resort known as La Grande Jatte . Giacometti was an artist with very different artistic aims , clearly expounded by Valerie J. Fletcher in a catalogue for an exhibition at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden , Washington , in 1988 . Writing about a small bust on a column , a thin sculpture in a series of four busts of which the others were fuller in form , she comments that the extremely thin proportions of the head contrast with the solidity of the base . So delicately modulated are the forms of the head that the human element appears ephemeral . This tenuous fragility contrasts with the three later busts on a stele , which have substantial anatomical forms . The sculptor had decided that he wanted this bust to confront the observer . I raised the head on a base until the eye is at eye level . You see an eye . This intention differed from the sculptor 's frequent artistic aim to make his small figures appear remote . The catalogue has the additional interest of a memoir by Silvio Berthoud , who had sat as a boy between five and eight for his uncle : I have very unpleasant recollections of sitting for him , for it was of utmost importance not to move but to fix him right in the eye and listen to him complain , saying as he always did that he was getting nowhere . These examples of catalogues containing helpful art criticism could be contrasted with many others which are limited to lists of exhibitions , details of the artist 's career , and entries for the works displayed . There are other hazards for the readers of catalogues . Some publications are less impartial than they might appear , erring on the side of generosity . Museums with exhibitions of art from other countries are especially likely to be respectful in commentaries on works of art which have been borrowed . All the same , museum curators will have carried out a critical task in selecting the exhibition , in some instances having fended off proposals for inclusions with a political or a particular cultural bias . A case of unwitting collusion by a critic in a manoeuvre by an art dealer occurred in 1961 , when Leo Steinberg wrote an article about Jasper Johns . Johns was a puzzling phenomenon for Steinberg , as one of the artists of Pop Art , then hardly begun . The article appeared in an Italian magazine Metro , who had intended to pay 300 for an article ; but when Johns ' dealer , Leo Castelli , knew that Steinberg was considering an article , he arranged for the magazine to offer 1,000 , paying the difference of 700 himself . Steinberg knew nothing about it . The underlying question for a reader of criticism is what influences are exerted on the critic ; but as in this instance , for long it may be impossible to know the truth . The only virtue of these latter newspaper techniques is to bring an event to the attention of a reader . A solo exhibition can vary in scope from the minimum , that is to say a show of recent work , through a more extended selection to the apogee of a retrospective exhibition . We have already looked at writing in catalogues , and can now turn our attention to the critical responses which appear in articles . The scope or character of a piece of criticism is naturally related to the magazine or newspaper in which it appears , as we noticed in the case of Dore Ashton 's dismissal from the New York Times because it was asserted that her work could not be understood by the paper 's readers . The first rule for a reader of articles is thus to find a sympathetic publication . At no time have I believed that environment is a complete explanation of art . I am sure , however , that it plays an important role . The photographs were taken over a period of ten years , and eventually they were brought together in a book in 1960 ; ten of the book 's essays originally appeared in Vogue , where the appealing mix of an artist 's conversation along with Liberman 's descriptions and commentary succeeded well . Here is one of the descriptions from the profile on Georges Braque : He insisted that I visit the church and marine cemetery at Varengeville . Besides , it is an everyday experience that people are sometimes wrong in conversation , and may not remember events well . Where personal profiles have a strength , however , is in what the critic says about personal reactions to artist and work . One incidental advantage of personality pieces is that the magazines in which they appear may be able to afford good - quality colour reproductions . Unluckily , this may be of little help to the reader if the pictures illustrated are used as mere decoration , and not the subject of critical discussion . This is as unsatisfactory as reading about a picture which is not illustrated . They subsequently developed individual styles and separate interests , as is true of most groups of artists , but their initial appearance was defined by a programme . Another sort of title for a group is exemplified by Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider ) . Forty - three works by fourteen painters were shown in 1911 at the First Exhibition by the Editorial Board of The Blue Rider , the publication concerned being an almanac which appeared in 1912 with a drawing of a horseman by Kandinsky on the cover . The second exhibition included thirty - one artists . The main need of these artists was for good opportunities to exhibit their work ; unlike the equally celebrated group Die Brcke ( The Bridge ) they did not work closely together . Articles of synthesis between art and other subjects may include important art criticism . Literary theory is at present in demand as a point of reference for writing on the visual arts . Articles on this sort of theme may appear in art periodicals , but are just as likely to be found in other journals , on literature , say , or history . What is most likely to be useful in such material is the chance that inferences can be drawn by the reader , seeing a similarity in a problem elsewhere with a question in the visual arts . AS THINGS ARE : DESCRIPTION Named after the mansion in Wuthering Heights , this is a desolate agricultural commune run by Jimmy Ahmed , back from London , where he has been in some vague way a celebrity . He has extracted land and money from business interests , but his revolutionary experiment has foundered from the start . Nathaniel Hawthorne spoke of the phantasmagorical antics he had played in describing the socialist community which appears in The Blithedale Romance : the antics played in the commune conceived by Ahmed could also be called phantasmagorical . A nut - brown man by South Kensington standards , he is light - skinned in the West Indies : he is a Chinese Negro , who thinks of himself as a hakwai Chinee hakwai , he explains , being Chinese for nigger and who has not failed to notice that Emily Bront 's Heathcliff is rumoured to be the Emperor of China . He is also a self - styled haji , or Muslim holy man. Together with its stultifying racial enmities , this seems to have brought it to a halt , and placed it beyond history . The behaviour of Naipaul 's hustler - hero , his greedy white woman , his pseudo - guerrillas and mysterious gangs , his grafting emergent politicians with their State of Emergency , can be divided into the phantasmagorical and the political . But these dimensions , as I have said , often appear to coincide . His leading characters are seen to be , in some sense , petty and peripheral : but peripheral to what ? To standards of conduct attained in other countries , metropolitan standards , or to something on the island ? It is brief and fast : it moves to the rhythms of a single drama , and the pace is perfectly judged . Either book could be considered the masterpiece of someone whom I think of as among the most gifted authors now at work in England . It might appear that the whole life of the later novel is in its sting , but there is more to it than sting . Conrad said of The Secret Agent , another book about revolutionaries , cranks , crooks , somnambulists , peripherals and phantasmagoricals , that it was written in scorn as well as in pity , and the same could be said of Guerrillas . But in passing , as they may be thought to have done , from journalism to fiction , Naipaul 's feelings , and their objects , underwent a change . Its narrator and chief human presence is by no means straightforwardly a victim , and the difference between oppressor and oppressed can be hard to identify . The novel is narrated by a Moslem of Indian origin , whose family has been settled on the east coast of Africa , as traders . Salim leaves them , takes off on the first of a series of flights , and treks to the interior , to a country which appears to be compounded of the Congo and of Uganda , in order to earn a living from a store which he has acquired from a man whose daughter he is expected to marry one day . Reading Salim 's palm , the man points out that he is faithful . Salim can be designated a Kenya Asian : the name we give to those hard - working aliens who have been driven out of African countries , and who include the shopkeepers and merchants expropriated in Uganda by Amin . Their relationship has tenderness in it , and treachery . Metty betrays his master and is then left in the lurch , predicting a future whose likelihood the novel does not lead us to discount : They 're going to kill and kill . Metty is a misfit , as Golding 's Matty is in Darkness Visible , a novel which appeared at the same time as Naipaul 's . English fiction loves such people ; it never tires of the lurch , of such areas of darkness . Salim 's outlook incorporates a version of that of his friend Indar , who teaches in the polytechnic for a while , and lends himself to the philanthropic white - liberal cultivation of the African experience , where some of the best comedy in the book is located . The affair seems to him to belong to the town , to have no future , and they are parted when the town comes under fear and hazard . He finds himself considering the idea of flight , and the idea of defeat : 1 suppose that , thinking of my own harassment and Raymond 's defeat , I had begun to consider Yvette a defeated person as well , trapped in the town , as sick of herself and the wasting asset of her body as I was sick of myself and my anxieties . But the fit of jealousy in which he beats her would appear to mean something more than these words of explanation enable one to understand . This jealousy may be felt to be like Othello 's in having more to do with difference of race , and with the jealousies of race , than the jealous man , or than the work he belongs to , seems disposed to state . Three of literature 's myths underlie the narrative . As the analyst said , it is not discovered but made . Ronald Fraser was not trying to determine , like certain historians of former times , what his past really was . But there is some question of a pathogenic secret , of the recovery of material hitherto repressed which influenced his perception of his mother : and his understanding of the past would certainly appear to have been enlarged by his researches . He talks of himself as split , and as implicated in splits of a wider incidence . A split appears to be spoken of in the conversation from which I have just quoted : formed by the past , he is also deformed by it . But there is some question of a pathogenic secret , of the recovery of material hitherto repressed which influenced his perception of his mother : and his understanding of the past would certainly appear to have been enlarged by his researches . He talks of himself as split , and as implicated in splits of a wider incidence . A split appears to be spoken of in the conversation from which I have just quoted : formed by the past , he is also deformed by it . But this is only one aspect of the bifurcation he describes . Fraser 's fork took several forms , as I say : or one might prefer to say that there was more than one fork to reckon with . The analyst proceeds : 'All mothers have to be frustrating as well as loving . But being consoled by another mother who seems unfrustrating makes it harder to reconcile the two . This appears to be a key point , but it is one that is left controversial . It is possible to imagine that for some people such consolation might make it easier to reconcile the two , and to wonder what it was that made the difference in Fraser 's case . There were other things that had to be reconciled , and we hear presently of a role of inherent superiority which came to me from outside , from the servants among others . Round the corner was Dixon 's Blazes , a blast furnace , and the Workers ' Circle , where dreams of socialist emancipation were debated dreams which were soon to fade for Glasser . Nor was he able to believe in the religion of his community . Anti - Semitism was not , it appears , a major threat in an environment where many kinds of threat and affliction such as its gangster debt - collectors , the menodge men competed for consciousness . His mother died early , worn out by making ends meet and by her husband 's gambling . Glasser still stands in awe of this formidable , feckless man. In The Emperor he writes : For the starvelings it had to suffice that His Munificent Highness personally attached the greatest importance to their fate , which was a very special kind of attachment , of an order higher than the highest . It provided the subjects with a soothing and uplifting hope that whenever there appeared in their lives an oppressive mischance , some tormenting difficulty , His Most Unrivalled Highness would hearten them by attaching the greatest importance to that mischance or difficulty . The Emperor has something of the technique of comic and fantastic exaggeration that we associate with Dickens , and something of the manner , too , of Dickens 's reader , Kafka : In the courtyard where the Emperor s retinue awaited him , there were tens , no , I say it without exaggeration , hundreds eager to push their faces forward . But it can scarcely be in doubt that these books have in them home truths , and an ironic obliquity or duplicity , which richly relate to the world of Jaruzelski 's predecessors , and indeed to the experience of other countries where literature and opinion have been repressed . Their writing coincided with the rise of Solidarity . They are books which bring together all three of the worlds we inhabit , and they are books which appear to thrive on being seen through on the transparency of their suggestion that tyrannies , that sycophancy , conspiracy and repression , courts and courtiers , are all on the royal right , and in the bush , and running into the sand . Heroine of Our Time SUICIDE was thought damnable in the Middle Ages , and I expect there are those who have been brought to feel by a book called The Monument that the Middle Ages had a point . Literary careers can be founded on the impersonation and adulation of privileged behaviour ; but the literary works which have been written and inspired by English snobs and sports are by no means all boastful or complicit . The supreme text of recent years is James Fox 's account of Lord Lucan and his set , with their boffes de politesse . Patrician insolence has quite often appeared to express a perception of the activities of the levelling Labour governments which have come and gone since 1945 . Behrens 's book , however , pays no attention to politics or to public matters . His story begins at a time when , as at other times in this century , the patriciate , and the merely rich , had slipped down into marked collusion with the smart , with upstarts and bohemians . All this could suggest that Kingsley Amis is n't altogether sold on Patrick Standish . Readers of Amis can be expected to remember Patrick and Jenny from the past . They appeared in his novel of 1960 , Take a girl like you , in which Patrick gives freezing looks , and a group of children wears the expression of being proud of being serious , like some famous author photographed in the Radio Times . The new novel has married the pair and moved them on into the mid - Sixties and from the provinces to London , where Patrick works misgivingly in a fashionable publishing - house . And there are other reappearances from the earlier novel . Here and elsewhere , the method , for all that Amis would hate to hear it , is dialectical . In the novels I am thinking of he attributes certain ideas to certain characters and utters them in the prevailing manner of the novel , while also submitting them to question within it . He can appear in so doing to have his opinions and to eat them too . And he can also appear to place the novel in a state of suspension . If the state was not present in his novels from the first , it is there in One Fat Englishman , and in Jake 's Thing . In the novels I am thinking of he attributes certain ideas to certain characters and utters them in the prevailing manner of the novel , while also submitting them to question within it . He can appear in so doing to have his opinions and to eat them too . And he can also appear to place the novel in a state of suspension . If the state was not present in his novels from the first , it is there in One Fat Englishman , and in Jake 's Thing . It is there in Stanley and the Women , which persuaded Marilyn Butler somewhat against the odds , but none the less intelligibly to interpret it in the London Review as a critique of male supremacy , but which has left a very different impression on others . And there are , in fact , several barriers in his writings : that between Jenny and the Reds could be considered another . In all this sharp distinguishing , in all this enemy thing that Amis has , there are elements of anxiety , and of misrepresentation . Many of the actions performed by many women , according to the misogynists he likes to write about , are performed by many men , and many ugly people would appear to be just as happy , and just as emotionally fulfilled , as many lovely ones . Amis also likes to write , as Larkin liked to write , about the fear of death , and it may be that this fear can be detected in the failure to notice here that both sorts of people are subject to it , as to other unavoidable misfortunes , and that both sorts die . Amis and Larkin are the same but different . True art , or the best art , has a dialogic structure , many voices , and so has the good society . This is an author who has contributed to the Russia which has come after him to the emergence there , at the present time , of the demand for a lawful Opposition , for the duality of democracy . The difference yields a political meaning , in other words , and it would also appear to relate to the old theory of the difference between an author who tells and an author who shows , and who employs a medley of voices in order to do so . It is a distinction which may in the end prove more suggestive than serviceable : the author who tells , and who can be accounted something of a ventriloquist , may well , for instance , be more than capable of carnival , and may even be every bit as plural in his works as his dialogic counterpart . But it is possible to believe that the idea of ventriloquism which lies at the heart of it may be successfully applied both to some sorts of contemporary author and to some of what went before . At the same time , he accepts the obvious fact that facts are never just coming at you but are incorporated by an imagination that is formed by your previous experience . At the end of the book , though , Zuckerman confronts Roth with the opinion that the latter has made a mistake in trying to tame or to shed his imagination in the foregoing text , that fiction is superior to fact , and that the factuality of The Facts is specious . Roth would appear to believe both the claim and the counter - claim as to the value of the text , and to believe , too , both that the Roth part of the book does not represent an exercise of the imagination and that it does . It seems reasonable to think that The Facts is imagined , and that it could promote a benevolent view of the literal or faithful as opposed to the fantastically transgressive imagination , which may or may not , in any given case , be directly concerned with the facts of the author 's own life . It is a work which might well shed a tender light on the novella Goodbye , Columbus . The Facts is able to treat the historical conditioning of Portnoy 's Complaint in a way in which the novel itself was not in a position to do . It has the benefit of hindsight . But it would also appear to know its own place in history in a way which an exercise of the furious imagination in art can sometimes seem to prevent . Different genres , different imaginations . Roth has left off with his mythologising fury and his memoir lets us know that the benefits that come to the writer who tries , or even seems , to stick to the facts may amount to something more than those of hindsight . And it is a condition which can be recognised in the reception of his work . There are readers whom , as Zuckerman is the first ( or second ) to acknowledge , he can drive to the complaint that he has sex , and family matters , and Jewish matters , on the brain : I want him to take his manuscript and mail it to his mother , as I have heard them cry . There are times when his world can appear to consist of Jews and of those to whom a Jew might wish to escape such as America 's well - heeled Wasps , or the semi - imaginary anti - Semites of Gloucestershire who figure affluently in The Counterlife . But he is also a writer of remarkable ability who has managed to capture and to keep the readership he has bewildered and delighted and offended , and whose work is strong in an intelligent and generous - hearted awareness of public matters , some of them quite remote from the Family Roth : The Counterlife , for instance , carries a telling serio - comic critique of the hard line in Israel , the Israeli toughness , that refuses to give ground . In The Facts he examines his own vexed state with reference to the vexed question of whether it is better to make things up , and to distort them , and by contemplating his earlier re - invention of the time - honoured dualistic account of literature and human nature . Zuckerman tells his Maria : Being Zuckerman is one long performance and the very opposite of what is thought of as being oneself . In fact , those who most seem to be themselves appear to me people impersonating what they think they might like to be , believe they ought to be , or wish to be taken to be by whoever is setting standards . So in earnest are they that they do n't even recognise that being in earnest is the act . For certain self - aware people , however , this is not possible : to imagine themselves being themselves , living their own real , authentic , or genuine life , has for them all the aspects of a hallucination . Reading Primo Levi is in some respects a strong essay . The later books are in large measure accurately described , and the experience of the assimilated Jew in Italy , where the Jews came to harm under Mussolini but where they were never the strangers they have been in several other countries , is summarised in a well - informed and pertinent fashion . At the same time , the article is tainted by what seems to be a desire to inflict damage on Levi 's reputation , of a kind which may be thought to serve the ideological tendency of the magazine in which it appeared . So what is wrong with Levi and his Levi - like writings ? It is made to seem that he was a stranger , a gentleman , a watcher from the sidelines . Arabs who had been expelled from their land and thrust into the condition of Jewish refugees are hereby reformulated as imperialist aggressors and as Nazis . This is reminiscent of the sort of inversion a fault - finding literary criticism can produce which is not to deny , which is indeed to admit , that the Arab leaders and polemicists of the region have had their faults , including some of those which have been identified over the years by Commentary . The magazine 's line on such matters would also appear to be remote from , and distinctly harder than , that taken in its dying days by the Reagan Administration . George Schultz travelled to the Middle East in the summer of 1988 to spread the word that the continued occupation of the West Bank and Gaza and the frustration of Palestinian rights is a dead - end street . The belief that this can continue is an illusion . Let us praise , more than we do , and as we can here , the literal writer . But there is no doing so unless we accept that the literal writer has an imagination . Levi can sometimes appear incapable of fiction , but it is no less apparent that everything he wrote was fiction . He was well - aware of the sense in which he made up what happened to him , imagined his misfortune . In calling his recent book about his own early life by the name of The Facts , Philip Roth is issuing a challenge expecting his readers to know that there are no bare facts , and obliging them to think hard about what happens in the recounting of the facts of a life . Singer can , after all , be very funny . His religion is as much as anything the regression to a past of obedience , disobedience , sin and doom . Such things are celebrated in his stories with a richness and unction which might appear to make a renegade of Babel and certainly of Levi . Singer 's religion is also a feeling for the power of the community to censure and reject . This power is apparent in the story of his sorcerer . They are not going to change the royal mind . This is the queen who was greeted , on a visit to a Scottish university , by the sight of a student emptying down his throat , at top speed , the contents of a bottle of alcohol . One of Kelman 's stories , Greyhound for Breakfast , the last in the collection of that name which appeared in 1987 , is , to my mind , a masterpiece . It 's about a fellow called Ronnie , who is on the dole . His son has gone off to London , and he worries that he may lose touch with him. This , as he recognises , is a form of self - praise . Throughout , Patrick is both the King of the World that he wants to be Glasgow belongs to him and an abject sinner . The rage of the novel 's males can sometimes be made to appear the rage of those who believe themselves permanently beaten and cheated . The women are the vessels of a better spirit ; the injury to them is greater , and it is their own men who are responsible for some of that injury . Patrick rages and scorns in proportion to his frustration : Hamlet 's weakness has its counterpart here . Whether or not it can be seen as Kelman 's self - portrait , it is the portrait of an artist . The shortest stories in Greyhound for Breakfast owe a lot to Kafka 's briefer parables , though they are apt to be more difficult to understand ; and there can be no doubt that Beckett 's solipsistic tramps have left an impression on the earlier writings . These influences , however , would appear to have receded , or to have been digested . The speech of Glasgow people is the big thing in the novel . This is a good Scots which is at once distinctly literary and faithful to the speech of the city . Mr Suchet ! You go out there with trembling knees , and they are already noticing those trembling knees . The greatest acting role in an audition is to appear just to be yourself . A.R. Oscar Wilde said the most difficult pose was the natural one . These include Candida and Heartbreak House by Shaw ; The Wild Duck by Ibsen ; Where Angels Fear to Tread , from E.M. Forster ; On Approval by Frederick Lonsdale and Bedroom Farce by Alan Ayckbourn ( for the National Theatre ) . Michael Denison 's best known film role was Algie in The Importance of Being Earnest and he appeared with Dulcie in My Brother Jonathan . Recently they have both played in a major revival of The School for Scandal and have toured the Near and Far East . Dulcie is the author of twenty - two works seventeen crime stories , two novels , two plays and a book on the conservation of butterflies . Over the same period , the Church of Ireland experienced continuing rounds of church closures and became top - heavy in numbers of clergy . Statistics up to 1971 showed it as having an old - age structure and to have been in continuing decline , though there are recent signs of improvement ( Census of Ireland 1981 ) . Southern protestants do not appear to be particularly oppressed by the state ( White 1975 : 169 ) , but they would clearly change aspects of the constitution and legislation if they were in a position to do so . They have always retained a low political profile . They have also never been perceived by the state as a threat , perhaps because of the revolutionary pedigree of some of their lite . The majority of the Roman catholic remnant in the North still believe in a united Ireland . They demonstrate this partially by their support for the two nationalist parties , Sinn Fein and the Social Democratic and Labour Party , though support for the latter does not necessarily imply nationalism . Despite the official socialist tendencies of these two parties , a substantial number of their voters do not appear to question the maintenance of a capitalist - type class structure in a new Ireland . The Workers ' Party still fails to command many votes in elections north or south of the border . The provisional movement is divided on the issue of capitalism but , for the time at least , has an openly declared policy of achieving an island - wide socialist republic by the combined means of violence and the democratic process . The occasional independent unionist and independent Orange - lodge representative in politics were a feature of politics from 1880 to 1972 . The Northern Ireland Labour Party also was the principal organization representing protestant trade unionists . But none of these groupings ever came near to threatening the dominance of Unionist Party organization , much less the solidarity of protestant loyalists , which always appeared total on the issue of incorporation into a united , independent Ireland . It was only with the Troubles , from 1968 , that unionists broke ranks . Yet , despite the splintering , they have succeeded in allying the present two main parties against the Anglo - Irish agreement of 1985 . It is clear that in the past many of them have considered loyalty to be a two - way process , a contract or covenant , and that the state could be a traitorous party as well as the people . The tradition proved of crucial importance in forming the basis for the strategy of the alliance from 1911 until British recognition of their separate political claim in 1914 . If the tradition still exists today and it appears that it very much does so it implies that the United Kingdom does not have for many loyalists a natural character of statehood in the way the Southern state has for catholic nationalists . Covenant politics has come to the forefront again with the Hillsborough agreement of 1985 and shows the extent to which the populist politics of the Democratic Unionists is rooted in protestant loyalist tradition . This foundational belief gives meaning to the more popular belief in the right of the people to violence . It is important to note that in 191214 the protestant loyalist group saw their right to violence as prior to that of the official state . It is also important to note that they saw the taking of law into their own hands as temporary , and pending the recognition by that state of its mistaken attitude towards them and their right to a degree of autonomy . It appears to be increasingly the case that there are two major traditions of identity perception among protestant loyalists . One tradition is the covenant one and is antagonistic to a straightforward nationalist sentiment . It is adhered to by increasing numbers who have become disillusioned with British identity and have seen Paisley 's words about the traitorous nature of British governments become reality as protestant loyalist domination in Ulster has been continuously eroded . There did exist the small Northern Ireland Labour Party which disappeared after the fall of Stormont ; but it had been based on industrial workers , particularly in the shipyards , and remained much smaller in size than its Southern counterpart . As Gibbon has noted , the cases of both Irish nationalism and Ulster unionism remain the two most spectacular class alliances in the political history of the British Isles ( 1975 : 3 ) . The cause in both cases appears to be the strength of catholic nationalist and protestant loyalist popular consciousness and the way in which the cultural and material interests of the subordinate classes appear to be represented by the alliances themselves and their institutions . By providing core beliefs , and by reinforcing their separateness for both alliances , religious beliefs and institutions equally suppress class divisions , become embroiled in cementing alliances , and help retain the overall divisional structure of Ireland as a whole . The Religious Component of Catholic Nationalism The historical consciousness of Ulster protestants in this sphere is also a faith consciousness . The salvation history of the Bible is coupled with what is seen as a significant period in the history of the protestants of Ireland . The key event in the history of Ireland which appears to encapsulate Ulster protestant faith in God through Christ and the destiny of Ulster protestants as a people , is the war of 168991 . William of Orange is seen to have worked the decisive victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 . However , that myth is not quite the one which appears to have penetrated everyday life , perhaps because the place of the victory is located within the borders of the Southern state . The key event in the history of Ireland which appears to encapsulate Ulster protestant faith in God through Christ and the destiny of Ulster protestants as a people , is the war of 168991 . William of Orange is seen to have worked the decisive victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 . However , that myth is not quite the one which appears to have penetrated everyday life , perhaps because the place of the victory is located within the borders of the Southern state . The most powerful myth affecting everyday life narrates the less decisive defence of the city of Londonderry in 1689 . The protestant refugees , inhabitants , and garrison of the city , which was built deliberately with a wall lest a catholic rebellion should ever occur , held the city for fifteen weeks against a poorly equipped catholic Irish army led by James II , the exiled king . However , the earthly role of the community , be it protestant or catholic , is not seen as secondary to the religious message , but as either in continuity with or against it . The Calvinist vision of an earthly city in which pastor and politician work in harmony to exclude evil from the lives of all those within the city walls remains a religious outlook for a significant number of protestant loyalists . This is a totalizing view of society , and implies a certain anti - pluralism : freedom of belief and action within certain parameters , which are to be decided either by those who appear righteous in the sight of God or by those who , at least , conform in their lawmaking to the advice given to them by the righteous . The very drift of the account of Christian myth and religious political ethics has certain parallels of structure with the siege of Londonderry . These should be noted , before one views the siege as baseline myth for the interpretation of everyday life . First there is the fact of statehood , with the implied acceptance of law and order by the people . Second , there is the unifying dominant beliefs of Irish catholic nationalism . The distinct importance of the two sources appears in the way in which state and society in the republic treat the provisional movement . PIRA is a proscribed organization and there is also a law preventing the national radio and television , RTE , from giving air time to members of the movement . The intention is to impede the divulgation of its aims . Generally speaking , there is evidence that the church has always tended to support the hegemony of the state qua state . It supported the British state for most of the nineteenth century in Ireland , then supported constitutional politics for home rule ; and when independence came in 1921 , it supported the pro - treaty faction in Southern Ireland and opposed the civil war because that faction was the state . It would appear that the popular religious consciousness makes a distinction between violence against the Southern state , whose statehood cannot be questioned , and violence for liberation in the North . Though the extent to which such a consciousness exists is not clear , one aspect of it is beyond dispute : 35 per cent of McGreil 's random sample of Dubliners and 46 per cent of the males in the sample , including a spread from the younger age groups and the more educated , supported the view that the use of violence , while regrettable , has been necessary for the achievement of non - Unionist rights ( Mc Gril 1977 : 387 ) . In any event , there is likely to be significant variation in views as to how far one should condemn or condone this liberationist violence in the North . As has already been seen , it was the style of both church and politicians to avoid their mutual consultations being known , which tells us that the secularity of the state at that time was partially a faade , but one which it was felt by both interested parties had to be maintained , probably so as not to confuse the faithful . In a letter to the Irish premier in 1947 , while an extensive health bill was going through parliament , the bishops pointed out that to claim such powers for the public authority , without qualification , is entirely and directly contrary to Catholic teaching on the rights of the family , the Church in education , the rights of the medical profession and voluntary institutions ( Irish Independent , 12 Apr. 1951 , quoted Whyte 1980 : 143 ) . It appeared that one of the main sources of the bishops ' opposition was the authoritarian nature of the legislation . That the bishops were affected by the opposition of the medical profession to the scheme clearly they stood to lose money and independence if such a scheme were implemented seems likely . Whereas similar provisions in other countries were mainly designed to provide facilities which could or could not be used , the Irish ones were to be compulsory and there was to be no choice of doctor . Later the hierarchy made it clear that the basis for their objections was the increase in power by the state vis - - vis the liberty and self - reliance of its citizens which such legislation would entail . Perhaps the most revealing aspect of the whole affair is the way Dr Browne handled it . The members of his party appeared to know nothing about the opposition of the hierarchy to the earlier Bill , and Dr Browne only found out in October/November 1950 . When he was told of the hierarchy 's opposition to any bill of this kind , Dr Browne , himself secularly inclined , submitted his proposals and arguments to the hierarchy for approval , just as a previous Health Minister , Dr Walsh , had consulted Archbishop McQuaid on a similar matter in 1946 . If a man of such convictions felt it necessary to follow this course , how much more would have his religiously devoted colleagues . On the one hand , the laity would not understand the complexity of the issues because of their poor understanding of Christian doctrine and the intricacies of morality ; on the other , the area of the sacred in the political arena was clearly defined , and clear guidance from the clerical church was both necessary and expected by good Christian politicians . What the bishops and the politicians had come up against in the Mother and Child controversy was that this paternalistic conceptualization was intrinsically at odds with the common understanding of democracy . This appears to be the first contradiction which the bishops later sought to resolve by withdrawing from the direct contact method . It indicates that a real change did eventually take place after all , in so far as freedom of information and the inappropriateness of direct consultation without public mediation eventually became accepted as something which , at worst , had to be risked and something which , at best , formed an essential task of the construction of a Christian conscience in a Christian society . This , however , was the only contradiction which appears to have been solved by the 1960s . This appears to be the first contradiction which the bishops later sought to resolve by withdrawing from the direct contact method . It indicates that a real change did eventually take place after all , in so far as freedom of information and the inappropriateness of direct consultation without public mediation eventually became accepted as something which , at worst , had to be risked and something which , at best , formed an essential task of the construction of a Christian conscience in a Christian society . This , however , was the only contradiction which appears to have been solved by the 1960s . The popular disquiet had deeper roots . One was the detestation by the liberally oriented of religious paternalism , a mild form of anti - clericalism . Many of these had just as much sense of loyalty and devotion to the church as the middle classes . Large sections of the population , the subordinate classes specifically , were desperately in need of improved health care. Many of them appear to have been angered and disappointed at the church 's suppression of the proposed scheme . The fact that it was not long after that similar if lesser welfare legislation was introduced is indicative of the public demand and that clerical socio - moral theory did not tally with the people 's experience of reality . The case reveals the extent to which the church as an institution was coupled with the nation . Hence when Irish clergymen stated that church and state were separate , they meant they themselves had no legislative or executive role in the state . But they did and still do remain the authoritative conscience of the nation . In addition , the clergy appear to have considerable difficulty in recognizing the transformation which theoretical positions on Christian belief and morality undergo as they are concretized in historical human relationships , doubtless also because of the strong essentialist bias in their perception of socio - ethical issues . Part of the overall argument of this book is that , as the Roman catholic church is principal validator or legitimator of the Southern state along with the concept of the national entity , what that state goes on to do in the field of social ethics cannot be separated out from the responsibilities of the church . This structural link between politics and religion is underlined by the legitimacy the church gives to the state as a whole , by recognizing it simply as society . Furthermore , the ranks of that clergy were drawn from the common people themselves . But a key element remained the considerable filial loyalty the catholic nationalists showed towards their clergy , bishops , and Popes . The authority of the clergy had been second to none during the years of persecution and this appears to have strengthened as a direct result of Roman centralization from the 1850s onwards . This respect for authority has appeared throughout the examples given , but it has also been shown to be a respect within certain limits . RELIGION AND LAW IN THE SOUTHERN STATE , 197386 But a key element remained the considerable filial loyalty the catholic nationalists showed towards their clergy , bishops , and Popes . The authority of the clergy had been second to none during the years of persecution and this appears to have strengthened as a direct result of Roman centralization from the 1850s onwards . This respect for authority has appeared throughout the examples given , but it has also been shown to be a respect within certain limits . RELIGION AND LAW IN THE SOUTHERN STATE , 197386 Minor Indications of Political Religious Changes The Conference would wish all who may take part in the referendum to recognize that Protestant Churches are pro - Life but anti - amendment and to query whether they wish a clause in the constitution unacceptable to Protestant churches . ( Methodist Church in Ireland 1983 : 48 ) The position taken by the protestant churches , and the newspaper articles and television debates which preceded the referendum appear to have affected public opinion . Caught between the preaching of the Roman catholic clergy and appeals from protestants and liberal Roman catholics including Dr FitzGerald not to constitutionalize the issue , it would appear that many voters simply stayed away rather than vote against the proposal . As mentioned , it was already forbidden by law to procure an abortion . While preparing an early draft of the present chapter , the writer heard Bishop Cathal Daly of Down and Connor , a leading moderate among the bishops , respected by all except PIRA , repeat the adage that the Irish constitution was secular , implying that there really was little to be done for the moment . This in fact was the main tack in the bishops ' attitude to the forum . There appears to have been a general feeling among them that there was no real problem on this score . Concessions would only be required once a united Ireland was being negotiated ( New Ireland Forum 19834 : xii . 11 ) . The Divorce Debate Almost as if to test the political religious alliance of catholic nationalists in the South , the constitutional issue of divorce arose in 1986 as part of Dr Garret FitzGerald 's constitutional crusade ( see Cooney 1986 ) to make the Southern state more palatable to Northerners . FitzGerald had been determined as far back as 1964 ( 1964 ; 1972 ) to make constitutional changes to those articles which appeared to alienate Northern protestant opinion . After arriving in office as Taoiseach for a second time in 1983 , he proceeded to collect opinions on such issues from various quarters . From the Roman catholic hierarchy , he solicited the response that the church believed in the indissolubility of marriage . Large publicity campaigns began and the Irish Times also lent its weight to the pro - divorce argument , campaigning in its columns until the eve of the referendum in late June. Though the coalition government were allowing their TDs the Irish equivalent for MPs a free vote on the issue , its parties , Fine Gael and Labour , officially sponsored the campaign for the constitutional change . Fianna Fil appeared to be equally divided on the issue . The new progressive democrats came out in favour of the referendum proposal on 14 May . Of the smaller parties , the Workers ' Party was the most decisive in favouring the change . Protestant churches were not unaffected by the spirit in which the campaign often appeared to be conducted . Some members of the anti - abortion lobby had apparently been indicating the weak moral stance of protestants on the issue . The Church of Ireland appears to have had this in mind when it invited the well - known English Roman catholic marriage consultant , Dr Jack Dominian , to provide a report on divorce for the Church of Ireland General Synod . As Bishop Empey argued to the synod : Somehow we have to nail the lie that permissiveness flows from the Church of Ireland and that morality is the sole possession of but one Church in this land ( Irish Times , 22 May 1986 ) . In submitting his report , Dominian stated : There seemed to be the fairly uncomplicated desire among the community to see all the children attend the same school , as an expression of relationships existing within the community . It is likely that children have the important function in a new housing area of bringing parents and neighbours together , particularly when there is a lack of other social amenities a characteristic of new housing areas in and around Dublin in the 1970s . The children probably appear as a source from which to develop new relationships and the immediate perception is to translate this experience into scholastic terms . The absence of a non - Roman catholic school in the immediate area and the nave belief that they were empowered in some way to have a say in what type of school should appear on their housing estate there was a small Roman catholic school which was to be expanded to cater for the growth of the population may have sharpened catholic parents ' interest in having an integrated school . There were at this point no apparent difficulties experienced between the majority of estate members and no significant source of conflict , that is until the question of a multi - denominational school itself became such a source . But where other churches have owned their own schools , as does the Church of Ireland in the South , a similar position has been adopted , though the reasons for the position have been on different grounds . A proposal before the Church of Ireland synod in May 1979 to support interdenominational education was defeated , despite pressure from its ecumenical lobby . The main grounds appeared to be the danger which it might pose to the small Southern protestant minority by encouraging mixed marriages . However , no evidence favouring such a contention has ever been produced . Harry MacAdoo , then the Church of Ireland archbishop of Dublin , on several occasions put forward the argument that Southern protestants were a minority group with their own culture and traditions , and thus deserved to have schools for themselves in order to hand on their own traditions . Goldberg taking out his polka - dotted handkerchief and wiping his brow , his cheeks , his neck , pushed aside the typewriter and seized his pen . Dragging the pad towards him he found a clean page and wrote : Dear Harsnet , I know you never answer my letters or return my calls , and I know that you handed over your notes to me on the understanding that I could do what I liked with them and not bother you , but I have to say that while there is much in them that I admire , as I will always admire much in you , no matter what , there is also much in them that seems to me to be puerile and , to put it mildly , bigoted . I have decided , however , in the interests of posterity , to cut nothing , though I may take the liberty of annotating the text here and there , putting some of the facts straight and referring the reader to related documents , such as interviews you once gave or books and articles on you which have since appeared . I know none of this interests you any longer , he wrote , and that you hold yourself , or pretend to hold yourself , aloof from the world , and in particular from the world of art . You are , or pretend to be , indifferent to whatever may happen to your reputation . The point is , he wrote ( and Goldberg typed ) , that he had spent his life seeking her out , yet left his feet to do the dirty work . Would the outcome have been different had he acknowledged to himself what he was doing ? he wrote . No , he wrote , because Diana herself does not acknowledge either that she has been waiting all her life for him to appear . That , he wrote , is the significance of the tell - tale blush . Red as the clouds which flush beneath the sun 's slant rays , says Ovid , red as the rosy Dawn , were the cheeks of Diana as she stood there in view without her robes . The wort is then cooled and run into fermenting tanks where yeast is added or pitched . Yeast is made up of millions of tiny fungus cells which literally go berserk when confronted by a liquid rich with sugars . Within a few hours a scum appears on top of the wort and this rapidly builds up into a great yellowy - brown crust as the yeast turns the sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide . The system used in Britain to produce mild , bitter , stout and strong ales is called warm fermentation , using a special type of top fermenting yeast . This means that the yeast , encouraged by the warmth of the wort and the temperature of the brewery , works quickly and vigorously on top of the wort to produce alcohol . This attitude was amply revealed in the results of the competition ( Inside the Pub ) launched jointly by The Architectural Review and The Brewers ' Society in 1949 . In October of that year the AR regretted that nearly all competition entries had evaded the key problem and had signally failed to achieve the genuine pub atmosphere . Contemporary design , the magazine 's editor regretted , because it has no roots in the vernacular idiom will not appear immediately familiar , whilst the mock - Tudor and the mock - Georgian styles which have been so prevalent no matter how misguided in themselves have sprung from a genuine attempt to preserve a traditional atmosphere . As pub designer Tim May noted in his address to CAMRA 's AGM of 1990 : By any objective standards , the competition was a disaster . The response of the 1960s and 70s to this failure to capture the essence of the traditional pub was the ruthlessly - applied corporate image and the proliferation of fun theme - pubs . The current obsession with pseudo - Victorian and other bogus historical styles imposed willy - nilly and quite regardless of the true age of the pub , seems to suggest two things ; firstly that pub designers and fitters have completely lost their way , both in recognising and respecting what is genuinely old and in looking for a wholeheartedly modern pub style ; secondly that there is some king of awareness , correct but misguided , that people like their pubs to look old and feel familiar . The great pity of this is that most pubs are old , yet the proper opportunity to celebrate this has already been squandered . There appears to be no creative public vision which will help the survival of the pub or help ensure a healthy and varied pub stock . History , indeed , tends to show that public intervention can have the effect of reinforcing rather than curbing market excesses . It was the licensing system and licensing controls , after all , which helped to foster Britain 's peculiar brewery tie and concentrate pub ownership in the hands of the brewers in the first place ; and it was the same system which connived at and partly encouraged the modern contagion of open - plan pub designs . By 1830 the pub had become comparatively sophisticated , responding to the changing demands and the technological advances of the industrial revolution . Shop - taverns , serving the passing trade as well as the locals , had become common in many towns , whilst many pubs had been partitioned into two distinct areas the bar room and the tap room . Modern serving equipment including beer machines and even slop trays had appeared . And the bar on which they stood had evolved from a simple counter or hatch to something approaching the form we know today : in his Encyclopaedia of Cottage , Farm and Villa Architecture of 1833 J C Loudon described the ideal bar ( the place from which all orders are issued ) as being of some size , with commanding views of the front entrance hall and back entrance . By the end of the Regency period the pub was becoming a far more attractive proposition for the government , too . The visual result can be seen in the accompanying illustration of Watneys ' Crown at Haddiscoe in Norfolk : two - dimensional windows with flat , reflectant glass and sham glazing - bar strips which wholly fail to capture the depth and character of the original openings . Despite what brewers ' architects often allege , the life expectancy of such plastic window units is proving remarkably short as little as five years for the fittings , and twenty years for the plastic itself , which is exhibiting distinct tendencies to warp and discolour with age . Thus the arguments for easier maintenance and greater longevity of plastic windows appear to have little foundation in fact an argument often ignored by the brewers . Given their prime location in the centre of towns and on major thoroughfares , Georgian coaching inns are frequently prime targets for refurbishment . Such redevelopment is often unnecessary and detrimental ; the end product of such schemes is all too often a sham - historical parody , re - creating an idealised , sanitised Britain that never actually existed . Countless other pubs which date from the Georgian period , or at least incorporate a significant element of Georgian building work , have suffered similar fates . National brewing giants such as Allied or Whitbread , though , are not the only villains ; small independent firms can be just as insensitive in their treatment of their tied houses . Claire Hunt , for instance , noted in 1988 of North Western brewers Robinsons that they appear on the whole to be fairly oblivious to the individual merits of their historic pubs . One key problem with the more domestically - scaled Georgian pubs is that they were often originally conceived as , or converted from , modest homes . The numerous internal partitions that result have often proved anathema to modern - day breweries . RUTH WATSON Fox and Goose , Fressingfield , Near Diss , Norfolk . LEISURE DESIGN IS IMPORTANT WHY is it that hotel owners and operators put so much emphasis on recruiting professional hotel designers to create the right hotel , but , when it comes to the inclusion of leisure facilities , then they appear to approach any designer , with the impression that it can be addressed from a design viewpoint just like any other area ? In fact the leisure facility is a minefield of safety , legal , and operational problems that , unless addressed in a professional manner , can cause catastrophic consequences . It is often said that the two most difficult and specialist design areas within a hotel are the kitchen and the leisure facility . Arabella Buckley hissed out the words , but Sven Hjerson thought it very likely they had been carried by the sticky breeze as far as the couple in the prow . He was unable to observe , however as he would have liked to do in his ever - observant way just what the expression on Jilly Jonathan 's pretty face might have been . At that moment , emerging from the saloon below as if propelled from a circus cannon , there appeared a distinctly grotesque figure . He was , beyond doubt , an Italian , swarthy in complexion , crowned under a battered panama with a mop of grease - shining black curls , plump with much pasta . But he had chosen to dress in what he may have conceived to be a British manner . One room only . Very , very pretty lady . Now something more than a quelling look appeared on Lord Woodleigh 's fine - bred features . Cold anger . Listen , my man , he said . Let me . I 'm his cousin , Peter Horbury . The Hon. Peter Horbury appeared to be some ten or twelve years younger than the earl . There were traces of the same fine - boned look about him , but his features were already well masked by what was likely in the course of time to become a solid layer of self - indulgent fat . Nevertheless he seemed willing enough to accompany the Finnish detective in the dangerous climb down over the tumbling rocks to where his cousin and his cousin 's pretty , peroxided fiance lay . Perhaps , my dear fellow , since you 're some sort of detective , you 'd try to get through on the telephone to the Carabinieri . They should pick her up without any trouble . But Sven Hjerson appeared not to have heard . He had made no attempt to pursue the fleeing secretary and was sitting as if in a trance staring somewhere between the chairs occupied by the new Lord Woodleigh and Jilly Jonathan . Yes , he said eventually . of the Manor House , King 's Magnum Parva who vanished from his home yesterday . Eton and Sandhurst educated Sir Vivien , 28 , was last seen yesterday morning at Royal Wrigglesworth Golf Club . Sir Vivien often played a round before breakfast , said Major Ernest Tiger Bagshot , 43 , Secretary of Royal Wrigglesworth , But my suspicions were aroused when his black labrador , Bonzo , appeared at the clubhouse at approximately ten o'clock . The dog seemed distressed and there was no sign of his master . Major Bagshot accompanied Bonzo to the 15th green where he found a ball and a complete set of Henry Cotton St Andrew 's clubs lying , abandoned . It was only when it shut with a rusty creak that he realized that he had company . Sergeant Bramble ? The query , for such it was , emanated from an elderly lady who appeared to be clad entirely in shawls . Her complexion was pink and white and her eyes were very wide and of an astonishingly china blue hue . She seemed vaguely familiar . Saving your presence ma'am , but I bain't got no troubles . Oh now , dear me , Sergeant , let 's not beat about the bush . The lady raised an admonitory finger in rebuke and the sergeant observed , to his surprise , that despite it being a hot summer 's day , she was wearing what appeared to be mittens . I have come , continued the old lady , about the Case of the Missing Baronet . You 'm do n't want to be believing what they do write in they newspapers ma'am , exclaimed the sergeant , but his visitor was not listening . My friends , he said , you will regret this very much . Meanwhile in another part of the village Constable Quince had run his quarry to earth in the vegetable garden of the Manor . She appeared to be taking herb samples . Constable Quince hid in the potting shed and lit a Woodbine . Presently the old lady came towards him , entered the shed and sniffed knowledgeably at a tin of weedkiller . Eh bien , my friends , he said , brushing a crumb of cheese straw from the lapel of his immaculately pressed suit , it is time to make the beginning . For in the beginning , as the bible tells us , is the end . And while it may be that the tragic case of the disappearing baronet is one that appears to defy all logic , it is not a case that defies the world 's greatest detective . It is a case which , I am afraid to tell you , has its own beginning and middle and alas an end too . Here , Mrs Pettifer began to interject but the small gentleman silenced her with a flap of the wrist which was altogether not very gentlemanly and proved too much for the great lady detective who made a more purposeful interjection of her own . Just think , if Magnus and I went back to school in boots instead of those horrible lace - up shoes , the big boys would have to watch out . Even Father says the Germans are not a bad lot really . Claire appeared at my shoulder . That 's her , she said , tearing at a hangnail . Who ? She wants to stay forever she 's , she 's disloyal . Andrew ! Father appeared above me on the top step and I wrenched myself out of the man 's nasty fingers . I ran away as fast as I could along the pavement . I can run as fast as Magnus when I try . Soft , now what be this hum ? And this light that I see ? An angel appears to them . 3 Shep . Be dumb ! The poire or , in English , pear is an obvious subliminal reference to the distinctive shape of the detective 's bald head . That shape is again shadowed in the French word poire , which means white beet and conforms with the frequently - mentioned pallor of the detective 's complexion . Though poireau , the French word closest in sound to the name Christie chose , with its double meanings of leek and wart , appears to have no obvious connection with the detective , the word poirier , meaning a pear - tree offers a much more fruitful area for investigation . Its sound provided the first syllable of Poirot 's name poir , and for the second one need look no further than the French word perdreau , meaning a young partridge . The unusual juxtaposition of these two words can only be a subconscious association in the author 's mind with the well - known carol , The Twelve Days of Christmas whose repetitive chorus ends , And a partridge in a pear - tree . Besides , coming back to your problem , Inspector , nearly everybody had some of the horseradish sauce . Exactly , sir . Our problem is that while Mrs Iverson appears to have ingested that from which she died at the dinner party there is no dish from which some or all the guests did not share . Difficult , agreed Henry , and made more so , I imagine , by the fact that both the Coroner and the Chairman of the Magistrates Bench were there . Detective Inspector Milsom said with deep feeling that this had not helped in the investigation so far . She made several women 's films for Rank , including STREET CORNER ( 1953 ) about the women police in Chelsea , which she always cited as a particularly enjoyable experience since it involved working with a mainly female crew and cast . Another outstanding Box feature was SIMON AND LAURA ( 1956 ) a comedy about live television production starring Kay Kendall and Peter Finch whose wit and sharpness has not since been rivalled by films on similar themes . Her films are by no means as simple as they may have first appeared . They make deceptively subtle demands on their audience , and through all of them there runs a strong sense of humour . Her last film RATTLE OF A SIMPLE MAN ( 1964 ) whose commercial and critical failure ended her career , can be seen as a woman 's reply to the eulogies of the working class male celebrated by John Osbourne and his like , and it does so by poking fun at the ideology of the male and his crude sexism . This undemanding life - cycle had never been disrupted and I read the new lecture list partly just out of habit and partly for the simple pleasure of seeing my name in print . This time , however , there was a change . The titles of my lectures were all the same , but my name appeared beneath only four out of the five of them . Under Bernini was the name Professor Charles Howard , who was and still is the school 's Director . I stood amid a gaggle of laughing students in frozen silence , and read the list over and over again . His biggest problem was that because of the way things work in academic life , regardless of whether or not I changed my lectures from one year to the next , I was just about unsackable . From his point of view , therefore , I had to resign . Four weeks into the term , another little notice appeared on the noticeboard . Paul Spence has kindly agreed to give a few revision classes on seventeenth - and eighteenth - century architecture to final - year BA students : Tuesday Do you know what they are going to be about ? The Michaelmas term saw me at my most hostile . The boys had now decided on a nickname for me : Mona , after Leonardo 's Mona Lisa . Mona graffiti started to appear everywhere and the craze was fuelled by my own furious reaction whenever I discovered some new example of the genre . I remember one particular occasion when , on finding Cheer up Mona written on the blackboard when I arrived to take a class , I went absolutely potty , threatening dire punishment on the whole class the entire school almost unless the culprit came forward . But it was there when we got here , Miss. Another two moved on shortly afterwards and it was then that the intimidation began . In cases of harassment , the law seems to be very much on the side of the landlord . Even if you do manage to prove that he has been harassing you , there does n't appear to be much general acceptance of the fact that intimidating someone in this way might actually constitute a serious crime . Property , it seems , is more important than people . At the start of my period of being harassed , I went down to my local law centre to see what help they could give me . Look , you just hang on here a minute , I want to have a word with Katrina about something . Steve disappeared again . Before long , a young woman appeared : short , with short blonde hair and pale - blue eyes . She brought with her another two cups of coffee and a packet of sandwiches . Do you mind if I join you ? she asked . Would you like some tea ? Er , yes , thank you . The inevitable two cups of tea appeared and Kathleen sat down. So what happened to you ? I became homeless in London so I got on a train and ended up here ; that 's all there is to it , really . We had agreed at the start of this thing that pressing the Harwich local council for housing would probably be more trouble than it was worth : if one of their inspectors had decided to check my circumstances with the port authorities , the customs people would inevitably have found out about the way in which I had been using their cupboard ( and would have had a pink fit , probably ) . However , once Kathleen had taken her decision about her own future , she decided that the risk had become worth taking . Unbeknown to me , she made some enquiries , and then one Friday , while I was sitting in the coffee shop having a quiet read of a newspaper someone had left , she appeared by my side . Dot , I think things are finally going to start moving forward . Harwich Council have offered to rehouse you . Another solution is to dig a hole in the garden , place the bowls in this , and cover them with a thick layer of leaf mould , peat or peat substitute , but the bowls must have drainage holes or they could become waterlogged during heavy rainfall . Check the bowls periodically and give them enough water if necessary to keep the compost evenly damp . After 810 weeks , when an inch or two of growth has appeared ( prepared bulbs should need only six weeks ) , the containers can be brought indoors . For a few days they should be given a cool , shaded position ; after that as much light as possible . Water regularly ; never let the compost dry out completely , though you must beware of overwatering . Turn left at Gib ! This is a time of abundance when bird , beast and insect gather to share the cornucopia . Hedgehogs appear as twilight deepens and robins become pugnaciously territorial . Young martins and swallows form chattering groups on eaves and telephone wires . No doubt they are being told by their elders , as a friend informed his grand - daughter , to turn left at Gibraltar ! Its wiry black roots go very deep and break readily , so it is difficult to eradicate . So , too , is couch , or twitch , whose sharp spear - like underground stems pierce potatoes and other root crops . Cleavers , or goosegrass , the weed whose sticky stems and seeds cling to clothing , appeared among the pea vines in June , but was quickly and easily dealt with . So , too , was the odd dandelion seedling that germinated after an airborne invasion of seeds from a patch of wasteland a quarter of mile away . Chickweed , fat hen , groundsel and shepher 's purse are the commonest annual weeds in any garden and because of their leaf pattern are easily confused , when young , with the seedlings of cultivated plants . Inula magnifica also grows and looks well by water , but is equally happy in the deep rich soil of a border or bed . Its great clumps of rough , hairy stems can grow up to 6ft tall . Its equally hairy large leaves will dominate any border or waterside planting and when the large imposing deep yellow daisies appear in late summer all traffic stops . The daisies can be as much as 5 or 6in across and are carried in terminal branched heads , a truly remarkable sight . A Georgian giant Contrasting with these are White Lustre ans White Swan , both with white - rayed daisies . All forms of E. purpurea enjoy a rich , deep , well - drained soil in sun and are best propagated by root cuttings . Their flowers appear over several weeks in summer and are at all times most striking and handsome . Gallery guide Aster x frikartii Mnch In addition their mottled leaves significantly extend the season of interest , so be quite sure to allow enough space for them to reach their full potential glory . Out of the increasingly popular species tulips , my favourite is Tulipa tarda , originally from Central Asia . Long - lasting flowers appear in spring , their green - tinged , white petals gradually shading th bright yellow towards the centre . On dull days the flowers remain closed , revealing their full beauty only in the sunshine . Yellow Iris danfordiae and varieties of reticulated iris appreciate a well - drained soil . Candy - striped creations Cryptanthus Pink Starlight , a widely available bromeliad , has boldly arching dark green strap - like leaves , striped deep pink and yellowy - green . Occasional tubular white flowers appear from the central rosette in summer . It needs free - draining compost and a slightly shaded position . Spathiphyllum wallisii , the peace lily , is a most elegant houseplant , with glossy green lance - shaped leaves and fragrant arum lily - like flowers of the purest white , turning to cream then to the palest green with age . Bringing up begonias Propagating the popular trailing tuberous Begonia sutherlandi is easy . Simply wait until autumn , when small tubers will appear along the stem , tucked into the leaf axils . Just pinch them off and plant in seed compost , which should be kept barely moist in a bright , warm place . Come next spring , you should have lots of new young plants and all for free ! All entrants will receive a 50p voucher redeemable against any future purchase of Guinness Original , so everyone can enjoy the distinctive and satisfying taste of this special beer . Competition rules Entrants to the competition agree to abide by the rules which appeared in our March issue and are available on request , if you enclose a stamped addressed envelope . Guinness Original Gardeners ' World BBC Scotland If every type of glider required a different recovery there would be the risk of a pilot using the wrong method for the type of aircraft . All gliders and light aircraft have to recover satisfactorily with the standard method . This is not to say that other methods would not work , but it is unwise to use non - standard methods for recovery from a fully developed spin , even if they appear to work better . In the standard recovery , the full opposite rudder is always applied first , and if it does slow down the rotation , the nose of the glider will automatically drop , helping to unstall the wings . In this way the rudder is a very powerful influence on the spin recovery because it helps the pitching movement and also slows the rotation . I believe that this is because they do everything so well that they do not get excessive pitching movements in their training stall recoveries . As a result , they seldom experience much , if any , reduction in g . Because they appear reasonably proficient , the instructors tend to give less practice to them than to the other students . It may be some months or even years later when , for the first time they over - correct from a practice stall , they experience a substantial reduction in g loading . Then , if they have learned to associate the feeling with stalling , they will move forwards on the stick , making what they remember to be a normal stall recovery . Shingles is a rash of blisters on the skin accompanied by a severe stinging pain . To start with you may feel slightly feverish and your skin may feel painful and prickly over the area where the rash will appear . After 2 or 3 days blisters will appear and form a narrow band on one side of the body or face . After 2 or 3 days blisters will appear and form a narrow band on one side of the body or face . For about a week new blisters will appear . The blisters will itch and then start to dry up forming crusts or scabs which will then disappear . It 's possible to have shingles anywhere on the body . The rash most commonly appears on the chest , stomach and back . Are there any complications with shingles ? Yet another inspector returning to Leicester with a degree in psychology was set to work in the force vehicle store counting tyres . Like many graduates stimulated by their experiences , he discovered that although he had been of sufficient calibre to acquire the offer of the scholarship in the first place , he now faced the inevitable service obsession with a rejection of academic prowess in preference for practical skills in the real world ( ibid . 157 ) : the greatest problem with the current working of the scheme appears to relate to re - entry into the Service The impact upon the personality expectations and the way of life of a mature scholar by the University experience is not appreciated by many of the police It is therefore difficult for him to appreciate the general view of the Service , that , on his return he must re - establish his professional standing , even though a few years earlier the Service had sent him to University because he had proved himself to be a good , practical policeman . A chief constable is perfectly entitled to insist on being informed when a member of his force writes to the press on matters appertaining to his force . The Disciplinary Code in Schedule 1 to the Police ( Discipline ) Regulations 1985 contains an offence of improper disclosure of information , which is committed where a member of a police force without proper authority communicates to any person , any information which he has in his possession as a member of a police force . This does not apply to matters of general interest , although some senior officers appear to have strange interpretations of their own . ( Police Review 26 August 1988 : 1797 ) Of course , the desire to obtain control of the written word has always been one indication of the autocratic mind . County men were transferred around at short intervals , while we were static in the city , never moving more than a mile or so between the three divisions to undertake real city work . We had to be 5 10 at least and most were 6 0 or over . They were dwarfs at 5 8 and were disparagingly said to need a helmet to help them appear big enough . Other differences of practice were exaggerated to suggest they were the foreigners and we were real . We could purchase our own houses while they lived in police colonies , denied the privilege of house purchase until they had fifteen years ' service ; this classified them as peasants , serfs , living in the feudal world of tithed cottages . You 're breathtaking , sparkling , your lovely hair is swept up to a glossy oriflamme , you 're a study in black and white , your merry eyes are wonderful . Talk slow . That way I do n't appear as nervous as my skippety - hop heart . Good God , I 've known you long enough and why the hell have my knees decided to take their annual vacation at this precise moment ? Music . But I 'm no judge , Jeremy , just a hack . Don't work mum too hard ! he said , glancing at his watch . He poured a glass of wine and appeared settled . Did you call back the Cartieri Gallery ? said Lucy suddenly . No , he said , in a long - suffering tone . I 've been touching you with my eyes , said Lucy . Only you would n't look at me . Jay flayed herself for what now appeared gross and hasty : her need for real contact , skin to skin . Because now she was touching Lucy and time stood still . I could n't look at you , she said , Lucy 's fine hands on her shoulders . It 's five to eleven . In the pub , red plush and genteel fake gas globes , Francis loaded the juke box . Since you appear to be doing a thesis on True Romance , he said , smiling . Country and Western , Francis ? Get the lyrics , dear ! Nevertheless , many referees take the easy option and give a simultaneous score decision . This is all the more annoying when one person 's attack was n't valid anyway because it missed the scoring area , or was otherwise unacceptable . Some referees appear to see only one half of a pair of techniques and , while reverse punches are seldom missed , snap punches to the face often are . In such cases , the reverse punch may be given simply because the referee failed to recognise the snap punch . Another important factor is the referee 's line of sight . If he extends his arms with the fingers together it is an award . Finally , if the referee brings both fists together in the middle of the chest , this means that both contestants scored at the same time , so no awards will be made . A more detailed list of Japanese expressions appear at the end of this book ( p. 109 ) . Refereeing I 'm going to conclude this chapter with what I know will be offensive to some referees and judges ; yet it is not only my opinion . The Ayes have it . He jumped down and began again to dictate . We hereby solemnly declare that we shall use no forcible means to apprehend , confine , or imprison any person assistant whatever who has appeared at Castle Menzies or elsewhere , or in any part of Perth on prior days. Further that we shall petition government tor an abolition and nullifying of the foresaid Act from the records of British parliament ; that the members of parliament for this county shall present this petition , or any annexed thereto , to the two Houses of Parliament , and to the Privy Council , during the prorogation of parliament Menzies was seething and he broke in on the last words . This goes much too far . That took care of Strathtummel ; Atholl would get Up in the morning to find half his country crumbling under his feet . Cameron turned back up the Tay , glad that the harvest of names was nearly home . The darkness ahead was flickering , shapes of trees appeared and vanished , cheering surged like surf here was their other army James and the Duke were standing on a rock conducting the dancers , who were reeling in eights , linking and whirling between the bonfires . The two young McLaggans were taunting and prodding at a trio of hostages , Thomson the constable , Bisset the minister , and the old soldier Major Alexander McGlashan of Eastertyre ; they stood in a huddle with their eyes staring , while young McCulloch staggered up to them and shoved stalks of bracken into their hair . Cameron went and spoke to James angrily , in a quiet voice , What were they doing , holding a ceilidh ? As the light failed , it came to look like the mysterious seas on the moon . He dreamed that he was amongst dark waters , on a mudbank just above the surface . Faces appeared , water streaming from their eye - sockets . He forced them back and down and in , his fingers slipping on their cheeks and brows ; they turned into mud , shiny and viscous . He knew he must have betrayed someone . His hands are slim and well manicured , as becomes an artist - musician , somehow they seem especially sensitive strong and caring hands ! He is always well - dressed , usually in smart suits and casual shirts , though in deference to the Jewish tradition which he discreetly adorns , he rarely wears a tie . Occasionally he appeared in a bomber jacket and he frequently wore a hat when we were there it was an engaging and stylish grey and white cap , though sometimes an American baseball hat in honour of Stevie Ray Vaughan . What was entirely missing was any sense of flamboyance , in clothing or lifestyle . His clothing was always dark , usually black , with few concessions to colours of the brighter hue . To be sure , he still upheld the standards of his father ; he played a full role in the family business on the manufacturing side , but the crown went to his younger brother , Horace , who had not only secured field - promotion to Captain , but went on to bring the family business and his industry to new heights , for which he was awarded the OBE several years later . ( Lawrence managed the brass - works . ) It was through such ascendancy that the power of the uncles , from which Leonard appears to have suffered somewhat in adolescence , obtruded itself on the maturing boy . They were a close family , who gathered at Lyon 's and his wife Rachel 's home each week , cementing the family solidarity by such meetings sabbath by sabbath . Because of his father 's incapacity , Leonard grew up with all the advantages of family prestige , and few of its responsibilities . Jewish tradition said this about the education of the child : Scripture at five ; Mishnah ( that is , the explanation of the scriptures ; mishnah means repetition ) at 10 ; Bar Mitzvah at 13 . And so Leonard , from an early age , at home and at Hebrew school , was brought to the source of his faith . Academically , he was a bright pupil , though it would appear he had difficulties in concentrating on the day - to - day routines perhaps through boredom , often an indication of the brighter child . One recollection of Leonard 's concerns his reciting a prayer at Synagogue , which he got wrong . Instead of the authorised prayer , he recited one for the dead . In an interview with Mark Paytress in 1988 Leonard stated that by the age of six he was already acquainted with rudimentary Judaism and recalled being deeply touched by the stirring language and imagery of the Bible - in English and Hebrew . Each day after school he would wend his way to the synagogue for instruction in the sacred scriptures , the stories and history of his people , which reached its climax in 1946 , when Leonard was made A son of the law. All hell rules over the man who is angry , says the Talmud , and by September 1939 , when Leonard was beginning to come to terms with the thresholds of life 's reality , hell was ruling the world , or at least appeared to be . War had been declared , and the fate of Czechoslovakia , Austria and Poland was sealed , as it would be for several other countries . It would be six years before that anger would begin to subside , six years of unspeakable anguish for those of Hebrew persuasion , when unbelievable monstrosities would be inflicted on them , by the end of which half of the world 's Jewry had been murdered . And Solomon Klinitsky - Klein 's rekindled reputation , albeit now based in New York , increased that determination . ( Leonard called him , a wise man ; a world - study teacher , adding I received a great deal from my grandfather . ) His daughter Masha was careful to deposit in the synagogue 's library copies of his works as they appeared , to the great appreciation of those who minded such things . But there is cause to suspect that even by this time , a certain boyish scepticism had erupted in Leonard 's mind . The anger over losing his father had barely diminished , and the older he grew , despite his uncles ' attentiveness to many of his needs ( as they saw them ) , the more the loss was felt . HEALTH : Lenny 's health has been excellent all summer . PERSONAL AND HYGIENE HABITS : He is neat and clean . He is careful about his clothes and always appears well dressed . PERSONALITY : Leonard is cheerful , intelligent , and pleasant to everyone . He has a fine sense of humour , and he shows strong leadership qualities . Had vocation advisors been around they would doubtless have recommended a commercial future on the scientific side . Certainly he came under such guidance from within his family which clashed with his own predilections , for his varsity life seems to have been plagued by vocational uncertainty and more than a touch of its weakening indifference . At any rate , they are the best marks that were to appear on his performance schedule over the next four years , when his average ran at 56.4 per cent . In his own beloved English , it was always higher , averaging 71.3 per cent in the three years he offered the subject ; French , which was only offered in his first year produced a convincing 75 per cent ; and Economics , offered in two years , 62 per cent . Philosophy , at 70 per cent , was significant ; but he barely squeezed by in Latin , taking a refusal at his second attempt and attaining a mere pass at the repeat stage ( thanks , no doubt , to his past opting out , which necessitated his taking Latin from scratch at university ) . In fact , within a month it had sold out a unique feat for such a volume . He had clearly learned a thing or two from his family 's entrepreneurship , and was not willing to be confined to any form of anonymity such as overtook some would - be poets . The book appeared in the Spring of 1956 , and was significantly dedicated to the memory of his father : the memory of whose dying he could not assuage : Bearing gifts of flowers and sweet nuts the family came to watch the eldest son , Lay him down where earth is sweet . Even in death he is willing to work at the vine ( the biblical symbol of the Chosen People ) , suggesting in Credo that the work , however unlikely it appears , is going on ; the holy promised land is being peopled : the feet of fierce or humble priests trample out the green ; he among them , despite putative evidence to the contrary . We should note that it is the spice - box of earth . Among the exquisitely pungent thoughts of self , of responsibility and tradition , stands the one who was powerfully driven by his sensual nature , by his personal loneliness , by the intense need to be one not only with the One , but also with the many in human completion . A woman with long white hair wearing a loose , black dress went on plaiting bright strands of silk ; a young , dark man in a sleeveless jerkin continued to bend over the sketch book in which he was drawing . On the screen Derek Carlisle said , Our foreign affairs correspondent , Trevor Newsom , is now in the studio on Luctia , ready to explain to us the background to today 's decisions by the Council of the Galaxy . Trevor Newsom 's face appeared to one side of Derek 's . A small boy in pyjamas put down the basket he was weaving and looked at the face for a second or two , then turned back to his basket . Now , Trevor , Derek Carlisle confronted his colleague , we know that the President of the World faced a demand for higher salaries from our research workers ; that unless he came up with some incentive we would lose the best of those workers ; and that the increased contribution towards marioc manufacture would compete directly for Exchequer funds . As before , the news was on . We are now going live to Luctia , said Derek Carlisle . A vast auditorium appeared on the screen ; every seat was filled ; at the far end was a platform . where the formal press conference to mark the end of the Council of the Galaxy is about to begin . The picture changed to a close - up shot of the platform . He said , Oh there you are . Good . Roger appeared , paused , said quietly to Maggie , So glad to see you two have got together , and then took off again . I brought you the best of what was left , Simon went on . He turned , took a plate of food from the hall table and offered it , making sure his hand just grazed hers in the passing . It is a matter of their input systems being tuned to the contours of this physical and this social reality . Now it is frequently said that the development of skilled movement lags a long way behind that of skilled perception , and in one sense this is certainly true : young babies have excellent visual acuity as revealed by their behavioural discrimination of , and neural responsivity , to gratings and chequerboards but we do n't see them playing darts ! The presence of movement is one of our main criteria for being alive , and yet infant movements appear at least to be random , reflexive and undirected . Moreover , we know that people who are born with severe motor impairments develop normal and sometimes supra - normal intelligence . They may indeed , as in the case of Christy Nolan , win the Whitbread Prize for literature . We should say that their thoughts are captured by salient information where they should be centrally directed , inhibited and co - ordinated . In a somewhat more subtle form , these tendencies continue into later childhood . Martin Braine found that if children between five and six years of age are shown a standard visual illusion such as a stick in water appearing to be broken , by light refraction they will distinguish correctly between looks ? and really ? questions , but that if they are asked the neutral question Is the stick straight or broken ? they will say that it is broken . The neutral question is interpreted phenomenally , where an older child ( around seven years ) interprets it in a realist fashion . Maybe the reader 's first thought an experiment of my own showed that this is not misinterpretation in any simple sense . A much more likely explanation of Libet 's findings is simply that all experiences are delayed relative to the stimulus causing them , so that synchronous external events produce synchronous experiences . ( Another useful illusion is that of the instantaneity of experience . We have to view a stimulus for a finite time before it generates a perception , but that perception appears to us to occur instantaneously rather than fading into view like the Cheshire cat . ) But there is no way we can test for this hypothetical delay . Subjects are always limited to making judgements about experiences ; experimenters are stuck with observing physical events like evoked potentials , verbal reports and button presses . You could ask PH to introspect into the contents of his phenomenological awareness when he is looking at faces for as long as you liked , but there would be no insight that any recognition is occurring . That PH is genuinely recognizing faces , however , cannot be seriously questioned . This pattern of findings would appear to be impossible to accommodate from the viewpoint of phenomenology . As Bauer put it in a recent BBC television discussion of covert recognition , Our normal experience of perception , of seeing objects or faces as an all or none process , is a trick that the brain plays on us . It is a trick that should no longer fool anyone except phenomenologists . These were eventually formalized in the Weber - Fechner law which reported a quantitative relationship between stimulus and subjective experience , the sensation increasing in proportion to the logarithm of the magnitude of the physical stimulus . A quantitative correlation between the objective intensity of stimulus and the pattern of neural activity was subsequently demonstrated by physiologists recording from individual fibres . Since the work of S. S. Stevens in the 1930s and later , it has been recognized that , although the Weber - Fechner Law holds for many sorts of sensory experience , the exponent varies widely ; nevertheless , the principle of a quantitative correlation between external stimulus , neural activity and experienced sensation remains intact and now appears to be well - established . So much for the basic laws . The repeated confirmation of the correlation between the physical characteristics of the stimulus and the characteristics of the neural activity it triggers , and between the characteristics of the stimulus and that of the subjective sensation , has encouraged the belief that our sensations are in some sense to be understood in terms of a set of stimulation levels ( spiking frequencies ) in the appropriate sensory pathways . But what did this difference mean to Neela ? Or rather how did it feel ? Europe appeared to accept her difference and individuality , whereas England demanded that she should somehow conform , assimilate , and yet at the same time , there was no way in which it was possible to really assimilate . In fact it was n't even allowed . In any case , assimilation never meant any real acceptance or belonging . His marriage seemed like the Atlantic Ocean to her , something vast and unknowable which she could not attempt to bridge but only fly over at a terrible speed . It kept them apart , kept them foreign to each other , him unhaveable , her unhad . After a year his wife still appeared not to have noticed the smell of another woman on her husband 's face . He was always careful to wash his chiselled visage , of course , but in a year of passion one would think some small scent would have escaped , a tracking odour that would put her senses on alert . It was time for the Other Woman to go back to America . I saw this good - looking redhead with a bust to challenge Shakti 's a sight which was getting rarer and rarer as women were made to get thinner and thinner for the convenience of the multi - billion dress designing industry , much easier and hence more economical and hence more profitable to clothe a bean pole than an hour glass walking my way . Could you please tell me the way to Leicester square , I said , speaking softly , in my best voice and with my toothiest smile . Perhaps I was showing too many teeth which could make me appear roguish and untrustworthy . She sort of froze for a moment , tried to smile and not smile at the same time , looked uncomprehendingly at me , turned ever so slightly towards the farther side of the road from me and walked away with quick nervous steps . I tried the next time with a very dapper man , all pinstripes and umbrella . Another perhaps occurred to me . Perhaps I had spoken to two of the many tourists that must be coming over to pay their respects to this capital of capitals . At the time it appeared to be the most plausible perhaps . The answer , ask someone who had to be a true native . The man selling the evening papers by the bend of that road yonder . Yes , I like Hogarth , but Spencer intrigues me . Did you notice they both concerned themselves with the everyday ? Spencer has his characters busy washing sheets , making beds , tidying cupboards , and Christ and his apostles appear in Cookham as though attending a summer regatta - Fine , he says , rising from his chair , I could n't ask for more proof of realism , of everyday life But , I interrupt , for English snobs of the upper classes Members of the aspiring middle class hankering after nobility , he continues , these paintings offer what they most of all dislike : a celebration of the people . She pretended to agree , suspecting that her time for trying the landlady 's leniency would be next . On even days he whispered about the five different meanings of how 's your father and the etymology of knackered , Bob 's your uncles , and taking the piss out of X or Y . On odd days , a young woman who had gone to work as a governess at a remote Scottish house wrote to an employer she never saw about portraits which moved in the middle of the night and which , the governess wrote , appeared to speak monosyllabic expressions of agony . None of her letters were answered . When he stopped his work for tea , the prying landlady being out at the shops , he would try to arrange to meet her , either in the house or at the British Museum if she were going near the West End that day . Positively Pilkington Nelson Has One Eye on Seniors Pam Nelson may not yet be a household name but if this young American progresses in the same manner as previous Pilkington Glass U.21 Champions Steffi Graf , Arantxa Sanchez , Jana Novotna and Manuela Maleeva , then it will not be long before her name appears in the latter stages of the world 's leading tournaments . Pam emerged from a strong field headed by twenty - fifth ranked Sabine Appelmans from Belgium and two of the world 's most successful juniors in recent years , Maggie Maleeva and Cristina Tessi . On route to the final , Pam defeated Appelmans 63 , 63 and Tessi 62 63 . Rates of exchange At a recent Hugh O'Neill turning demonstration he mentioned in passing how much cheaper woodworking equipment is in the USA . This confirms many readers ' views and , since woodworkers keep tool and machinery suppliers in business , it seems to me that somebody on the supply side should justify what appears to be gross profiteering . At a recent show a motorised respirator was retailing at between 280 and 300 . In an American publication it was offered at 279 . Of course even the best power carving system is only as good as its edge . These bits are a forged lamination of soft , low carbon steel and high , hard carbon steel , made , seemingly , in Japan . As they are only small they appear to be quite light , but seem to hold an edge and time can only tell how quickly they wear out . There is also a line gouge available , costing 15 , for larger stock removal . All round , an interesting tool , that sits comfortably in the hand , is kind to the elbow , and does n't cost an arm and a leg . Castello is a wood in which the markings are usually very distinct , consisting of stripes of light and dark wood , varying in width and of a wavy character . It can give very good sky or water effects especially when combined with a moon/sun or a cloud formation . Don't forget that the sun will always appear behind the stripy cloud , never in front of it ; clouds can do either but probably look best with the stripes as a background . Certain samples of walnut can be similarly used giving a rather more dramatic and somewhat stormy appearance to a design . There are many stripy veneers available which can be employed to give various effects exploiting the characteristics of stripyness . In another context , Picasso once turned a bicycle saddle and some handlebars into a bull 's head ; transformation through the eye of a genius ! Use of line Designs composed of small masses of veneer forming a readable picture , correspond roughly in looks , if not in colour , to subjects as they actually appear to the eye ; they seem to be in 3D even though they are flat , and to a degree they are naturalistic . There is another branch of graphics , however , in which an image is produced by the use of line rather than mass . In its most basic form the technique involves merely an outline , or when it is filled in , a silhouette ; but of course it can be much more elaborate than that . As part of the design to construction stage I developed the Gothic bracket . These corner braces are curved on either side . The undersides link up to form an arch while the uppersides are cut to appear as pierced circles . With the overall dimensions I had been given , it worked out easily that there could be three arches along the front to one at the side . It is that sort of falling - together that reassures you are on the right lines . Be quick . Then , immediately , brush one surface of each joint with a slightly stiffer mix , line them up and apply the pressure . The danger is in having a film of glue dry prematurely and appear as a line . The pleasure is when it does n't . The joint between your quartered oak disappear and it becomes one block . Carving out of his shell Bertie Somme meets carver David Morgan , and looks at some of the endearing pieces David produces in his West Country workshop Pond snail in monteray pine David Morgan ( or Ned ) is one of the rate sorts of person who always appears to be happy and cheerful , making him the natural leader of the Devon branch of the British Woodcarvers Association . His degree in zoology from Bristol University has doubtless led to his strong feeling for the natural curves and shapes which are so predominant in his work Slug in ash ( above and pond snail in walnut Ned says he loves the infinite variety of wood and feels that woodcarving or sculpture should compliment this These wheels in pine or fruitwood were sold in large numbers for around 3/ each , to spinners in Co. Donegal . Your wheel appears an upmarket version in mahogany , probably a one - off model . Bone decor was used instead of ivory . These wheels were very good workers and many replicas have been built ; some very decorative specimens . a ) The duty of local authorities Local authorities have a duty under Section 46 of the Public Health ( Control of Diseases ) Act 1984 , to arrange the burial or cremation of any person who has died in their area where it appears that no suitable arrangements can be made other than by the local authority . However , local authorities have no powers to reimburse burial costs where a third party has already arranged a funeral ( but see ( b ) below in relation to deaths occurring in hospitals ) . The authorities concerned would be in the cities London Boroughs or Metropolitan Borough Councils and , in the rest of the country , District Councils . Launch With the election now off until sometime next year media attention continues to be absorbed by party conferences and international activity . As many of you will have seen the Macmillan Nurse Appeal has also been launched as has the Help The Aged Home Security Appeal , and appeals by Oxfam and Guide Dogs for the Blind , so it appears we have made the right decision to delay until January . Work on the launch and the focus of the appeal is close to completion and we are benefitting from the good offices of our advertising industry contacts . The Appeal Video is also close to completion . National Appeal As before we continue to receive a good flow of donations from the work of the Presidents Committee and their approaches to company contacts . Employee fundraising appears to be an increasingly popular option and whilst it involves a lot more work than a straight donation it has the ability to generate longer term grass roots support amongst employees . Unigate and Allied Lyons have now joined Tarmac and Cadbury 's in this respect . We are looking at ways to develop this as well as ways to ensure that groups are kept informed of any activity in their area . The arbitrator stated that the elderly couple in question had been sold an unsuitable product and had not been given adequate risk warnings . However , in making his award , the arbitrator subtracted those moneys ( plus interest ) already received by the couple , who were awarded 9,000 against their current building society debt of 18,000 . At the time of writing it appears that the broker in this case has gone into liquidation without making the required payment , and the couple must now turn to the Investors ' Compensation Scheme , which can pay compensation in cases where ( a ) the broker has gone into liquidation , and ( b ) the original investment was taken up about 28 August 1988 . A number of the 150 people who have contacted Age Concern England about the debt they face took up their scheme before this date and will not be able to obtain compensation even if they are granted an award through arbitration or private legal action . Sally Greengross , Director of Age Concern England , has written to the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators urging that awards made by arbitrators should enable investors to escape their debt completely , ie to pay off the whole of their outstanding loan , which will otherwise roll up on a daily basis , in some cases leading to repossession . A recent DSS Housing Benefit/Community Charge Benefit circular has given guidance about the treatment of income which is paid at intervals other than one week . Where income such as an occupational pension or Retirement Pension is paid into a bank or building society account on , for example , a monthly or four - weekly basis , in some cases this has been treated as capital resulting in a possible reduction of benefit . In effect it appears that the pension has been assessed both as income and capital . The circular states that income to cover a certain period should be ignored as capital for that period . For example if a person who has 3,000 capital receives a monthly pension of 200 paid into their bank account , this should not be assessed as an increase in savings unless it remains unspent at the time the next payment is due . But the working papers state that the list in the White Paper is not definitive , and that DHAs will be able to decide what core services are appropriate for them to maintain . Working Paper 2 states : even where a service is regarded as one which must be provided locally , it does not follow that every patient must have that treatment locally , it does not follow that every patient must have that treatment locally , if the patient and the GP or DHA as purchaser believe it to be better for them to be treated elsewhere . This appears to make the concept of locally - available core services a rather uncertain one . As time goes on , the Government envisages more and more hospitals becoming NHS Trusts , with powers to negotiate what services they will provide . Working Paper 1 states that many core services are currently provided by hospitals likely to seek self - governing status , and the Secretary of State , in first establishing an NHS Hospital Trust , will approve the arrangements for providing core services . Allowance will be made for contingencies , but these are to be the exception rather than the rule. 7.2.1 At present , general practitioners are free to refer to the hospital and consultant of their choice , although in practice this freedom has been restricted in recent years , partly because of health authorities ' reluctance to accept cross - boundary patients . The new contracts may improve accounting procedures , but do not appear to offer more choice to either doctors or consumers , who will be bound by contractual arrangements , which the government recommends should be on a three - year rolling basis . 7.2.2 The White Paper comments that some GPs may have to be re - educated in their referral practices , if the DHA arranged a contract with a hospital other than that which the GP has used by choice . Even within a GP practice , it is likely that doctors will wish to use different hospitals and consultants , but may now be constrained from doing so . 7.2.2 The White Paper comments that some GPs may have to be re - educated in their referral practices , if the DHA arranged a contract with a hospital other than that which the GP has used by choice . Even within a GP practice , it is likely that doctors will wish to use different hospitals and consultants , but may now be constrained from doing so . 7.2.3 For elderly people , the proposals appear to overlook the difficulties which they may face if , for instance , the contract for cataracts or hip replacements is placed at a hospital some distance away . This may well be more economic in costs to the GP budget or DHA involved , but could well create considerable extra cost for the person and his or her family , both in terms of travelling to and from hospital and in loss of support from friends and relatives who may not be able to visit . USE OF CONTRACTS . Age Concern receives frequent reports about health authorities closing long - stay beds , without ensuring that appropriate alternative provision is available . Age Concern believes that this issue needs urgent consideration in the context of the NHS Review , and that the statutory responsibilities of health authorities in this respect should be clarified . Hospital Trusts appear to have the freedom to choose what they provide , and as they increase in number and DHA provision declines , it is possible that long - stay care will become a residual service , separated from profit - making , attractive services . GERIATRIC AND PSYCHOGERIATRIC SERVICES Similar concern might be expressed for the continuation or development of geriatric and psychogeriatric services . Two veteran campaigners . Class 40 No 40160 tows a failed Class 108 dmu near Seascale on a Barrow - Carlisle service . Both designs first appeared in 1958 and by the 1980s were showing signs of their age . This photograph is dated 15 June 1984 ; No 40160 was withdrawn in November . The skyline of Brignorth , dominated by Telford 's church tower , provides a backdrop for this view of Class 59 No 59001 Yeoman endeavour leaving the Severn Valley terminus with a train for Kidderminster on the SVR diesel weekend in May 1988 . January saw the inauguration of the Bournemouth - Weymouth electrification and three months later 16.4million was promised to convert the Portsmouth - Southampton route . Enter the Class 91 , the new breed of East Coast main - line electric locomotive . The prototype series of ten appeared from BREL Crewe Works with a collection of teething troubles , but were in regular passenger traffic to Leeds by the end of the year . What happened to their Electra branding , by the way ? Exit the Class 45 Peaks , the last surviving locomotives built at Derby Works and Flying Scotsman to Australia for a year 's tour . It is now a matter of history that notwithstanding an outlay of 150million at current prices on research and development and prototype trains the technical potential of the train was never achieved and in 1983 the entire project was abandoned . Had BR had more time and more funding , had the government been more sympathetic towards the railway investment and had there been no recession , the APT might have eventually been successful but that is another story . ( By 1988 the Italian Railways had produced a tilting train the Pendolino which appears to be successful . ) Not only was the non - fulfilment of the APT an enormous financial loss but since its rapid adoption in squadron service had been presumed there were no alternative plans for either trains or track . As the depression began to affect West Coast loadings it soon became clear that it was no longer possible to sustain the level of service provided in the 1974 Glasgow electric timetable . Almost half of the serviceable BR - owned wagon fleet in 1989 comprised merry - go - round coal hoppers , with the remainder consisting largely of steel carriers , some vans and opens for general merchandise traffic , and rather surprisingly and after much argument with the industry the fleet of china clay carriers built to replace the venerable clay hoods in 1988 . Towards the end of the 1980s attention was being focussed on some interesting developments in wagon design . The MiniLink and MaxiLink container systems , both of which appeared in 1987 , incorporated some novel design features which enabled road - rail transfer without the need for separate lifting equipment . An even more exciting development was TrailerTrain , comprising a specially profiled road trailer which could be loaded on to railway bogies , again without the need for fixed equipment at the transfer location . Finally , one of the best kept secrets of the decade until its unveiling in 1988 was the Redland self - discharge aggregates train , a permanently coupled set of hopper wagons with a conveyor belt running underneath and a special unloading vehicle at one end . With a background of socialism , these PTAs were not averse to spending public money on promoting public transport . Rail began to benefit . At first , it appeared an anachronism for BR to go to a council and say , please give us some money to build a new station or , we need a subsidy to keep this service going . Many councils were sceptical . Some are to this day . General Motors of America believed they had made a major breakthrough into the British market in 1985 when they persuaded Foster Yeoman to buy four specially constructed 3,300hp locomotives to haul heavy stone traffic from their Merehead quarry to locations in the South East . Rules were relaxed to allow the first privately owned locomotives unlimited access to the national rail network . By now urgently needing at least 100 replacements for its geriatric locomotive fleet , Railfreight initially appeared to show deep interest in its own General Motors stud , but in the event the order went to Brush Traction of Loughborough . The arrival of the first Class 60 Co - Cos in the autumn of 1989 would spell the wholesale demise of many thirty - year - old Class 20s , 31s , 33s and 47s . Farewell . On reflection , costly mistakes were made with both the Class 27s and 45s , whose short careers could not possibly have justified the lavish life - extension work carried out on them . High Speed Trains . The eight - year High Speed Train power car production line came to an end at BREL Crewe works in August 1982 with the delivery of the 198th and final example , although strengthening of the fixed coach rakes meant the final augmentation trailer did not appear until the spring of 1985 . Healthy business , and integration of the Midland main line into the HST network , saw most of the fixed rakes expanded to eight vehicles . Opponents of the two locomotives for each train concept were vindicated by a series of stress defects and overheating of the Paxman Valenta 2,250hp power units , and it was agreed to re - engine four Western Region examples with Mirrlees units . Added to that was the desire to eradicate all vehicles with asbestos insulation by 1988 , a target not in fact achieved . The truism that you get what you pay for was ably demonstrated by the decision in 1981 to replace ageing first - generation DMU fleets on non - electrified outer suburban lines and remote branches with low - cost bus - type bodies on four - wheeled underframes . The prototype Leyland two - car Class 140 unit appeared in 1981 , and other fleets quickly appeared from Leyland , BREL and Andrew Barclay as Classes 141 , 142 , 143 and 144 . By 1987 , the honeymoon was over . Large numbers were laid up with a multiplicity of gearbox , transmission , body and wheelset problems . But this was only innovative in so far as classical ballet was concerned as there are many 5/4 Slav folk dances . Ashton makes brilliant use of this in his version of the solo , phrasing the steps so that a jump upwards can last three beats followed by two short steps or two beats followed by a long and then a short step . Taking time in the air makes leaps appear higher and more sustained than is usual . Music should , however , not be used merely as a time - keeper as the above remarks may suggest . Choreographers should understand that counting beats or what is called the measure of the music is not dance rhythm . By repetition , he did not mean that every time a phrase was repeated it had to be the same . On the contrary , he also asserted that it needed variation . For example , the six male dancers do not always appear in the same place nor end in the same pose in the passages mentioned above . No ! Massine followed Petipa 's example of the solos by Aurora and the Six fairies in The Sleeping Beauty . Instead , he used what he called mimed dance or danced mime , insisting , when asked fur an explanation , that there was a subtle difference between them , only one of degree . To Fokine , Les Sylphides was mimed dance because he had incorporated a few conventional gestures into his choreography . Fokine said that every phrase of his dance was a gesture , and explained : Undoubtedly an arabesque has many meanings but only when it appears as an idealised gesture . It is a very apparent gesture ( in Les Sylphides ) , a yearning for height , for distance , an inclination of the whole body , a movement of the entire being . If there is not this feeling , if it is only a raising of the leg , the arabesque becomes intolerable nonsense . This is usually performed extempore , following the whims of the singer , musician and/or dancer . It is therefore slightly erratic in phrase , rhythm and tune . Such irregularity makes these conversations appear spontaneous , an element which Massine was careful to preserve . Thus there are no repetitions of sentences . To a very large extent this is what Ashton does in A Month in the Country where the non - dancers speak out from time to time in explicit gestures . This marks their first exchange of vows , which is reiterated when Lise pretends to harness Colas by the ribbons to a trap of which she is the driver . But not for long , for they make another pledge by tying themselves together in a cat 's cradle . Ribbons appear again and again , ultimately in the maypole dance , before they disappear in a flutter of rose petals when Mother Simone relents and blesses the happy couple . There is another leitmotif in this funny , happy ballet , the precious red umbrella , Alain 's only love or so it would seem for it is the one thing he clings to and simply has to find when he has lost Lise . The choreographer 's viewpoint That is , the choreographer must understand from which part of the body impetus is to be given so that the step achieves its full purpose at the proper moment usually in some gesture and its musical emphasis . The moment can be as the dancer pauses momentarily in a pose , as a comma in the middle or as a full stop at the end of a sentence . Or the moment can be an important point in an overall design to fill space , such as the moment in a grand jet en avant when the dancer 's two legs are at an equal height from the ground and he or she appears to travel onwards effortlessly through space . It can also be the moment when a dancer moves into a pirouette and spins before holding a pose . However , more important is the third meaning of impetus which has also to do with physical performance . This required a knowledge of the theory of numbers and geometrical design , of singing and playing some musical instrument , of composing poems , of dancing , fencing and sword play , as well as of practising the fashionable sports and pastimes . This study of the Muses in the widest sense was reflected in the work of such balletmasters as Beaujoyeulx , producer of the first ballet de cour and later by Beauchamps , dancing master to Louis XIV . The same types of generalised character continued and still appeared in Petipa 's many ballets , Fokine 's Pavillon d'Armide , Ashton 's Cinderella and MacMillan 's Romeo and Juliet . There are some glimpses of the same behaviour in MacMillan 's Mayerling , although the manners and behaviour have deteriorated . The heroines of such ballets go hunting , practise archery , play lutes or mandolins , dance appropriate period dances and generally behave as to the manner born in aristocratic surroundings . It can be that magic moment in such dances as the Rose Adage in The Sleeping Beauty when Aurora triumphantly raises her hand from the fourth Prince 's grasp and holds the final attitude for several seconds revealing her complete command over the forces of gravity . There are hundreds of instances of this kind of pose created by many different choreographers . There is the moment in the Act II pas de deux or Swan Lake where Odette appears to fly away in an arabesque before Siegfried seizes her arms and draws her body close to his in an embrace . There are also the exciting poses that come at the end of some of Ashton 's pas de deux as the two characters declare their love , for example , when Oberon cradles Titania in his arms at the end of The Dream and , even more excitingly , when Colas lifts Lise high on one arm it the end of their dance in Act II of La Fille Mai Garde as if to crown her queen of the harvest In some modern classical ballets too little attention is paid to the momentary holding of a pose as the focus of a picture to sum up as it were what has gone before . Anyone using steel backs to their shoes can still do this . There is no light and shade and this way of using the pointes has nothing to do with giving a finishing touch to such dances as those fur Petipa 's Aurora and the Six Fairies in The Sleeping Beauty to make them seem lighter than air . Nor does it resemble the bravura footing of Kitri in the Don Quixote pas de deux or the passages in Ashton 's Ondine where his ballerina appears to be floating through water . Nor can it be compared with the ballerina 's dance in Rhapsodie where she wafts to and fro as if in a dream before breaking into her solo . The spacing of such steps on pointe is so minute and so fast that it is not possible to see the change of feet as one succeeds the other. The originality of so much of Ashton 's and MacMillan 's choreography fur classical ballets lies in the way they follow the basic principles and rules in order to create an infinite variety of enchanements from the traditional vocabulary of steps , and yet discard the conventions . Birthday Offering Ashton 's technical virtuosity ( The Royal Ballet ) Choreographers who do not adhere strictly to the old conventions of court etiquette realise that their total design will flow more easily because their dancers ' behaviour will appear more spontaneous and natural . For example : each soloist need not begin with a formal bow to a king or to the audience , nor end with another bow or considered pose ; but such behaviour may be included if the choreographer wishes to locate dance in a particular century and probably a palace in which the story unfolds . Many new members of an audience have been known to object to the applause greeting the last bow . when the members of the newly founded french academies laid down rules for all artists at the court of Louis XIV , they had to conform whether they were painters , sculptors or designers of scenery , props and tapestries . The rules stated that artistic works had to be inspired by the ancient Greek arts , be symmetrical , properly proportioned and balanced round a centre . These edicts were particularly important for all concerned in the opera - ballets in which the king himself frequently appeared at the climax of the action . To prove his importance and so that his entrance was emphasised all entered in order of precedence . He was thus the focus for all performers as well as spectators . some actors today , notably Sir John Gielgud , use them when playing in classical drama and some eighty are still part of a dancer 's means of telling a story in classical style . They have become part of the spacious ports de bras used during the dance . They conform to the same technical rules as ports de bras and must appear to pass through the centre line of the arm from shoulder to finger - tips and move within the two circles drawn by the elbows and hands . Two of the best examples occur when the Lilac Fairy casts the spell that sends Aurora to sleep in The Sleeping Beauty , ( Until a prince comes , sees her , falls in love and kisses her awake . ' and when Siegfried swears to marry and save Odette after she has told him how the wicked Von Rothbart turned her into a Swan ( Swan Lake , Act 11 ) . From such ideas he formed dances which did away with pointes but retained much of the classical footwork which he co - ordinated with the less familiar action of the arms and hands . Thus the angular and straight lines drawn by the legs were also drawn simultaneously by the arms and hands , which were allowed to cross the centre line of the body , very often with a twist sideways at the waist . This made the dancers appear as if they were a moving frieze . Something that David Bintley was also to achieve later in his Sons of Horus ( 1985 ) . Ashton too has created two oriental styled ballets in which the delicacy of the hands and arms drew attention to the way such subtle movements can take the place of words . This was followed by a wedding staged as if the Bride and Groom were being manipulated as puppets by a group of servants , a particular japanese theatrical tradition . The final scene was a formal celebration and prayer fur a wife giving birth . The movements were strongly influenced by the stylised Bugako players and were appropriate to each scene , but oddly enough the whole appeared too static , as if a series of japanese prints was being paraded before the audience . At this time a MacMillan ballet was expected to be , above all , about dancing . The apparent ritualistic posing , although strongly performed and easy to understand , did not appeal in the same way as his Song of the Earth . The words speak a philosophy known and believed in China for many centuries . Nautical styles Although few characters from the professions appear to influence demi - caractre dance ( their activities are usually confined to character works ) , the Navy and Army have regularly inspired choreographers . first comes the Navy ' Versions of the traditional hornpipe danced by sailors of many nationalities are featured in many ballets because it is so descriptive of the very particular way in which seamen walk and do the many different jobs that have to be done on any kind of boat . The hornpipe is not exclusive to England , which many seem to think , even though Petipa in his ballet The Daughter of Pharaoh included a hornpipe to represent the Thames in a spectacular scene where the four greatest rivers of the world met under the sea . Military style Today very little military demi - caractre style exists in Western ballet except in such American works as Balanchine 's Stars and Stripes , but it played a large part during the nineteenth century . It was then taken over by such excellent troupes as the Tiller and Jackson Girls who toured widely over Europe and America and later by the Drum Majorettes , who have also appeared in Balanchine 's works . One glimpse of this welldisciplined style can be seen in Lichine 's Graduation Ball , where both boys and girls march in formation and make other military manoeuvres . It is this aspect of military style that is well worth studying for the precision with which a battalion of soldiers makes patterns such as can be seen at the British ceremony of Trooping the Colour . They ride , fence and parry with swords , and sing a song with a lute . The gestures they make are at one with their interesting footwork . The footwork appears again and again in different enchanements during their other appearances , notably in the short solo for Mercutio when he dances in a more tragic vein just before he dies . Les Patineurs Ballets with a theme Ashton 's view of skater 's . All go together ( The Royal Ballet ) Ashton looks back to Petipa 's more formal style because it is suitable for Mendelssohn 's music . Despite Puck 's wild leaps , crazy antics and turns , the clumsy attempts by the Mechanicals to cut capers and Bottom 's efforts sur les pointes , it is Oberon and Titania 's dancing that commands the stage as well as those trapped in the magicked Athenian wood . from their first confrontation , when Titania appears wilfully aloof as Oberon tries to exert his authority , to their final reconciliation , they stand out as a true Fairy King and Queen , who are not beyond suffering the moods and emotions of We mortals here . Technical characteristics If choreographers study the above works of Ashton and MacMillan , they will understand how far the art of choreography has developed since Fokine changed its structure and texture . It does not develop into the passionate circling en l air that occurs when the Tutor swings Natalia round as she rests on his knee before they ultimately turn to face each other and embrace . This particularly subtle quiver of the leg to express newly aroused emotion was first noticed in Ashton 's The Two Pigeons when the Young Girl and her friends pretend to strut around like pigeons . But when she repeats the movement in her dance with the Young Man , it appears in a different context , that of awakening love . When he leaves her for the Gipsy and she dances . alone , it becomes a sad reflection of what has been . Steps should be classified under the terms used in the classical vocabulary so that they have a commonly recognised form , e.g. the three changes of weight required by the Russian Kolokol or bell step and the Hungarian Harang make them pas de bourre , whilst the goat 's leap known in several countries becomes the pas de chat . 2 Emphasis must be placed on certain steps and their qualities which appear to be particular to one country and dances should be limited to those which can be recognised . The movements of Hungarian dance are down to the earth whereas those of Scottish Highland dance are away from the earth . 3 3 In order to display particular native features , the traditional circle , chain and couple dance formations must be broken up and opened outwards so that the steps are seen clearly by the audience . This is after all what the first balletmasters did when professionals appeared on stage and were no longer surrounded by the court where all eyes were focused on the king ( see page 76 ) . 4 The very particular relationship of the accenting and phrasing of the steps with the overall and short phrase rhythms and accents of the music must be maintained . The partnership between boy and girl must be carefully observed and timed because each country has its own forms for such joint movement . Hungarian The couples frequently face each other looking into each other 's faces and appear to crouch over their feet slightly which emphasises the down to earth quality as most steps appear to go down into and not out of the ground . ( See page 95 for other characteristics . ) Polish ( See page 95 for other characteristics . ) Polish The boy 's way of appearing to guide his girl just in front of him in all travelling steps affects the carrige of both himself and his partner . The constant use of what is called the feminine cadence is a particular rhythmic feature . This is when a phrase finishes on the second ( or weak ) and not on the first or third beat of a final bar . Alain was played as an idiot who hardly danced at all except to full over his own feet . In fact they were stereotypes , well known in the popular theatre and instantly recognised as are supercilious members of the upper classes , superior servants and prostitutes . This is useful when telling a story , particularly as prostitutes appear in many ballets . One expects and sees silk stockings or nowadays fish - net tights on made - up hussies with split or very short skirts , or brief frilly knickers , low - necked bodices or tight gaudy corsets , elaborate hair - dos or hats , and so on . They are found in ballets by Jooss , Massine , MacMillan and others . It is worth noting that such important modern choreographers as Kurt Jooss and Martha Graham and the leader of the Dance Theatre of Harlem , George Mitchell , insisted that their dancershave knowledge of some school of classical technique , to which they added other exercises to develop the flexibility of their dancers ' bodies , athletic qualities and an ability to explore more thoroughly the space around them in all its dimensions . The additional exercises certainly led to a greater use of patterns made by the dancers rolling or posturing over and on the floor . This gave greater depth to most of the patterns , but often made the dancers appear earthbound . It also led to closer contacts between the dancers as they moved from picture to picture within the design . From time to time this can be very beautiful but because there is a lack of continuity in the dance movement from one picture to the next , the resultant work often appears static . This gave greater depth to most of the patterns , but often made the dancers appear earthbound . It also led to closer contacts between the dancers as they moved from picture to picture within the design . From time to time this can be very beautiful but because there is a lack of continuity in the dance movement from one picture to the next , the resultant work often appears static . Alternatively , it may appear too acrobatic or athletic because the choreographer has been so concerned with the turning of the pages of a picture book that there is no explanation why one picture follows another and leads to another and yet another until the curtain falls . Modern ballet It also led to closer contacts between the dancers as they moved from picture to picture within the design . From time to time this can be very beautiful but because there is a lack of continuity in the dance movement from one picture to the next , the resultant work often appears static . Alternatively , it may appear too acrobatic or athletic because the choreographer has been so concerned with the turning of the pages of a picture book that there is no explanation why one picture follows another and leads to another and yet another until the curtain falls . Modern ballet If the choreographer has subordinated tradition to harmonise with modern thought or modern terms of expression ( see page 12 ) then in a literal sense , the ballet is modern . Nijinska insisted on the use of the pointes in order to emphasise the elongated portraits of the Byzantine Saints , thus the dancers ' bodies mostly face the audience but their arms and legs turn inwards and are seen mostly in profile . The angles made at the elbows , shoulders , knees and ankle joints are clearly visible . Those of the arms are particularly interesting because the fists are either clenched or the fingers flattened thus the lines and shapes made only appear slightly rounded by the folds in the sleeves . The dancers drawing these straight , angled and very slightly rounded lines have to work accurately and be correctly aligned with their neighbours in each temporary grouping . Each grouping has to be correctly aligned with the other whether it precedes , balances or follows another . There was still one more big brewery left in the East End , however , the biggest the East End ever saw Truman Hanbury and Buxton of Brick Lane . Joseph Truman , based on papers now lost , is said to have set up business as a brewer in 1666 , the year of the Great Fire of London . However , he is not definitely found as a brewer in any records that survive today until 1683 , when he appears in the register of St Dunstan 's , Stepney , as a brewer of Brick Lane . One of Joseph Truman 's nine children , Benjamin , born about 1700 , became a partner in the brewery in 1722 . By the end of the 1730s Truman 's Brewery had getting on for 300 publicans on the books , though less than a tenth were tied houses actually owned by the brewery . The recession has led only to a period of consolidation in Tony 's words but expansion is not too far away . There will be no move out of the core business in the City or West End , simply a push for greater market share . In the long term there may even be Nicholson 's pubs appearing in the business centres of other cities . The hardest part about expanding will be finding pub stock up to the Nicholson 's standards . They have won more awards in CAMRA 's pub design competition than any other company , most notably for their careful refurbishments . TONY SOPER , Highbridge , Somerset . WHY have you stopped giving details of local real ale guides in What 's Brewing ? Despite a vague assurance to the contrary last year , this useful list has not appeared since February . Perhaps What 's Brewing could feature an up - to - date list of local beer guides every other month , alternating with the painfully unfunny P.A. Newton column ? DAVE WHITE , Wigan . FOLLOWING P.A. Newton 's revelation that Scottish Newcastle Breweries supplied quantities of Newcastle Brown and Tartan Keg to a pub adjacent to the Russian Parliament during the recent failed coup , I understand that the Morning Star , daily organ of British Communists , has started a campaign for Old Peculier to be supplied for the next coup attempt . By the time this column is read the curtain may have fallen on the empire created by George Walker , finally defeated by a 1.5bn debt burden . The late appearance of Lonrho 's Tony Rowland in the guide of Fairy Godmother or is it the Wicked Witch ? offering to wave the magic wand and change the bulk of the debt into convertible preference shares could have offered a reprieve . But Rowland 's offer has been dismissed out of hand by Brent Walker and unless the bond holders , owed 102m in all , agree to the restructuring plan involving BW 's 47 bankers it would appear that the directors will have no other alternative but to put the company into receivership . If that happens Lonrho may be gambling on picking up the betting shop part of the operation for the proverbial song . Meanwhile still waiting in the wings are the Cameron 's management buy - out team and Sunderland brewers Vaux . This action is , of course , in direct contravention of the BMC 's much vaunted policy on where and how bolts may be placed , which places an absolute ban on bolting on any gritstone crag . While many of the bolts were placed prior to the issue of the BMC policy document , they still break the tradition against placing bolts or pegs on grit for any reason . In this case it appears that the bolts have been placed , not for the purpose of protection , but to create an artificial gangway . Equally worrying to the BMC is that the centre negotiated its own private access agreement without consulting or even informing the council or its access officer Bill Wright . The BMC 's management committee , faced with what appears to be a fait accompli , must now decide what action , if any , can be taken . In this case it appears that the bolts have been placed , not for the purpose of protection , but to create an artificial gangway . Equally worrying to the BMC is that the centre negotiated its own private access agreement without consulting or even informing the council or its access officer Bill Wright . The BMC 's management committee , faced with what appears to be a fait accompli , must now decide what action , if any , can be taken . They will be writing to the centre to demand an explanation and if possible an undertaking to remove the bolts , although this seems unlikely . Bill Wright said : We are dealing with two issues here . Dateline Ultar Aficionados of the prose of Victor Saunders , who won the Boardman - Tasker award for his book Elusive Summits , will be able to follow the further adventures of Slipper Vic , Fowler the climbing tax collector and friends on their expedition to climb Ultar , the highest unclimbed peak in the Karakoram . Saunders has been commissioned to file reports on the expedition 's progress which will appear in The Observer throughout August . Herts Wall A new bid DR wall has been opened in Hertfordshire , as the Phasels Wood scout camp , open 10 am to 10 pm , admission 2 . If you start writing to councillors and start complaining that Sites of Special Scientific Interest are being damaged then broader interests are going to become involved . Controversy and argument attract notoriety . In the spring a story appeared in The Observer under the headline Power - drill rock climbers accused of vandalism , of how a minority were threatening the relationship between landowners and climbers as a whole . The strapline above the story included the phrase mountaineering 's image on slide . The story enshrined the belief that has developed in recent years that people who place bolts are villains who have no place on British soil . Recreational damage is cited by the CPRE as being short - term and minimal . Chunks of the Peak District are being gobbled up and we 're worried about the environmental implication of drilling a few tiny holes . And as for damage to an historic monument , to wit Dumbarton Rock , and the subject of the piece in The Observer , the photograph that appeared alongside it gives the lie to this self - generated argument . The climber is centre - frame , his offending bolts invisible , but in one corner and easily legible is a mess of graffiti ! Think about this scenario for a moment . In the morning , after an early breakfast of freshly picked mushrooms , Graham , myself and our hangovers ventured to the south side of the Mull . A hint of hatching on an early map , and the mysterious name of Brownie 's Chair were enough to suggest possibilities . And even from the mainland there appeared to be a distinctly vertiginous southern edge to the island . There , to our delight were the most beautiful cliffs , set above a grassy platform , above the sea . Not more than one pitch , but all untouched . I lay out , warm in the cloudy air , oblivious to the rain and hail which lashed the mountain and left its edges white . Mick was less fortunate , and when I awoke in the depressing gloom of dawn , he reported that the weather was very much better than it had been for a long time . Patches of blue sky appeared ; it was time to go , to aim for the top , to get word to Dairena and Morag who must be wondering , waiting , worrying . The top - rope on the first two pitches made them possible , and then we worked upwards , forcing tired bodies to perform and tired minds to keep them safe . Slabs , grooves , the odd bulge , then chimneys ; I mentally crossed off each successfully negotiated landmark as the cloud built up. Mechanical , sliding nut devices never seem to have become that popular in Britain . Perhaps it 's just that we do n't have enough of those long , thin granite cracks . Yet climbers appear willing to put an inordinate amount of faith in a long line of brass nuts and then show surprise when they pull like a hot knife through butter . Lowe ball - nuts have been around for a while and they are one of the best devices of this sort that I have used so far . The principle is a simple one . When fallen on , the wedge is retained in the groove and forced against the nut and up the incline . But , the width of the crack prevents this and the nut remains solid . The wires are soldered into the nut and the device appears well engineered . One benefit of this over similar units is that the groove retains the semi - circular wedge , so it is hard to separate this moveable part from the nut . On some units this can be done by rotating and will cause total failure . Having done this , after carefully considering his actions , he has made a statement which may well become the accepted ethic of Lakeland/British climbing . Many will say About time . My main fear , I think , is that bolt ladders will appear on beautiful , clean stretches of rock . This is precisely what has happened at Malham ( and though I find it visually offensive I still climb there , as do hundreds of others ) . Analysing the situation on Lakeland rhyolite more closely , I think this has probably been a false fear . The MBA do a superlative job maintaining these simple buildings , and set out a clear set of guidelines for their useage . Something has obviously got to be done to make sure that these simple shelters , which are there to offer overnight shelter for anyone in need of it , are not used for holiday centres and the like . It would also appear that many of the people who abuse the code of these shelters are not members of the MBA , so contribute nothing to their maintenance . If the current trend continues , the landowners to whom the bothies belong , could decide that enough is enough and withdraw their permission for usage . Mike Wilson - Roberts , Christchurch , Dorset . Opening an area such as this to the public means just that , and together with genuine walkers and climbers arrive the wild flower pickers , the egg stealers and the litter louts . And despite the Ramblers ' Association suggestion of management etc , we have not made too good a job of protecting other wilderness areas open to the public . Secondly , it appears that the military do not use Range West much . This statement can defend both sides of the argument . 1 ) Prices range from 40.82 for an Automatic Porch Light to 81.69 for a Security Light Lantern . CORDLESS DRILL WINNERS The winners of Black Decker 9032 cordless hammer action drills which were the prizes in a competition which appeared in the May issue of DIY are as follows : TILING For a lasting impression Ceramic tiles offer an excellent range of properties for use on wall and floor surfaces . If in doubt , ask your insurance agent and read your policy before disaster strikes . DELTA DEBIT CARDS Yet another logo has appeared on the plastic card scene Visa Delta 's interlinking triangles . You 'll see it outside shops and on your Visa Delta debit card when it comes up for renewal . Visa Delta is a debit card network linked with the Visa credit card network . His naturalism is apocalyptic . The social and psychological trends that were bound to produce Raskolnikov/ Danilov are the mere phenomenology of a transcendent mystic and Biblical cryptogram . The Book of Revelation , which Tolstoy said reveals absolutely nothing , is more heavily marked than anything else in the New Testament which Dostoevsky took to prison with him , and we know that huge overarching shapes like Baal , the Kingdom of Antichrist , are beginning to appear in his writing from the early 1860s . Danilov 's double murder looks small beer in comparison . Indeed it is pertinent to ask what scope of revelatory prophecy Crime and Punishment is aiming at . In his illness he dreamt that the whole world was condemned to fall victim to some terrible and unknown pestilence that was coming upon Europe out of the depths of Asia . Ali were doomed to perish except a chosen few , a very few . There appeared a new strain of trichinae , microscopic creatures parasitic upon the bodies of human beings . But these creatures were spirits endowed with intelligence ad will . People who were infected by them immediately became as men possessed ad out of their minds . He finds out that there is no such person . In a Napoleon he cannot discover anybody to be ; a Napoleon is a projected , dreamed - up , aimed - at type , a generalhuman . Dostoevsky 's home - made word does n't appear in Crime and Punishment ; it has been left behind ( unlike the mind that coined it ) in the much more theoretical Notes from Underground . With Raskolnikov the issue has been naturalized into a restless and greedy discontent . Mere existence had never been enough for him ; he had always wanted something more . And He shall say : I receive them , O ye wise ones , I receive them , O ye men of learning , inasmuch as not one of these has deemed himself worthy . And He will stretch forth His arms to us , and we shall fall down before Him ad weep , and we shall understand all things . So the swine swine in God 's eyes too will appear on judgment Day immortal souls capable of penitence and knowledge . This tirade , carried on vodka - laden breath , is a classic instance of Dostoevsky 's apocalyptic naturalism working on two levels at once . Marmeladov projects the Christian Revelation on the church - slavonic plane of his and every Russian 's Bible and liturgy , remoter from everyday usage than the English Authorized Version ; and he indulges a maundering drunken account of himself . In the last chapter , in prison , he says that without the crime he would not have found within himself such questions , desires , feelings , needs , strivings , and development . Were he to say any such thing we would be left with a therapeutic murder . But again Dostoevsky is fumbling after a creative or regenerative suffering , because it is of the essence of Raskolnikov 's questions , desires , feelings , and so forth ( which of course do appear in the novel ) that they should be agonized . The fictional morphology of this suffering is more aptly suggested by the novelist and critic Akhsharumov , writing the very year Crime and Punishment appeared in hard covers , who observes that Raskolnikov 's mental torment , which is his punishment in all but its public aspect , begins with his first promptings towards the crime . Thus Akhsharumov directs the reader to something that makes him certain he holds a masterpiece in his hands before he has read half a dozen pages : a single pre - natal life , a foetal stirring and growth , no ordinary robust narrative sense of something afoot . Were he to say any such thing we would be left with a therapeutic murder . But again Dostoevsky is fumbling after a creative or regenerative suffering , because it is of the essence of Raskolnikov 's questions , desires , feelings , and so forth ( which of course do appear in the novel ) that they should be agonized . The fictional morphology of this suffering is more aptly suggested by the novelist and critic Akhsharumov , writing the very year Crime and Punishment appeared in hard covers , who observes that Raskolnikov 's mental torment , which is his punishment in all but its public aspect , begins with his first promptings towards the crime . Thus Akhsharumov directs the reader to something that makes him certain he holds a masterpiece in his hands before he has read half a dozen pages : a single pre - natal life , a foetal stirring and growth , no ordinary robust narrative sense of something afoot . Raskolnikov 's first thought on slinking down the lodging - house stairs is one of surprise at himself that he should be simultaneously in terror of his landlady and planning a murder . We do . He is just surprised . On the surface of his mind lies the contrast between a trivial though tormenting fear and a monstrous scheme ; and beneath that contrast appears a positive contradiction : for a few sentences earlier we have been told He was not really afraid of any landlady . The question , who tells us ? , recalls the most important of Dostoevsky 's many changes in the course of writing Crime and Punishment , his switch from first - person narration the murderer 's story to what is formally third - person but proves so supple , so volatile , that the distinction between the inside and outside of Raskolnikov 's head disappears when his creator wants it to . The solution to He was not really afraid of any landlady might appear to be that we have here a masked first - person avowal , and that it is simply an indication of Dostoevsky 's boldness that it should be surrounded by authorial statements which are firmly outside and ( so to say ) on top of Raskolnikov in the classical omniscient third - person mode : for example , information about his poverty , irritable frame of mind , withdrawal from society , his not naturally timorous and abject disposition . Being gripped by a narrative is an altogether wider notion than what is presaged by the two - in - one of being outside yet inside Raskolnikov 's strange smile : the rehearsal of the murder , the murder sequence itself , the three long duels with the detective Porfiry , the suffering , the hesitation , the final climb up the police - station stairs . Dostoevsky 's own attempt to suggest how he disposes his reader in relation to these events goes as follows : Narration by the author , a sort of invisible but omniscient being who nevertheless does n't leave him meaning his hero ' for a moment So , after appearing to settle for third - person narrative , he doubles back on himself and leaves us to make what we can of an omniscient author who is bound hand and foot to a far from omniscient protagonist . That he succeeds in having it both ways is our experience of reading his novel in its dominant and thriller aspect . His Petersburg counts for an awful lot . The notebooks show Svidrigailov developing from a minor into a major character while Crime and Punishment was being planned and written , and they show his growth as interdependent with Raskolnikov 's final definition . In some early drafts Raskolnikov commits suicide , and the striking thing here is that it 's never suggested he does so out of remorse or because he thinks he 's going to get caught or even from some vaguer , larger self - loathing . He appears to lose interest in life . He is bored . Sonya asks him , I do n't understand : how will things be for you , how will you marry and have children ? of course thinking about his estrangement from human kind ; and he replies ( Dostoevsky 's italics ) : I 'll get used to it . He only knows that he needs air and ca n't get it ; a state evinced by his terminal boredom , and by single sovereign descriptive strokes like the fact that his eyes are a little too blue leaving the reader to imagine a pair of empty summer - sky souls , very bright and staring in pain . One of the marvels of Crime and Punishment is its clear distinguishing , untainted by clinical knowingness , of Svidrigailov 's and Raskolnikov 's ways of being ( as the saying is ) not with us . Svidrigailov appears not to notice insults and rudenesses . Nothing signifies for him , yet he seizes on details with a toneless precision , almost pedantry : when Raskolnikov calls him a gambler he says he is actually a card - sharper . Observing Raskolnikov wince at the idea of eternity as a bathhouse , he murmurs with a vague smile that he would certainly have made it like that himself . The second draft introduces the sister and cuts the thinking to himself . The magazine text brings in the paradox of public and yet as if private utterance : His words were as if spoken to himself , but he spoke them aloud , and he continued for some time to look at his sister like a man perplexed . And that is how the passage appeared in volume form , in the editions of 1867 and 1870 . But in 1877 , the last text overseen by the novelist , as if spoken to himself becomes as if meant for himself , shifting and refining nuance while involving the change of a single word in Russian , and enabling the artist to get at last the effect he had been working towards . The naturalness of doing nothing . ( iv ) Among Crime and Punishment 's major characters only Porfiry the detective is in no sense an arriver . It will appear mechanical , when plucked out of the huge and vital narrative flow , that Dostoevsky has given him a sickly dark yellow complexion as a mark of his belonging to Petersburg . Nevertheless he does possess a yellow face as opposed to lodging in a yellow room , or handling yellow money , or being issued ( the bureaucracy ! ) with a yellow ticket . He also belongs for the reason suggested by Svidrigailov ; Petersburg is the administrative centre of Russia , and Porfiry occupies his position there as an official examining magistrate within the metropolitan and national legal system . It is to steal his own clothes , and by the time he comes to Sonya to confess , the Napoleonic idea is already crumbling into wanting to dare or something even vaguer . And nobody else can be a Napoleon either . A Napoleon is a non - person , a generalhuman ; and although the word does n't appear in Crime and Punishment itself , the notebooks make the point that one ca n't just live the general life of humanity . In this general - human life there would be nothing whatever to do , the notebook continues . Napoleon himself had plenty to do , but a Napoleon is a member of a conceptual class of people who are like each other ; and likeness , the unseemly likeness of The Double , is fraught throughout Dostoevsky . The word appears twice in Dostoevsky 's letter to Katkov outlining Crime and Punishment , in the phrase unsteadiness of ideas which is natural since a drama of reflection is about to unfold : thinking is Raskolnikov 's work , as he tells the maid Nastasya . Unsteady work , we might add . Moreover the surname Shatov appears once in the notebooks relating to Crime and Punishment . But nothing further . It 's as if the name were waiting for the man , and for the novel which will transpersonalize or socialize the murderous concept : social unsteadiness , as Shatov says and as we read in the Possessed notebooks . Dostoevsky wrote for Stankevich 's published critical study of Granovsky material absolutely indispensable for my work , a life - and - death necessity like air . All was bustle and confidence . In the earlier Possessed notebooks Granovsky appears under his own name , and Peter Verkhovensky ( it must be recorded ) is often Nechaev . The tendentious story would soon be out of the way , making possible a return to what Dostoevsky thought was much more important , the Life of a Great Sinner project . But it did n't come out like that . This is the rationale of the movement from a decent man to the habits of a decent man. Stavrogin ca n't , and in our definitive text does n't , claim to be a decent man or to have any other thing to be ; all his letter indicates is a deathlike mime or sleepwalk within behaviour patterns determined by upbringing , class , and kind . This must appear implausibly neat . But so do many things once the dust of composition has settled and the builder 's yard of notebooks and rejected drafts can be studied at leisure . The neatness comes afterwards ; it gets imposed when a long and laborious and very untidy process is shortcircuited by the observation ( which Dostoevsky himself may never have made ) of a direct link between Stavrogin and the underground man. He looks a bit ill , smiles vaguely , and has a strange rather shy expression . His furniture is a jumble of good and bad ; a magnificent Bokhara carpet lies next to straw mats , and engravings of fashionable society and sacred icons confront one another . He appears to enjoy light reading . Perhaps even salacious reading . But nothing , and certainly not articulating his words cheerfully and artlessly , can muffle Tikhon 's diagnosis which is that Stavrogin suffers from indifference . But on the contrary , this world of it was rumoured and that may well have been so followed at once by it is more likely that nothing of the sort happened again in the opening paragraphs is as exhilarating as the challenge of life 's opacities to a healthy curiosity . Indeed the overall triumph of art in this case is that the novel walks out into our fact rather than ourselves entering its fiction : a very primitive and absolute form of consumer capitulation . Dostoevsky has an impudent way of making his narrator declare As a chronicler I confine myself to presenting events exactly as they happened , and it 's not my fault if they appear incredible like the son of the house writing home about his time on the North - West Frontier of India . The imperial - provincial ide is a sovereign one . We read about the governor 's bitten ear with the fascination of doting remoteness . A single ma cannot divine fully the eternal and universal ideal , were he Shakespeare himself , ad therefore he cannot prescribe either the ways or the aims for art . The Possessed looked for a long time like losing its way , and Dostoevsky would surely concede that in so far as the design was , to use his own word , tendentious , this was bound to be so . And yet a novel does n't write itself , even if some of the very greatest ones appear to ; it is written by a man with aims and preferences . But these just happen to be his , he ca n't prescribe them for art ; what he wants to say must come to terms with what the form allows him ; art refuses to be imposed upon , to be dictated to , and Dostoevsky 's dictum will stand . ( vii ) Cuk vs Buck , watching HDTV , whither Class D , Ferrite aerial response , telepointless ? , any old valves , light hearted . 748 Circuits , Systems and designs In the first of a regular series , we bring together some of the practical designs and circuits which first appeared in the US magazine EDN . 753 Circuit ideas Sound sampler filter , multimeter as frequency meter , sine waves from 4046 VCO , motion direction detector , D - to - A converter current booster , speech compressor . JLH provides the definitive guide to audio filter design . Change in publishing date Starting with the October issue , Electronics World + Wireless World will appear about week later than before . The publishing date will be last Thursday in the month . Hence the October issue will appear on September 26 . Starting with the October issue , Electronics World + Wireless World will appear about week later than before . The publishing date will be last Thursday in the month . Hence the October issue will appear on September 26 . Comment Analogue changes In this way , the trick of using two cores has performed the seemingly impossible task of isolating the tiny wanted signal from the comparatively huge unwanted one . If the pulses marked with arrows in Fig. 7 are isolated from the others and applied to an appropriate low pass filter , the output is a DC or slowly varying voltage whose magnitude and polarity model the external field . It would appear that isolating the set of pulses not marked with arrows would work equally well and , in fact , combining both in a suitable way could double the sensitivity . For low gain systems such as fluxgate compasses or short range metal detectors this is true , but for high sensitivity application such as the magnetometer described here , there are good reasons to avoid this approach . A practical solution There is nothing particularly remarkable about the power supply . Setting up If this all appears to work , an oscilloscope should show a pickup coil signal similar to Fig. 15 , variations depending on the individual winding symmetry . Amplitude changes should occur as the core is rotated in space . Similarly , a DC voltmeter connected to the test point at the output of the first stage should see a voltage which varies as the core is moved about . Non - corpuscular radiation is in the form of high energy X rays which , assuming that the earth is in the path of the rays , will reach the earth in fifteen minutes . This radiation may increase the depth of the D layer due to ionisation and produce the all too well known Dellinger face out when long - distance HF communication ceases abruptly . Corpuscular or particulate radiation appears in the form of protons and neutrons which take longer to reach the earth 's upper atmosphere than the higher energy radiations . These nuclear particles arrive at the F1 and F2 layers approximately 48 hours following a solar event and produce ionisation by colliding with gaseous molecules and cosmic particles . This explains why so few protons are detectible at the earth 's surface except after very major events . A knowledge of the ionospheric status will often suggest which bands will be more productive . It is interesting to note that a Dellinger fade out is often followed by a magnetic field change around 48 hours later . Many articles have appeared in the amateur radio press and elsewhere describing the many aspects of propagation and giving more detailed information on the theory of and effects of solar radiation on communications systems . This brief and simplified introduction has been included for completeness , and hopefully to show that the examination of the earth 's magnetosphere in relation to propagation is not a difficult project to undertake , the equipment is easy to build and has the advantage of being a both interesting and useful addition to your capability . David Lomax GW0FXA It is very efficient from a power dissipation point of view , not suffering from cross - over distortion . In addition , even if overall negative feedback is used , it has low overall distortion . On the surface it would appear superior to Classes A and B. It was invented by my late friend , Dr A H Reeves , who also invented pulse code modulation and the capacitor microphone , both of which have enjoyed enormous success . In my view and also , if my memory serves me correctly , in Dr Reeves ' view , this is quite simply because it doubles up as a transmitter with very sharp rise and fall times on its pulse width modulated waveform . Aerial confusion J.J. Gameson seems a little confused in his letter in the July issue . Everything appears OK until he introduces the ferrite rod antenna ( aerial ) . The null in the directional response of such an antenna is quite independent of the Q of the coil . It is linked to the magnetic field of the transmitted wave not the turns of the coil . With regard to the debate about c and Doppler shifts in the letters pages , light ( velocity c ) reflected or emitted from a surface moving with velocity v towards an observer appears to be blue shifted , or red shifted in the case of a receding surface . As a non - physicist I have often wondered if the difference in photon energy ( E ' E = hf ' hf ) of the shifted and unshifted light could be wholly accounted for by the effect of the surface velocity ( v ) acting together with the particle equivalent mass of the photon . The extra energy not being allowed to be expressed as an increase in c appears as a commensurate increase in f , that is : ( formula included ) where m is the photon equivalent mass ( yes I know it is related to E but I am trying not to confuse myself ) , E is the energy , and h is Mr Plank 's claim to fame . I write this letter in the hope that someone will explain the errors of my ways , forgive me for mixing relativistic and Newtonian physics , and enlighten me . Steve Bennett IDT Europe Broadly speaking these include : FIR filter design using the Parks McClellan and Window design methods , Differentiator and Hilbert transform design , IIR filters based on bilinear transform method , Display transfer functions , impulse response and pole/zero positions , Design filter directly from transfer function plane by specifying frequency cut - offs and attenuation levels , Quantise coefficient to a given word size , and Code generation for specified DSP device . Most digital signal design application programs have emanated from US ( reviews of a number of these products will appear in forthcoming editions of EW + WW ) . One of the first to emerge was DFDP from Atlanta Signal processing ( Fig. 1 ) , at one time marketed by Texas Instruments . Sourced in Fortran it contains several of the features listed above . A software product which runs exclusively on workstations is Signal Processing WorkSystem of SPW from Comdisco . This is a very comprehensive development tool allowing the engineer to make an entry at virtually any level in the design phase of a DSP based product . ( A full review will be appearing in a later edition of EW + WW . References 1 . B.W . Kernighan and D M Ritchie . The screen replaces the car windscreen , and on it is shown a road scene that has been recorded on video tape , and transferred to disk . A C program runs on the Archimedes , and controls the playback rate in response to the subject the driver of the car working the brake and accelerator . The task is to follow lead car , which also appears on the screen , and travels at a varying rate . The subject is told to keep the lead car at a constant , safe distance . Alarm messages appear on the screen if the chase car gets too close to , or too far from , the lead car . The task is to follow lead car , which also appears on the screen , and travels at a varying rate . The subject is told to keep the lead car at a constant , safe distance . Alarm messages appear on the screen if the chase car gets too close to , or too far from , the lead car . System state is recorded three times a second , the data being preprocessed on the Archimedes before being passed to the college VAX cluster for statistical analysis . Although drivers cannot steer the car in the current simulation , they do get a convincing impression of speed and distance , as well as a scene recorded from real life . But PowerGen and National Power wo n't like it . Living close to overhead electric power lines causes health hazards . At least this appears to be the conclusion of epidemiological studies about weak electro - magnetic exposure and cancer . This might be attributed to cyclotron resonance induced in human body cells by weak electromagnetic fields . This effect can be eliminated , but only if we cease to use our 50Hz or 60Hz frequencies and rely on DC exclusively or , alternatively , double the operating frequency to 100Hz or 120Hz . At the same time , even when the circuit performs better at some loudspeaker impedances than the traditional Class B circuit , it still has worse performance than that of Class S because of the low , yet varying impedance seen by the main voltage amplifier for all loudspeaker impedances bar one . Analysis Both circuits attempt to tackle the problem of crossover distortion in a basically identical manner : they try to make the load impedance , RL , appear to be very much higher to the main amplifier than it really is . Class S works on the clear principle that the inputs to A2 must both be driven to the same potential regardless of the input voltage to AL , ie , a virtual earth . In other words if the non - inverting input is at +3V that will also be the value of the inverting input . In view of the Warc footnote , this statement seems to have been economical with the truth . At the time , most observers believed that the real reason was that the BBC had been unable to persuade the newly - elected Conservative government to contribute towards the cost of setting up ( about 3million at 1977 prices ) or running a dedicated traffic service . Despite the far greater sophistication ( and cost to users ) of RDS , Carfax appears to remain the superior approach , permitting local traffic announcements to be made as soon as information is available to broadcasters . This is a significant advantage over RDS - EON which has to be slotted into programmes intended also for domestic and walking listeners . Such listeners would soon be annoyed were announcements to be made too frequently , at intervals of less than say 2030 minutes , or if programmes were rudely interrupted . On the one hand , it denotes an absolute , once - and - forall change : the Copernican revolution , or the French or Russian Revolutions . On the other hand , if we think of a wheel or turntable , revolution implies a mere turning , continual movement without progress . Nearly ten years after Belsey 's book appeared , there has been no revolution in the first sense , and it does not look as if there will be . Critical Practice was one of the early titles in the New Accents series published by Methuen , under the general editorship of Belsey 's colleague at Cardiff , Terence Hawkes . The series aimed to introduce to English readers la nouvelle critique and literary theory , along with associated areas such as linguistics , translation , and the study of mass culture . Feminist criticism , like Marxist , is avowedly evaluative , which sharply distinguishes it from the generality of current academic criticism , of whatever school . This is desirable in itself , though I do not warm to the feminist MacCarthyism which subjects texts to a close , hostile interrogation in a search for sexist attitudes . I have attempted to take a rapid view of developments in critical theory , or criticism with a theoretical consciousness , as they have appeared in British culture in the past twenty years . There is an immediate contrast with the literary criticism and theory of the early twentieth century , in that most recent work begins and ends in the academy , and has little contact with current literary practice . Both the New Criticism and Scrutiny were products of the modernist literary revolution , and drew on it for their methods and their assumptions . Her National Gallery choices of pictures were examples of problems posed to artists by colour , and in a video talk she demonstrated how these artistic problems had been solved . Connections with her own practice as a painter were evident , even though her abstract compositions were very different in subject from the works of her chosen artists , who included Veronese and Poussin . Her argument was that the subjects of the old master paintings could be disregarded by a painter who wished to find lessons for the present in the artistic practice of the past . Bridget Riley had no intention of either presenting an account of Poussin 's aims and procedures , or of demonstrating Veronese 's debts to his predecessors in Venetian art , as a historian would have felt a duty to do . The artist as critic in this case deliberately avoided the historical context of the pictures she was discussing . If a critic has a very decided political or religious point of view , this can override other considerations in judgements about art ; the viewpoint may also give a bias to the description or interpretation made . A remarkable Marxist interpretation , for example , was made of Florentine painting from Giotto 's time to the fifteenth century , by Frederick Antal in the 1940s . Later writers , even those sympathetic to Antal 's thesis , have admitted that the argument about class conflict in the period was exaggerated , but this does not exclude the possibility that an equally unexpected approach may not throw light on some apparently exhausted topic . Of course , a theorist may damage an argument through bias , perhaps excluding relevant evidence inconvenient to the case being made ; but this is not a danger exclusive to theorists . Omissions are most patent perhaps in surveys made with a political bias . A remarkable Marxist interpretation , for example , was made of Florentine painting from Giotto 's time to the fifteenth century , by Frederick Antal in the 1940s . Later writers , even those sympathetic to Antal 's thesis , have admitted that the argument about class conflict in the period was exaggerated , but this does not exclude the possibility that an equally unexpected approach may not throw light on some apparently exhausted topic . Of course , a theorist may damage an argument through bias , perhaps excluding relevant evidence inconvenient to the case being made ; but this is not a danger exclusive to theorists . Omissions are most patent perhaps in surveys made with a political bias . We have already mentioned in passing the state policies regarding the arts in Germany , the USSR and China ; there have been writers who followed the party lines by giving attention to those artists favoured by patronage , while neglecting others . As in books on the philosophy of art , or aesthetics , many do not in fact contain any art criticism , in the sense of description , interpretation and judgement of individual works . Their strengths are rather in clearing the ground of preconceived ideas about the arts , and putting new points of view . When works of art are described only those aspects of an image important to the argument are included . It is in this arena that some of the fiercest intellectual fighting about art is taking place , though the contests range wider than the visual arts to politics and economics . For example , Chadwick states : There can be no simple category defined as feminist art history , since the effect of new ideas is that much recent scholarly writing has shifted attention from the categories art and artist to broader issues concerning ideologies of gender , sexuality , and power . They may , however , not be exactly what the author would have preferred , as a colour plate which is readily available ( perhaps having been used in another publication ) is much cheaper to use than a new plate which has to be commissioned . The reader can thus be aware that a writer may have written round what happens to have been offered . This may be important in assessing how well a writer illustrates an argument . The standards which can be obtained in colour reproductions today are high , but not always attained . Comparison of illustrations of the same picture in several publications will demonstrate this truism , while the best test of looking at a reproduction in front of the picture itself can be a disheartening experience . In all capitalist democracies there are two sources for the legitimacy of the state , namely statehood itself and the ideology specific to the state in question . It will be argued that when the second source is threatened as well as the first , the power to coerce can devolve on the civil sphere in a substantive way . The conclusion to the argument will be that there is a specific form of violence of a political kind outside of state control which cannot be reduced to crime . The specificity of this form of violence or coercion has to be recognized , however one feels about the terrible consequences of it for the innocent . This form of political violence requires political answers and not just an anti - criminal , police - oriented , coercive response . Covenant theology itself empowers the people to take action against the state in certain and specific circumstances , and Ian Paisley and many of his supporters both within and without the Orange order have frequently used bully - boy tactics , and approved paramilitary processions , marching , and drilling . From Carson to Paisley one finds the argument that it is legitimate to fight to regain one 's fundamental freedom if the sovereign with whom one has covenanted one 's allegiance betrays that allegiance and conducts one into slavery . The argument is clearly inspired by a religious motivation and shows Ulster protestantism to be a vigorous form of political religion , approving whatever defensive measures are necessary to avoid submission to Rome rule. Ulster protestantism is not contained within churches but spills out on to the streets . Religion is also involved in the violence indirectly . Perhaps the most revealing aspect of the whole affair is the way Dr Browne handled it . The members of his party appeared to know nothing about the opposition of the hierarchy to the earlier Bill , and Dr Browne only found out in October/November 1950 . When he was told of the hierarchy 's opposition to any bill of this kind , Dr Browne , himself secularly inclined , submitted his proposals and arguments to the hierarchy for approval , just as a previous Health Minister , Dr Walsh , had consulted Archbishop McQuaid on a similar matter in 1946 . If a man of such convictions felt it necessary to follow this course , how much more would have his religiously devoted colleagues . In fact , his cabinet colleagues , already unsure about public support for the bill and alienated from Dr Browne by his provocative politics , were not prepared to go against the hierarchy 's condemnation and refused to support the proposal . But they did and still do remain the authoritative conscience of the nation . In addition , the clergy appear to have considerable difficulty in recognizing the transformation which theoretical positions on Christian belief and morality undergo as they are concretized in historical human relationships , doubtless also because of the strong essentialist bias in their perception of socio - ethical issues . Part of the overall argument of this book is that , as the Roman catholic church is principal validator or legitimator of the Southern state along with the concept of the national entity , what that state goes on to do in the field of social ethics cannot be separated out from the responsibilities of the church . This structural link between politics and religion is underlined by the legitimacy the church gives to the state as a whole , by recognizing it simply as society . However , it is the further legitimation given to a particular socio - ethical form of political religion in the constitution and to the implied authority of religious intellectuals in deciding in concreto what must be taken by the state as in the interests of the common good which gives to conflict in Ireland between the two alliances its political religious dimension in the sphere of law. These last were soon replaced , on 9 May , by a more specific and highly organized pressure group headed by many who had previously mounted the Pro - Life Anti - abortion Campaign . Of particular importance to the anti - divorce campaign was a lawyer , William Binchy , who had already produced a book in 1984 on the subject . Large publicity campaigns began and the Irish Times also lent its weight to the pro - divorce argument , campaigning in its columns until the eve of the referendum in late June. Though the coalition government were allowing their TDs the Irish equivalent for MPs a free vote on the issue , its parties , Fine Gael and Labour , officially sponsored the campaign for the constitutional change . Fianna Fil appeared to be equally divided on the issue . This was the line already adopted by Binchy ( 1984 ) who interpreted world - wide statistics in this direction . Divorce was seen to be harder on the women than the men , who could get out of their family responsibilities so much more easily with divorce than without it . In opposing the arguments marshalled by the anti - divorce groups , the pro - divorce group argued that , despite the existence of divorce legislation in Northern Ireland , there was still a low divorce rate . The period of separation in undefended cases was two years , and five years had to run if one of the parties opposed the divorce . That men in particular do not benefit from the procedures was suggested by the fact that twice as many women as men filed for divorce . One might be forgiven for thinking that the bishops letter had something to do with it and that Haughey was intent on constructing an alliance between those heeding the teaching of the hierarchy and the party faithful . In early May , two - thirds of Fianna Fil TDs from the West had already indicated they would campaign in their constituencies against the amendment ( Irish Times , 2 May 1986 ) . The Woods ' speech also introduced an important new argument which may have had some considerable effect on Irish voters . It suggested that second marriages would substantially infringe the rights of inheritance of the members of the first family . In a society of extremely strong rural , traditional values on rights of inheritance , the suggestions that constitutional Frankensteins would devour constitutional orphans ( Dil Debates , 14 May 1986 ) were clearly calculated to raise a moral panic , having produced the appropriate folk - devils . The main grounds appeared to be the danger which it might pose to the small Southern protestant minority by encouraging mixed marriages . However , no evidence favouring such a contention has ever been produced . Harry MacAdoo , then the Church of Ireland archbishop of Dublin , on several occasions put forward the argument that Southern protestants were a minority group with their own culture and traditions , and thus deserved to have schools for themselves in order to hand on their own traditions . When considering the merit of this argument , one does have to bear in mind the particularly precarious nature of the Southern protestant grouping . Protestant opposition to integrated schooling is sometimes heard in the North , particularly from the fundamentalist camp , who not only fear catholic infiltration of state schools but are opposed to anything other than Bible protestantism in religious education . However , no evidence favouring such a contention has ever been produced . Harry MacAdoo , then the Church of Ireland archbishop of Dublin , on several occasions put forward the argument that Southern protestants were a minority group with their own culture and traditions , and thus deserved to have schools for themselves in order to hand on their own traditions . When considering the merit of this argument , one does have to bear in mind the particularly precarious nature of the Southern protestant grouping . Protestant opposition to integrated schooling is sometimes heard in the North , particularly from the fundamentalist camp , who not only fear catholic infiltration of state schools but are opposed to anything other than Bible protestantism in religious education . But usually the opposite is the case and popular protestant support for integration is expressed . In the debates over the last twenty years there has been considerable interplay of theological and sociological reasoning , with social scientists also contributing to papers and discussions . What has been seen as an aspect of the Roman catholic intellectual opposition to divorce in Chapter 5 can also be recognized as a feature of the defence of catholic schools too : the opposition contains an interpretation of the moral nature of contemporary society and of what happens to catholics who are not to some degree protected from it . In this writer 's view , the arguments against multi - denominational education and in favour of catholic schools support an overall political theology which is strongly based on authority within the church . Hierarchy and clergy are seen almost to monopolize the teaching and wisdom about life . They are both directors of souls and minders of the public conscience . Put together with a faith vision of the contemporary social world as inherently secularist and radically subversive of Roman catholic values , the combination is significantly reactionary and ethnocentric . The aspects of this political theology will be discussed later . First it is necessary to consider the arguments used in the public debates . While the arguments of the defenders of catholic schools have a theological basis , those of the promoters of integrated schooling have been founded on what they see to be the results of the present system , namely a violent and destructive society . But there has been some attempt also to undercut the basic level of the defenders ' case . Irish bishops have been well aware of Spencer 's ( 1968 ) research . Using traditional measures of religiosity , he has pointed out the apparent failure of English catholic schools to produce better catholics and fewer ex - catholics than state or other schools , and has inferred the likelihood of the same for Irish schools . Spencer 's argument has been banded about from time to time . This is not unnatural , as in the 1970s and early 1980s Spencer was at the Queen 's University , Belfast , and an active member of the All Children Together Movement . Support for this line of approach has been found in Greeley and Rossi 's ( 1966 ) survey in the USA on the effectiveness of catholic schools . In the light of W. McCready 's findings in another study that the religious behaviour of the father had a greater impact on children , Greeley considered the fact that catholic schools were having an increasing influence on men to be of significant importance for the future of Roman catholicism in the USA ( 1976 : 1735 ) . Clearly , the follow - up study was more favourable to the defenders of catholic schools than to opponents . However , Greeley and Rossi 's work also has been used to uphold the defenders ' argument that , though Roman catholic schools varied in their efficiency , they were certainly better than any possible alternative in terms of producing good Roman catholics . Thus , both sides have tended to use social scientific research to make statements in general about catholic schools which have been drawn from other countries and , therefore , beyond the cultural confines within which Irish catholic schools exist . This is something for which surveys , including that of Greeley and Rossi , are not and cannot be intended . There was nothing in the studies on the differences between individual catholic schools , either in terms of pupil experiences or the varieties of educational practice and personnel in each school . A black - box approach to the schooling process was used with no direct investigation of processes within the schools . Finally , while it could be argued that Greeley and Rossi tell us something of catholic versus state schooling in the US , they have nothing to tell us about catholic versus Christian , multi - denominational schools , which is what most of the argument in Ireland is about . But the central and substantive argument that defenders of Roman catholic schools have had to deal with is that the dual school system in Northern Ireland encourages , supports , or at least reinforces the sectarian divide , and that it forms part of the vicious circle maintaining conflict in Ulster . It has been argued that one could help to break that circle by integrating the school system ( Fraser 1974 ; Heskin 1980 ) . A black - box approach to the schooling process was used with no direct investigation of processes within the schools . Finally , while it could be argued that Greeley and Rossi tell us something of catholic versus state schooling in the US , they have nothing to tell us about catholic versus Christian , multi - denominational schools , which is what most of the argument in Ireland is about . But the central and substantive argument that defenders of Roman catholic schools have had to deal with is that the dual school system in Northern Ireland encourages , supports , or at least reinforces the sectarian divide , and that it forms part of the vicious circle maintaining conflict in Ulster . It has been argued that one could help to break that circle by integrating the school system ( Fraser 1974 ; Heskin 1980 ) . A small number of empirical studies actually done in Northern Ireland have been invoked in the course of the debate . Consequently , one has to improve relationships within Northern Ireland without trying to merge the entire school system . However , curricular changes , joint teaching projects , and overall greater contact were seen necessary . Roman catholic church leaders have used additional local studies to refute arguments which treat Roman catholic schools as part of the Northern problem . They have interpreted Salters 's study of Belfast secondary schools as showing catholics to be less prejudiced than protestants . Even if this were so , the implication has been made by catholic school supporters that catholic schools have not promoted or reinforced any measure of prejudice , and that no other possible type of school could improve on them ( Daly 1975 ) . They have interpreted Salters 's study of Belfast secondary schools as showing catholics to be less prejudiced than protestants . Even if this were so , the implication has been made by catholic school supporters that catholic schools have not promoted or reinforced any measure of prejudice , and that no other possible type of school could improve on them ( Daly 1975 ) . Unfortunately , the necessary link to warrant this second conclusion a control group of catholics in a multi - denominational situation was simply not available to Salters , and so the argument is void . Use has also been made of Russell 's work on the teaching of civics in Northern Ireland schools . The work led Russell himself to conclude that the teaching of the subject had no effect whatsoever on pupils ' political outlook . Then all of a sudden , silence . You keep waiting for more but it does n't come . He works till lunch , then wanders into the kitchen and has long argument with Tony , or perhaps a discussion about the best way to cook trout or whether or not to sack the gardener . In the afternoon he starts by sleeping , then takes over the kitchen and insists on preparing extravagant five - course meals . Had me take him into Salisbury to the oculist . I mean , I expect it 's difficult to manage without harming them . No each lady had personally placed her cake on the long table without assistance . But then Mr Clancy and Mr Venables , who had been standing by to offer encouragement , had fallen into an argument concerning position . Mr Doran had moved his wife 's cake to the first position , and Mr Clancy had moved it back to the middle , saying the first cake tasted had the best chance , and his wife 's cake would be first as it had got there first . Mr Venables disagreed and made some claim about tastebuds and their overstimulation . That Agatha Christie 's reading was wide - ranging cannot now be denied , but , even so , the source of one of Hercule Poirot 's favourite ploys almost , it could be said , his trademark , the gathering together of the suspects at the climax of one of his investigations is surprising . It was only after extensive reading through the writings of many authors that I came across the work which undoubtedly gave the author this particular inspiration . Here , from a late volume of The Scot Musical Museum , is the poem which clinches my argument . Though published anonymously , it is undoubtedly the work of Robert Burns : CA ' THE BURGIES TAE THE BOGGIN CHORUS . I put Martha 's apron on by accident this morning . She 'd put a fifty - pound note in it and so she thought that it had been stolen . When I found it , there was an argument and we went for each other. When did you discover your mistake ? About the apron ? However , if you are going to fly solo , refusing is the only sensible thing to do . Flying demands all your concentration and it is not wise to risk flying if you have business worries or some other mental stress on your mind . Even a violent argument will leave you mentally high and quite unfit to fly . You can also become unfit in the air through lack of food and drink . Both these factors can cause lack of concentration and apathy . Traditionally in anthropology , the ethnographer has studied a social system or culture through a period of intensive participant observation in the field . This has generated considerable concern about the ethnographic experience itself , and specifically about the subjective nature of the process . Unlike the natural sciences , where discussion often starts with the results and ignores the methodology of the research , the social sciences and increasingly anthropology have developed an elaborate argument about the practices of doing research . The interpretation of culture and even the ability to understand what is happening in the society under scrutiny as well as the need to grapple with political or ethical questions are all endless and fundamental problems of the moment ( Phillips 1973 : 78 ) . Mere observation and reporting is inadequate , given the limited scope of things which can be truly observed ( Holy 1984 : 25 ) . As social dirt they become an affront to purity and possess the danger of the contagious and impure ( Douglas 1966 ) , requiring their removal from the public vision . As yet there is no other body to undertake this task , and even tentative moves to remove the problem from the cell block and into the detoxification centre foundered in the entrepreneurial 1980s ; for there is little immediate profit to be made from reclamation of this kind of scrap material ( although the long - term value of a humanitarian return might be thought to be well worth pursuing in a civilized society ! ) . The argument is therefore not about police control or a utopia without controls , but to explore why some cultural behaviour has a history of police action and to discover where that behaviour fits into police ideology . Its status or ( as importantly ) its lack of value creates complex systems of meaning which are rarely articulated ; for the police world has similar strictures to that which Benedict ( 1967 ) described in her attempts to understand the rigidities of Japanese culture : men who have accepted a system of values by which to live , cannot without courting in - efficiency and chaos keep for long a fenced - off portion of their lives where they think and behave according to a contrary set of values . to my senior command and in 1986 I informed my chief officers of the acceptance of my Ph.D . thesis , in accordance with the directive laid down by Force Orders . No one , of course , has asked to read it , for if my argument is correct the service has no need of any reminder of how the ideology works or how to implement the paradigms which support their cultural norms . Nor do they need their daily practice to be exposed to the analytic eye of anthropological thick description , for in their task - driven world there is little to be gained by reflecting on what they already live and understand . Any need to analyse the ways in which the multi - variant police world forms a coherent and self - sustaining whole is material for the social scientist and not the practitioners , for they already live the system as a matter of course . A good proportion of our work concerned our availability to act as an unacknowledged arm of the social welfare service to drug users in crisis situations , providing a front - line service for the speed freaks who 's OD 'd on the results of a bent script , or the acid heads having a bad trip , for we were in the streets , the pubs , the clubs , the crash pads , and communal houses frequented by the new alternative society . Much of our daily work was ten years in advance of the official police community involvement programmes and yet our actions were only an extension of those social welfare activities the police have been heavily involved in for generations , but which are never given status as real police work simply because of the institutional emphasis placed upon summons lists , numbers of arrests , crime detections , and other statistical returns . Many of our new counter - cultural deviants were articulate and presented very cogent arguments relating to their allegedly victimless crimes . For example , they would link their cannabis use and an alternative ideology or religious vision to challenge our somewhat static version of social reality . Many of the underground at this period in social history were consciously making a journey towards a new spiritual growth ; and this , as Furlong ( 1973 : 106 ) suggests , The Conversation Angus Cameron looked incredulous , permanently . His friend James Menzies the wine merchant , in whose house he lodged , had said once , infuriated after a two - hour argument , Angus do you believe nothing completely ? After thinking about it , Cameron replied , James , I was told a good thing once , by the sawyer at Bunarkaig . I used to help there as a boy . Mrs Menzies had died five years before , killed by malaria and stomach trouble from their time in Bengal . Menzies himself had a yellow face with a stained - looking flush on each cheekbone , and when he felt a bout of fever coming on , he drank to drown the symptoms . Now he looked over at Cameron , taking stock of the quizzical lift of his right eyebrow when he looked out below his black fringe , the down - turn of his mouth under his long curved nose , and began to recapitulate his argument with care , uncomfortably aware that Angus might think he was trying not to sound drunk . Consider , Angus , he said . They have seized the Session Books at Auchtergaven , and Kirkmichael , and Logierait , and and many another place . He expected a few dozen people . But the ranks and clusters of them stretched uncountably into the darkness . He turned to James in amazement and saw that he was enjoying his surprise , as though it confirmed one of his arguments . Keen wafts of pine resin sharpened the air . Torches were bubbling out flames and streaming smoke . He let his words trail off . They all went over to the fire for plates of meat and bread . In his mind Cameron continued the argument throughout the meal . He found in Byers a bracing scepticism like his own . Yet speculation was actually fruitless now . With the weather holding . There will be fewer to bring it in next year , when the listed men have gone . Menzies brought out the familiar argument . They will settle for the devil they know . Who does n't ? Yes , urged . By a show of force ? By reasoned arguments concerning the hardship it would bring upon the district if some hundreds of the most able - bodied young men had to go . Mr Cameron , are you suggesting that your repeated speeches and mind , we have abundant eye - witness testimony concerning them contained no word about the driving out of proprietors ? Or of ministers and teachers ? I had to adopt the aspect of receptivity . I was very receptive to the Bible , authority . I was n't interested in argument , philosophy I took the simple biblical past Having no father I tried to capitalise ( on his absence ) , resolve the Oedipal struggle , ( create ) good feelings . Since these states of affairs are of the essence of human perceptual consciousness and , therefore , of the human mind , it must follow that there are non - physical states of affairs essential to the human mind . So a materialist theory of the mind is false . The most primitive physicalist response to this argument is to deny the claim that there is anything about the mind that BS does not know . All that BS lacks is an ability to respond directly to stimuli of certain sorts : V knows no more than BS , he can simply do something BS cannot . BS is like a man who knows all about swimming , even to the point of being able to train the Olympic team , but who cannot swim himself , and V is the man with the normal talent for swimming . But this brings us back to the initial problem , which was precisely to explain how materialism could accommodate such a feel . We cannot , therefore , leave it as an irreducible fact about different physical processes that they feel different . In fact , the mode of access argument is ambiguous . It might be interpreted as saying that V has a mode of access to his own brain different from any modes of access to V 's brain available to BS ; or that V has a different mode of access to the external world , and that this constitutes the difference between him and BS . It is impossible to deny that V has a different mode of access to the external world from BS , for V can see and BS cannot . It would make no sense to say that the dots in the picture had a Gestalt of themselves , but to apply this model to the brain and experience would be just like that ; for , if the experience just is a state of the brain , then there is no way in which the character of the experience can be explained as the result of some perspective on the brain . Nor , more abstractedly , could it be the result of a perspective on the informational content of the brain ; for , in either case , the perspective would have to be the occurrence of some further brain or informational state and to both of these the scientist has complete access , and the problem reoccurs . If what I said above is correct , failure of the mode of access argument forces the materialist to deny that BS lacks any knowledge and to adopt a behaviourist theory . When a behaviourist approach is employed , it is not applied only to perception , but to all cognitive states . Remembering that philosophers of the seventeenth and eighteenth century had already assimilated thought to perception , this is not surprising . First , an objector might try to press the fashionable distaste for the first - person perspective and say that the fact that I cannot apply the theory to myself shows nothing except that one should not approach the philosophy of mind via the first person . A philosophical theory is essentially a reflection on a practice , and the first - person perspective expresses engagement in the practice : to apply the theory first - personally is to confuse levels . This is a spurious argument . A philosophical account gives the necessary and sufficient conditions ( at least in outline form ) for the application of a concept , and it should , therefore , apply in principle to anything that is a case of that concept . If it really is the case that all I am doing when I have beliefs about the world is to have dispositions to behave , then it ought to make sense for me to think of my believing in those terms . In showing that cognition as a whole cannot be treated behaviouristically , I have not thereby shown that a behaviouristic treatment of sense - experience is false . So perhaps my overkill misses the target : perhaps the behaviourist analysis of perception is sound , even though a general behaviourism is not , and what BS lacks is not knowledge of the nature of certain mental states , but only the ability to respond spontaneously to visual stimuli , that is , to respond as a result of actually seeing them . Reflection on the nature of the argument against behaviourism in general , however , reveals that the argument refutes the behaviourist treatment of perception in particular . That argument showed that knowledge of the external world cannot be reduced to behavioural dispositions , for the very idea of a disposition functions only in the context of an unreduced grasp on the physical world . But there is nowhere else that we might get our conception of the physical world from , other than perception . There are , though , a host of reasons for resisting any kind of equation between mental representations and mental pictures ; and all of these derive from one fundamental reason . Any mental picture will require interpretation , and this interpretation will be another mental operation , which , on the view that thinking is having mental pictures , will be another picture , which itself will require interpretation , and so on and so on . This may look like an easy knock - down argument against a silly theory which nobody has ever seriously held : but what is true of mental pictures would seem to be true of any kind of mental representing process which encodes sensations in some determinate form . In other words , the argument works equally against the view that we think in a kind of mental language , that mental sentences rather than mental pictures are the stuff of thought . Sentences and words also require interpretation indeed they would seem to require this more obviously than pictures and so we 're back on the circle of infinite regress . Well how do I know that this computer does not have a theory of the external world ? I have no argument , an objector would say , just a prejudice . Well , I think that there is an argument of sorts for saying that a computer of the kind described does not have a theory of the external world , does not have mental states which refer , and does not therefore have thoughts in any significant sense . There is representation in a language but no knowledge , and therefore no thought in the human sense . We should attend to the fact that knowledge of the external world means representing a lot of facts at once , so many facts that we lose hold of the idea of representation . But this is a fairly repugnant conclusion to most of us . Do we really want to say that all we ever learn we knew before even if we are saying this in some technical computational sense ? How about a more modest version of the argument which says that only certain primitive concepts are innate ( about three - dimensionality , causal relations , etcetera ) , and that the more sophisticated concepts develop out of these through the time - honoured processes of differentiating finer concepts from global ones and integrating the results into complex , structured concepts . This is not much help because ( a ) later - developing concepts must still on the representational theory of the mind be present in these primitive concepts ( there are no merely potential competences such as my potential but non - existing competence to know Portuguese ) ; and ( b ) how and where do we draw the line between the primitive concepts and the developed ones ? Predictably , perhaps , I regard this argument not as a demonstration that the acquisition of new concepts is impossible , but as another reductio ad absurdum of the representational theory of the mind . Constructivism and development The constructivist theory of mind regards thinking on an analogy with action ; just as the representation theory takes an analogy with drawing and writing . Moreover , to the same extent that the representational theory is non - developmental ( recall the Fodor 's argument against learning ) , the constructivist theory is developmental . I would not say that the developmental view is a consequence of the thoughtaction analogy exactly , because there could be constructivist theories that do not mention development . It is certain , though , that the constructivism that has received the most attention in psychology and philosophy has been the developmental theory of Jean Piaget . So why not say , then , that in development perception teaches action , that as the information delivered up by the input systems becomes progressively richer the infant becomes better able to direct his own movements , rather than saying that cognisance develops out of action ? My answer to this point will be more philosophical than empirical . It will rely upon an argument from Kant . In the Critique of Pure Reason , Kant 's aim was to show how objective experience is possible , to set out the conditions necessary for this ; whilst Piaget 's aim was to show , given certain Kantian assumptions , how objective experience actually develops . One of the conditions for ascribing to oneself experiences of a mind - independent reality , Kant argued , was that we should be capable of distinguishing between those sequences of perceptions ( if you like , representations delivered up by the input systems ) which are determined by the movement of objects and those which are determined by our own movements . Autism is a very profound cognitive deficit indeed , and everything that I have said up to now entails that a person whose thinking significantly lacks an holistic character , and lacks the related qualities of directedness , inhibition and co - ordination , will be profoundly affected . Coda We have covered a lot of ground , and maybe the path through the undergrowth of arguments and data is not a very straight or a very clear one . I certainly would not want to attempt a summary of the route we have taken all the way from the mind - body problem to children trying to win chocolates ; but I do need to make some concluding comments to justify the bold claim in the first paragraph that constructivism makes the mind - body problem less intractable . I argued that the representational theory of mind , with its assumption that thinking is the possession of determinate mental states which are in some sense encodings ( pictorial , syntactic ) of actual or possible states of affairs , contributes to the difficulty of the mind - body problem . I How might such states be both mental and physical at the same time ? We do not want to say that one kind of state causes the other kind , but neither does it make much sense to say that they are parallel or identical . There are arguments for all possible positions , but none of them convinces us for long ( see chapters 1 and 5 ) . Recall that constructivism refers only to mental representations at the level of the input systems , as entities which can be translated , more or less directly , into the language of neuropsychology . ( It refuses to take seriously the claim that central - system processes - thinking are explicable in terms of the causal interplay of representations . ) Most , perhaps all , functionalists are thorough - going materialists who believe that mental phenomena are genuine physical phenomena seen at a particular level of abstraction . This commitment to materialism means that a couple of standard dualist objections must be faced . First , there is the dualist 's argument that mental processes cannot be physical processes because physical entities such as neurons - lack certain qualities such as intentionality or consciousness that characterize the mental . The response to this is that intentionality and consciousness are emergent properties of physical systems . Neurons do not individually have the property of consciousness , consciousness emerges when a large number of neurons are interacting in the right kind of way ; just as speed is a property not of any single component of a car , but an emergent property of the whole system when it is operating in an appropriate way . Furthermore , the work of Young and his colleagues , which I shall be discussing later in the chapter , shows that being aware of the operations of , say , one 's face processing system has vitally important functional consequences . However , the functionalist view is that it would be quite misguided to attempt to explain behaviour by making direct reference to the subjective or phenomenal qualities ( technically known as qualia ) of these mental states . If it is really necessary to think of mental states as having qualitative content ( and see Dennett , 1988 , for some powerful arguments that it is not ) , then it follows from functionalism that such qualia do not have causal interactions with other mental states or behaviour and are mere epiphenomena . Successful Science The sceptic might , at this point , complain that while I may have sketched out the functionalist position , I have not provided any convincing arguments as to why one should believe it . If it is really necessary to think of mental states as having qualitative content ( and see Dennett , 1988 , for some powerful arguments that it is not ) , then it follows from functionalism that such qualia do not have causal interactions with other mental states or behaviour and are mere epiphenomena . Successful Science The sceptic might , at this point , complain that while I may have sketched out the functionalist position , I have not provided any convincing arguments as to why one should believe it . What I now want to suggest is that there is a lot of very successful science currently being conducted which literally depends on functionalism being true . If functionalism is false , then the success of the cognitive sciences is a massive scientific fluke . This is the myth that I want to examine here . Although the majority of scientists tend to be a little coy about metaphysical matters in their professional publications , they are often less so outside when writing elsewhere , being prone to describe the framework of presuppositions about perception within which they conduct their investigations as if it were a discovery in its own right and that discovery an explanation of perception . And although the majority of materialist philosophers base their belief in the neurophysiological theory of perception on arguments rather than observations , they are , nevertheless , greatly influenced by the apparent successes of neurophysiology . The Materialist Theory of Perception We may think of consciousness as having two components : sensation and perception on the one hand and willing or agency on the other ; or input and output . Moreover , rather as substance dualism tends to do , it seems to undermine the causal role of consciousness in , for example , bringing about or influencing actions . For the causal relations of events would be just the same irrespective of whether or not the causal chain temporarily took on a mental aspect ( as in property dualism ) or ( as in substance dualism ) went mental for a while . A further telling argument against the dual aspect theory - and one that has been rarely noticed is that aspects are relative to viewpoints ; in other words , they emerge posterior to perceptions . They cannot , therefore , be invoked to explain perceptions , even less the manner in which perception is related to matter . Most scientists implicitly , and the many philosophers explicitly , prefer identity theories . The monotony of the individual neurones is irrelevant ; what matters is the infinite variety of their combinations , of their patterns , which will become evident when we look at the nervous system at the right level . I shall deal with the language of neurophysiological description shortly . However , it is necessary to say a word or two here to refute this seemingly compelling argument . We are so used to hearing talk about the nervous system encoding the outside world that it is easy to forget that this is a metaphor and it is one that has no place in serious philosophical discussion of the mind - body problem or the philosophy of perception . The reason the coding metaphor has such currency in contemporary talk about perception is that it seems to suggest a way in which very simple and apparently homogenous elements such as nerve impulses can generate the richness and variety of consciousness . She cried out . It was her nail scissors that she 'd been searching for days , lost under the hearthrug and pressing into her hip ; and the cry was also her virginity , small and bewildered and gone . Afterwards somehow an argument started . Were they both unhappy ? Niall sending her up in his lilting Belfast voice for claiming Irish blood . Having realised , I suspect , at least for the time being , that they are not going to get anywhere in their fight for equal prize money at Wimbledon or the French , the Women 's Tennis Association have come up with another proposal which I know has support in some areas but which I certainly hope will also bite the dust . What they want in future is 32 seeds in all the Grand Slam tournaments instead of the 16 they have at present . Their argument is that it is good for the tournament , a s well as the players concerned , if as many as possible of the higher ranked competitors survive the early rounds . They also claim that the players have earned this protection by the performances in the rest of the year which have brought about their rankings . In my view , to have 32 seeds , even in the men 's singles where there is far greater depth of talent than among the women , cannot possibly be justified . Jim Coates Executive Director The British Schools LTA The conflicts within British tennis As Wimbledon again approaches , the arguments about why British tennis is so poor still rage on , and are getting even more heated . The June issue of Tennis World was no exception , with letters and articles giving both sides of the picture being published ; the only problem is that , in their own way , they are probably both right . The LTA are spending more and more money and whilst the rest of the world gets stronger , our players get lower in the rankings . Provincial resisted InterCity 's relatively modern but redundant 1960s coaching stock , and nailed its colours firmly to the mast of the Sprinter DMU . The two - car diesel unit provided ultimate flexibility and low operating costs , plus the chance to attract new business with smart new stock operating on faster schedules . The government accepted the argument , and approved the investment . Network SouthEast , struggling to cope with its massive upsurge in business , proceeded with complete refurbishment of serviceable 1960s stock and started massive investment in new trains , notably its Networker . Parcels was happy to operate with a small fleet of locomotives and hauled stock , plus a fleet of 1950s passenger DMUs converted for load carrying . But 20 per cent of its hops are now in the form of oils and essences and it is a growing sector . It may well be there is nothing wrong with hops in this form except that I find that brewers who use them , such as Whitbread and Charles Wells , produce beers with a bitterness that is a shade too harsh for my liking . And David Gardner 's defence of processed hops does remind the listener powerfully of the arguments advanced by the brewers in the 1960s when they were replacing cask ale with keg beer . In the 1950s and 60s there were superb beers if you caught them on the right day . But they could be vinegar the next day , he said . We learn that climbing is about tenuous niches in the horizontal rather than scaling a sheer cliff , as the journalese has it . It 's about oases of control where there should be none . It should come as no surprise then , that some of those who see bolting as fundamentally reducing the experience I 've outlined above , and which is our common heritage , should cast around for some solid arguments to counter its spread . Hence the great cry has gone up : Leave the environment alone ! What are a few bolts beside the environmental devastation caused by a large quarry ? These regular outbursts have inevitably had an effect beyond that intended . If you start writing to councillors and start complaining that Sites of Special Scientific Interest are being damaged then broader interests are going to become involved . Controversy and argument attract notoriety . In the spring a story appeared in The Observer under the headline Power - drill rock climbers accused of vandalism , of how a minority were threatening the relationship between landowners and climbers as a whole . The strapline above the story included the phrase mountaineering 's image on slide . Recreational damage is cited by the CPRE as being short - term and minimal . Chunks of the Peak District are being gobbled up and we 're worried about the environmental implication of drilling a few tiny holes . And as for damage to an historic monument , to wit Dumbarton Rock , and the subject of the piece in The Observer , the photograph that appeared alongside it gives the lie to this self - generated argument . The climber is centre - frame , his offending bolts invisible , but in one corner and easily legible is a mess of graffiti ! Think about this scenario for a moment . Most climbers , French or whatever , are very happy to swop information and generally be helpful . Also , many names are painted on the bottom of the routes ecologically unsound , but convenient ! Let the argument rage about the ethics of bolting . These crags are already equipped , and there 's nothing you can do about it except enjoy the security . When in Rome etc. These were mixed . I was sad and angry that he should want to place a bolt and go so radically against the grain ; sympathetic with Dave 's strong conviction ; peeved that my own route Centrefold had been usurped . While acknowledging his argument for the bolt placement , I advised that he had done the route ; if others thought a bolt should be placed , let someone else go ahead and place it . Shortly afterwards Dave placed a protection bolt in the roof just above the pegs . The blatant placing of a bolt in a Lakeland mountain crag produced considerable reaction throughout the rock climbing fraternity . And despite the Ramblers ' Association suggestion of management etc , we have not made too good a job of protecting other wilderness areas open to the public . Secondly , it appears that the military do not use Range West much . This statement can defend both sides of the argument . 1 ) Therefore , why ca n't the public have access . Rachel Brockelsby Hull Your dog is responding beautifully to the do and be rewarded training techniques just as he should . As for the other matter , it sounds like your dog could have earned his scabs by either defending himself , or having an argument with a cat . Get a vet to check him over to be sure . Either way , the problem you describe , combined with the fact that this is your first dog , makes me think you should go back to the RSPCA and ask them to put you in touch with the most suitable , local training club . Here you are talking and holding forth , says the latter , but tell me this : are you going to kill the old woman yourself ? Translators have would you kill ? here , but Dostoevsky uses the future tense for the officer , whereas the student 's I would kill is genuinely in the conditional . This distinction should be preserved ( even though the Russian verb is not quite square with the English ) , since it belongs to the novel 's overall life - against - logic argument : in theory the student would kill her , but in fact he wo n't . Of course not ! he tells the army officer , and that 's the end of it . Acting by theory , Raskolnikov does kill her , and life impinges . And yet he took no steps to reintroduce it in later editions . I believe he came to see it would not do . As with the censored Christian argument in Notes from Underground , I believe an unfathomable good luck wearing the face of bad luck was on his side at the start . If Raskolnikov was to have mounted an assault of something like Grand Inquisitor proportions , if he was to have expatiated on the whole God business not being worth the pain of one misused child , then the time was n't ripe ; we must wait for Ivan Karamazov . And if Sonya was to have replied to him , what could she have said ? I am bemused by the media attention being focused on the fate of the telepoint services . The public is being asked to believe that an ill - conceived government has it in for these companies . This argument just does not hold water . The whole system was ill - conceived from the outset . That some very large companies should have lost a great deal of money on their little experiment shows only how unwise their decision to pursue the technology was . The whole system was ill - conceived from the outset . That some very large companies should have lost a great deal of money on their little experiment shows only how unwise their decision to pursue the technology was . Look at the arguments . Since calls must be made close to a node , then why not simply find a telephone kiosk must work these days and the cost will only be at the standard rate . Then there is the absurd lack of ability to receive calls . In some situations Postscript can be faster than the escape sequence type of printer control file . It uses post fix notation , where arguments come first and operators follow . This is basically the same as Reverse Polish Notation as used on certain calculators , and follows directly from the stack based approach . It was a collection of essays designed to introduce la nouvelle critique to ignorant English readers : apart from the editors , the contributors included Julia Kristeva and Philippe Sollers , and there was an interview with Roland Barthes . A polemical note is sounded in the unsigned preface . It acknowledges that the following texts and their arguments are difficult , but the difficulty is not to be hidden we ourselves have no right to hide it . Nor , however , is it to be submitted to the terrorism or plain language , that mythical weapon or those who prefer the comforting repetition or the ideological caress ; who do not want to READ . It is , however , written in a crusading spirit , without any critical distance , and it is informed , like Belsey 's book , by the assumption that language or literature can give us no certain knowledge of the world . Hawkes 's polemical purpose becomes more and more apparent as the book develops : it is to undermine , not only established literary study , but liberal humanism itself . His arguments are fast - moving but inexact , and he engages in some wild flourishes of Hegelian grammar : Writing , in short , does not reproduce ' a reality beyond itself , nor does it reduce ' that reality . In its new freedom , it can be seen to cause a new reality to come into being ( Hawkes 's italics ) . Or consider the density of trope and implication in the following : New New Criticism would thus claim to respond to literature 's essential nature in which signifiers are prised utterly free of signifieds , aiming , in its no - holds - barred encounter with the text , for a coherence and validity of response , not objectivity and truth ( Hawkes 's italics ) . As I have remarked , Culler 's Structuralist Poetics encouraged some readers to think in terms of rapprochement between the New and the Newer Criticism . Anthony Easthope 's Poetry as Discourse offers a complex blend of old and new . He takes poststructuralist assumptions about the death of the author and the disappearance of the self - subsistent ego , and applies them to the history of English poetry , in a work which combines ingenious close reading , impressive knowledge of metre , and an overall argument of stratospheric thinness and remoteness . Easthope believes that the modernist concept of impersonality , later systematized in the New Criticism , and theorized by Wimsatt and Beardsley in their famous essay The Intentional Fallacy , was on the right lines , but did not go far enough , as the author was not really banished . Some of Easthope 's approach recalls that of C. S. Lewis in The Personal Heresy . The breakdown of English intellectual insularity is welcome in principle , but a few things need to be said about this new turn to France . It has become common form to invoke the magic names of the French theorists , as if the names alone would cause a torpid academic establishment to collapse . The use of names rather than arguments as ammunition has become noticeable in such exercises , on both sides of the Atlantic , as Chris Baldick remarks in a review of Frederick Crews 's Skeptical Engagements : One lamentable practice which Crews rightly scorns is the increasingly revived trick or medieval rhetoric in which one attempts to substantiate one 's theoretical argument not by anything so vulgarly empirical as a fact or a text but merely by invoking a name from the sacred pantheon . Derrida , Foucault , Kristeva , Lacan , Barthes : just reeling off their names is ( as Auden said in a very different context ) ever so comfy , since it safely defers the issues at hand to nothing less than a transcendent signified : in short , to a star . It has become common form to invoke the magic names of the French theorists , as if the names alone would cause a torpid academic establishment to collapse . The use of names rather than arguments as ammunition has become noticeable in such exercises , on both sides of the Atlantic , as Chris Baldick remarks in a review of Frederick Crews 's Skeptical Engagements : One lamentable practice which Crews rightly scorns is the increasingly revived trick or medieval rhetoric in which one attempts to substantiate one 's theoretical argument not by anything so vulgarly empirical as a fact or a text but merely by invoking a name from the sacred pantheon . Derrida , Foucault , Kristeva , Lacan , Barthes : just reeling off their names is ( as Auden said in a very different context ) ever so comfy , since it safely defers the issues at hand to nothing less than a transcendent signified : in short , to a star . This clinging to authority has , in my experience , become noticeable in graduate students and young academics in the past ten years or so . Interestingly , Anthony Easthope acknowledges the distinction at one point in Poetry as Discourse : Failure to distinguish clearly between signified and referent , the object it may refer to , has led to serious confusion in some accounts of the ideogram . Yet it is a confusion he frequently falls into elsewhere , as do other New Accents writers . Tallis 's case is convincing , though he has certainly not said the last word on the matter , and there may well be further arguments from those who are professionally engaged in linguistics . There is interesting supporting material in a book by the American critic Robert Scholes , Textual Power , published in 1985 and not consulted by Tallis . In Tallis 's reading , Saussure did not move from the sign , which comprised signifier + signified , to reference , because he was not interested in doing so , being concerned only with the internal aspects of a language - system . He did not intend to exclude reality . The error lies with Saussure 's expositors . Scholes , however , believes that Saussure is himself inconsistent , and responsible for later confusion , but the thrust of his argument is very close to Tallis 's , and both of them are concerned as were Thurley and Nuttall to reinstate the validity of reference and to deny that language is a system of pure differences , without relation to reality . Scholes provides a useful table , divided into three columns , showing how linguists and philosophers have agreed in making a tripartite division between signifier , signified , and reference , though they present it in a variety of terminologies . For Frege , it was Expression , Sense , Reference ( Ausdruck , Sinn , Bedeutung ) . Some of this writing is acute and interesting , the product of lively minds with genuine insights into the state of contemporary culture . I would often rather read it than more conventional forms of literary scholarship . Yet it is frequently open to pragmatic self - refutation : it argues against reason by the processes of reason , and a political cause , however radical , cannot be advanced without the traditional processes of argument and attending to evidence . There is admittedly the playfulness of some versions of deconstructionist rhetoric , which read like prose - poetry . But such texts are subject to the limitations of purely aesthetic discourse , with no through road to action , and must become politically suspect . Sinfield believed that they were often irredeemably tainted by ideology , at best to be read only in historical terms , or subject to symptomatic readings , seeking the fractures and fissures in the mystified surface of the text that showed the true ideological conditions in which it was produced . Against this , Ryan advanced the humanistic belief that the major canonical texts are not inherently reactionary , and that they contain implicit images and models of human freedom which transcend their immediate historical context and which later readers can respond to . This is an interestingly eclectic argument which recalls Gadamer on the fusion of horizons ( the reader 's and the text 's ) , Marcuse on the utopian possibilities of high culture , and Sartre on the necessarily progressive implications of major literature . Ryan represents a kind of Marxism that non - Marxists might do business with , in the sense that one can make a rational engagement with it . This is not always the case . It is never very apparent what Freudian claims are based on , though they are widely accepted in our culture . My scepticism has been reinforced by the recent work of Frederick Crews , who for many years was a leading psychoanalytic critic in America . During the 1970s he began to lose faith in the whole Freudian programme , and in his recent book , Skeptical Engagements , he provides detailed and substantially supported arguments for abandoning it . Freud is not , however , likely to be generally rejected , since he is so much part of the valued cultural furniture of the West . Furthermore , attacks such as Crews 's are , as he acknowledges , not taken seriously and replied to in their own terms , but treated as symptoms of repressed disturbance . Nevertheless , Raymond Tallis , whose own training is in medicine , has shown to what extent one of Lacan 's key concepts , the importance of the mirror stage in the development of the infant 's sense of self , has no base in clinical experience . As far as Tallis is concerned , Lacan is a charlatan , the L. Ron Hubbard of psychoanalysis . Yet his system , like others on the contemporary scene , is constructed so as to repel argument or contrary evidence . Bowie , whose admiration is tinged with honest caution , has summed up the Lacanian system in these words : Just as you can gain access to the cave of the unconscious only by being inside already , he seems to be saying , so you can gradually reach towards an understanding of my work only by understanding it in advance . Much of the work that is rediscovered may have the literary qualities that will satisfy readers without particular feminist interests : the poems by women that Roger Lonsdale included in The New Oxford Book of Eighteenth - Century Verse are a small - scale , easily accessible instance . Nevertheless , in a feminist academic context writing may well be studied , not primarily for its literary but for its cultural interest . This question provoked arguments in America about the Norton Anthology of Literature by Women , some of the contents of which were said to have had little value as literature . A common feminist response is to say that the whole idea of literary standards , even standards as such , is a form of male domination . I refer to this significant dispute in passing , without engaging in it , except to say that feminists are divided on whether they want to establish a countercanon or extend the existing one . These phrases , and others like them , have been debated and pondered , interpreted and reinterpreted , as though they were the formulations of the great philosophers of the past , like Plato or Kant , rather than the work of a living thinker in mid - career . There is a sense in which interpretation without conclusion is a mode of play ; deconstruction insists that philosophical texts must be read as though they were literary texts , with full attention to their ambiguities and irresolutions . In this light , arguments about Derrida 's meaning have the fascination and intractability of arguments about the interpretation of , say , Eliot 's poetry . Indeed , it is a central assumption of deconstruction that the distinction between literature and philosophy is exaggerated , or arbitrary , or even meaningless . Certainly , some of Derrida 's later work , such as The Post Card , looks more like experimental literature than philosophy in the normal sense . Anyone who can say so clearly just what Derrida is saying , or doing , immediately puts the reader in his debt . Yet the clarity and rigour may in themselves be problematical . This was the position argued some years ago by practitioners of la nouvelle critique , who believed that clarity in argument was a form of ideological mystification , reinforcing the status quo . Put in such extreme terms , the position is clearly absurd and self - defeating . But , for Derrida , whose fusion or ( con ) fusion of obscurity and playfulness is an essential element in his textuality , Norris 's exposition may represent a process of intellectual tidying up which leaves out something important . In America fashion can actually be enforced . A few years ago , as part of an annual round - up of critical books for Encounter , I reviewed an interestingly speculative work on modern fiction by an American academic . My feelings about the book were positive rather than the reverse , but I complained in my review that it was studded with references to fashionable French gurus that were purely cosmetic , adding nothing to the author 's argument . A year or so later I chanced to meet him and he acknowledged that this was just criticism , but that he had been obliged to insert these names so that his book would look like a truly up - to - date , intouch work of scholarship . In 1982 at Stanford I heard similar accounts of academic publishers requiring appropriate names and references in books . Marxists invoke History as a transcendent signified , the ultimate in terms of which everything else is to be explained ; but there are many histories , not one , and we choose those which suit us . As Edward Pechter puts it , History does not tell us what the text is , because we decide what history is , and then put history into the text , rather than the other way round . Something similar is true of politics , another transcendent signified and argument - stopper . Since politics is traditionally one of the major defining activities of a rational humanity , the discussion of literature in political terms is not only possible but desirable , as the major critics of the past have shown . But the word politics itself needs to be deconstructed , since politics is to do with our ideals of what human life should be , about which there has never been agreement ; indeed , it is out of the disagreement that politics arises . He believes that literary study has a cultural and humane rather than an intellectual value ; and the implication of his recent work is that there are other ways of attaining cultural value . This has some affinity with the Marxist position . In a published argument between Scholes and Hirsch , the former made the following statement , on the assumption that the conservative Hirsch would disagree with it : At the heart my belief is the conviction that no text is so trivial as to be outside the bounds of humanistic study . The meanest graffito , if fully understood , can be a treasure of human expressiveness Scholes is not a Marxist , but his American cultural populism has affinities with recent Marxist writing ; at the same time , Hirsch and Scholes find themselves in unexpected agreement . One might reach out to other affinities . When Scholes writes that no text is so trivial as to be outside the bounds of humanistic study , I am reminded of C. S. Lewis 's argument that any piece of writing has a claim to being literary if someone can read it in a literary i.e. an absorbed , attentive , loving fashion . The effect of all these approaches is to remove literature , as conventionally defined , canonized , institutionalized , and taught , from the exclusive and isolated position which it has long occupied in the anglophone academy . Even the modest proposal that literature should be read in its cultural context has large implications . Literariness is to be found as a basic principle in the work of the Russian Formalists and the New Critics , and , elaborately formulated , in Frye 's Anatomy of Criticism . It inevitably presents itself in formalistic terms , and sometimes in overtly aesthetic ones . The latter presentation is not so common , because of the generally unfavourable associations of aesthetic in our culture , though it is implied whenever students are asked to approach a poem as a work of art , rather than as an historical document or a philosophical argument . Indeed , a diluted Croceanism underlies much of our critical and pedagogic discourse , with its references to expression , feelings , intuitions , and unique personal responses . Poems are more plausibly referred to as works of art than novels ; the latter may have obviously aesthetic qualities , but have many other things in them as well . Something of the sort has already been introduced into some English degrees , under the aegis of the Verbal Arts Association , who have made a welcome start with such work . The reading of English poetry would be accompanied by a consideration of historical as well as current theories of poetry . These would include the arguments of the major poet - critics of the past : Sidney , Jonson , Dryden , Johnson , and on to the Romantics , Victorians , and modernists . I cannot see how the canon of poetry could avoid being constructed along historical lines , though the problem and implications of canon - formation should be faced , as part of theoretical study . It could take account of recent attempts to enlarge the canon , particularly by the addition of poetry by women , and other marginalized groups . Reviewing and criticism are separate activities , but the best literary journalism can provide genuine and valuable criticism , as Morris Dickstein has pointed out . What is needed are more journals that are prepared to publish long , serious , reflective essays or review - articles , as the London Review of Books does . Victoria Glendinning , writing as a biographer and literary journalist , has offered some judicious thoughts on the question , which summarize much of my argument : No one could doubt that the application of the academic mind to literature has been salutary in bringing rigour and discipline into criticism : cleaner texts , scholarly annotations , precise analysis , intelligent even transforming interpretations and readings ; and an intolerance for woolly emotional responses , vague inflated recommendations , and subjective wallowings of all kinds . But the academic mind , and the exigencies of the academic career , have had the effect of splitting off academic approaches to literature from the reading , in that word 's widest sense , of ordinary people Mr Noel Stock , who speaks as one who had Pound 's confidence in recent years and was in daily contact with him , explains that this passage derives from a hint thrown out by Jessie L. Weston in her from Ritual to Romance , to the effect that the charges of heresy brought against the Templars were not wholly unfounded , since some of the practices of the Eleusinian mystery - cults from the pagan Near East survived in the heart of Christendom in the rituals of the Templars , a survival to be traced in literature in the stories and poems about the quest of the holy grail . From Ritual to Romance came out in 1920 , and was a new book when T.S. Eliot borrowed from it for The Waste Land , thus making it permanently famous ; Pound could not have known of it in 1911 , but if he had then visited the Templars ' cavern - church in Aubeterre he could hardly have failed to remember it in the light of jessie Weston 's argument . Certainly in recent years Pound 's interest in mystery - cults has been more than antiquarian ; in was Erigena ours ? he asks whether the philosopher Scotus Erigena was one of the Eleusinian brotherhood , and ours can be given full weight Noel Stock goes so far as to claim ( op . cit . p.22 ) that some of the obscurity of these later Cantos is deliberate and arcane he writes about them as an initiate in words that are both published and not published . Fascinating as this is , it is surely with relief that we return from thus checking printed source against printed source , cross - referring and tentatively identifying , to the open air of the roads of France . The story is an intricate one , as Herbert Schneidau acknowledges ; and Pound 's holding out against Ford for the Dantesque principle of a curial diction ( see his introduction to the poems of Lionel Johnson ) represents to my mind an objection that can still be raised to Ford 's principles of diction , salutary as Ford 's polemics undoubtedly were for Pound at this time . Moreover Prothero , a historian , perhaps had no ideas about poetic diction one way or the other ; Pound , as we have seen , thought himself victimized by Prothero not for anything to do with writing but for having championed Lewis the painter and Gaudier the sculptor . All the same Schneidau 's argument is just and illuminating , so far as it goes . But does it go far enough ? It is worth looking again at Pound 's letter to Michael Roberts , strident though it is . If we resent this ( as we should ) , we ought to realize that it is we who are to blame for it . For neither Kenner nor Pound is a professional or obsessive Anglophobe . Both men are reporting what seem to them the facts of the case , and they are the more confident about doing so because no Englishman has arisen to rebut their arguments . For us to respond with sneering anti - Americanism is the merest childishness . After this , Pound 's relations with England and the English were for the most part an aspect of his relations with that one of his erstwhile protgs who had become , surprisingly , a pillar of the English establishment Eliot , editor of the Criterion . All his pride in his memory , his sense of the internationale of writers , painters , musicians , and the aristocrats , his study of form as technique ( no contours , no edges , intellectual concepts , but rounding , thrusting , as a splash of color , as Yeats described his aim in the Cantos ) it is all a huge AESTHETICISM , ending in hate for Jews , Reds , change , the content and matter often of disaster , a loss of future , and in that a fatality as death - full as those for whom the atom bomb is Armageddon , not Apocalypse . Again , Pound 's admirers will protest ; and they will be right , insofar as Yeats 's account of the Cantos is n't so definitive as Olson takes it to be . But the main thrust of Olson 's argument is unaffected , and it ca n't be set aside : this great American poet ( and Olson knows that Pound is all of that ) was a Fascist , profoundly , and no amount of talk about his affinities with Whitman will save him for democracy , nor will any attempt to treat his anti - Semitism as an unrelated pathological aberration . Another escape hatch that Olson slams shut upon us is the device of distinguishing between Pound - the - man and Pound - the - poet . The trouble with this manoeuvre is that it cannot help but demote poetry . An instance , and a momentous one , is Tate 's review in Poetry for November 1932 , of Pound 's How To Read : The real criticism of Mr Pound is not to be directed against his theory as such , but rather at the hasty headlong fashion in which he presents it , at the logical confusion of his intellect when it is not performing the task which is specifically his own , that task being poetry . The justification of Mr Pound 's thesis in How To Read is not his arguments , but his poetry . Leavis , who countered How To Read with a booklet , How to Teach Reading , and Winters , who declared in 1937 , Mr Pound resembles a village loafer who sees much and understands little , told the same story as Tate : Pound was a naf , an imagination and sensory apparatus that consistently performed better than it knew , in ways that the maker 's own discursive intelligence failed to comprehend or measure up to ; in Winters 's memorable and mordant judgement of 1943 , a sensibility without a mind , or with as little mind as is well possible . Take Pound the poet ( though in strictly limited dosages , if you listened to Leavis or Winters ) , and ignore Pound the critic the message was loud and clear , and it was attended to . The choreography likewise evokes changes of weather and mood but without displaying any overt narrative development . The two central , baggy - suited dancers , Lynne Bristow and William Trevitt , either mirror each others ' movements ( the old man perhaps communing with his diary ) or else dance as a couple ( the man reliving past relationships ) . Thus some slow , desiccated waltzing and gentle leans have the quietude of an old couple on a dull mild day ; sequences of deft , steppy footwork and sharp edged leaps have the high spirits of blustery sunshine , while a duet of rhythmic fidgety gestures has the feel of a lifelong argument continued during a rainy afternoon . The other four dancers regularly interrupt or echo these sequences with images from the past a robust trio , whose folk steps and causally thrown jumps have the coltish energy of adolescence and two couples who look like lovers courting in the 1920s . By the end this quartet depart the stage in a halting dance of death and Trevitt is rolled up in a carpet , leaving Bristow alone without partner or diary . Britain 's kind of deficit arises not because the Government needs to borrow ; the public sector itself is in heavy surplus . The deficit is created by the actions of the private sector . If so his argument goes consenting adults in the private sectors of different countries lend money to each other , all that shows is that capital markets are usefully redirecting the surplus savings of one economy to the investment opportunities in another . That detached observer , the International Monetary Fund , calls this kind of deficit efficient and self - correcting . History shows it can go on for a long time , as deficits and surpluses did during the golden age before the First World War . History shows it can go on for a long time , as deficits and surpluses did during the golden age before the First World War . Very recent history suggests the world has become much more like that again , with investment in each country breaking free from the constraint of domestic savings . Evidence of excessive demand There is some observable good sense in this argument , and it helps to explain why sterling has not hit the fan a lot earlier , during a truly spectacular swing from surplus to deficit over the past two years . But its limits are exposed by asking a simple question : why , then , should Mr Lawson not be quite happy to see the deficit get even larger ? Why should a good deficit not get even better ? Today there is again a global capital market , but no gold standard , no fixed exchange rates , for Britain not even a European Monetary System . That is not Mr Lawson 's fault , of course , but he has to live with the danger that while the world 's capital markets will duly bridge the gap between Britain 's domestic savings and investment , they will only do so at a lower price for sterling . If you take the argument about consenting adults to its logical conclusion , that price Britain 's exchange rate should be left to them , too . But however suspicious Mrs Thatcher may be of managed exchange rate systems , she dislikes a falling pound as much as anyone . So we come back around the circle to the capital side of the balance of payments , and the operationally interesting question : for how long can we expect the world 's savers to make up our domestic shortage ? It is , he argues , not at all clear how you raise private savings to close the other kind of gap . This point should not be pushed to perversity : the IMF is still clear that a US - style deficit is worse , and it certainly is not being quickly corrected . But Mr Lawson has to show he knows how to do the trick , before he can win his argument , in theory or in the markets . Corporate Profile : French flair and Le Mortgage push Compagnie Bancaire ahead : Michael Prest takes a look at one of Europe 's most unusual and successful financial groups By MICHAEL PREST As the Indian example shows , domestic consumption is a vital factor . Yet one must be cautious . Historically tea has been a fairly dull market , dominated by trade interests two arguments against the London Fox 's efforts to excite interest in a tea futures contract . A balanced market , by definition , can swing surprisingly fast in the opposite direction : the chances are , for example , that Malawi will not have a drought next year . But for all I know , the ICO could still be meeting then . Rational judgement might have told him that the nation 's plight was hopeless , but his was the vision of an avenging prophet . It is probable , Storr observes , that England owed her survival in 1940 to this inner world of make - believe . What psychoanalysis calls fantasies of infantile omnipotence thus came into play , together with other attributes of infantility greed , paranoia , and an inability to follow complex rational arguments . Churchill demanded that all ideas be submitted to him on a half - sheet of paper ; he was frequently insensitive , a bad judge of character , and a sucker for flamboyant charlatans ; intensely loyal , he demanded uncritical loyalty in return . The end of the war meant the end of the blissful congruence between fantasy and reality , and Churchill turned to painting and writing in an effort to regain that happy state . The classic example of market failure is environmental protection . Education and training and research and development are other areas where government intervention is badly needed . The dilapidation of our transport system and the shoddy state of our national services underlines the argument for more public investment . Labour 's change of policy on the European Community puts it in a strong position to argue that economic and industrial decisions are increasingly likely to be made on a European basis and it is essential that Britain plays a more constructive role . We shall need to develop , for example , a viable policy on economic and monetary union . But after 10 years of Tory rule , he had had enough of that approach to politics . Labour would be acquiescing in a democratic outrage if it continued arguing that , because the Conservatives had got away with being undemocratic for so long , it was now Labour 's turn . Mr Cook also countered the argument that PR would build in a pull towards the centre ground , preventing Labour from implementing a radical programme . It seemed strange to make that argument , Mr Cook said , when it was clear the whole policy review process was designed to placate the centre ground . I cannot honestly see that a system which would require us to compromise the morning after the election is really so morally inferior to a system which has already obliged us to compromise our policies two years before polling day . Some recent work on green vervet monkeys shows that audience effects can be important in other contexts in which their functional significance is a little easier to identify . Anne Keddy Hector , Robert Seyfarth and Michael Raleigh at the Universities of California and Pennsylvania have been studying parental behaviour among captive vervets to see if males ' parental ability affected the females ' choice of mate . Their argument was that a male 's potential quality as a parent might be important because , in many species of Old World monkeys , males form strong protective relationships with females and their young , which are crucial in reducing the amount of harassment and competition the young suffer from other members of the group . In a number of species , bonds between males and infants within a group may influence the chances of males mating with certain females . In baboons and Japanese macaques mothers resuming their sexual cycle are more likely to mate with males who have formed a relationship with their offspring . That will be the guiding light of the next Labour government . When I insist on that priority , as I can tell you I most certainly will with the full support of the Prime Minister in doing so then I 'm sure my colleagues will see the point of that . Now it is quite right of them , of course , to allow our social obligations not to be forgotten ; there 'll probably be an argument . There are in all governments between the Treasury and spending ministers . But they will take into account the need for that balance that says that social spending without underpinning by economic growth will not be sustained in any event . In the absence of the big idea , one good phrase would be a help , something to focus the uncertain and suggestible mood of the country and put its finger on what it is that is missing and wanted after 10 years of Mrs Thatcher . By the end of this week we shall know what the Labour Party no longer stands for , such as unilateral nuclear disarmament and full - scale nationalisation ; but what , in essence , does it stand for ? If it did not exist , would anyone trouble to invent it at a time when , from the Atlantic to the Urals , socialism in all its manifestations is losing the argument to liberal capitalism ? For we should not become too carried away by Labour 's changed face and tone of voice , nor too dazzled by the Peter Mandelson image - conjuring . The party may have put on a collar and tie but it is still the Labour Party , prone to its old reflexes ( as it reminded us yesterday on defence spending ) , prisoner still of its anachronistic structure , its mind set in 100 years of working - class history . Some Anglicans would certainly go further : the Bishop of Birmingham , the Right Rev Mark Santer , who is the Anglican co - chairman of the theological commission trying to overcome doctrinal differences between the two Churches , says : If Anglicans and other non - Roman Catholics really do believe that the Christian Church is called to be at peace with itself , how given the fact that Christians are sinful do you actually keep the show together ? In the end , you do have to have some sort of juridical power if you are going to keep the institution together . This a very English and pragmatic argument for the necessity of a central authority in the Church . It has been greatly influenced by the tangled confusion into which the Anglican Communion has stumbled over the ordination of women . It starts from the fact of disunity and asks which existing political mechanism can work best for unity . Environmental organisations , however , put the emphasis elsewhere . There is no incinerator which completely destroys toxic wastes , Madeleine Cobbing , Greenpeace 's toxics campaigner , told me . The crux of our argument is that we do n't need to have toxic wastes and the fact that plants like Rechem exist , providing easy options for companies , is acting as a disincentive for companies to clean up. But another but what about the PCBs that already exist ? Although they are no longer manufactured , they are still present , for example in electrical equipment . Although they are no longer manufactured , they are still present , for example in electrical equipment . No one could therefore call for the closure of incineration plants at a stroke , because noxious chemicals have to go somewhere . So a part of the argument switches to the kind of incinerators you allow while industry is forced to clean itself up. Also , how these should function and perhaps most important of all where you put them . Mr Wheeler , now moving to the rear of the plant to show off the 2m smoke - cleaning section , which had just broken down , pointed out that his company achieved destruction of at least 99.9999 per cent of all materials . If South Africa or a South American country made a pitch for Hong Kong entrepreneurs , numbers could rise sharply yet again . It is a matter of principle for the Hong Kong government that it should not seek to restrict the numbers leaving , whether directly or by influencing resettlement countries . But , particularly since Tiananmen , it has been echoing the argument that people would be less concerned to leave Hong Kong before 1997 if they could be absolutely confident that other countries would accept them after that date . The Governor , Sir David Wilson , has argued for a general right of entry to Britain though such a right could not be of much value if it were not ordinarily convertible into full citizenship . Officials also talk of an armageddon scenario , asking that Britain secure international agreement to accommodate millions of Hong Kong refugees in the event of Tiananmen - style repression after 1997 . Already , President George Bush is talking about a full restoration of Sino - US relations . Other nations , especially Japan , wait impatiently in the wings with their offers of soft loans . To those who see China in primarily economic terms , the golden goose argument comes most easily : that its government would never be so foolish as to constrict or repress Hong Kong , the tiny territory which has proved such a powerful catalyst for the growth of its hinterland . In eight years , such optimists claim , China will be adjusting to Hong Kong , rather than vice versa . Great tracts of the Middle Kingdom will be virtually indistinguishable from the tiny entrepreneurial enclave . It is easy enough to say What Makes Martin Run : a sincere belief that Hong Kong needs true democracy , even if most of its present leaders disagree . The more difficult question is how long he can continue as a one - man movement . He has been one of the Legislative Council 's most diligent members , a demanding enough job ; he accepted China 's offer of a seat on the Basic Law Drafting Committee , helping to write Hong Kong 's post - 1997 mini - constitution , and was embroiled in more unsuccessful arguments for direct elections , opposed by mainland communists and Hong Kong conservatives . He has been an energetic supporter of the democracy movement in China ; and of Hong Kong campaigns to secure right of abode in Britain . Not surprisingly , from time to time , his fatigue shows : the voice cracks , the temper frays , the judgement falters . As Senna raced towards the victory he needed in Spain on Sunday , James Hunt , a driver familiar with the pressures of a late challenge for the championship , was saying Senna had no right to be on the track at all . Or , at least , not if you compare Senna 's comparatively lenient fine for ignoring a warning flag last Friday with the harsh justice delivered to Nigel Mansell earlier in the week . The argument is that Senna 's crime as he rushed past the scene of an accident was infinitely more dangerous than Mansell 's failure to stop on the command of a black flag . Although guaranteed the drivers ' championship , McLaren are on a loser no matter what happens . If Prost wins , then he takes the title with him to Ferrari and , in exchange for the highly desirable numbers 1 and 2 the Italians will present 27 and 28 to McLaren , a particularly irksome detail for such a dominant team to accept . That , in my opinion , is dead right . But the important quality about Dick Crossman , which made him unique among Members of Parliament and made his testament to the understanding of British Government unique , is that he was the pure , 100 per cent archetypal don , a don through and through , albeit a don whose special subject was politics in practice . Crossman tended to presume that all those he came across , at work or socially , liked nothing better than to have their intellectual sacred cows challenged , their arguments questioned and their assumptions subjected to loud investigation . That is the portrait of a don , a don in his supreme incarnation , a don going about the business that he was designed for by nature . Of course , as should be the way with a don , he excited dismay - dismay more than dislike or distrust . From Lady JANE HOWARD Sir : Professor Gomme ( letter , 3 October ) argues the case for the exact recreation of the interior of Uppark most cogently ; and certainly , careful and committed reconstruction , such as can be seen at Chatelherault where Hamilton district council has faithfully , and against all the odds , achieved a marvellous reproduction of William Adam 's hunting lodge for the fifth Duke of Hamilton , is not to be jeered at . But Anna Pavord 's recognition ( 27 September ) of the opportunity for the twentieth century boldly to turn Uppark 's tragedy to advantage , is a more compelling argument . Why not create an exhibition centre inside a perfectly restored exterior for exhibitions of all that is best in furnishings in National Trust ownership - a Burrell within a Claverton ? There could be exhibitions of the best tapestries and textiles , the finest portraiture , the most outstanding silver ; or the best of a certain period drawn together from National Trust houses ; and perhaps linked displays on craftmanship , techniques , restoration and conservation . Why the need for such an ambitious plan now ? It 's the last hoorah of the economic regulators , he said . They lost the government spending argument in the late Seventies and Eighties , now they 're trying the environmental route . On a good day the climate in LA is close to perfection : it is possible to understand what brought all these millions to a vast , waterless , resourceless basin , between the mountains , the desert and the sea . But Dr Lents says the blue skies and soft breezes are misleading . He , like other founders of the paper , fears that if the damages award is not lowered considerably it could be the end of the road for Pressdram Ltd , the Eye 's publisher , after decades of public wars with the great and the powerful . A few rows in front sat Peter Cook , the satirist , actor and comedian , who now owns a large slice of Private Eye . He too listened closely to the arguments in the morning , but after a pub lunch with his staff , he did not return for the afternoon evidence . Haddock skippers warn of crisis By MARK DOUGLAS HOME , Scottish Correspondent There are two kinds of violence good or bad . It 's the difference between the person who knocks you down to take your purse and the person who knocks him down to come to your rescue . Burrows believes that smacking is as necessary as kissing and cuddling , and finds it ironic that the same kind of arguments about parents not knowing when to stop are used to undermine our instincts in both cases . She says : Smacking is a way of educating the aggressive instincts of children . Aggression is n't something children learn from their parents , they are born with it . Forest had been comfortable enough for most of the first half . They went ahead in the 30th minute when Tommy Gaynor skipped away from a couple of tackles and let fly from 25 yards : no sign of gratitude there for Eoin Hand , Huddersfield 's manager , who had helped along his fellow - Irishman 's career in the early days at Limerick . Hand 's team , however , replied impressively seven minutes later when Maskell , transfer - listed at his own request after scoring 33 goals last season , scored his first of this , Cecere laying the ball off to the ambitious young man whose crisp drive was a powerful argument for a rise in status . Forest regained the lead four minutes into the second half when Gary Crosby , chasing Nigel Clough 's clever pass , swept past Chris Hutchings and poked the ball between Steve Hardwick 's legs . It seemed all over in the 63rd minute when Clough , a few yards outside the penalty area , volleyed a headed clearance instantly into the roof of the net before Hardwick could move a muscle . The slowdown in military spending and escalating costs of armament programmes will make it increasingly difficult for any company , even one the size of BAe , to go it alone . The recent improvement in East - West relations must also make the market for military equipment less favourable . But as Professor Smith himself notes , there is one important caveat to this argument . Any increased concentration among defence suppliers will depend crucially on the attitudes of individual governments . Past experience suggests that some governments , at least , may not be prepared to sit this one out . In drawing attention to many such embarrassments , Davie 's book is sure to provoke a good deal of rancour in certain circles . Yet it would not be quite right to call Under Briggflatts controversial , for that deadened word implies a self - serving wish to shock which is far from Davie 's considered anger . And if Davie 's principles make him what some might call elitist or undemocratic , as in his stinging verdicts on catchpenny enterprises like the Arvon Poetry Competitions , it is not without his having pondered the arguments about the place and function of elites and of high art in a democratic nation far more deeply than the bulk of his fellow countrymen . Just as importantly , he is possessed of a generosity of mind which allows him to be calmly judicious about the merits of writers who can advocate militant homosexuality and drug - taking ( such as Thom Gunn ) , sympathise with feminism ( Elaine Feinstein ) or adhere to some variant of Marxism ( Hugh MacDiarmid ) . Both in his sternness and in his generosity , Davie is strongly reminiscent of a much earlier writer , whose name is invoked towards the end of Under Briggflatts . A simpler solution than electoral reform is to abandon the policies and attitudes which have barred Labour from power , which is what Mr Kinnock has been about . An unholy alliance with other minorities to preserve ideological positions otherwise unacceptable to the electorate does not appeal as a noble enterprise . Refuting the argument that proportional representation would mean trimming to minority centrist positions , Robin Cooke , one of Labour 's leading advocates of reform , said : We have already gone to endless lengths to placate the centre ground . Exactly . A properly functioning two - party system has a centrifugal dynamic . The growth of third parties in the Seventies and early Eighties was in a large part a product of the malfunctioning of the two - party system , partly as a consequence of Mrs Thatcher 's rejection of the post - war consensus but chiefly as a result of Labour 's leftward lurches . Mr Kinnock is correct to insist that fundamental changes in the voting system should not be undertaken for short - term , tactical reasons . Nor is there much in the fairness argument , although this is the reason offered by 46 per cent of the people interested in PR . I cannot see that one voting system is intrinsically more fair than another . It is not fair , perhaps , that with 23 per cent of the vote the Alliance should have won only 3 per cent of the seats in the House of Commons . Letter : Libel and charity From Mr STEPHEN CAMPBELL Sir : Am I alone in seeing the debate focused at the wrong end of the argument ? If libel awards ( decided by juries ) appear high relative to , say , personal injury awards ( made by judges against published scales ) , surely the latter ought to be revised upwards , not the former downwards . Letter : Libel and charity They will not tell you whether a child is going to be a good citizen , when he 's nice to know or whether he 's well motivated . They will not tell you a lot about what 's going to make him tick as an adult , except that he might be good at a particular academic subject . Education : The head who split a village : Simon Midgley on the latest argument between progressives and traditionalists By SIMON MIDGLEY A LEICESTERSHIRE village is riven by controversy in a dispute over progressive versus traditional teaching methods in a local primary school . Once vice - chancellors start to think the unthinkable , then the issue becomes part of the agenda and it becomes harder to retreat . Fees are now legitimate . Instead of lobbying harder for increased funds for higher education , vice - chancellors have accepted the Government 's arguments on their own terms and betrayed their consituency - their students . Because , even if there were a scholarship scheme , it would not be enough . Some of the poorest students might be assisted , but , as with legal aid , those just above the threshold would lose out . The Dutch are widely expected to be the first to try it . Not only is traffic on their motorways obstructing lorries going in and out of the vast Europoort , but public opposition to air pollution and the taking of scarce land for new roads is intense . Economic and environmental arguments are thus in harmony . Will Cecil Parkinson , the new Secretary of State for Transport , follow suit in London ? It is a daunting challenge . A highlight of his week was the speech attacking nuclear power by Arthur Scargill ( 'a real professional ' . A low point was the removal of Ken Livingstone from the NEC . But he perked up quickly and promised : We will keep up the argument . The Labour Party Conference : Conference quotes By JOHN PIENAAAR Townshend is most famous for beating his guitar against speaker stacks , but it is also worth remembering that , on stage at The Ricky Tick Club , Windsor , in May 1966 , he attempted the same stunt against the head of Keith Moon . For his part , Moon managed to fry a sizeable portion of Townshend 's hair by misjudging a flash powder explosion in his drum kit during the making of an American TV Special . The on - stage arguments and bust - ups practically became a feature of the show , with Daltrey almost permanently poised to quit , but somehow hanging on . And when they were n't trashing each other , they were trashing themselves . Moon died in 1978 , after an overdose of the prescribed drug he was taking to ease himself out of alcoholism ; Townshend had his own dark periods of excess ; even Entwistle , the quiet , static one , felt inclined to release a solo album entitled Smash Your Head Against The Wall . At the moment , they are not encouraging . The consumers would appreciate some stability . Perhaps more variety , too , although enthusiasts ' assertions that not everyone is obsessed by the Big Five are countered by East who , as a football nut and a director of Derby until he moved into his current post , knows all the arguments . We 're not a public service , he says , and we wo n't attract viewers by going to half - empty stadiums . They want to share in big - match atmosphere . On the other hand , a pro - rights clergyman suggested that it is our traditional despotic treatment of the non - human creation which has been truly infantile , and that it is only in this century that we have begun to grow up a little . The programme scrupulously refused to attribute full maturity to either faction , dwelling on the bestial acts committed by animal rights terrorists - the Bristol University bombing and so on as well as on the vile surgical mutilations which had provoked them , and Ian Breach 's presentation script was both deft and literate ; a model guide through these complex issues . But the very process of putting pictures to the argument tended to weight the case in favour of the critter lobby . It 's easy to sway the emotions by showing monkeys with their brains cut open , genetically stunted pigs or smoking beagles , less so to drag on someone suffering from a vile disease and say this person will die unless we keep on chopping up small furry creatures . ( Indeed , the anti - vivisectionists were allowed a small but notable coup on this score : Sue Crowshaw , badly disabled by rheumatoid arthritis , made a moving speech denying scientists the right to claim they were experimenting on her behalf . ) BOOK REVIEW / Thatcher 's early days on the seat of power : Margaret , Daughter of Beatrice Leo Abse : Jonathan Cape , 12.95 pounds By AUBERON WAUGH IN A LONG apologia for having had the temerity to undertake a psycho - biography of Mrs Thatcher , Leo Abse denies that his book is a personal attack on her , but agrees that it may have some admonitory function in warning people not to acquiesce too readily in the disposition of someone who would appear , on his argument , to be gravely unbalanced . His justification for the necessary invasion of privacy is the familiar - and thoroughly respectable plea that politics should and must be personalised . Politics has very little to do with issues ; it is all to do with the personal vanities and ambitions of politicians . But this does not stop Abse constructing an elaborate thesis based on Thatcher 's sphincter morality , for which her mother , Beatrice , should really take the blame : Thatcher succeeded in initiating the electorate into a new form of gambling : her personal need to end the earlier constraints which she had endured , outlawing the joys of shitting and coprophilia , drove her to open the doors of the Stock Exchange , and end its exclusivity . This would seem a benign effect of Thatcher 's bad potty training , except that Abse has a bee in his bonnet against gambling . The second real objection to this form of psycho - biography is that as soon as Freud is quoted as gospel , the whole argument descends into music hall burlesque for everybody but dedicated Freudians . The aetiology of the urge to gamble lies in joyless masturbation and early , still - unresolved bisexuality , proclaims Abse , after Freud . Most intelligent people who have not accepted Freudian indoctrination will ask him to tell that to the Marines . Her affection for the Bomb is explained by the fact that it is energy - charged and penis - shaped . All of which is quite funny for a bit , but becomes boring because it is obviously such rubbish . What is particularly boring about it is that all the arguments are circular . Having observed Thatcher 's boorish behaviour , Abse comments : Such a jealous and ruthless super - ego can only have been formed by a prohibiting mother who is brusque and prematurely insists upon early toilet training . From that possibility , he goes on to blame bad potty - training for all her character defects . As Mr Torode points out , our liberal forefathers insisted on the importance of testing faiths by submitting them to discussion . Liberal commitment to free speech must also be tested in this way , lest it become an unthinking orthodoxy a mere article of faith . To submit the free speech principle to such a test is not an argument for book - banning . It is a plea for consistency . If we demand that the faiths of others be tested , how can we refuse to test our own ? It was decided that Ajax should forfeit the tie and thereafter be excluded from European competition for the next two seasons for which they qualify . The club 's chairman , Michael Van Praag , who was not invited into the hearing , said that Ajax would accept the forfeit but appeal against the ban in Geneva next Friday . He said : We have very good arguments to prove that we cannot be held responsible for the actions of a few people who did not know what they were doing . Security was more than 100 per cent . There was a body check of every spectator . Racing : Nisky to pass revision test By JOHN KARTER THE MISSING link reappears at Goodwood this afternoon in the shape of Ile De Nisky ( 2.45 ) , the horse who represents the prime piece of evidence in the argument over the comparative merits of Nashwan and Old Vic , writes John Karter . The fact that the English and Irish Derby winners will never meet on the track does not stop the followers of the dynamic duo hammering home their cases . And if the form book is to be believed , Nashwan is clearly No. 1 because Ile De Nisky finished seven and a half lengths behind him at Epsom , but got a length nearer to Old Vic at The Curragh . During the debate Roy Hattersley , the deputy leader , argued that it would be historic folly for Labour to back proportional representation ; inevitable coalitions would mean that we would never again have a Labour government that was able to carry out a Labour programme . But advocates of PR said afterwards that the issue would not go away : Labour has yet to decide its preferred method of electing its proposed regional assemblies and its replacement for the House of Lords . Jeff Rooker , the MP for Birmingham Perry Barr , who retired from Labour 's front bench last year partly to campaign for PR , said : A lot more people went away from this conference convinced of the merits of the argument than is shown in the vote . Gavin Laird , the general secretary of the Amalgamated Engineering Union , said that it was the last burning issue Labour needed to resolve before the next election . Mr Hattersley said during the debate that he and Neil Kinnock were more determined than ever to resist pressure for Labour to back PR , because voters would suspect that the party lacked confidence in its ability to win under the present system . They claimed that the director was the sole author of his films , and that the more strongly his personality and preoccupations were found in them , the greater he was . With the exception of Hitchcock , whom they worshipped , they had little time for accepted and acclaimed directors , finding more value in the more commercial movies of , for instance , Howard Hawks and Raoul Walsh . With a vigour amounting to tactlessness they put dissension and argument into film debate , too long overshadowed by blind acceptance of yesteryear 's taste . It took as long again for their theories to be discredited , despite the fact that almost none of their Hollywood idols would agree that they were the sole auteur of the films they made ; while the greatest weakness of their belief was that the most flawed work by one of their preferred film - makers was of more interest than a major piece by one of those they did not rate . Years later one of Cahiers ' most influential critics , Jean - Luc Godard , admitted that none of them had really believed in the theory , but had used it to draw attention to themselves . The Guardian and The Observer published details of the contents of the book in April 1986 and The Sunday Times published the first of a series of extracts in July 1987 . The Government was represented at a hearing before the commission on Thursday by the Attorney General , Sir Patrick Mayhew QC . It argues that the injunctions were necessary in the public interest to prevent the concept of the security service 's confidentiality being destroyed pending full argument at trial . The affair provoked a deep division of views when the case reached the Law Lords in July 1987 . Lord Templeman said that sweeping aside the public interest factor without any trial would have established a charter for traitors to publish on the most massive scale in England whatever they had managed to publish abroad ' At the technical run - through it looks perfect . But Ninagawa stops the action every few minutes to make tiny adjustments . This is where he comes alive , slithering lizard - like over the Lyttleton seats to issue instructions in a voice that brooks no argument . The impression is of final polishing after many months of gradual rehearsal . In fact , Ninagawa takes just one month to direct a production and rehearses only five hours a day . Many of its difficulties will not be solved either by John Prescott 's ideas for greater rail and bus use , or by Cecil Parkinson 's new and wider motorways . The only answer is to spread the people and the jobs thinner so that fewer travellers , bringing their cars and their litter - journey into it or through it . This is not an argument that should only concern South - easterners . Love it or hate it , the South - east does contain 30 per cent of the population of the United Kingdom . It is the engine that drives the economy . But the declaration issued by the congress left no doubt that the decision was intended to be more than a mere facelift : The present concept of socialism , the Stalinist system , has exhausted all its social , economic , political and moral reserves , and has proved unsuitable for keeping pace with global developments . Thus the history of the HSWP as a state party has come to an end . To sidestep any arguments about who should inherit the party 's vast fortunes if a split occurs , the delegates declared themselves to be the legal heirs of the HSWP , whilst dissociating themselves from the old party 's crimes , false and mistaken principles and methods . The founding document states that members of the old party will not automatically receive their new cards . They will all have to apply and sign the HSP 's statutes and programme . But the leaderships of the main factions consist almost entirely of sociologists and political scientists , all of whom have had to read Macchiavelli at one stage of their careers . The compromise founding declaration which was approved on Saturday contains a line many Western socialist parties would be proud of : The party wishes to contribute to the building of a social market economy based on mixed ownership . True to form , the argument has already begun on what social market economy means . Britain is blamed by China for HK fears From ANDREW HIGGINS in Peking In my class four pupils were missing after the holidays . What should we tell the children ? They are no longer content to swallow the cheap arguments our politicians and newspapers offer . Had she , then , not thought of going to West Germany ? Obviously I think about it , every East German has at some time thought about it , or still does . It is apparent that the voyage provoked conflict which the four are reluctant to talk about . Mr Hellriegel says he does not care if he never sees Mr Glennie again . Another crewman , Jim Nalepka , recalls bitter arguments over half a biscuit and confesses to having thoughts about slitting the throat of one of his friends . Four months at the mercy of the weather taught Mr Glennie to enjoy the moment . I was free and in a way I was happy . At the Conservative Party Conference in 1986 , Norman Fowler , then Secretary of State for Health , produced a computer printout of 380 new large hospital schemes : the list was so long because he had counted every programme over 1m , whereas schemes had previously had to cost over 5m in order to qualify . At present , a minister who abuses statistics in this way has only to fear the counter - assertions of the Opposition , no less self - interested . One argument to which the Government has no right to resort is that statistics do not matter . It is obvious that good economic indicators no more ensure good economic management than accurate instruments on the dashboard of a car ensure safe driving . But since ministers , including the Prime Minister , are so fond of using statistics for the purposes of debate , they cannot be allowed to make the contradictory claim that these figures are irrelevant . Economic difficulties are foreclosing on Mr Lawson at an awkward moment for the Government . The rumours which upset markets yesterday of a renewed difference of opinion between the Downing Street neighbours appear this time to be without substance . But exchange rate troubles draw attention to the unresolved argument between Mrs Thatcher and her Chancellor ( backed by Sir Geoffrey Howe ) about subjecting the pound to the formal discipline of the European Monetary System . The Bundesbank has made mock of Mrs Thatcher 's when the time is right position . This arcane dispute contributes to the electorally damaging impression that the Prime Minister is willing to hammer the country on the anvil of her dogmatism . Now I am by nature an enthusiast . I 've no idea whether Europe is going to work , no one has , and I can think of huge historical reasons why it wo n't . But I know this ; if it is going to work , there is no argument that denies Britain a place at the leading edge of what is happening . Obviously , by background and experience I 'm wholly committed to the benefits of the capitalist system . But I 'm a Tory . About a third of those interviewed said they had run away because of problems at home . A similar number ran away after being placed in local authority care. Many spoke of being unable to get on with parents , often a step - parent , leading to constant arguments or violence . Ninety - eight ( 18 per cent ) said they had been sexually abused at some time , including 82 girls the victims of rape , incest , sexual assault or prostitution . Seventeen girls said they were sexually abused by more than one person . The important thing is that the Thirty Year Rule is in force and that we can respond to developing perceptions of our times . Earlier this year , in my capacity as chairman of the Thirties Society , I asked Caithness 's successor , Virginia Bottomley , to reconsider English Heritage 's recommendation of Bankside for listing . My argument was that , as Michael Heseltine had so boldly listed Battersea Power Station in 1980 , it was illogical not to protect a much finer and more complete industrial work by the same architect . Furthermore , the listing of Battersea had ensured the building 's survival for conversion to a new use in that case , as an entertainment centre which the Prime Minister herself had praised and inaugurated . After two months ' silence , I was informed that ministers stood by their decision . Accordingly , he has argued , it should be of concern only to those involved in the respective private sector transactions . If only the markets and the media would get over their obsession with the current account numbers then the Government too could forget about them . This argument derives from an idea with a distinguished academic pedigree . The reasoning is simple . If a country has a current account deficit , then collectively it is spending more on things produced abroad than it is earning from abroad . After all , in every other aspect of economic behaviour we now espouse a liberal philosophy . Why not in this aspect also ? The main problem with this argument is the consequence of a current account deficit for the exchange rate . Take Britain 's case with a deficit running at about 20bn a year . This will mean 20bn - worth of sterling coming on to the market to buy foreign currency . If much of this information disappears after 1992 ( with the demise of customs barriers ) , the problem to which it relates will not. The suggestion that it will is like the idea that we can deal with inflation by ceasing to collect data on the price level . The Chancellor should be wary of the argument that the deficit does not matter because it is in the private sector . Given his concern with the exchange rate , the argument does not stand up to analysis . The truth of the matter is that the current account deficit is a touchstone for the success of the Thatcher revolution . From JOHN LICHFIELD in Washington THE FLORIDA state legislature began a special session yesterday devoted entirely to abortion law. Earlier this week , the first television debate in a fascinating and closely - fought Virginia gubernatorial race was dominated by the arguments for a woman 's right to choose and a foetus 's right to life . When the Supreme Court decided in July to weaken the nationwide constitutional right to abortion granted in 1973 , political pundits predicted a flurry of abortion - restricting legislation and political blood - letting at state level . They also predicted abortion would overwhelm all other issues in a series of gubernatorial elections this autumn and in the state legislative and US Congressional elections next year . CHINA increased its patrols along the border with Hong Kong yesterday in an apparent effort to prevent an exodus of its people into the colony following a dispute over immigration procedures . The dispute was triggered by Hong Kong 's decision to allow the top Chinese swimmer , Yang Yang , who had sought political asylum in the West , to travel to the US last week . However , the dispute reflects more the growing mistrust between the two sides rather than an argument over visas and numbers . Hong Kong officials said negotiations with China to end the dispute were continuing and that the colony 's border guards were in a state of high alert in preparation for a possible influx . Police sources said China had doubled its patrol on the border . Mr Scrivener said : This court has no power to order repayment of ultra vires expenditure , and he commented on the presence of bank representatives , saying : I have difficulty with them being here . If the banks wanted to seek relief , they would have to do so through a separate case brought against the local authority , he added . Although the banks will begin to present their arguments today , Mr Scrivener said : This court is not concerned with private rights . There is no justiciable issue between the auditor and the banks . The two judges , Lord Justice Woolf and Mr Justice French , widened the scope of the hearing by ruling that arguments about the enforceability of the transactions could be presented . This followed a private hearing before Mr Justice Konrad Schiemann in London . It is alleged that the flock is infected with Salmonella typhimurium . The judicial review hearing will take place on Friday in the High Court when the full arguments will be presented , according to Dennis Cooper , who is representing the nuns . In a written application for the review , lawyers said the decision to slaughter was made despite a significant lack of evidence of a connection between the food poisoning outbreak in Bedworth and the monastery . Ministry officials were also accused of giving conflicting evidence , leaving doubt as to the accuracy and reliability of reports of infection . We would be forced to invent more and more mechanisms to avoid the realignments which members of the ERM are bound to face . In the long - term , this may be more damaging than a short - term run on the pound . Predictable is the reference to our non - membership being the result of narrow - minded nationalism , and this emotive point somewhat detracts from the overall objectivity of many who put forward cogent arguments for British membership of the ERM . In this context , although Mr Lawson supports the ERM , he too would be , no doubt , a narrow - minded nationalist when faced with the prospect of European Monetary Union , as would increasing numbers of German economists who argue on the basis of economic research that EMU is not necessarily an attractive option . It is a tragic fact that the European debate , which is the most complex and important issue facing the countries of this continent , should be treated in such a facile manner , with the Trojan horse of nationalism and sovereignty wheeled out every time better arguments do not prevail . Predictable is the reference to our non - membership being the result of narrow - minded nationalism , and this emotive point somewhat detracts from the overall objectivity of many who put forward cogent arguments for British membership of the ERM . In this context , although Mr Lawson supports the ERM , he too would be , no doubt , a narrow - minded nationalist when faced with the prospect of European Monetary Union , as would increasing numbers of German economists who argue on the basis of economic research that EMU is not necessarily an attractive option . It is a tragic fact that the European debate , which is the most complex and important issue facing the countries of this continent , should be treated in such a facile manner , with the Trojan horse of nationalism and sovereignty wheeled out every time better arguments do not prevail . Europe has a destiny to fulfil , and in years to come it will become apparent that the best Europe is one which rejects interventionist mediocrity in favour of a European Community which will deliver the promise of a higher standard of living and political pre - eminence so justly deserved by all Europeans . Letter : South - east shambles If this is allowed to continue it means the destruction of the British egg industry , according to United Kingdom Egg Producers ' Association , which represents around 80 per cent of producers . The nuns from the Our Lady of Passion Monastery at Daventry are seeking to block an order to slaughter one of their flocks , which is allegedly infected with Salmonella typhimurium . The fundamental issue behind the arguments that will be heard is that the nuns are not permitted to see the results of the Ministry of Agriculture tests confirming the presence of infection . There is no right of appeal within the law. Under the Testing of Poultry Order 1989 , egg producers must test birds who are 18 weeks or older once every two months . A nation , wrote Burke , is a partnership between the past , the present and the future . So let there be no doubt . Just as there is an overwhelming moral argument for prudent management of the economy , so there is an overwhelming ethical argument for prudent management of the environment . Filling in more detail on the Environment Protection Bill for the coming session of Parliament , Mr Patten said the public would be given more access than ever before to information about industrial pollution and about how individual firms would be obliged to clean up their operations . Fines for litter louts will go up from a maximum of 400 to 1,000 . Faced with a demand that could no longer be met , the Moscow city fathers 10 days ago limited purchases to one item per person . But the queues continue symbolising a gathering flight from money amid constant rumours that a currency reform is in the offing . This would be aimed , the argument runs , at confiscating the ill - gotten gains of speculators in the much - hated co - operative movement , and at eliminating a surplus currency overhang of up to 150bn roubles ( 150bn ) . As must any government in similar circumstances , Moscow denies any such intention . I can say firmly and unambiguously no , ' declared Leonid Abalkin , the Deputy Prime Minister in charge of economic reforms , when questioned on the subject by the government newspaper Izvestia . Yet the disappointed applicant had an unfettered right to extend the period of disruption by appealing . Improvements in the handling of appeals The year had seen two separate and different initiatives . The first was announced in a Practice Direction ( 1989 ) 1 WLR 281 , which provided for the much earlier delivery of skeleton arguments which would be studied by the judges before they sat to hear the appeal . The primary purpose was to reduce the costly time spent on oral argument in so far as that was not necessary for the proper determination fo the appeal . It was too early to reach firm conclusions as to the direction 's effectiveness . But the likelihood is that bad arguments will dominate the discussions . On all known form , campaigners , opinion - formers and politicians themselves will engage in polarising rhetoric rather than genuine debate , particularly since amendments by pro - life campaigners will seek to yoke the issue of abortion to the question of embryo experimentation . What a beneficial change it would be if instead it was acknowledged that these issues present tragic choices between compelling arguments which are held on both sides in good faith . There are five bad lines of approach which should be banished from the debate and from all discussions of law and morals . The first line of attack is often name - calling : You would say that , would n't you , because you 're a Catholic/a man/fertile/infertile/a doctor/a research scientist . It is difficult enough for an individual to be consistent , let alone a society . Are all pro - lifers anti - capital punishment , anti - nuclear weapons and anti - cars ? Supposing that we did turn away from the cheap arguments , where could we find a better way ? Sadly , the Warnock majority is confused as to its basic philosophical argument , condemning utilitarianism in its foreword but relying on it in justifying its crucial recommendation to allow experiments up to 14 days , only to reject it again in opposing the routine testing of drugs on human embryos at any stage from conception . The Government has wisely allowed legislators to choose between this approach and one of the Warnock minority alternatives . Are all pro - lifers anti - capital punishment , anti - nuclear weapons and anti - cars ? Supposing that we did turn away from the cheap arguments , where could we find a better way ? Sadly , the Warnock majority is confused as to its basic philosophical argument , condemning utilitarianism in its foreword but relying on it in justifying its crucial recommendation to allow experiments up to 14 days , only to reject it again in opposing the routine testing of drugs on human embryos at any stage from conception . The Government has wisely allowed legislators to choose between this approach and one of the Warnock minority alternatives . But how should we decide between them ? In what is heralded as a vote of conscience , any conscience ought to be deeply troubled by the agonising choice between respecting human embryos from their earliest moments and responding to the plight of infertile couples . The issue represents the ultimate test and perhaps the convergence of two opposing moral theories . Recognition of that and an agreement to forego the linguistic tricks and the cheap jibes would help convince all sides that their arguments have been listened to with respect . It would also help convince them that politicians have decided not on the basis of the best orchestrated campaign but by seeking to occupy the high moral ground , wherever it might be found . Law : A bad system for tackling hackers : Proposals to curb computer crime may have the opposite effect , argues Mary Fagan Nicholas Ridley added to the general glee by saying the Government was in favour of legislation . But few believe the findings of the Law Commission , or government action , will prevent either hacking or computer - related crime . Indeed , there is a strong argument that stretching the long arm of the law to the innocent hacker could escalate rather than curb serious crime . Emma Nicholson 's Private Member 's Bill against hackers , which failed to make the grade in the last session of Parliament , required anyone who entered a computer to his or anyone else 's advantage , or to another 's prejudice , to be charged with a serious offence , with a maximum penalty of 10 years . The Law Commission has been much more exact in specifying intent to commit serious crime as a necessary ingredient for one of the two more serious offences it proposes . The opening match between West Indies and India will now start today . Next Friday 's date for the final remains unchanged . Football : Bingham 's heated argument : Joe Lovejoy reports on Dublin 's faith in a reserved passage to Italy By JOE LOVEJOY IT'S now a certainty almost . But this ignores the effect of new accounting rules set out in SSAP 24 , which require companies to spread a surplus over a number of years . DRG has spread the surplus over 8.5 years , which is long enough to justify valuing it as part of the overall earnings stream . DRG 's property assets have also given rise to argument . Mr Franklin says the promised stream of profits averaging 10m over the next five years has a present value of roughly 44m . He says he is prepared to be proved wrong suggesting he would raise his offer if DRG produced a higher valuation . I went into the bedroom where Alison was lying down in what seemed to be a state of shock . I was about to call a doctor and then , suddenly , I had a feeling which I can only describe as excuse me ecstatic . I felt that the world and everything in it was benign , that Alison was infinitely precious and that Dummett 's argument from value that we know there is right and wrong to a transcendent being was certainly sound . I said all this to Alison , and I 've been saying it to her ever since , and , back in London , I 've been saying it to anyone else who 'll listen . On Wednesday I met Mrs Matthews in the street and she asked if I 'd taken the cat to the vet and I admitted that I had n't . The Blackpool meeting was the first between Mr Savimbi and a British minister , underlining the importance Britain attaches to persuading Mr Savimbi to return to the conference table . The Unita leader indicated that he was ready to do so , and suggested a meeting in Libreville within the next month . Mr Savimbi is meeting President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire in Paris on Monday , and yesterday the Angolan Foreign Minister , Pedro de Castro van Dunem , hurried there to put his side of the argument to the Zairean mediator . Officials say it is because the two sides have different versions of what was decided at the previous negotiations that the ceasefire has broken down. Angola wants Mr Savimbi to go into voluntary exile while elections are held , perhaps to return later , but his supporters say there was no such agreement . FERRARI yesterday decided to drop its appeals against the 32,000 fine and ban imposed on Nigel Mansell following his failure to stop after being disqualified from the Portuguese Grand Prix , writes Maurice Hamilton . The Portuguese authorities had promised to hear Ferrari 's appeal against the fine next Wednesday , after which the FIA , the international automobile federation , was due to reach a decision on Ferrari 's appeal over Mansell 's ban from the Spanish Grand Prix which was staged on 1 October . Ferrari , while still convinced their arguments against the sanctions were valid , but mindful of the tradition they represent , said they wished to remove any disturbing elements from Formula One racing during the final two races of the season in Japan and Australia . Apart from clearing Mansell 's name if they upheld the appeal , the FIA tribunal would be of little further use to either the Englishman or his team . The FIA said last week that the results of the Spanish Grand Prix would remain , regardless of the outcome of any appeal . This is true irrespective of the level of violence , although the masculine occupational culture of the force contains many of the same sanitizing euphemisms for violence against women ( giving the wife a diggin ' . In the one instance of domestic violence we encountered during field - work , the officers arrested the man against the protestations of the wife , as is often the case ( see Fielding et al . 1988 ) , despite Faragher 's argument , although primarily in our case because the man redirected his attack towards the police . There are also big crime calls , which refer to the real job of crime - fighting , which the section police enjoy most . During the period of field - work the sorts of crime that occurred in Easton under this heading included murder and major robbery , possession of drugs , breaking and entering , car chases for stolen vehicles , and the occasional sex - related crime . 1988 : 22737 ) . More recently this consensus has been attributed to similar patterns of socialization into the canteen culture of the police ( for example , Brogden et al . 1987 ; Reiner 1985 ; for an earlier and related argument see van Maanen 1973 , 1975 ) , and thus to the existence of a generalized police occupational culture . But it is not only typical patterns of informal on - the - job training which are important , for there is also a congruence in aspects of formal police training ( on both aspects of training see Fielding 1984 , 1988a , b ) . The ubiquity of these notions also reflects that the labour process itself influences policemen and women in how they view their work , and the sociology of policing has shown how routine policing consists of similar tasks wherever it occurs . A third effect which could be added is that business experience would be gained by the local merchant , and thus the society begins to develop a pool of people with such business experience . Experience of this nature may reduce the reliance of less developed countries on goods imported from abroad ; local manufacturers may be able to satisfy local market needs by intelligent marketing , and thus gain a larger share of the local market than before , with consequent results for local levels of production and the economy generally . A further element in this argument is the possibility that advertising can be used as part of a marketing strategy to shape the wants and needs of a less developed society in a direction that is clearly beneficial . For instance , if a country concerned still employs traditional systems which , in the light of more modern techniques , appear to be detrimental to public health , it may be desirable to change patterns of behaviour in , say , nutrition or hygiene . Often this will not be successful if the population is attached to its traditional methods and the new methods are radically different from the old ; a careful marketing campaign to change attitudes can have a dramatic effect , particularly by presenting new products in a way that is not dramatically different from the old . Any diminution of freedom reduces the quality of life . There may be compensations for a loss of freedom but there are no substitutes for it . On the other hand , arguments that freedom is valuable for something other than itself are seldom convincing . Usually they are a mixture of wishful thinking and libertarian special pIeading . As far as British news media are concerned , freedom simply does not perform the tasks that Mill 's followers hoped it would . That approach , which gives two - thirds of news coverage to the incumbent government , is reasonable , even generous , if viewed in the context of the Mobilizing Ideal which accords priority to established authority . Equally , it is unreasonable , even unacceptable , in the context of other ideals for the relationship between the media and society . Harrison and others defend the present system with another argument . They agree that the government gets extra television coverage but argue that such coverage is not necessarily favourable . In 1987 perhaps the Prime Minister 's pre - election visit to Moscow and her eve - of - election trip to the Venice summit of Western leaders were favourable to her re - election , but Harold Wilson always asserted that a bad set of trade figures a few days before polling cost him an election , while the effect of being centre - stage during the Iran hostages affair may have been devastating to Jimmy Carter 's fortunes . The book ends with a conclusion which points to his aforementioned radical solution . Scorn will heaped on the book by people who cannot think of the countryside as anything other than a marketable resource , or those who think they are being environmentally perceptive because they call a gate a peripherial access point and a path a mountain access route . Nevertheless , Crumley 's is a starkly presented argument which should be read and studied alongside the barrage of soulless technical documentation already written on this emotive subject . A High and Lonely Place : The Sanctuary and Plight of the Cairngorms by Jim Crumley . Jonathan Cape . On balance , it was his wish to defend sterling by interventionist methods , to check activity at home and keep down the sterling price of imports , rather than curb the flow of money , that dictated much of his policy . But what kind of post - monetarism he was espousing was uncertain , too . This uncertainty was reflected in unprecedented levels of argument within the government , conducted in the full glare of public attention . The Prime Minister came close to accusing the Chancellor of starting the inflationary spiral by an attempt to link the rate for sterling with the value of the German deutschmark . Nigel Lawson rebutted this with some vigour . The revival of the campaign for Scottish devolution indeed , for Scottish nationalism , as shown in Jim Sillars ' by - election victory in Govan was a notable feature of the later phase of Mrs Thatcher 's regime . Here and elsewhere , the government strove to identify itself with new themes . In particular , the green argument advanced by environmentalists , fanned by the importance of themes such as land conservation , acid rain , and the protection of the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect in the 1989 Euro - elections , suggested that the message of Thatcherite consumption and wealth creation failed to mesh with wider concerns for the quality of life . The rise of green issues , indeed , was more naturally appealing to Labour or Alliance politicians , and a powerful reminder of the rich variety of resistance to Thatcherism that British society could release . It led to Nicholas Ridley 's removal from the Environment department in July 1989 , in favour of the notoriously wet Chris Patten . Therefore the little Ramsey , when he arrived at Repton in 1918 , met a headmaster destined to play a far more important part in his life than is the fate of most headmasters . Fisher was quick , affable , capable . He always saw straight to the point of an argument . He could remember who everyone was . He could be a severe disciplinarian but he was not a rigid man. He had to recite from memory in front of his headmaster fifty Greek lines from the play Medea a severe punishment , for learning fifty lines of verse in a language imperfectly known would take several hours of spare time . The severity may have had a cause hidden from the young Ramsey . just before he arrived at the school Victor Gollancz left its staff , ejected because he tried to rouse boys ' minds by heady and daring political argument . In a war for the nation 's life this was held by external authorities to be provocative . The Gollancz scandal , as the blimps thought of it , was widely known . The younger said that religious experience was too valid to be dismissed by mere reason , that reason was not all of humanity . The argument went on and on . The elder was contemptuous when the younger replied to his crushing arguments by the reply , the reason why you think like that is that you do n't say your prayers . Michael 's problem was that he saw the glamour in Frank 's position : the love of liberty ; the excitement in the free pursuit of truth ; the shaking off of convention and mere conformity ; the feeling that religion was a stuffy valley out of which he had grown . He also had to recognize that his brother was an unselfish person ; so that the axiom , only religious people are unselfish did not wash . Michael 's problem was that he saw the glamour in Frank 's position : the love of liberty ; the excitement in the free pursuit of truth ; the shaking off of convention and mere conformity ; the feeling that religion was a stuffy valley out of which he had grown . He also had to recognize that his brother was an unselfish person ; so that the axiom , only religious people are unselfish did not wash . The argument was a fire in which to test an immature faith . A school prize was offered for a study of the book Belief in God by Bishop Charles Gore . When Frank heard that Michael thought of going in for the prize on this set book he was indignant and sent a message to Michael , Who in his senses would read a book by a bishop ? Nor did he find it awkward that the tutor 's rooms were immediately below his own in the Pepys building . Evidently he did not expect to give riotous or alcoholic parties at times when the tutor might be in . The undergraduates found him a leg - puller , and a reveller in political argument . The chaplain of the college was a pleasant gentleman , his teacher of classics was a worthy pedant , and neither meant much to him. The person who meant a lot to him was the Master . He dedicated this formidable intellect to eradicating nonsense from the world , especially nonsense in divinity , which was a world where in those days he could find plenty of targets for his scorn . And in the faculty he was surrounded by several men of substance with much the same opinions though with less hardness in their advocacy . Since most Christian teachers are kind persons who prefer to avoid controversy when they can , and doodle anxiously during fierce argument at meetings , things tended to go the way of Bethune - Baker ; partly because he was devastating , and partly because often he was devastatingly right . To be of Anglo - Catholic opinions in this group was to be a man apart . Bethune - Baker regarded Anglo - Catholicism as part of the nonsense which it was his mission to destroy . When he got exhausted from parish work , and felt unwell , a fear would darken him , that the demon , seemingly exorcized , might return . And already he knew in his heart that to be a vicar or a curate was not his vocation as a priest for the rest of his life . While this internal argument reached its height , his superiors argued about him without his knowledge . From opposite ends of England the academics said that this was a born teacher who ought to be in teaching as soon as possible . Raven said it in Liverpool . Here was an Anglo - Catholic who insisted on the apostolic succession of bishops , and thought intercommunion between the Churches , before a proper union , to be wrong , and yet refused to unchurch the Protestant Churches . Rome refused to take any part in these proceedings , except by unofficial observers . Therefore a man like Ramsey brought the argument about Christian unity up against the fundamental question of Catholicity versus Protestantism in a way which few others could . The Protestant leaders found him far too rigid . But he was curiously persuasive . This was a Churchill decaying physically , slower in the uptake , less able to work long hours , less interested in the peacetime problems of the country , but still well enough to make his own decisions . He had an archbishop , Fisher , with a good judgement of men and with a lot of information about them . So the discussion , and the argument , began to develop not so much between prime minister and archbishop , as between archbishop and Churchill 's patronage secretary Anthony Bevir . For the first time a civil servant , perforce , began to affect what happened . The see of Durham was the fourth senior see in the Church . If Bell is ruled out as too old and Ramsey as too new , who else has stature ? George Chase of Ripon , good as gold and wise as Solomon , but even shyer than Ramsey and without his intellectual bite ? Two other circumstances entered this prolonged argument . These were hardly mentioned but underneath were not trivial . First , the York diocese had no desire for George Bell and every desire for Ramsey . Some of these canons were still observed ( what to wear when conducting morning prayer ) and some were long obsolete ( rules about clergy nightcaps or yellow stockings on their legs ) . It therefore occurred to the canon lawyers a rarefied group of experts that Church law , framed by the Church organs and then approved by the sovereign , could achieve the canons which would bind consciences . Archbishop Fisher accepted the argument and became the enthusiastic leader of the new movement . The work was hard ; hard to frame , hard to get through committees , hard to get accepted . No archbishop but Fisher would have had the administrative ability or the tenacity to achieve the end . If one is partly responsible already for the general policy of a Church or for anything else , it is better to be more responsible . It puzzled him into the New Year of 1961 that no one asked his opinion . Five years before , Fisher drew him into the argument . This silence was marked . He assumed that this could only be because he was one of the possibles . Macmillan talked to Sir Henry Willink , the Master of Magdalene . Perhaps the prime minister expected that Willink would push for a Magdalene man but he did not get a firm line out of him. Willink as a lawyer had a lot to do with the administration of the Church and saw the argument that an archbishop must be able to bear a load of administration . Macmillan consulted the Queen , who knew and liked both Ramsey and Coggan . He also took the trouble to buy and read a new book of theology which Ramsey at that moment published ; an account of the development of English religious thought from the late Victorian age to the age of William Temple From Gore to Temple . The Roman poet says , dutce est desipere in loco , an opportunity for indiscretion is sometimes pleasant . If the doctrine of collective responsibility can never quite be forgotten or discarded , at least it weighs most lightly on the wearer in the bracing , not to say rarefied , intellectual atmosphere of the CPC . Therefore I do not see why tonight I might not occasionally , if the argument should lead that way , be guilty of saying in office some of the things which I have said out of office . The Plowden Report on Control of Public Expenditure contained , amongst other nuggets of wisdom , the following sentence which I should like to take as my starting - point : The social changes of the last fifteen years have altered the incidence of hardship , so that there now may well be excessive social services for some purposes and inadequate ones for others . I should have thought that , in the abstract , no one was likely to quarrel with that statement . Otherwise , one wonders , how could there constantly be those asides , which seem to reveal that the participants were actually aware the game was up or rather perhaps had never started ? One of the lessons to be drawn from the study of early - twentieth - century imperialism is the extraordinary durability of policies and programmes which lack all possibility of being realised . The remarkable thing about political houses built on sand , or castles in the air , is how long they often take to collapse ; and this very time - lag becomes an argument in their favour and a supposed refutation of those who draw attention to the absence of foundations . There must be a foundation somewhere , says the populace ; for look , the building continues to stand up. There is yet one further stage of insight and of pessimism which awaits the student . In front of a consequence so stark the deepest political thinkers recoiled . In the noble eloquence of his plea for conciliation with the colonists , Burke , who based his case on the proposition that they had not been represented at Westminster , drew a strange and illogical conclusion . His own argument involved the admission that no common government , no common state , comprising both Great Britain and the colonies could subsist . Yet he proceeded to declare that by refraining from exercising in America the power of the executive which it controlled in Great Britain , Parliament would preserve the unity of the Empire : The more ardently they love liberty , the more perfect will be their obedience . Tape every rehearsal on a portastudio or cassette machine , and distribute copies of the tape amongst the band well in advance of the next rehearsal . This gives each musician time to practise so that you all arrive at the rehearsal ready to try out new , revised musical parts . Taping rehearsals also reduces the likelihood of arguments about who played what at the last rehearsal . If you need someone to do the taping , either make it one musician 's responsibility , or try to find someone who would like to mix your sound at gigs . At this stage you do n't need an experienced sound engineer . They must always be risked . Clues , however remote , may be crucial . The argument for preserving Shakespeare 's laundry bills is that , eventually , they may find their Sherlock Holmes . The reader should bear in mind Eliot 's exasperation at the graduate student who identifies Corbire 's Rhapsode Foraine as an exploration of folk - religion . Nevertheless , in the early twenties Eliot 's mind was clearly full of not only Frazer He relates this to the state of culture of his own age , facing dangers of over - specialization , which impoverishes both the religious and artistic sensibilities by separating each from the other , so that only the vestige of manners may be left for those who , having their sensibility uninformed either by religion or by art , have nothing left but an inherited behaviour which ceases to have meaning . Eliot had written of and against such a milieu when he combined the elements of the savage and the city , from the beating tom - tom of Portrait of a Lady through the rituals of The Waste Land and Sweeney Agonistes to the cocktail chatter and jungle martyrdom of the play , The Cocktail Party , yet to come . Revising the original articles for Notes towards the Definition of Culture , he complicated his argument 's texture by involving more material relevant to his personal history and to the history of his work , such as that mention of Heart of Darkness which looks back to The Waste Land . The first article in the series which became the book demonstrated that Eliot 's definition of culture begins with the savage . The second showed that at the other pole is the city . I have in mind two especially : the first involves what might be called the impossibility of desire , the second the notion of desire and/or identity as involving an ineluctable splitting . Like other key notions in psychoanalysis , the sense of desire as a quest for an always impossible self - completion in or through the other has a long though oft en unrecognized history . In this case Kaja Silverman has usefully remarked the importance , for Jacques Lacan 's version of this argument , of Aristophanes ' conception of the person as an original androgynous whole ( in Plato 's Symposium ) . The human subject is conceived in terms of an essential , intrinsic lack ; it is a fragment of something larger and more primordial , whose existence is dominated by the desire to recover its missing complement ( The Subject of Semiotics , 152 ) . But the complement remains forever out of reach and desire thereby becomes , for Lacan , a kind of derangement , with the subject caught in the rails eternally stretching forth towards the desire for something else of metonymy ( É ; crits , 167 ) . In The Masculine Dilemma ( 1980 ) , subtitled A Psychology of Masculinity , Gregory Rochlin offers a different version of the homosexual male , but one which is once again in the service of defending an updated heterosexual masculinity , and its primacy within a sexual difference metaphysic . Drawing on psychoanalysis , Rochlin rewrites masculinity in a way which makes a virtue of what was hitherto thought of as , or experienced as , a defect : its much remarked insecurity . His argument is as follows : a man 's masculinity is indeed insecure ; it is an endless trial , a precariously held , endlessly tested , unstable condition ( p. 91 ) . In this it is almost tragic : the unique vulnerability to tailed expectations is the fatal flaw in the masculine ego the testing of masculinity knows no bounds to prove oneself remains a lifelong necessity . It gives rise to many of man 's anxieties and failures as well as to his often extraordinary achievements ( pp. x , xi ) . The metaphysical construction of subjectivity is at once an admission and production of its disruptive potential , a disruption in and of the very terms of its construction . It also suggests , paradoxically , that the less autonomous individuality is thought to be , the more it might be marked by a potentially subversive agency . But this is to anticipate the argument ; for the moment I want only to observe that a conception of the self as socially and/or metaphysically constituted produces one idea of transgression , and that of the self as ideally ( if not actually ) unified and autonomous , quite another . Early Modern : Cross - Dressing in Early Modern England In Surpassing the Love of Men Lillian Faderman records two separate cases of women in France in the sixteenth century who were punished tor using transvestite disguise and deploying dildos in their lesbian relations . In a letter of 25 January 1620 Sir John Chamberlain remarks a very significant event in the contemporary cross - dressing controversy : James I 's instruction to the clergy to suppress women doing it . The king is reported as having told the clergy that they must reproach the practice vehemently and bitterly , and if this did not succeed , he would take further measures . Chamberlain refers to this in the same breath as mentioning an argument between the Marquess Buckingham and Hamilton over the selling of honours and abasing ancient nobility , by new advancements . Class and sexual disruption suggest each other , and with this conclusion : The truth is the world is very far out of order ( Letters , ii . 286 9 ) . Even so his mother was appalled ; she thought that the desert and solitude had turned my brain ' ( p. 293 ) . She told him that he would cover himself with ridicule by bringing the boy back . After much argument Gide received a letter from a trusted household servant , Marie , who swore she would leave the house on the day my negro ' came into it . What would become of mamma without Marie ? I gave in ; I had to ' ( p. 294 ) . But these largely managerial changes hardly amounted to a fundamental review ; rather they were concerned to promote competition and value for money . Over time the rhetoric of government spokesmen has changed to boasting of how much more manpower ( doctors and nurses ) and money is devoted to the NHS , compared to 1979 . The government 's early arguments that we ca n't afford it are less persuasive with the budget surplus accumulated in 1987 and 1988 and claims that tax cuts are better than greater state spending on social and health services have found fewer takers among the public ( see below p. 297 ) . Privatization The impact of the Thatcher government 's new thinking has most obviously been felt in the privatization programme for the state - owned and state - provided services . On the one hand , a private sector which allowed free entry of producers , was subject to competition , sought profits , and had to respond to consumers or else go bankrupt . On the other side was the public sector , enjoying a monopolistic and low - risk position , responding to political rather than consumer preferences , and pre - empting investment funds from more productive areas . Since 1979 the programme of privatization has been defended with a mixture of ideological and pragmatic arguments . One is that such policies produce an extension of economic freedom and , thereby , political freedom . The nationalized industries , it is claimed , deprive the consumer of choice and limit the taxpayer 's freedom to spend his money as he chooses because of the industry 's monopoly position and reliance on state subsidies . In public and private she is a relentless educator . An important task of leadership , in her view , is to win the battle of ideas , and this is done by frequently expressing basic beliefs and principles . She seems to revel in arguments and loses no opportunity to declare her political principles . Initially Shadow Cabinet colleagues were worried by her view of politics as an ideological battle ground and by her disavowal of many cross bench attitudes ( Chapter 1 ) . They feared that she would be seen as ( indeed is ) abrasive and lacking compassion . ( Former schoolfriends recall an occasion when Mrs Thatcher , as a young MP , returned to her old school as chief speaker at a dinner for Old Girls , and corrected the headmistress , who was a classical scholar , on the pronunciation of her Latin . ) David Howell did not remember his time in Cabinet with much pleasure some arguments just left such acrimony and ill - feeling that I ca n't believe they really could have been enjoyable I think the general atmosphere in the government of which I was a member was that everything should start as an argument , continue as an argument and end as an argument . Her frequent denunciations of high levels of taxation and public expenditure , of big government , and of the diminution of individual freedom and choice are passionate and deeply felt ; they are expressed in attacks on the baneful , almost immoral , effects of inflation and of governments which debase the currency , or borrow rather than balance their income and expenditure . For all the pejorative talk of her being an ideologue , however , she is a practical Conservative . Mrs Thatcher has a clear view of her role as Prime Minister and sees herself as an activist rather than an arbitrator in Cabinet disputes or a spokesman for a collective Cabinet view . There is a great difference between the Attlee concept and Thatcher 's robust assertion of 1979 : It must be a conviction government . As Prime Minister I could not waste time having any internal arguments or Yes , I do drive through things which I believe in passionately what else do you expect of a Prime Minister ? I 'm not here just to be Chairman , I 'm here because I believe in things . ( Panorama , BBC TV 25 January 1988 . ) The so - called wets favoured an interventionist role for government in the economy and were prepared to increase state spending to boost employment , even if this risked some increase in inflation . But over time the Conservative party divisions on economic policy became less marked , partly because of electoral success and partly because unemployment has fallen steadily from June 1986 . It could fairly be said that Mrs Thatcher won the economic argument . The simple division between dry and wet does not , however , do justice to the currents of opinion in the contemporary Conservative party . One of the effects of the Thatcher decade has been to redefine the benchmark of divisions . Whatever the fate of the Thatcher government , the New Right will survive it . In its impact on British politics and economic policy it has already been remarkably successful . The traditional post - war argument between different kinds of interventionism has been replaced by a much broader debate . The 1983 and 1987 Gallup election surveys showed that voters across all parties agreed on many goals of government . This is significant , given that many commentators in 1983 thought that the policies of the Conservative and Labour parties were further apart than at any time over the previous thirty years . Instead of being asked , as he must have hoped , whether he would be willing to form a government , he was instead asked whether he would be prepared to serve in a National Government under MacDonald . This was a question to which , for a patriotic Conservative leader , there could be only one answer . The King 's actions in August 1931 are sometimes defended with the argument that he was merely acting on the advice of the party leaders . But the course of these interviews shows that no party leader was unequivocally in favour of a National Government led by MacDonald , in the event of the Labour government collapsing . MacDonald said that he might be of no further use , should resign with the whole Cabinet ; the night before his interview with the King , Baldwin had gone to Neville Chamberlain 's house in Eaton Square , and hoped and prayed that he might not have to join a National Government ; even after his interview with the King . On 3 October the King told the Prime Minister that he must at all costs find the solution himself , and His Majesty would refuse to accept his resignation . He must be more patient and brace himself up to realise that he was the only person who could tackle the present chaotic state of affairs , ' This was the fourth time the King had told MacDonald that he would not accept his resignation . There were certainly strong arguments in favour of the course which the King adopted . It was clear that the dominant element in his government , that is , the Conservatives , were determined upon an election . Moreover , MacDonald was in principle in favour of an election , but unable to secure agreement upon a formula which could reconcile protectionists and free traders up to the very last moment . He did not do so . Indeed , he put pressure on Sir Herbert Samuel to abandon its terms . Despite the arguments in favour of the course which the King adopted , his encouragement to MacDonald to hold the government together and to fight the election as a government had quite momentous consequences for the politics of the 1930s . Although the King 's intentions were not partisan , the consequences were such as to offer very considerable benefit to the Conservative party . The 1931 general election gave the Conservatives a huge overall majority in the House of Commons , enabling them to pursue their tariff policy with little hindrance . As a result , they were transferred to different prisons . Orlando Azcu and two others were taken to Kilo 7 Maximum Security Prison in Camaguey where , on 17 January , they went on hunger - strike . They were said to have been forcibly dressed in the prison uniform and held for at least 17 days with their arms chained to the cell bars to prevent them from removing the uniform . Orlando Azcu was also said to have been beaten by prison guards on at least three occasions . In early February he was transferred to Pinar del Ro Provincial Prison after agreeing to give up his protest and end his hunger - strike . I have very unpleasant recollections of sitting for him , for it was of utmost importance not to move but to fix him right in the eye and listen to him complain , saying as he always did that he was getting nowhere . It was not much fun , particularly at my age Things would deteriorate rather quickly , for Alberto would return to his hotel in the evening with a sculpture eight to twelve inches tall under his arm and come back the next day with a piece no more than three or four inches high I later realized that I had posed during a crucial period , and the tiny bronzes that resulted ( for that size prevailed ) continue daily to touch me . Another example from the 1980s allows us to hear a conversation between the critic Norbert Lynton and the painter Ken Kiff . Time will tell , sir , a colleague remarks , and Hawksmoor replies : Time will not tell . Time never tells . Once more he raised his arm involuntarily , as if in greeting . It is hard to think that the novelist intended the reader to find this even more gnomic and exasperating than the colleague seems to find it . But there may indeed be some such aim . The selection is right if it truly works for the competing student , and it is the quality and force of the imagination that will carry off the performance of the piece . The most important thing is your firm knowledge that the selection is within your present range . It 's not much use arriving somewhere at ten in the morning clutching the collected works under your arm and wishing you had a wig and been born thirty years earlier in order to play Lear or for that matter the Duke of Gloucester . Major roles for older women are not so common in Shakespeare , but I think it is better not to choose a character such as Queen Katherine from Henry VIII , who needs a richness of seniority to convey the dramatic interest . If you do want to portray an older figure , it would be preferable to try Hermione in The Winter 's Tale she is a more fantastical character , without the added complications of historical authenticity , and so allows for greater flexibility of characterisation . It is possible for such sentiments of approval of this past to coexist with abhorrence for most current acts of violence . But the political significance of this culture is that where opinion counts and where the catholic nationalist remnant actually experiences the coercive power of protestant loyalists and the British army in the Northern statelet , there violence has all the more support . When it does , it tends to be a reaction to perceived injustice , such as internment without trial , or the conviction of a son by a sole judge in a trial held in total secrecy and on the evidence of unseen witnesses , or a simple case of one 's house being badly mauled by careless soldiers searching for arms . This reactive violence is thus justified by its subjects and the justification subsists in consciousness along with their Roman catholic profession of faith and identity . The provisional IRA 's commitment to violence against the British and against the protestant loyalist alliance , which the provisionals rhetorically and conveniently subsume under the term the British , is frequently assumed to be based on either Marxist or nationalist principles and in both cases to be secularist or areligious . Locks that part of the glass together . And finally gives charts the kind of breathing space they did n't quite have before . And gives movement to the arms of the scissors and so back through the sieves to the chariot and the moulds . Learning to work with the glass at last , he wrote ( and Goldberg typed ) . As always happens , will have mastered it completely just when I have no more use for it . Interesting people and all that . At the prow Jilly Jonathan abruptly stopped singing and jumped to her feet . She made her way , still seemingly dancing to the tune , the huge crocodile - skin handbag on her arm swaying heavily in time , to the door down to the saloon . Hauling it open , she thrust in her peroxided head and called out something . A moment or two later a man who , from his lanky form and fine - boned features , could only be her fianc , Lord Woodleigh , emerged , evidently doing his best to overcome a certain reluctance . From the yet more gloomy expression on his normally lugubrious face it was evident that he had resigned himself to her companionship at least as far as his hotel perched up far above the sea . So it was without surprise that he found himself sharing with her one of the tinny , open - sided cars of the creaky old funicular that saved tourists the toil of climbing the seven hundred and more steep stone steps up from the Marina Grande . As soon as the linked train of little open cars began its steeply angled ascent she clutched the Finnish detective by the arm . Mr Hjerson she gasped . Did you notice ? It was an exclamation she might have had to clarify . But at that moment their creaking conveyance gave a sudden fearsome jerk and came to a dead stop . Once again Miss Buckley clutched Sven Hjerson 's arm . I knew it was n't safe , she jabbered . I knew it the moment I saw it last Sunday . He glared at the people who surrounded the tent , and they glared back , wanting action . Well , he thought , they 'll have plenty of action when my Inspector gets here . Meanwhile and he crossed his arms as it to underline the point nobody gets in and nobody gets out . Leaving David with Mr Catlett , Peggy went back to the table and sat down. The police will be here soon , she said , quietly . Kezia ? His eyes were so narrow they looked like gun - slits . He pinched my arm . That hurts ! I shouted . Immediately after leaving SIS , I took a long holiday in Italy . I finished up in Rome , home to so many of the works I lectured on , and on my last night there I took a walk down to Bernini 's Trevi fountain in order to throw in the coin that would ensure that somehow I would one day return . All around me there were young couples , arm in arm , doing the same . I watched the waters for a while . Bernini , I said at length . I 've had enough and I 'm going to try my luck in a country I can actually understand . If that 's a sign of madness , I 've gone completely crazy , but it ca n't be worse than this . Look , could you grab hold of this box before my arms drop off ? She took hold of it and put it down on the floor . Then she looked me in the eye and smiled . It is important to practise adjusting the airbrakes during the float and to kick yourself hard if you ever land short of your point with brake still applied . It simply means that you have frozen on the airbrake lever and have undershot when you could have saved the situation . This is the same as throttle arm paralysis on a powered aircraft when the pilot undershoots and crashes his aircraft . He could have pushed the throttle forwards and avoided the accident by using the engine . It is also worthwhile attempting the occasional no airbrake touch down to get a better idea of how far your glider will float . Such special knowledge holds further difficulties , for it highlights the specifically political nature of any ethnographic account of such an institution , bringing to the forefront those expectations of loyalty which the executive demands of any individual who has hold of the account . Ethical problems will surface , for no power - based organization likes to have its idiosyncrasies made public , and the anthropologist who is a member of the family and not merely a temporary visitor to the backyard exotica can find that writing anything at all becomes crucially problematic . Expectations of confidentiality and silence prevent many accounts from reaching fruition , for as the revelations of Spycatcher ( Wright and Greenglass 1986 ) revealed , it is not necessarily what is written which causes the pain ; rather it is the breach of the convention which requires members in various arms of the executive to say nothing about their practices . This returns us to Arendt 's observation that secrecy is a prerequisite of totalitarianism , for those involved in the executive use of power know that to reveal is antagonistic to its maintenance . The insider/anthropologist is therefore somewhat schizophrenic , something of a Jekyll and Hyde , for he knows that publication and explication might be career - suicidal but are necessary intellectual tasks . In their own research departments the police continuously attempt to measure aspects of their activity , largely to demonstrate cost effectiveness in line with criteria imposed by the limits on public spending ( HO Circular 114/83 ) and the prevalent socio - economic world view of society . This has meant that many studies tend to concentrate on the objective assessment of a fiscally quantifiable reality . For example , the Audit Commission ( an arm of the treasury ) spent some time in 1987/8 with myself and others in a police research department assessing an OSU ( Operational Support Unit ) administrative system which they claimed had revolutionized police decision making and released manpower for patrol equal to 6.358 million . However , a colleague looking at these OSUs in relation to their cultural impact , saw there were many aspects of a qualitative nature which could not easily be expressed in fiscal terms ( Adams 1988 : 11 ) : direct submission of reports to the 0 . Since this condemnation of research opportunity , few studies have penetrated deeply beneath the sensitive skin of police culture , and even though Chatterton in his notes to my thesis argued there has been a considerable amount of participant police research , I would question whether many of these inquiries achieved the finer grain and detail ' of the insider 's account , for they can never really know or tell if they have been excluded from the inner workings of police practice or prevented from gaining access to the hidden realities contained inside the heads of the constables . Because of the litism which such an organization of control wields , it is not surprising there is difficulty in incorporating the outside researcher , or in accepting his critical findings . And certainly that other main arm of executive control the army seems little better at this than the police , for the number of participant accounts of their deep structures remains negligible , supporting McCabe 's ( 1980 ) contention that we should be asking of all of these costly institutions , who is to be controlled by whom and for what reasons ? Meanwhile , as Reiner ( 1985 ) suggests , the politicization of the police has proceeded at a pace , and can be illustrated by their growing willingness to respond to political dissent as a form of crime or deviancy . This trend is further displayed in their growing tendency to agree to be used as a pseudo - military arm of government in its socio - economic and industrial/political disputes with whole sections of society . And certainly that other main arm of executive control the army seems little better at this than the police , for the number of participant accounts of their deep structures remains negligible , supporting McCabe 's ( 1980 ) contention that we should be asking of all of these costly institutions , who is to be controlled by whom and for what reasons ? Meanwhile , as Reiner ( 1985 ) suggests , the politicization of the police has proceeded at a pace , and can be illustrated by their growing willingness to respond to political dissent as a form of crime or deviancy . This trend is further displayed in their growing tendency to agree to be used as a pseudo - military arm of government in its socio - economic and industrial/political disputes with whole sections of society . In 1985 , Cressida Dick , a probationary constable , wrote a prize - winning essay which clearly showed an awareness of this politicization , and asked the sort of questions which few senior officers seemed to be thinking or voicing . In her essay Implications of the Miners ' Strike , she pointed out that : Not Jay . I have been savaged by love , she would declaim , when she 'd had a few . But many years ago , a wise old man said fall in love and you may fall flat on your face , but pick yourself up and rush towards the next one , knees bleeding , face bruised , arms open , heart on fire . Dear Walter the art teacher , old - fashioned gallant , shouting bugger in class , casting lofty pearls to the in - group of disaffected teenagers . She 'd taken him literally , although now she questioned whether that had been wise . No , you have to sleep sometime , he said . The day before the date , Jay went into Lucy 's office and saw her crying , silky red head on the desk , fists clenched . Wanted to put her arm around her , hug her , what the hell had super - brat been up to now ? She tiptoed out unnoticed . Later Lucy borrowed coffee , a picture of composure . Then back to the exhausted heat of Lucy , and sleep . Sleep . Sun through the curtains , she woke with Lucy in her arms . Sleep , my darling . She woke Lucy with coffee , and more loving , sure and slow . God , I love you . You give me your breasts and hold me close . You are warm in my arms , your body right next to mine . If my lips had words for the wondrous feeling of your breasts and nipples I 'd say them . But there are no words good enough for perfection . We both shake when we 're nervous . And go cold . But my arms round you , your arms holding me , and the shivering stops and welds us still and close and still closer . B.L . I had these passionate blouse - ripping fantasies , the sort where you dissolve on a bearskin rug and explode with ecstasy . She wanted Dionne to have the best , oh yeah , Jay , and is that you ? Just that she 'd seen Dionne so often sad and unsure . And laughing and ecstatic in her arms . And the bloody rest of it . Well , dear , said Francis , considering , she must be at least twelve ? Did Lucy think of herself as that heterosexually convenient phenomenon , the non - orgasmic woman ; had sex been awful for her ? Jump on her ! How the hell do you jump on a Lucy , a lady , a Lucy , someone who appears fragile as glass , goes warm and soft like a trusting animal in your arms , then tough as steel with her polished NO ? Do you want to have a weekend with me ? I feel sort of fixed that it would be the best thing you know it would . I do n't know what to do , said Lucy , hiding her face , tears pouring through her clenched fingers . You 'll have to decide for both of us . OK , said Jay , wrapping her arms around Lucy , suddenly so tiny , I 'll tell you . If you have to go home now , and I wish you would n't , then call me tomorrow and give me a date . OK ? No stay of execution . She heard Lucy 's chair scrape and felt her arms round her shoulders . From her ice age , she wrenched herself to turn and wrap both arms round Lucy 's waist , her pounding head butting against the soft silk of her blouse . Hold tight , said Lucy , suddenly mummy . Jay gripped , burrowed her head in Lucy 's belly : here so safe and wanted inside her beloved Jeremy had grown ; her brow nudged Lucy 's breasts , where Jeremy had sucked himself full and strong , where she had found a contentment warm as summer wind across white sands ; here she had swum easy as a seal , crystal seas halcyon over her head . Her weeping tore at her slender shoulders , white linen crumpling to folds of despair . What do I do now , thought Jay , we 've re - run Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf , and what do I do now ? Her body took over , she crossed to Lucy , lay beside her , curling round her , holding her close and Lucy turned , wept into her arms and Jay rocked and sh - sh - ed her , her flights of vituperation spent in the face of this pain . Suddenly Lucy unballed her fists from her face and kissed her , open mouthed , hard . Jay shushed her against her shoulder . Come here , let me hold you , said Jay . She felt Lucy 's heat - soft breasts nudge hers . Felt Lucy 's slender arms round her shoulders . Felt her naked legs against Lucy 's . She felt like every adagio ever written . feeling complete , replete , like a cat sleeping in the sun has all four paws buried under its furred belly , sun too hot to move , tail wrapped over its sleeping nose , I went back to our bed to curl up next to where you had been . Hadn't shifted one crease from the pillows where you sat and smoked and drank coffee , my hand on your warm naked breast . I lay as if you were there and loved the shape your back had made , had a sense of your silky warmth , my body curling round the heat and wonder of you in my arms . One or your down - fine hairs was on the pillow : I picked it up like gold - dust - sweet relic ! Another - I knelt delighted and collected your beautiful hair . God , she 's done this once too often . This is oh HELL ! The body sags against the door , the heavy arms rest around necks and shoulders . They handle the massive limp dbris . Consciousness flickers . Make sure that you know what these are and what they mean . Briefly , if the referee points his fingers this indicates that someone had done something wrong . If he extends his arms with the fingers together it is an award . Finally , if the referee brings both fists together in the middle of the chest , this means that both contestants scored at the same time , so no awards will be made . A more detailed list of Japanese expressions appear at the end of this book ( p. 109 ) . Even during flurries of techniques , both hands remain on their respective sides of the centre - line . Arm movement Economy of arm movement is important since the more you flail them about , the longer it takes to cock them for an effective punch . Move your arms as little as is necessary to achieve your purpose , and always move them together so that if the front hand is knocking down an incoming punch , the rear is executing a counter - punch . You simply do not have the time for the one pause two sequences so beloved in basic training . Follow the opponent 's shape , not his attacking limb , because although an individual technique may have been successfully evaded , the opponent still remains potentially dangerous . Scoop the opponent 's front kick , drawing it back and up to break his balance If you are likely to face his open side , then circle your blocking arm so you twist him away A front kick can also be countered effectively by moving back on the diagonal . Face the opponent in opposite stance ( i.e. if your opponent 's right leg is forward you lead with your left and vice versa ) . The third example uses a short but wide diagonal movement of the front foot to take you clear of the opponent 's incoming reverse punch . Use a long , thrusting snap punch to the opponent 's face and if the chance presents itself , follow up quickly with a reverse punch . If the opponent 's attack is a face punch , then hit his extended arm with your forearm , glancing your punch over the top of his and into the target . ( a ) Step diagonally forwards , catching the opponent 's advancing punch with your leading forearm ( b ) Continue your fist into the opponent 's face The second requirement is that of good timing . Some competitors just are n't quick enough off the mark , or they hold back instead of thrusting in strongly . Either of these faults means that the attacking technique is well developed before you move into it , and so your front barring arm or groin suffer accordingly . Move directly into a high roundhouse kick and stop - punch it Stop a front kick by barring down with your leading guard whilst reverse - punching to the opponent 's chest To do this you slide back your rear foot so that the stance lengthens ( this makes it more stable in a longitudinal direction ) and your centre of gravity drops . If the action is sharp enough your opponent 's punch will graze over the top of your head , helped on its way by a fast rising block . As well as dealing with the punch , the rising block travels diagonally up and forwards into the opponent , catching him high on the attacking arm . Do not lean forwards as you block since this will bring your chin close to the opponent 's other fist . There is no need to withdraw your blocking arm fully as you reverse punch ; you probably wo n't have enough time to anyway ! As well as dealing with the punch , the rising block travels diagonally up and forwards into the opponent , catching him high on the attacking arm . Do not lean forwards as you block since this will bring your chin close to the opponent 's other fist . There is no need to withdraw your blocking arm fully as you reverse punch ; you probably wo n't have enough time to anyway ! The main thing is to shift your centre of gravity forwards behind the punch , so that it is delivered with plenty of power . Simply rock forwards on to your leading knee to achieve this . shout to underline your score . Drop under the opponent 's high punch , blocking high on his arm with rising block whilst reverse - punching strongly with the other MAKING YOUR PUNCH SCORE As we saw in the chapter dealing with rules , it is not enough for your punch to be an effective scoring technique ; it must be seen to be so , and this entails making its success obvious . Even if the slide is not feasible , you can still throw your centre of gravity forward , so that weight increases on the leading leg . The fifth attention - grabber is the exaggerated hip action which should accompany every punch . This shows that the punch is not merely an arm movement , but a powerful , co - ordinated body action . The punching hip , be it the leading hip of a front punch or the trailing hip of a reverse punch , must swivel forwards , so that your centre - line directly faces the opponent . You may well decide to twist even further when using the front punch , but beware that your situation is weakened should the opponent immediately counter attack . The back fist This punch is not a linear strike like the previous two but a circular one . The back fist unrolls from the shoulder , propelled as much by the body turning away as by the arm action itself . Many karateka get this wrong and make use only of the arm action . A back fist will out - range a reverse punch performed by an opponent of equal height but it is not often scored because many referees do not consider it powerful enough . This punch is not a linear strike like the previous two but a circular one . The back fist unrolls from the shoulder , propelled as much by the body turning away as by the arm action itself . Many karateka get this wrong and make use only of the arm action . A back fist will out - range a reverse punch performed by an opponent of equal height but it is not often scored because many referees do not consider it powerful enough . Nevertheless it remains an excellent opening strike because , even more than the snap punch , it cocks the hips for a powerful reverse punch . Lean in behind the strike in order to get the maximum range , and raise your other hand as a guard . Unfortunately , the cocking action that begins a back fist movement presents an unmistakable cue to the opponent . The punching elbow must be flexed before it can be extended fully , and any attempt to strike with a semi - extended arm is sure to fail because of the obvious weakness of the technique . The question is , how do you disguise the elbow flexion ? One answer is to open with a reverse punch to the mid - section . Also , the opponent may fall in an unexpected direction , so that you have to spin around and perhaps take a step to reach him. By that time , of course , the element of surprise is lost and his guard is ready and waiting . The remainder of the sequence then degenerates into a mle of pumping arms and legs . The hook At this point it is necessary to distinguish between foot sweeps and hooks . If they took a whirl at the minister , he would have a fine sight of the fun . Two days ago when they had carted out Menzies the minister and Fleming the young teacher from along the road at Dull and danced round them like children at a Halloween fire and stuck them up on horses , facing backwards , and paraded them past the door and down the road to Aberfeldy , he had flung a soft carrot himself and caught the man on the side of his face . He had deserved all he got was that what ministers and teachers were paid for ? to draw up the militia lists and condemn the young men to the barracks and the camps , to swamp fever in the Indies and their legs and arms blown off ? Young Donald his eyes were clear black - brown , like a lochan stained with peat , his hair was curly like a bull 's poll , and he had been a lovely lad until his father went away , clever with his hands , whittling pieces of wood and glueing them to make little windmills and watermills . The wheel he had mounted on a bit of rod from Stewart 's smithy still turned freely in the burn at the side of the kail - yard . Look they are still flocking in . A ripple of new arrivals was making the front row press forwards . Cameron and Menzies were squeezed back nearly into the house , and big Mary , finding herself hard up against Menzies , took his arm , cleared a space with a sideways butt of her hip , and twirled once round with him. Come away , James ! she said loudly . This is better than a ceilidh . A pulse of pressure from behind threw them against the factor , he turned and jumped for the door , beat on it , it opened abruptly , and he fell inside . Cameron turned and rose on tiptoe the Grandtully crowd had arrived in force , the Duke of Lennox in the lead , he was striding across the grass with an oak - tree branch slanting across his chest like a sceptre , its green sprays nodding on his shoulder . A piper marched beside him , the patched black bag of his pipes under his arm , the chanter blowing a reel . The Duke was revelling in the occasion , his toothless mouth curved up in a great leer like the mask of comedy . When the boys saw him , they ran towards him , calling out shrilly Up the Duke ! he swung his sceptre at them and they ducked , shrieking . When the boys saw him , they ran towards him , calling out shrilly Up the Duke ! he swung his sceptre at them and they ducked , shrieking . Shoals of people were coming up the drive from the west gate Cameron recognized faces that he knew from the sawmill at Kenmore . Amongst them walked a gentleman in an expensive greatcoat , his arms firmly held another hostage . Good tactics , whether planned or not the more gentry were pinned down here , the fewer were left to muster the Volunteers or ride off with news to the Deputies at Blairgowrie . Dust hung in the air now , making it yellow and the sun orange . He should be here by now . And he was a small figure in a drab coat , lurking at the side of the crowd , speaking to nobody . MacDiarmid waved him forward with a commanding sweep of his arm and he came and sat at the end of the table . There was a pause while everyone present wondered how to proceed . Abruptly the laird smiled , looking from face to face along the front row , and said , Well , well it is a fine morning for it . Before the crowd could drift off , Cameron got up on the massive stone gate - post and called on them to swear an oath . The words drew on his memory of a secret meeting he had gone to at the end of his first year in Glasgow . It had looked like a melodrama a little group in a candle - lit attic , holding up their arms with fists clenched and swearing to do or die . But they had meant it , and he was eager now to bring everybody together in a fine , hard point of resolve , in case zeal slackened and died away in the holiday atmosphere of this soft , comfortable afternoon . The hills themselves looked asleep , the heather glowed dust - blue in the hazy light , and the people , after a night of little sleep and hours of walking and standing , now looked stunned as they sat on the grassy banks , leaned on dykes , or lay on their backs in the hayfields , munching oatcakes and drinking the last of their water . Are we all resolved to finish this day 's work ? He looked from one tired face to another . A few had turned on their sides in the hay and cradled their heads on their arms . All right . We have started well . The little army was stirring to its feet , movement ran from front to back of the broad crowd like hackles rising . Let me see your hands . Hundreds of arms were standing up stiffly now like bristling branches . Let us bind ourselves now by this oath say it with me . We do swear He paused , and a murmur followed him with some clearer , harsher voices audible amongst it : We do swear He went on : Never to swerve , and they said it together , Never to swerve from our present path till we have cleansed the country or this oppressive Act . They tramped along to Ballechin among the ferns and sheltering oaks , smelling the cheesey smell of cows among the mist . Hope Steuart had felled a tree across the track , two men with cudgels were standing sentry behind it , they dropped the clubs and ran when the whole wood came at them , the darkness between the trees turned into people , people everywhere , herds and thickets of them surrounding the low tower - house . Hope Steuart had leaned two loaded muskets against the doorjambs ; he turned to pick one up but the Duke 's two sons were on him , twisting his arms behind him. He struggled and roared out , I see you , James Menzies , I charge you with sedition , and the Duke roared back , We charge you with tyranny , trail him round the house , lads , show his servants who is the master now . They carted him like a scarecrow , his heels scoring the gravel , but he was as stubborn as a pig in a cart , he would never squeal without a hard prod ; Donald Stewart the blacksmith had to grip his wrist to make him sign the paper . Well , well , well He put his foot between the two bottom rungs of the ladder and then caught at the upright to save himself from staggering . Carefully he tried again but Cameron took his arm and told him not to hurry unduly , the joists had only been pinned in place and they were still waiting for the long nails from Grandtully . Work slowed to a halt until Donald Steuart clattered up on his cart and began to lift down hefty canvas bags from the tailboard . Sorry , Angus , he was saying , my lad from Ballinluig never turned up , I had to get my father to blow the bellows ouch ! some of them are still hot that bag has charred , spread them out to cool , or keep them for tomorrow . James 's had a brown mark on the leg the shape of an iron . When Allan grinned knowingly at it , he said , Oh aye this house needs a woman . , Maybe we will find a willing girl at the wedding , Allan suggested . Donald 's other daughters are like their father too hefty in the arm . No man will ever cow them . Did I say a Stewart ? Let us get on the road . They stepped out briskly in the chill of evaporating rime and dew . By the time they came to the sharp bend at Borlick they had caught up with the McCulloch family , old Donald limping and muttering to himself , Donald hand in hand with Jean , Mary and her friend big Mary striding on ahead , their arms pulled down by heavy baskets of pies and eggs . Where so old Iain Logan ? said old Donald irritably as they came abreast . They will have gone down by the other side , said Allan Stewart , it is their quickest way . To charm yourself a kingdom The others took it up , humming or singing , and walked in time to it until old Donald got breathless and they had to saunter for a while . jean had her arm round Donald 's waist now and from time to time she skipped , roused by the fighting spirits of the menfolk . Well before noon , beside a small church whose roof sagged under clumps of grass and willow - herb , they came to the bridge over to Grandtully and looked across at the dense little settlement , lumpish houses made of undressed river boulders with brown smoke streaming through their heather thatch , hovels of branches littered through the trees , a few solid cottages with level roof - trees . It was a place of moss and mud and standing pools , myriads of flies twirled in the sun - rays , and dogs and children ran out to greet the newcomers in a raucous chorus . It finished , he tapped his foot , one two three four , and then he did launch into a jig , springy and violent . Young Donald McCulloch whooped and two of the McLaggan girls whooped with him. Donald Steuart had his arms round his daughter and son - in - law. He squeezed them and kissed them and went off into the house . Bumping noises came and he reappeared carrying a door . For a moment she looked furiously at Donald , her teeth bared like a cat 's , then she shook her hair out , spattering Donald with bree and barley , and hauled him back into the dance . Sandy McGlashan had taken out a little yellow fiddle and was adding a frenzied strum of strings to the piper 's notes . As the dancers changed partners , set to each other , backed away , then set again and spun with crossed arms , Donald McCulloch became masterful , gripping the girls ' hands strongly , spinning so hard that the balls of their feet ached on the cobbles , and passing them on with an almost lordly flourish of his arm . Jean felt belittled ; for as long as the dance lasted she seemed no more to him than any girl there , but then he came round to her again and clasped her closely as they stepped it down the aisle between the lines of dancers . Sandy McGlashan was wild now with the sound of his own music . Do you think it is enough ? Nothing is enough , so long as we have no hand in government . We are putting paper chains on their arms ; they can break them with a gesture . They stopped and looked at each other and James laughed . We are talking ourselves into a fine slough ! As Cameron opened with his usual explanation of the Act , he did not know that the Reverend William McIvor , a tall whiskery man with coarse orange hair and very pale blue eyes , had stayed outside his manse , in the cover of a thick yew tree , and was listening hard with a hand cupped round his ear . This Act will enslave you , he heard Cameron saying , and not only the young men among you but every family with a son who is in his prime . For how are we to bring in the corn harvest with all those strong hands and strong arms gone ? You will manage oh yes although you have no servants to feed your animals or cook your meat for you you will manage , although you are a year married with a wee child learning to walk , and no wet - nurse to mind it for you while you milk the beasts and no young husband to thatch your house above your head . The lords in parliament , and in the courthouse and the castle , they do not know how we live they know nothing about us , except that we will die for them , to protect their forts in India and in Scotland his voice sharpened suddenly , his arm swung round and pointed north and a gust of response rose out of the crowd we have always been good at that , their demands can never be satisfied , regiments for the colonies , indentured servants and labourers for the plantations , they have scoured Scotland like a killing wind and the men have been whirled away in the blast of it . You will manage oh yes although you have no servants to feed your animals or cook your meat for you you will manage , although you are a year married with a wee child learning to walk , and no wet - nurse to mind it for you while you milk the beasts and no young husband to thatch your house above your head . The lords in parliament , and in the courthouse and the castle , they do not know how we live they know nothing about us , except that we will die for them , to protect their forts in India and in Scotland his voice sharpened suddenly , his arm swung round and pointed north and a gust of response rose out of the crowd we have always been good at that , their demands can never be satisfied , regiments for the colonies , indentured servants and labourers for the plantations , they have scoured Scotland like a killing wind and the men have been whirled away in the blast of it . When the Philadelphia now remember this name when the Philadelphia put into Stornoway in Lewis , and gleaned young boys from the beach , and stowed them in the hold like trade - goods , what constable or what factor raised his arm or his stick to stop the slavers ? When seven slave - ships now this is true when seven slave - ships were cruising in the sound between Taransay and Harris , did Lord MacDonald 's men protect Lord MacDonald 's tenants ? Not at all the price was too good MacDonald 's factor was far too busy agreeing a price for the young folk that he sold to the Carolina merchants . There is a Bastille in every glen and firth , and this Act is the final fetter ( but it would not be , there would be plenty more ) . Let them put it on you and you are done for at last food for the cannons , and the swamp - fever , and the hulks . But remember he had lifted an arm now and was prodding with his forefinger as though pointing to the furthest corners of the country ( he was feeling the attention of the crowd and letting it recharge his energy ) , the people are mightier than a lord . He paused , letting the crowd dwell on the proverb ( hearing the rooks caw above his head ) . The people are mightier than a lord , and if we know that , we can not be put down. He knocked his pipe out on the stone above the fire . I wonder if they will take orders once they have red coats on , he said at last . I believe the Breadalbane men were up in arms against their commanders down at Glasgow a few years back . But now there 's a war on , and everybody 's frightened at the French He let his words trail off . You must decide . They had built up the fabric in their minds again and could even feel some weary well - being as they neared Weem and saw it sheltering between the steep hills and the flood plain of the Tay . The low lands were patched with hayfields at every stage of readiness , from bleached yellow to ferny green , and across the coloured surfaces people moved as though they were stitching and knitting at its texture , arms pulling on rakes , backs stooped under burdens on their way to the steadings . Far up on the left , above the inn and the cottage row , two other figures moved , blue and white , not haymakers Jean Bruce and young Donald , walking hand in hand amongst the bents of a neglected field at the furthest point of the McCullochs ' holding . For years it had not been worked . Below them the strath spread its pattern like a map . I feel like a bird , said Jean . She held out her arms and spread her fingers gracefully , pleasuring herself in Donald 's admiration . As he looked at her , his face closed over with a faintly embarrassed incredulity . A bird ? he chaffed her . Over his shoulder she was looking at the derelict house . Should she mention it now ? She let him kiss her , his tongue on hers , and then she eased him on across the field , her arm curved closely round his waist . Who lived here , Don ? she asked him. They parted a way through the tough bracken that choked the enclosure and their feet found the path to the front door . He went in doubtingly . Mary was kneeling with her head and shoulders inside the dark cave of a box - bed . She turned and Cameron saw , under her arm , old Donald 's face , eyes staring fixedly , his mouth drooping at one side , a shine of saliva on his chin . Mary what is ado ? Father has Father has oh , he is very ill , it took him yesterday . I said to be chary of the McLaggans No no , there is no harm really . Only I went to Donald Stewart 's smithy and Mary was there , chatting to her mother , so by the time I had fixed things up with Donald and went along to Grandtully to explain the plan to Alex , Mary had already gone back and told him. Ah , young love she was sitting with her arm round him , crying silently . She looked like Kirsty when I first went off to Bengal Menzies stopped , his own eyes watering , while Cameron let his temper sink back to normal after the gratuitous alarm . What does the Duke say , then ? In the darkness horses loomed . A squeak and trundle of wheels the post - chaise from the inn . Cameron and Menzies felt themselves half - lifted inside by the arms . Then they were rocking past the shut faces of the village houses towards the black thickets down the river . In the gloaming before sunrise they saw each other 's features as pale apparitions . A sharp shout of command twelve troopers ranged themselves across the road . The people had stopped in their tracks , women were making their children stand behind them . Three men stepped forward to meet Colberg : Donald Stewart , a gun across his arm , Donald McLaggan , holding a shaft with a curved blade at its end , and someone unknown to Cameron and Menzies , also with a gun . Colberg drew his sabre slowly and held it sloped on his shoulder . He looked elegant , as though presenting arms in some courtly ritual . Three men stepped forward to meet Colberg : Donald Stewart , a gun across his arm , Donald McLaggan , holding a shaft with a curved blade at its end , and someone unknown to Cameron and Menzies , also with a gun . Colberg drew his sabre slowly and held it sloped on his shoulder . He looked elegant , as though presenting arms in some courtly ritual . Hand over Cameron ! Donald McLaggan was speaking in a loud high voice , for their own benefit , they guessed . Under the new rgime we would be the first province to disenfranchise them . For as Ambrose Bierce said , Here 's to woman . Would that we could fall into her arms without falling into her hands . And frankly , ladies and gentlemen , what is a theological student but a sebastomaniac ? But do n't despair , my friends . Leonard was actually looking in a shop window when he first saw them , noticing Marianne naturally first ! She took his breath away , as she did most men 's . He never realised , on that eventful day , that she would come into my arms ( as he put it ) and stay there for so many years , adding in no small degree to the legends of love which keep the world sane and hopeful . There was serious work , however , at hand for Leonard . His writing , prose and poetry demanded rigorous attention , and received it with the same daily routine that he had established earlier : three pages a day , writing and rewriting , creative and self - critical . Nudists . People with no clothes on . She could lie in the sun ; the wind could blow all over her , even , with careful positioning , the neglected places under her arms . She found , as she walked on , that this place , like any other , had its etiquette . People in swimsuits or shorts and tops strolled at liberty on the wide sands . On either side furniture was piled in high , precarious heaps . She could distinguish desks , tom chairs , filing cabinets and Beautility tables . Further away , in the dim recesses of the shop , the individual items merged together , with just a leg discernible here , an upholstered arm protruding there . She stepped forward and discovered , sitting at a desk which stood the right way up , a small dark man. Your business cannot hope to succeed , she announced , her voice booming in the narrow space . If they were both standing , perhaps having drinks with friends , she would lean towards him and her glass would tilt and spill . Her hands also behaved unexpectedly . The heel of one of them might massage his arm or the rough texture of his cheek . Some of these incidents occurred , regrettably , in public . Even after marriage , even in the bed in which she was now trying to lie disturbingly still , Tom was embarrassed by the caresses that brought Rita such pleasure . We 'll only have to go through it all again when we move . The thought filled him with exhaustion . I forgot , said Amanda , perching on the arm of the stranded chair . You do n't know about this . Look . I could give you a call next Friday . Meet up as usual ? Though I think my arm will be in plaster . If that 's okay ? Of course . The news would be starting on Channel Four . She switched on the television . Alan was on the screen ; there were streaks of blood on his face , his arm was strapped up and he wore a blanket round his shoulders . He said , One hell of a crash , that 's all . Then people rolling around all over the place . Then people rolling around all over the place . No , I could n't see what caused it . Yes , my left arm was trapped . No , I do n't know how long . The Fire Brigade were superb . How important is that to the balance of trade ? The dark man stopped drawing . He lift ed his picture , held it at arm 's length , considered it , replaced it on the table , rubbed out a couple of lines and carried on drawing . Essential . A shot of a factory . The young , dark man looked at it lying on the floor . He rose , walked round the table and picked up the skein . He touched the woman on her arm and she turned and smiled up at him. He smiled back , dropped the silk in front of her and returned to his drawing . Trevor went on talking to Derek : The Luctians preserve Vascar limbs , he said . Before the sun goes in . After that two giggling Coriads appeared . They had their arms around each other. Fuck lateral thinking , said one of them . We 're going to have a shot at making love sideways instead . The Daily Mirror , said another . Ypres , Michaelangelo , Morse Code , Tar - macadam . In the night Sara woke to find Rodney 's arms round her . Not now , she protested groggily , I need my sleep . But he kissed her just the same . Peter and Nick were sitting on the sofa sharing a bottle of whisky with Sara 's backgammon board between them . Carla was cross - legged on the floor next to the coffee table on which she was playing Patience with Sara 's cards . Rodney was in an easy chair ; Veronica perched on its arm . He was reading aloud from Sara 's Alan Coren collection . He stopped reading when he saw her . The pull of the invisible creature grew stronger . Now she could see shapes beneath the water ; now there were three , no here came another one four silvery fish dancing in mid - air on her line . Icy drops of water fell from them onto her sun - warmed arms . The mackerel landed slithering on the deck . The boat owner seized them , twisted the hooks from their mouths and tossed the fish , tails still flapping , into a bucket . Sometimes still , those greeny eyes . She 's glad Jeff 's are brown . An impression only of Niall 's black hair flying , awkward jumble on her hearthrug of arms and legs . She cried out . It was her nail scissors that she 'd been searching for days , lost under the hearthrug and pressing into her hip ; and the cry was also her virginity , small and bewildered and gone . I send her cards . Last Christmas she sent me a bluetit and I sent her a robin redbreast , a bloody great Robin Redbreast . I raise my arm , my finger traces a bird on the shape of the moon over the trees in front of me . So , Jennifer , Ms. hypocrite , how d'you feel ? Well , nothing . Blundering into Harriet 's treetrunks . The glimpsed lawn seems all of a sudden to have shrunk , to shine like a tiny stage set , Harriet 's slumped figure centre stage and the consoling bulk of the cottage thatch as backdrop . She puts her arms gingerly and tenderly round an inscrutable black trunk . Is it oak , ash or thorn ? How do I get to own a tree ? she cries up. She gasped at the sight of the blood beginning to cake under his nose . Darling ! Quickly she folded her arms round him then just as quickly pulled back to inspect his swollen nose and mouth . What happened ? Were ye in a fight ? Olive stroked his arm gently , coaxing . He did n't exactly push her away . Instead he stuck his chin in his hand , so removing his arm from her touch . Olive gave up. It 's all right , you can tell mammy when we get home . Have I any choice ? You could wash the dishes . He put his arm round her . Maybe seeing England getting thrashed will cheer you up. He paused . She stuck her tongue out at the television . As she did one of the English players danced across the screen and up the sideline , outwitting several of the Moroccan side who tackled him from all directions . Olive grabbed Steve 's arm . That 's Hoddle is n't it ? C 'mon Hoddle , waddle , dawdle , kick it ! A nun with frozen hands An Irish priest wearing metal - framed glasses An enormous bible under his arm A wand in one hand , the string of the red Kite in the other. I should have noticed . You 've been with me for a whole week now and you might just as well have been a girl , or a boy without balls . What was I doing admiring you for being so well - behaved , sitting there for hours content to have your arm round me ? I even said to myself , He 's English and yet he understands . St ill I wanted you to go all the way with me . My blonde self laughed at the people of my village . I imagined Saad lying down with the English boy and the two of them flirting and giggling together . The boy came over and put his arm round me , as if he could not quite believe my laughter and my lack of agitation . I smiled at both of them and told his friend my clothes suited him. He asked if I had a caftan he could borrow . He was often ten minutes late , as if the minutes had been timed exactly . She did n't know what to think of these solicitations . He rarely actually touched her , apart from taking her arm . They began to meet in pubs , sometimes in the evening , near the centre of London where it was unlikely they would be noticed . Tell me about the funny Dutch houses and Red Indians , he would ask . The 1991 Head racquet range has been developed from Head 's wide bodied racquet , Genesis . The Ventoris features all of the technical systems which made the Genesis such a successful racquet . The Head Nodal technology reduces shock to the arm helping to prevent injury , whilst the double power wedge strengthens the tip of the racquet , increasing power without losing control . The Ventrola tennis shoe is designed for comfort and performance . It supports and stabilizes the foot preventing rollover , whilst absorbing shock from impact . 2 Twist your upper body fully through the stroke . Using the arms alone is simply not enough as the swing is now restricted by the additional hand . 3 . Work on your speed around the court as your reach is restricted by two hands . As soon as your feet touch the floor behind you , spring back to the starting position and repeat . High jumps Start from a crouched position and jump as high into the air as possible with your arms above your head . Repeat . Star jumps Repeat . Star jumps Stand upright with your arms by your sides . jump to a position with your legs apart and your arms in a ten to two position . Return to the start and repeat . Star jumps Stand upright with your arms by your sides . jump to a position with your legs apart and your arms in a ten to two position . Return to the start and repeat . ADVANCED USE OF THE FITNESS DETERMINATION ROUTINE ( FDR ) Bench press Lie flat on the bench . Grip the bar with the hands shoulder width apart and the arms straight up. Lower the bar slowly to the top of the chest , touching the chest lightly with the bar and pressing until the arms are straight . Do not let the weight drop to the chest and never bounce the bar off the chest . Lie flat on the bench . Grip the bar with the hands shoulder width apart and the arms straight up. Lower the bar slowly to the top of the chest , touching the chest lightly with the bar and pressing until the arms are straight . Do not let the weight drop to the chest and never bounce the bar off the chest . This exercise is best done with a partner to assist . Side - lateral raise Stand upright with the dumb - bells by your sides . Slowly raise your arms out to the sides until they are horizontal . Lower them again slowly . Dumb - bell shoulder press Lower them again slowly . Dumb - bell shoulder press Stand upright with the arms bent and the dumb - bells at shoulder height . Slowly press vertically until the arms are straight . Lower them slowly to shoulder height . Dumb - bell shoulder press Stand upright with the arms bent and the dumb - bells at shoulder height . Slowly press vertically until the arms are straight . Lower them slowly to shoulder height . Do not twist the dumb - bells during the press . Bent - over lateral raise Bend from the waist until the torso is horizontal , and the arms are hanging straight below . Slowly raise the arms apart until they are horizontal ( keep the elbows slightly bent ) . Lower them slowly to the start position . Squats Complete all reps on one leg and then change over . You may hold the wall to help your balance . Dumb - bell shoulder press slowly press the dumb - bells vertically until the arms are straight Calf raise The starting position is the same as for the squat . Squats bend the knees until the thighs are parallel to the floor Upright rowing Stand upright holding the barbell in front of you , with your arms straight down. palms facing the body and hands approximately 15cm ( 6in ) apart . Slowly pull the barbell upwards , keeping it close to the stomach and chest until it is just underneath the chin and the elbows are pointing upwards . Do not bend the back and do not sway . Bent - over rowing Bend from the waist until the torso is horizontal , the arms are hanging out straight below , and you holding the barbell with hands shoulder width apart . Slowly pull up the bar until it touches the chest , and then slowly lower it to arm 's length . Stretching and contraction should be felt in the back , but do not rock or jerk . Bend from the waist until the torso is horizontal . Hold the dumb - bell in the right hand . Keep the upper arm horizontal , with the forearm and dumb - bell hanging straight down. Slowly straighten the arm by lifting the dumbbell backwards , keeping the upper arm still . The palm of the hand should now be facing the floor . Triceps extension slowly lower the dumb - bell to the back of the head and then press to the vertical position Dumb - bell curls Stand upright , with your arms holding the dumb - bells by your sides and your palms facing inwards . Slowly curl the dumb - bells upwards to shoulder height , twisting them gradually during the full movement until the palms are facing you . Slowly lower the dumb - bells to the start position . Do not arch the back during the exercise , and do not swing the dumb - bells . Barbell curl Stand upright with the arms straight down , holding the barbell with the hands shoulder width apart and the palms facing outwards . Slowly curl the barbell to shoulder height , and then lower it slowly to the starting position . Do not lean backwards or jerk the barbell upwards as this will put great strain on the lower back area and detract from the development of the biceps . This exercise can be done lying flat on the floor , but using a bench stretches the lower abdomen more . Flat dumb - bell press Lie flat on the bench with your arms out straight holding the dumb - bells and your palms facing your feet . Make sure that the dumb - bell bars are lower than the top of your chest . Slowly press out until your arms are straightened again and your palms are facing down as before . Lie flat on the bench with your arms out straight holding the dumb - bells and your palms facing your feet . Make sure that the dumb - bell bars are lower than the top of your chest . Slowly press out until your arms are straightened again and your palms are facing down as before . Incline dumb - bell flyes Set the bench at an angle of 3045s ; . Incline dumb - bell flyes Set the bench at an angle of 3045s ; . Lie on the bench with arms out straight , almost vertical , and hold the dumb - bells with palms facing each other. Slowly lower the arms , still keeping them slightly bent at the elbows until the dumb - bells are level with the chest . Slowly raise until vertical , breathing out . Front dumb - bell raise Stand upright with the dumb - bells on the front of the thighs and the palms facing the thighs . Alternately raise each arm outwards in front of you until horizontal and then slowly lower , keeping the arms straight at all times . The emphasis here is on developing the front deltoid excellent for martial artists . Barbell press Barbell press Stand upright , holding the bar at shoulder height in front of your chest with your palms facing outwards . Slowly press upwards until your arms are straight overhead , then lower gradually to the top of the chest again . Do not arch the back and do not jerk . Dead lift Next , raise the heels until they are as high as possible without moving the balls of the feet . Hold the contraction for 2 seconds , then lower again . One - arm dumb - bell rowing Place one knee and one hand on the bench for balance . Bend over , holding the heavy dumb - bell below the bench . Slowly raise the dumb - bell vertically as high as possible without jerking or rocking , keeping it close to the body . The elbow should be high . Complete the set on one arm and then change sides . One - arm dumb - bell rowing slowly raise the dumb - bell without jerking or rocking , keeping it close to the body Seated calf raise raise the heels as high as possible without moving the balls of the feet The elbow should be high . Complete the set on one arm and then change sides . One - arm dumb - bell rowing slowly raise the dumb - bell without jerking or rocking , keeping it close to the body Seated calf raise raise the heels as high as possible without moving the balls of the feet Stiff - legged dead lift Hold on to the edge of 1 bench with your hands behind your back . Put your heels on the other bench with your legs out straight . Slowly bend your arms , lowering the upper body towards the floor and keeping the legs straight until the elbows form right angles , then slowly straighten up. The exercise can be made more difficult by placing a weight across the thighs . Triceps dips lower the upper body until the elbows form right angles Lie flat on the bench , holding the barbell with your hands 1523cm ( 69in ) apart . Slowly lower and touch your chest with the bar . Then press upwards until the arms are locked straight out and the triceps are fully contracted . Close hand press - ups also have the same effect . Swing - bell curls Do not jerk or swing . Complete a set on 1 arm and then change arms . Close grip bench press slowly lower and touch your chest with the bar , then press upwards until the arms are locked straight out Concentration curls slowly curl until the dumb - bell touches the shoulder TRAINING ROUTINES The pectoralis minor lies underneath the pectoralis major and in almost all cases any reference to the pecs means the pectoralis major . The pecs respond fairly quickly regular training , especially the bench press . The main function of pecs is to adduct the arms ( adduction is a movement towards the centre - line of the body ) , that is they move the upper arms across the body as in dumb - bell flyes . Other movements brought about by the pecs are shoulder flexion , which draws the arm forwards and upwards , and shoulder extension , which draws the arm down and forwards . By working the pecs from different angles it is possible to direct the work - load to different parts of the muscle . After the legs , the back is the most neglected area in terms of training and development . The reason for this is very simple you ca n't see it . An individual will get far more pleasure working his chest , his abdominals or his arms because he can see the muscles working and developing . Also , it is much harder to train the back muscles and receive a hard pump . The back consists of 3 main sections ; the lower , the middle and the upper back . The main muscles of the middle back are the latissimus dorsi and the lower trapezius . The latissimus dorsi account for the very impressive V shape of athletes and bodybuilders . These muscles draw the arms to the sides , therefore all rowing exercises , pull - ups or pull - downs are performed by them . Swimmers often have very good lat development due to the fact that the arms are drawn towards the body in most styles of swimming . The lats can be exercised for width or thickness . The latissimus dorsi account for the very impressive V shape of athletes and bodybuilders . These muscles draw the arms to the sides , therefore all rowing exercises , pull - ups or pull - downs are performed by them . Swimmers often have very good lat development due to the fact that the arms are drawn towards the body in most styles of swimming . The lats can be exercised for width or thickness . The best exercises for developing width are wide grip pull - ups to the back of the neck and lat pull - downs . The best exercises for developing width are wide grip pull - ups to the back of the neck and lat pull - downs . Exercises to develop thickness include seated rowing . bent - over rowing , T bar rowing and single arm rowing . These latter exercises also work the lower trapezius muscles and the rhomboids . The main muscle of the upper back is the upper trapezius . The skeletal width of the shoulders is hereditary but an illusion of breadth can be created by fully developing the shoulder muscles . These muscles are called the deltoids and have 3 heads ; anterior ( front ) , lateral ( side ) and posterior ( rear ) . The heads form a cap which covers the shoulder joint , and they are attached at one end to the upper arm and at the other end to 3 points to the front , top and back of the shoulder . The function of the deltoids is to raise the arm to the front , the side and the rear . All 3 of the heads of the deltoids are involved in shoulder movements , but the direction of the arm movement determines which head is being used the most . These muscles are called the deltoids and have 3 heads ; anterior ( front ) , lateral ( side ) and posterior ( rear ) . The heads form a cap which covers the shoulder joint , and they are attached at one end to the upper arm and at the other end to 3 points to the front , top and back of the shoulder . The function of the deltoids is to raise the arm to the front , the side and the rear . All 3 of the heads of the deltoids are involved in shoulder movements , but the direction of the arm movement determines which head is being used the most . The most impressive shoulder development shows an equal development of all 3 heads of the deltoids . ARM TRAINING The balance between biceps and triceps development is perhaps one of the most difficult to achieve in physique development . The triceps make up 60 % of the upper arm while the biceps make up only 40 % and yet it is still the case that most people tend to have overdeveloped biceps . There are two reasons for this . Firstly , training the biceps is very enjoyable and the results are easily seen . Firstly , training the biceps is very enjoyable and the results are easily seen . Secondly , the biceps respond very quickly to training and are relatively easy to develop compared to the triceps . Upper arm training should be in the ratio of 3 : 2 for triceps to biceps . It is always best to train the triceps first because these are usually the least developed group . There are 3 heads to the triceps ; 2 of them have their origins on the humerus and the third originates on the shoulder blade . Higher repetitions must be used because the muscle type is denser and more resilient ( like the calves ) . Wrist rolling is probably one of the best exercises to perform . This involves holding out a bar at arm 's length and then rotating it . A weight can be tied to the bar by a piece of rope and then raised and lowered to make the exercise more difficult . One final point to remember is that it is very easy to overtrain the arms . This involves holding out a bar at arm 's length and then rotating it . A weight can be tied to the bar by a piece of rope and then raised and lowered to make the exercise more difficult . One final point to remember is that it is very easy to overtrain the arms . More exercises and more repetitions are not the answer to correcting poor arm development it is better to do fewer exercises and repetitions and to take more rest . Stretching A weight can be tied to the bar by a piece of rope and then raised and lowered to make the exercise more difficult . One final point to remember is that it is very easy to overtrain the arms . More exercises and more repetitions are not the answer to correcting poor arm development it is better to do fewer exercises and repetitions and to take more rest . Stretching The benefits of stretching for people from all sports and of all ages cannot be overemphasised . At risk of seeming a killjoy , I would urge readers to think through the implications of all home - made safety devices which set out to resolve some well - acknowledged safety problem only to create others of a less obvious by more hazardous nature . Remembering that anything that bodes to threaten concentration in wood - machining is a prime risk , let us consider a router cutter revolving at anything up to 24,000rpm sitting midway between 12 highly unstably - sprung devices whose proper purpose in life is the support of wet laundry on a clothes line . It takes little imagination to foretell the likely consequences of just one peg disintegrating and flinging its spring or its free arm into the cutter gap during a pass ; or the possible knock - on effect ( s ) on the rest of the makeshift assembly and the astonished operator if this should happen . There have been better hold - down devices of a home - made nature in Woodworker in the past the best of them doubtless designed after some careful thoughts about an acceptable specification . Mr Wiseman does n't only have the safety of his hands to consider : in this case he might stand to lose his sight or sustain laceration from bits of flying clothespegs , blocks and cramps into the bargain . You do not want to get trapped by detail . Start general rounding off , and at this stage , some form of modelling could be tackled ; working on deep folds , light creases and facial features . Carefully observing the model , George concentrated on the tiny creases in the ears , on arms and legs . the paws ; simulating the stitching and seams , merely suggesting the heavy black braid that defines the nose of the original bear . All the details that help breathe life into the little fellow can be marked with a pencil or Biro . The brackets must end up with their two oblique edges absolutely square , and each bracket must be identical . I was making 24 of these and needed a repetitive method . I 'm not sure that a radial - arm saw is accurate enough for this at the best of times , but , at the moment , mine rattles up and down its rails like a train in the sidings , and is definitely not fit for the job . I shot the longer edge down on the planer . If you need to change angle to land on the line , you take two slight passes , the first either stopping with the wood still on the back table , or starting with it already on the front table , depending which way you want to tilt . Each one has inherent hazards . I tried to arrange guides on the drum sander but quickly gave up. My bandsaw competes with the radial - arm for clatters and bangs so the big router won with a large chamfer bit . Two strips of waste wood were slowly fed over the revolving cutter and cramped to the table . These pointed fingers were adjusted to be my guide and , apart from the very ends of each cut , were quite reliable . I 'm stealing everything I can ! Tall and elegantly mustachioed , David Esterly is a softly spoken Californian in his mid - forties whose passion for Grinling Gibbons takes him by surprise even today . I was walking down Piccadilly in 1973 with the woman who was later to become my wife when she grabbed me by the arm and steered me into St James 's church to see the carvings . What followed dictated the course of his life . It was a conversion experience , he says , I had seen his carvings in a vague sort of way already Esterly was then a post - graduate student at Cambridge and surrounded by some of Gibbons ' best work but I found myself looking at them there in St James 's as if for the first time . For the first time we are trying to preserve the historical integrity of the carvings . The restoration work has brought to light tricks of the Gibbons trade . As they lie on the benches within arm 's reach , the foliage compositions initially shock by their scale . Tulips and rushes seem implausible large . But that , says the quiet American , is all part of the art . In following Stravinsky 's guidelines , Ashton found many new , sometimes frivolous , ways of performing class - room steps . The corps de ballet neglect the turn - out and step forwards sur les pointes , raising the working knee and resting the toe on the calf of the other leg , before moving forwards . They travel forwards instead of en place in chapp relevs after breaking the rule that the arms never cross the centre line of the body and are always ( except in arabesque ) rounded . If Ashton 's Scnes de Ballet is compared with Balanchine 's Ballet Imperial , it will be seen that Balanchine rarely breaks away from the classical technique as practised in petipa 's day when Tchaikovsky wrote the music . Ashton , like Stravinsky , took into account the technical developments which had taken place . Dancers easily understand how a series of swift pas de bourre courus ( i.e. running on the toes ) as danced by the Queen of the Wilis in Giselle , differs from the same step performed piqu ( i.e. each foot picked up sharply at each change of weight ) , as in many of petipa 's solos . But it is not always easy to decide which is the more appropriate , nor how the two ways mentioned can lead to other versions . for example , in her solo in Ashton 's Cinderella the Winter Fairy moves across the stage in a series of pas de bourre en tournant terre , the feet weaving their in - and - out pattern as the arms flick to and fro sparkling with frost . In Symphonic Variations , the dancers perform pas de bourre piqus sur les pointes very gently because they are marking the rhythmic beat as the soloist dances to the melodic phrase . This is an excellent example where both the overall and shorter phrase rhythms are explicitly brought to life by the dance design ( see page 68 ) . In Symphonic Variations , the dancers perform pas de bourre piqus sur les pointes very gently because they are marking the rhythmic beat as the soloist dances to the melodic phrase . This is an excellent example where both the overall and shorter phrase rhythms are explicitly brought to life by the dance design ( see page 68 ) . One of the most beautiful uses of pas de bourre courus is when Ashton places his danseuse in her partner 's arms as she floats over the surface of the floor as if in a dream like ecstasy . It is a movement he has used many times and which is perhaps seen at its best in the pas de deux to the Meditation from Thai - s created for Anthony Dowell and Antoinette Sibley ; in A Month in the Country when Natalia dances with the Tutor to express her emotions ; and in Les Deux Pigeons in the final pas de deux , when the Young Man has returned to The Girl and tenderly dances with her in his arms ( see page 83 ) . It was this ability to display a ballerina 's apparent weightlessness and sheer joy in dance that was so impressive when the Spirits of the Air danced in Homage to the Queen , Ashton 's exquisite celebration of the 1952 Coronation which was danced by Margot Fonteyn and Michael Somes . But such jumps can also travel some way forwards , backwards or sideways and can become sparklingly light when the knees are sharply bent upwards at the height of the jump . This is required of the Four Fairies , the Fairy Godmother and the Stars in Ashton 's Cinderella . However if this way of jumping from two feet to two feet had not been combined with well picked - up pas de bourre piqus and relevs retirs as well as extremely accurate , quick ports de bras with straighter and more angled than rounded arms , they would have seemed out of place . When moving dancers from two feet to one in both open and closed sissonnes , the choreographer can make the movements dart over the floor as Aurora does in her final solo in The Sleeping Beauty . In Les Patineurs and Les Rendezvous Ashton makes his dancers travel upwards as well in an effort to show off their abilities to keep up with the music and beat each other to the exit . It can be that magic moment in such dances as the Rose Adage in The Sleeping Beauty when Aurora triumphantly raises her hand from the fourth Prince 's grasp and holds the final attitude for several seconds revealing her complete command over the forces of gravity . There are hundreds of instances of this kind of pose created by many different choreographers . There is the moment in the Act II pas de deux or Swan Lake where Odette appears to fly away in an arabesque before Siegfried seizes her arms and draws her body close to his in an embrace . There are also the exciting poses that come at the end of some of Ashton 's pas de deux as the two characters declare their love , for example , when Oberon cradles Titania in his arms at the end of The Dream and , even more excitingly , when Colas lifts Lise high on one arm it the end of their dance in Act II of La Fille Mai Garde as if to crown her queen of the harvest In some modern classical ballets too little attention is paid to the momentary holding of a pose as the focus of a picture to sum up as it were what has gone before . For example : in Choros he focuses attention on many ancient Greek dance rituals and accents the playful use of movement whilst at the same time showing that such warlike , athletic courtship and other activities are a wonderful game to be played by the performers . In Consort Lessons these quick changes of aulement give much greater variety and dimension to the overall design particularly where the solo girl dances with four boys . More recently , in his The Sons of Horus he has found ways of incorporating the profiled attitudes and poses seen in ancient Egyptian designs with straight turned - in legs , elongated lines and angled arms , all in contrast to the turnedout legs and curving bodies of classical dance . As Ashton and MacMillan in many of their ballets , he has created a style appropriate to one particular ballet . Unless he chooses another ancient Egyptian theme he is unlikely to use the same style again . Petipa 's remark that without ports de bras the dancer is dumb is only one of the wise comments he made when working on his choreographic designs . Fokine echoed this remark when he said every step and pose is a gesture ( see page 58 ) . De Valois summed up the ideas of these two great choreographers by saying : Only synchronisation of arms and legs will give symmetry to step and pose , strength to the jump , speed to the pirouettes , calm to the adage and spaciousness to the dance . To ensure that his audience would appreciate each sentence in his dance , petipa usually repeated each at least twice and usually four times . But towards the end of the second or fourth repeat he made some small alteration in the ports de bras so that the dancer could move easily into the next sentence . This is particularly noticeable in his variations for the Six fairies in The Sleeping Beauty . Petipa clearly reflects in dance the gift that each fairy brings to the Christening . The first Fairy is slow and gracious to denote Beauty ; she encircles her face with her hand and displays the line of her arm ( the traditional gesture for beauty ) . The Second Fairy brings Grace and dances slightly faster in such a way that she shows off the lines of her body as it faces forwards and then backwards ( the traditional gesture ) . The Third Fairy dances slowly sur les pointes and uses conventional hand movements to show she brings the gift of Plenty , just as the godmother at a Russian christening scatters breadcrumbs over the cradle . But if Ashton had not made these very distinctive changes in his ports de bras , the seasonal differences would not have been so notable . The above examples are only a few of those showing how conventional ports de bras can be changed . A study of Ashton 's ways of using them , or of MacMillan 's , reveal how unnecessary it is to keep passing the arms through 1st position . Nor is it necessary always to keep the arms rounded except in arabesque . Examples taken from both choreographers ' works describe the particular feelings , moods and emotions of the characters their dancers are portraying . The above examples are only a few of those showing how conventional ports de bras can be changed . A study of Ashton 's ways of using them , or of MacMillan 's , reveal how unnecessary it is to keep passing the arms through 1st position . Nor is it necessary always to keep the arms rounded except in arabesque . Examples taken from both choreographers ' works describe the particular feelings , moods and emotions of the characters their dancers are portraying . Arms flick to and fro as the Winter Fairy and the Stars of Ashton 's Cinderella give the illusion of twinkling lights in the frosty air . Examples taken from both choreographers ' works describe the particular feelings , moods and emotions of the characters their dancers are portraying . Arms flick to and fro as the Winter Fairy and the Stars of Ashton 's Cinderella give the illusion of twinkling lights in the frosty air . The poignant shaking of the hands above upraised heads followed by the pressing downwards , outwards and then backwards of the arms make an overwhelming plea for pity in MacMillan 's Requiem . The fact that the two leading English choreographers create so many unusual ports de bras as a means of expression is what has made so many Royal Ballet dancers so successful in ballets with a story . Coming from a country where the use of the appropriate word is more important than a gesture in daily life , both choreographers have resolved that words must be replaced by gestures within the choreographic design . Any untoward or awkward transition is immediately noticeable because it destroys the calm dignity that the human body needs if it is to be shown at its best . This does not mean that speed must be avoided , nor that the unexpected need offend the eye . A sudden change of aulement , an unusual turn in - out of legs or arms , or quick jumps up and then down to the floor followed by a roll over or even a somersault can accentuate the particular place that unusual movement has in the whole design . Swift changes in the dimensions covered in any linear design are nowhere more obvious than in Ashton 's five abstract ballets and his example is now being followed by David Bintley in his Choros and Consort Lessons . In fact such unusual movements often arouse the audience to gentle laughter as swift changes add a touch of humour as two or more dancers compete to capture the attention of both the audience and their Colleagues . Later the mass of dancers merely moves upstage sur les pointes to a pose and further ports de bras , then returns downstage to another slowly unfolding set of ports de bras and arabesques . It is when this mass of dancers divides and moves to the sides that the open space available for dancing is exposed fur the first time . Before this the slowmoving dancers in their wide spreading tutus and veiled arms have hidden it from view . Its exposure prepares the audience for the brilliant solos to follow . When Marie Camargo shortened her skirts and removed the heels from her shoes , jumps and batterie first entered the vocabulary . The demi - caractre style has its roots in classical technique , but must be coloured by more clearly defined and individual movements which allow the dancers to show they are playing the part of some character who has some claim to live in the real world and therefore can be recognised as such . In other words they usually , dance classically from their feet to the waist and above that are free to express themselves as people of more definite behaviour , work , play and age ( de Valois in a lecture to teachers , 1947 ) . The head , body and arms of the characters portrayed should show the status they have in the society to which they belong whether it is rural , urban or fantastic , as well as their behaviour , customs , work or play . Dauberval 's La Fille Mal Gard ( 1789 ) was the first ballet in this style . Dauberval 's exclusion from the Acadmie Royale ( later the Paris Opera ) was justified by those in charge because they felt his idea of making farmers , peasants and the like the heroes and heroines of his ballets was beneath the dignity of an opera house whose stage had hitherto been occupied with the deeds of noble heroes , heroines and courts . Dauberval 's exclusion from the Acadmie Royale ( later the Paris Opera ) was justified by those in charge because they felt his idea of making farmers , peasants and the like the heroes and heroines of his ballets was beneath the dignity of an opera house whose stage had hitherto been occupied with the deeds of noble heroes , heroines and courts . Bournonville coloured his ballets with movements characteristic of many different personalities and nationalities . In his particular style of demi - caractre dance he used classical footwork for most of the time but , from the waist upwards through the body , arms and head , he tried to convey how his performers worked and played in the environment to which they belonged . for example : in Napoli they were Italian , in Far from Denmark they were Danes influenced by the dance of South America . This way of creating more plebeian characters is fully demonstrated in Ashton 's comic masterpiece La Fille Mal Garde , where this style of dance is shown in two different aspects , the light - hearted yet technically highly expert dancing of Lise and Colas and the comically eccentric work of Alain and the Cock and Hens . But by the time Fokine produced The Firebird he had developed his mimed dance much further . It had become the most important part of his choreography . His Firebird flew and still flies in all her glory before being trapped pitifully in the arms of the Tsarevich . Her release sends her soaring in grands jets en avant through the magic garden . This flight of the magic bird held and stili holds audiences spellbound . As traditional Italian dances are often sung , the performers pose solemnly fur a second or two at the end of each phrase . This was a feature widely used by nineteenth - century Italian balletmasters and by Bournonville . But the latter 's pause was often to hold the dancers in perfect 5th positions of both arms and feet . Spanish style The stereotyped Spanish style is possibly seen at its best in Petipa 's Don Quixote , most particularly in the famous pas de deux fur the ballerina and her partner . Spanish style The stereotyped Spanish style is possibly seen at its best in Petipa 's Don Quixote , most particularly in the famous pas de deux fur the ballerina and her partner . The tone is set by the continual use of the pose with head held high , back slightly arched , arms in closed 4th or a stretch fully upwards in 5th sur les pointes for Kitri or on demi - pointes for Basil . The brilliant bravura variation when Kitri springs lightly forwards sur les pointes whilst fanning herself and Basil attempts to make his zapateado ( heel - tapping ) appear authentic by the slightly crouching pose of his body , add even greater panache to their efforts . Swanhilda strikes similar poses with her mantilla and fan in Copplia and so do the Spanish dancers in Swan Lake . The working leg is thrust outwards on the first beat of a bar , heels click and stamp to accent the appropriate beats . Although the solo danseuses perform sur les pointes , they still mark the appropriate beats by stabbing their toes into the floor , i.e. they dance a series of retirs passs forwards or backwards without descending and use typical Hungarian ports de bras . These are also strongly accented as the arms straighten into 2nd position before being bent , with hands sometimes clasped behind the head , sometimes placed akimbo on the waist or sometimes with one on the waist and the other behind the large bow at the back of the head - dress . The danseuses perform some of the traditional steps such as the sideways moving pas de bourre danced sur les pointes and the sideways cabrioie rarely used in classical ballet . The unusual feature of traditional Hungarian style is the strong distinction made between the two parts of most folk dances . This made the dancers appear as if they were a moving frieze . Something that David Bintley was also to achieve later in his Sons of Horus ( 1985 ) . Ashton too has created two oriental styled ballets in which the delicacy of the hands and arms drew attention to the way such subtle movements can take the place of words . His interest in ports de bras nearly always produces something new to say , whether it is to tell a story , describe the characters and/or create a style exclusive to one work . Japanese The first of Ashton 's ballets in oriental style was Madame Chrysanthme , in which he utilised many traditional japanese gestures made more fascinating by emphasis of his dainty ballerina 's footwork . It also conveys the mood and emotions of the Girl , a very rare happening in true folk dance . The participants in folk dance can and certainly do show elation . In La Fille Mal Garde Mother Simone does this when she triumphantly finishes her Clog Dance on the arms of her more graceful neighbours , just as all the guests but Alain do after the Betrothal and they all dance out , arms linked to celebrate . The gestures of such pastoral characters as Lise and Colas in La Fille Mal Garde have already been noted ( - see page 100 ) as well as that of Lise churning and helping her Mother to spin . But the conventional gesture to spin ' has often been used in ballet . Fokine 's advice to those wishing to create the romantic style of dance was much as fur demi - caractre when he said : The choreographer should base his design on classical technique from the feet to the waist , but above that the dancer 's head , body and arms must be free to express the moods , emotions and actions of the character in the story or theme to be communicated . This style was first created by Taglioni for his daughter Marie . The tale of La Sylphide gave him an opportunity to exploit her expressive arms and face as well as her ability to dance sur les pointes . Perrot developed the style in his dances fur Carlotta Grisi in Giselle . It was then expanded by Fokine and used in both grave and gay moods in Les Sylphides and Le Carnaval , where it is particularly expressive of both meaning and music . Ondine , the sea nymph ( Margot Fonteyn ) so used her feet that she appeared always to float through water . This was done by a series of pas marchs each of which softly rose and fell through her feet from toe to heel . They were co - ordinated with a soft undulating movement of the arms . Ashton thus created a special style fur a particular character which summed up as it were her whole being , but which would have been unsuitable for any other ballet . B Once Fokine had demonstrated that mimed dance and danced mime were the best materials to use in ballets where individual characters had to stand out from the rest of the cast , and particularly when true love did not run smoothly , other choreographers . followed suit . He stood silent and still , watching the tragedy of the Poor Girl who was being rejected by the Rich Man . His two tiny gestures said everything and expressed the audience 's understanding of the plot . He made one as if he should try and comfort her , but turned away , walked upstage and on the balcony with his back to the audience , raised his arms widely only to drop them helplessly . No one could fail to understand the Onlooker 's reaction to the tale just unfolded . To some extent the same idea of an onlooker applies to that of Jaeger , the critic in Enigma Variations . The latter 's vicious slap on the child 's face explains more than any other gesture Natalia 's selfishness . Yet the Tutor 's capitulation to Natalia reveals her power over every man she meets as well as his failure to withstand her wiles . Ashton 's careful build - up to this climax makes Vera 's discovery of them in each other 's arms all the more poignant because she shows a child - like petulance at losing one she so longed to have for her own . It is so unlike Natalia 's reaction when finding the Tutor and Vera together . The Tutor remains a sympathetic character fur Vera , s sorrow at his departure is echoed by Kolia , Natalia 's son , when he too realises he is losing the only person who has tried to make him happy . If choreographers study the above works of Ashton and MacMillan , they will understand how far the art of choreography has developed since Fokine changed its structure and texture . They will perhaps understand even better if they pay particular attention to the fine details of every movement . It is no longer the case that the romantic style means dancing classically from the feet to the waist and above that allowing the body , arms and head to express themselves to describe the moods , emotions and actions of the characters . It is well known that only a great dancer - artist can suggest the development of the sixteen - year - old Aurora , happy at her birthday , into the dreamy figure the Prince meets in the woodland glade and on to her final entrance as a triumphant princess fully awake to her responsibilities as Queen - to - be . The enchanements she dances thoughout the three scenes do not change in style or content . Yet if the dances of Vera and Natalia in A Month in the Country and Juliet in Romeo and Juliet are examined it will be discovered how the technical content is so designed that the steps , poses and gestures show how changing circumstances are affecting the individuals . This is what Perrot first attempted with his five leitmotifs for Giselle ( see page 61 ) . Continual development in the choreographic design is very obvious in the quiver of the raised leg as the Tutor takes Natalia in his arms . It shows her growing emotional involvement and gradually seems to affect her every movement . This same tiny movement also appears when Vera begins to dance with the Tutor , but her movement is not so intense . Juliet then becomes the slightly apprehensive debutante at the Ball where her movements , though tentative , are conventionally correct when she dances with Paris . The moment she encounters Romeo and senses somehow that her life has changed her movement becomes more purposeful . From there onwards it becomes stronger and more emotional so that her joyous movements and later abandon in Romeo 's arms are in absolute contrast to her later dance with Paris . Her movements then are equally purposeful but they are constricted and withdrawn , so that her father 's contemptuous rejection of her pleas and his throwing her to the floor seem the proper outcome of what in his eyes is sheer disobedience . It is her final passionate abandon on discovering Romeo 's body that demonstrates how overwhelming sorrow can destroy all sense of discipline over both body and mind . In the same way as conventional gesture ( see page 88 ) , it has its rules which were formulated by John Davies in Orchestra , A Poem of Dancing ( 1594 ) . In it he discusses the Motions seven that are in Nature found ( Stanza 73 ) . These rules give the directions into which the head , body and arms should move when expressing certain moods , emotions and actions . 1 Upwards and outwards The head , body and arms rise upwards and outwards in all the happy emotions as can be seen in the final dances of The Sleeping Beauty , La Fille Mal Garde and Daphnis and Chlo . These rules give the directions into which the head , body and arms should move when expressing certain moods , emotions and actions . 1 Upwards and outwards The head , body and arms rise upwards and outwards in all the happy emotions as can be seen in the final dances of The Sleeping Beauty , La Fille Mal Garde and Daphnis and Chlo . If the movement only goes upwards it usually means pride or arrogance . 2 Downwards and inwards The movements are more or less directed sideways , i.e. cart or effac , as in the dances fur Romeo , Mercutio and Benvolio in Romeo and Juliet and fur the Tutor in A Month in the Country . 4 Sideways closed ( crois ) If the character moves sideways with the head , body and arms in some way averted from the front , i.e. crois , possibly with a twist of the shoulders , he or she is usually playing some evil or cunning person . One of the finest examples used to be de Valois ' dance for the Three Comforters in Job . Their twisted cunning movements were vividly contrasted with those she created for Elihu , the personification of Youth and Truth . Bodies should be fully stretched upwards and curved either slightly forwards or backwards from the waist only . This stance must be accompanied by the wellrecognised ports de bras , which must be accurately co - ordinated with the footwork . The arms usually change after each brief enchanement . Their movement also depends upon which foot is in front . If the right foot remains there for several bars , the arms will be held still , but as soon as the left moves in front the arms will change . The arms usually change after each brief enchanement . Their movement also depends upon which foot is in front . If the right foot remains there for several bars , the arms will be held still , but as soon as the left moves in front the arms will change . There is also a tendency to pause in a pose at the end of a phrase and for a deliberate change to be made before further dance . An interesting point to note in real Spanish folk dance is that the boy and girl rarely touch each other. By so phrasing each paragraph and bringing each incident to a proper conclusion , Nijinska gives both dancers and audience time to consider what has been done and what is yet to happen . The nature of the formal shapes made by the dancers ' bodies and limbs as they move into and hold a picture must be evaluated . Nijinska insisted on the use of the pointes in order to emphasise the elongated portraits of the Byzantine Saints , thus the dancers ' bodies mostly face the audience but their arms and legs turn inwards and are seen mostly in profile . The angles made at the elbows , shoulders , knees and ankle joints are clearly visible . Those of the arms are particularly interesting because the fists are either clenched or the fingers flattened thus the lines and shapes made only appear slightly rounded by the folds in the sleeves . Technical characteristics It is the very particular choreographic style that MacMillan created for the child - like figure in Requiem that emphasises more strongly than any other of today 's ballets the need for choreographers to explore dance itself . Only when they have examined what hands , arms , legs and feet , body and above all the head can do in isolation and then in harmony with the story , theme or music , can they set out and create a style which will be general in structure and particular in texture , with the right quality , mood , emotion , action and character . The structure will determine the lines and shapes needed to fill the dimensions and , when needed , help to create the atmosphere and mood of the whole . Choreographers must then decide how many and which details they need to add to disclose the particular features of the story , theme and/or music that they wish to communicate . More historical information on the breweries has been added and the tasting panels have once more been out and about finalising their tasting notes . If you 're a survivor of the Red Revolution or was it a failed coup ? one feature you 'll want to read is Brian Glover 's nostalgic glance back at those dreadful keg beers . Do you remember who claimed It 's what your right arm 's for ? On the other hand , if you fancy a night in , take a closer look at TV pubs with top critic Hilary Kingsley , while following Barrie Pepper 's advice on what to drink at home . Roger Protz welcomes with open arms the rebirth of stout and porter , and Michael Jackson chaperons drinkers who want ale , not lager , when abroad . Do you remember who claimed It 's what your right arm 's for ? On the other hand , if you fancy a night in , take a closer look at TV pubs with top critic Hilary Kingsley , while following Barrie Pepper 's advice on what to drink at home . Roger Protz welcomes with open arms the rebirth of stout and porter , and Michael Jackson chaperons drinkers who want ale , not lager , when abroad . Campaigning points remain at the forefront : new long - leases for tenants , inter - brewery supply deals and the latest wave of brewery closures are all put under the spotlight . And , of course , the Pub Section points the way to nearly 5,000 pubs that serve top - notch cask beer there are more than 1,500 new entries from last year . With the older Portsmouth valve , adjust by carefully bending the ball arm . Never hold the ball while bending . It may snap off from the arm 4 A damaged ball from an older pattern can be unscrewed and replaced . I imagined Gregory Peck running for cover in that spooky cemetery in The Omen . I hoped the dogs would be in the garden but the moment I stepped inside I was surrounded by five of the massive dogs . All I could think of was that joke What has four legs and an arm ? A Rottweiler . I hoped the dogs had n't heard it . What a clumsy person . He should 've brought better chairs . I think he broke something because a big white van took him away and he returned with plaster on his arm . My lady and gentleman took him out that night and he drank a lot of fizzy stuff and fell over I 'm black and I do n't think he saw me in the darkness . He must 've broken the other arm because the next day he had both arms in plaster . I think he broke something because a big white van took him away and he returned with plaster on his arm . My lady and gentleman took him out that night and he drank a lot of fizzy stuff and fell over I 'm black and I do n't think he saw me in the darkness . He must 've broken the other arm because the next day he had both arms in plaster . My people drove home without stopping , except for petrol all 900 miles . A pity . And the wise ones ad the men of learning shall say : Lord , why dost tho , receive these ? And He shall say : I receive them , O ye wise ones , I receive them , O ye men of learning , inasmuch as not one of these has deemed himself worthy . And He will stretch forth His arms to us , and we shall fall down before Him ad weep , and we shall understand all things . So the swine swine in God 's eyes too will appear on judgment Day immortal souls capable of penitence and knowledge . This tirade , carried on vodka - laden breath , is a classic instance of Dostoevsky 's apocalyptic naturalism working on two levels at once . As a group they gave God short shift . But One grey - haired captain , a rough old chap , sat and sat not saying a word , mute as a mackerel , then suddenly got up in the middle of the room ad , you know , said aloud as if speaking to himself , If there 's no God then what sort of a Captain am I after that ? , ad seized his cap and threw up his arms and went out . He expressed a rather sensible idea , said Stavrogin , ad yawned for the third time . A wine - breath intellectualism hangs over the sturdy little comedy of the captain who has found his own words for declaring God to be the ground of his being . She is in terror . Then At last there occurred , suddenly , a most strange event which I shall never forget ad which astonished me : the little girl flung her arms round my neck ad in a rush began kissing me frenziedly . Her face expressed complete rapture . I nearly got up ad went away out of pity , I found this so unpleasant in a slip of a child . Perhaps he did n't go out of his mind at all . Oh you mea because he started biting people ? ' and clashing head - on unforgettably But I 'm your uncle ; I carried you about in my arms when you were a baby . What do I care what you carried ? I did n't ask you to carry me . ' A novel scatty yet dense , as when events are badly related in real life . One could argue that digital technology is n't the only way to solve a particular circuit problem ; a nifty bit of design work with a couple of op - amps plus a few Rs and Cs can replace a complex digital filter system . Furthermore , it can be done in a language with which many EW + WW readers will be totally familiar . However , the same little collection of components would n't allow a robot arm to interpret the signals from a CCD sensor in a manner which allows the arm to be placed reliably alongside an item on a conveyor belt . And if the robot control function requires a signal filter , it would seem sensible to incorporate the filter block as part of the DSP recognition software rather than reach for discrete analogue components . The same arguments for use of digital electronics apply equally to communications systems , test and measurement , broadcasting and consumer electronics . For many circuits , practical values will need to be derived by scaling : but be cautious about accuracy . There is no problem with comparators fed from voltage references . But in many circuits , significant source and load resistances will need factoring out from the upper and lower arm values respectively ( and scaled pro - rata ) , otherwise the implied accuracy will be false ) . Also rounding errors can affect cases where extreme accuracy is required . It also performs Wye - Delta transformations ( handy for network analysis simplification ) and defined multi - tap dividers , for up to ten output voltages . It is in Canto 7 ( originally 1921 ) : Dido choked up with sobs , for her Sicheus Lies heavy in my arms , dead weight Drowning , with tears , new Eros , And the life goes on , mooning upon bare hills ; New Eros carried as it is on an elaborately established sobbing and languorous rhythm , the word new denies itself . How can the erotic stirring for Aeneas be new , when it is explicitly saturated with sentiment for the old , the dead , for Sicheus ? Dido 's sobbing for her old lover even as she lies in the arms of her new one this melancholy , which Virgil , and following him Hardy , responded to with such sympathy , is for Pound deathly , it precludes the genuinely new , which he urgently wants to find and to celebrate . The Canto as a whole , whatever its incidental obscurities , is plainly concerned with the phenomenon of the living dead , focussed in part , as Ronald Bush has invaluably pointed out , on the old men , Clemenceau , Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson , legislating at Versailles for a future they had no part in . ( They were thus represented in Maynard Keynes ' Economic Consequences of the Peace , which Pound had read by 1920 . ) Cut down , his filth drenching the holy fires . In that extremity I bore me well , A true gentleman , valorous in arms , Disinterested and honourable . Then fled : We want to grow as fast as we can . But there are disciplines . The key objective is a 15 per cent return on equity , and all business within the group is conducted at arm 's length on guidelines laid down by CB at the centre . Mr Levy - Lang said : It is a financial discipline in a way . We ca n't do anything we want within the group . Virgin last night refused to comment , but estimates are that the deal could be worth well in excess of 50m , making it one of the largest investments by a Japanese organisation in a UK company . With a turnover of about 250m , Virgin Records is one of the few independents left in the music business . In August the Virgin Group sold its film and video distribution arm , Virgin Vision , to Management Company Entertainment in the US . But in spite of clear signals from Virgin Records that it wants to remain independent , speculation was rife that the purchaser might be Sony . Industry observers fear that this would be another nail in the coffin of the independent record industry . When turning a corner into the next aisle of the shop , do n't tamely walk round behind the trolley and push it in the new direction . Make the trolley turn ONLY by using the strength of your arms . Tones up arms , shoulders and stomach . 2 . Try to push and lift at the same time go on , try to get the back wheels off the ground as you go along ! If the Goddess of Democracy symbolised a vision of China alien to the Communist Party , the new figures are equally alien to the students : the obedience of the intellectual and unflinching solidarity of the workers , peasants and soldiers . Ironically , neither of these visions is Chinese . While the students looked to the West , China 's hardline leadership has found its inspiration in the pre - glasnost Soviet Union of Stalinist aesthetics - muscular arms , square jaws and stiff poses . The official blurb explains that the plaster figures stand as if boldly forging ahead , their eyes fixed on our motherland 's beautiful future . Perhaps unwittingly , the new statue hints at a deeper truth underpinning the hardline triumph : the worker , the peasant and the intellectual gaze wistfully towards the Forbidden City , the grandest monument to the genius of Chinese civilisation , but the soldier has his eyes fixed in a different direction down the Avenue of Eternal Peace towards Zhongnanhai , the walled compound where party leaders live and work . A Soviet Deputy Defence Minister , General Varrenikov , has been in Addis Ababa for the past week . He is reported to be negotiating the complete withdrawal of the 1,500 Soviet military advisers . The Russians have said they believe in a negotiated settlement to the civil war , but they are continuing to supply arms to President Mengistu , apparently to allow him to negotiate from a position of strength . A large consignment of weapons was unloaded from a Soviet ship at Assab on 21 September . Weapons will not , however , save President Mengistu if no one is willing to use them . The price tag of almost 100m , and the fact that Fuji has agreed to a minority stake , has clearly also provided Mr Branson with reassurance if he needed any that taking Virgin private last year was the right thing to do . Virgin paid 248m last year to remove the group from the scrutiny of the City , saying the business was misunderstood and the stock undervalued . Less than a year later , Fuji seems more than willing to pay 100m for a minority share in the music arm which , with sales of 260m , represents much less than half of the Virgin empire . What remains a mystery is how Virgin would have fared had its directors decided to weather the storms in the stock market . The recent spate of takeovers in the record industry has obliterated the independents and left the big five of Sony , Thorn EMI , Bertelsman , Warner and Polygram with 70 per cent of the market . An East German unwisely , perhaps , in view of the easy access through the front door made a desperate bid to scramble over the embassy railings . When he was half - way over , the Czechoslovak police guarding the back of the embassy grabbed the man 's belt and began hauling him down. Alerted to the scuffle , East Germans inside the building seized his arms and legs . As more East Germans joined the cries for help , the diplomat burst through the front door and sprinted 300 yards around the embassy perimeter until he reached the grotesque tug - of - war . He leapt into the tussle and embraced the man from behind . He leapt into the tussle and embraced the man from behind . The police , on realising that he was a diplomat , drew back . Conferred temporary and somewhat metaphysical diplomatic immunity by the embrace , the would - be emigrant and the diplomat walked , with their arms on each others ' shoulders , into the embassy . For many of the East Germans arriving in Prague , there is a unique emotional wrench when the time comes to make their way to the embassy doors . Every one of the scores of abandoned Trabants and Wartburgs which clog the streets around the embassy has been one of the most cherished possessions in its owner 's life . As a young doctor in Leiden he paid a seminal visit to the neuroanatomist WJH Nauta , at that time developing a revolutionary anatomical technique for investigating the nervous system by staining degenerating fibres cut off from their parent cell - bodies . Kuypers was the first to use this technique in studies of the brain and over the next 10 years , now in the United States , he charted at a new level of detail the connections made by the cerebral cortex with nervous elements in the brain - stem and spinal cord that control movement in a number of higher mammals . Kuypers then started a long series of collaborative studies in which injuries to some of these connections in the monkey 's brain were correlated with the defects they produced in performance of movements ; the poising of an arm , for instance , to carry out an operation with the fingers could be dissociated from the ability to use the fingers skilfully . These studies continued , with increasing sophistication , after his return to Europe in 1966 as Professor of Anatomy at the new Erasmus University in Rotterdam . He showed that injury to connections within the cerebral cortex could cause the dissociation of hand movements guided by vision from those guided by touch . ELAINE HEATH likes pink eye glitter and a vodka and orange before lunch . She reads Lenin , Lawrence and supports CND . Elaine is also severely disabled by cerebral palsy : she can use neither her arms nor legs , and she can only communicate by making noises , or by operating an electric typewriter with her nose . In spite of her disability , Elaine has in the past led a remarkably active and normal life . She has been through a marriage , a divorce , and a serious love affair ; learnt Russian , written regularly for a local paper and taught a young child disabled by a stroke to read again . It would require patience and a Labour government would have to continue to meet its obligations to Nato , to service personnel and to workers in the defence industries . Most of all we cannot renege on our responsibilities to our own people , Mr O'Neill said . A Labour government would immediately initiate the widest possible review defence commitments world - wide and set up an arms conversion agency . Tony Benn , who Mr O'Neill recalled was a member of a Labour Cabinet committed to nuclear defence , insisted that Britain did not need nuclear weapons because there was no Soviet threat . Every Labour MP was elected two years ago on a pledge to rid Britain of nuclear weapons . Elaine Kidney , Stafford Labour Party. If the price of ending nuclear power is to close every pit I will pay it because my interest is in the future of the human race , Arthur Scargill . It is for a constituency Labour Party to welcome Mr Scargill with open arms , or any arms . Roy Hattersley , on Mr Scargill 's reported attempt to become an MP . The Labour Party Conference : Revised policies approved As I 've said before directly to the Labour Party , You must make up your minds . Do you want to talk about disarmament or do you want to help those in the White House and in the Kremlin who are really trying to do something effective about it ? The only way in which we can help is having a Labour government that has a policy to secure verifiable arms reductions . That 's our policy . We 're looking forward to the opportunity of helping . The former king condemns the Kabul regime with the same tone he used when the Soviet troops were in Afghanistan and has also refused to endorse the mujahedin interim government in Peshawar . President Najibullah has been helped since the Soviet withdrawal by a a revival of Afghan nationalism , which his government has cleverly exploited to present the mujahedin as foreign - backed invaders . His government has had considerable success in winning over guerrilla field commanders and turning them into semi - autonomous militias with lavish handouts of money and arms . The secret of our success lies in these militias , said President Najibullah . Morale is high , especially after the mujahedin failed to capture Jalalabad as they said they would . And if there is still no president when the current assembly session expires in December 1990 , the very mechanism that is intended to ensure the continuation of the Lebanese state will cease to exist . The unhappy truth is that foreign armies have been marching backwards and forwards across Lebanon for hundreds of years . Weapons have flooded into the country since the 1860s when the Royal Navy delivered arms to the Druze . Syria is still supplying guns to the Muslims , just as Iraq is supplying guns to the Christians . It is the task of Lakhdar Ibrahimi , the Arab League envoy , to struggle through a tangle of sub - issues in the hope that he can persuade the Lebanese to renegotiate France 's political legacy and the policies that began when General Henri Gouraud , who became the French high commissioner of Lebanon in 1920 , stepped ashore . And , as Mao 's reputation slipped , so too did Chen 's . In 1966 , however , when Mao began his dramatic bid for absolute power , using young Red Guards to discredit and persecute his old rivals within the party , Chen again rose to the occasion , acting as a mouthpiece for Mao 's increasingly scrambled thoughts and policies . Chen is even said to have written , or at least supervised at Mao 's behest , the Cultural Revolution 's best - known tract an hysterical call to arms against counter - revolutionaries printed in the People 's Daily in April 1966 under the title Sweep away all ghosts and monsters . To carry out a wholesale purge of the party apparatus , Mao appointed Chen as head of the Cultural Revolution Group , a kitchen cabinet of loyal disciples , including Mao 's wife Jiang Qing , that was to lead the assault on the party hierarchy . The group was finally disbanded in 1969 , by which time China had been plunged into virtual anarchy and economic collapse . It was as if she had vanished off the face of the earth , Anthony Palmer , for the prosecution , said . Police found only the broken - down Marina car , which had left Mrs Wilks , her 13 - month - old son Mark , and her sister , Georgina Gough , 11 , stranded on the M50 near the Tewkesbury turn off . The two children , Mark in Georgina 's arms , were spotted along the hard shoulder . A few spots of blood were found near the telephone , Mr Palmer said . But the body of Mrs Wilks was not found until two days later , at the bottom of a motorway embankment two - and - a - half miles away , when a motorist took police to a spot where he had seen a silver Renault 25 parked . Police tried to pull away refugees climbing over the embassy 's back fence last night , but they moved aside when the West German ambassador , Hermann Huber , appeared in the garden and said : Let them go ! Members of a group attempting to reach the embassy the night before said policemen had hit them with rubber truncheons and turned them back . As dawn broke yesterday , the same group , this time led by a mother with a baby in arms , faced down the police patrols and reached the embassy successfully . On Sunday West Germany had complained about the police presence around its embassy , and the slackening of restrictions is thought to have reflected an apparent Czechoslovak desire to remain as far as possible on good terms with both Germanies . West Germany has so far denied , although with a detectable degree of ambiguity , that any deal was made , preferring to point to the humanitarian reasons for allowing an evacuation of the embassy , and the pressure supposedly exerted on East Germany by the Soviet Union to bring the occupation to a speedy end . War in Henry V is a test of kingship rather than a subject in its own right . Henry 's achievement in the play is not military as such , but rhetorical . He does n't prove by feat of arms , but by words , that he is not any more the dissipated boy that he was ; but that is enough . He finds a way of talking about England , about right , about courage as a sort of secular sainthood , and it is his words , acting on his army , that bring France down. The French messenger Mountjoy , bringing an insult from the Dauphin , is met with a fierce defiance that leaves him , in this version , visibly shocked . But whereas in M Butterfly the theatrical flash and illusion is entirely implicated in the theme of the representation and misrecognition of one culture by another , in The Royal Hunt of the Sun , at least in this revival , it has no such purpose . If anything , Tim Pigott - Smith 's touring Compass production accentuates the way that the Inca are conceived in European terms . Atahuallpa , 33 - years - old we are carefully informed , is unmistakably a Christ - figure , and throughout the second half Jack Klaff is dressed and posed accordingly , culminating in a pieta in Pizarro 's arms . None of the cumbersome religious debate dispels the fundamental message of Christ re - crucified - again ' Certainly the foreign mystery of the Inca part of it feminine stirs Pizarro 's bluff existentialist heart , but the play and production defines it too readily in familiar terms . Fraud office to get report on Ferranti By JEREMY WARNER , Assistant Business Editor THE Coopers and Lybrand report on how Ferranti came to be defrauded of 215m after buying American arms firm International Signal and Control is expected to be handed to the Serious Fraud Office within days. A board meeting of Ferranti was called to consider the report yesterday . The SFO is expected to take a number of weeks to decide on whether to mount further investigations with a view to taking action against individuals and organisations . If Mr Gorbachev believed he could acquire a breathing space through repression , during which the economy could be transformed by unpopular but necessary reforms , he might be willing to pay the price , but this would reverse his strategy of the past three years . In this period he came to believe that , to be effective , economic reforms must be accompanied by political liberalisation . To crush strikes and abandon political reform would be to throw himself into the arms of those groups wedded not just to authoritarian politics but to neo - Stalinist economic institutions and principles . At which point Mr Gorbachev 's strategy of turning the USSR into a prosperous society in which intelligent Russians can take pride will be doomed . In a capitalist country , political dictatorship is not incompatible with economic modernisation and can even facilitate it . Had the explosion been caused by Semtex , suspicion would have centred on terrorists allied to Hizbollah , the pro - Iranian Lebanese group . But there have been no credible claims of responsibility , and the use of Pentrite suggests to secret service investigators that it may not have been aimed at French national interests but at someone on the aircraft . Among the passengers was Mahamat Soumaila , Chad 's Minister of Planning , seated next to Jacques Renaudat , a French arms dealer . Mr Renaudat is believed to have been arranging a deal for a large supply of arms captured by Chad during the war with Libya to be sold to the Lebanese Christians , through intermediaries in Tunis and Iraq . He had a colourful past . But there have been no credible claims of responsibility , and the use of Pentrite suggests to secret service investigators that it may not have been aimed at French national interests but at someone on the aircraft . Among the passengers was Mahamat Soumaila , Chad 's Minister of Planning , seated next to Jacques Renaudat , a French arms dealer . Mr Renaudat is believed to have been arranging a deal for a large supply of arms captured by Chad during the war with Libya to be sold to the Lebanese Christians , through intermediaries in Tunis and Iraq . He had a colourful past . In the 1970s , when he was known as Jacky des Halles , he was prominent in the world of organised crime . He had a colourful past . In the 1970s , when he was known as Jacky des Halles , he was prominent in the world of organised crime . He turned to arms dealing in Africa and claimed , with some plausibility , to be an unofficial emissary of the French secret service . The presence of Pentrite in the wreckage , especially in the remains of the forward hold , does not necessarily mean it was destroyed by a bomb . It apparently blew apart when the Pentrite formed a fireball of 3,000C and 10 ft in diameter . But the investigators said yesterday that the explosive could have been illegally packed into the hold as part of the cargo , without a detonator . Pentrite can explode without a detonator if it receives a severe blow or strong friction . It has been suggested that the presence of an arms dealer and a minister engaged in selling arms , makes such an illegal cargo less implausible . US move to double aid for Poland From PETER PRINGLE in Washington A public relations executive , Subba Row was a skilful diplomat accustomed to getting his own way and his methods did not always appeal to some of the county clubs or to the elder statesmen of MCC . What history will say of his tenure of office is that he had very difficult decisions to make in awkward circumstances and while England 's international team suffered an unimaginable decline most of the 17 first - class counties , his prime concern , flourished more than might have been expected . Baseball : Oakland take lead on Stewart 's arm By DEREK HODGSON THE OAKLAND Athletics came back to win the first game of the best - of - seven American League championship series with a 7 - 3 victory over the Toronto Blue Jays , on Tuesday . After 70 minutes , Paul Robinson , a tall , long - necked forward , stubbed Scarborough 's second from close range . Blackwell was immediately inspired to a fine save , and , in the 73rd minute , the ball was played forward quickly . Clarke seemed momentarily to have the legs of Steve Norris , but as the Scarborough forward edged ahead Clarke used his arm to restrain him. Russell converted the penalty , Beasant ( and Chelsea ) going completely the wrong way . Football Round - Up : Thomas quick to do the trick At this point the stunt that was being pulled off in the music found its visual equivalent rising to meet it . Helno , the singer , is possibly the worst dressed man in rock . The yellow nylon shirt with the frothy frill amounts to an offence against taste bordering on the criminal , yet it somehow works to offset his complexion ( pale blue ) and the ensemble enables him to come on like a chat - show host from Hell vast smiles and arms flung out in gestures of mock formality . He was the worse for wear in another sense , come the end of the evening . Misty - eyed when he first appeared he looked practically fog - bound during the closing numbers . Although the Royal Ballet has acquired a certain Russian expansiveness for this production , Kirov - trained Asylnuratova simply recasts the ballet with the fierce lucidity of her movement . The plot 's dramatic excesses , which can be comically absurd , take on a brief reality as she dances . Other Nikiyas Durante or Guillem may for instance assume a charming Oriental fluidity in their arms , but only Asylnuratova 's urgency and amplitude of gesture can convey the destructive extremes of Nikiya 's nature . Only she can phrase her movement so that its rhythm speaks so legibly of high spirits or despair . And if Asylnuratova does not possess the imperturbable technique of a Guillem , the expressiveness of her dancing is matched by so mobile and luminous a face that everyone else on stage looks slightly blank . Other brokers expect between 29m and 31m . Around 50 per cent of half - time profits were contributed by National Guardian Corporation , the US security monitoring business where LEP increased its stake last year from 40 per cent to 100 per cent via a 50m shares exchange deal . NGC 's physical security arm has now been sold for 20m . For a write - off of 471,000 , the company has pulled out of freight - forwarding from all but one South American country , Venezuela , because of the problems of repatriating earnings and coping with hyper - inflation . John Read , the chairman , said that Profit Freight Systems , the company 's 59 per cent owned US arm , lost 1.5m after running into a price battle with a competitor . NGC 's physical security arm has now been sold for 20m . For a write - off of 471,000 , the company has pulled out of freight - forwarding from all but one South American country , Venezuela , because of the problems of repatriating earnings and coping with hyper - inflation . John Read , the chairman , said that Profit Freight Systems , the company 's 59 per cent owned US arm , lost 1.5m after running into a price battle with a competitor . PFS expects to be back in the black for the full year . Prem , LEP 's new testing equipment for the Aids virus , is now on the market and should make a useful contribution to profits this year . Third , Labour can now proceed to dismantle the block votes of the trade unions confident that these are no longer needed to keep the party sane . For some years leading Labour politicians have offered two separate justifications for the block vote one in public , the other in private . Their public defence is that the system brought together the industrial and political arms of the labour movement : abandon the block vote and you betray Labour 's parentage . Privately , however , many leading Labour MPs admit that this is a specious argument . Instead they have used block votes like bulbs of garlic to keep away the vampires of the left . Rebels give up From MR HENRY ROE BOGOTA ( Reuter ) Colombia 's M - 19 guerrillas have agreed to lay down their arms and form a political party , taking two steps envisaged by a peace accord signed with the government . Savimbi offer Foreign News Page 12 Officials in Peking last night refused to comment on the award . But the Chinese embassy in Oslo , where the prize is awarded , reacted with accusations that it was meddling in China 's internal affairs , the stock response to any foreign commentary deemed hostile to China 's rule of Tibet . For years , China has used a combination of strong arm diplomacy and shrill rhetoric to try to deny the Dalai Lama international recognition as a legitimate representative of Tibet 's aspirations as something other than a part of China . The tactics have largely worked . Most governments , including that of Britain , have shied away from receiving the Dalai Lama as a political as well as spritual leader . When I was sacked the workers stopped work they did n't have a bloody ballot . But no - one denied that times had changed . For all the earthy language and talk of struggles to come , it sounded more like community singing in a bomb - shelter than a call to arms . Some things never change at a Labour conference . The expensive seafront hotels still heave each night with political and trade union cameraderie ; though , tellingly , the Grand Hotel once ran out of Perrier water . I enjoy my Stag most when it is loafing along in overdrive ( the DIY box has longer legs than the automatic ) , exhaust burbling as only a twin - pipe V8 can burble . When there is nothing above your head but the bracing T - bar fitted as much to provide body rigidity as to anticipate US safety regulations that did not materialise so much the better . From February 1973 , all Stags were sold with both hood ( which stows neatly in a lidded well behind the back seats ) and hardtop ( which required two pairs of strong arms to manipulate ) . So heavy and cumbersome is the hardtop , which fails to turn the Stag into a refined fixed - head coupe because of atrocious wind whoosh , that many have succumbed to rust while lying neglected in the garden , incubating snails . The Stag is not a sports car , nor is it especially fast : any modern GTi hatchback will comfortably outpace it in a sprint from rest to 60mph . Angola ceasefire ready to sign From PETER PRINGLE in Washington SOME GENTLE arm - twisting from President Bush appeared yesterday to have persuaded the Angolan rebel leader , Jonas Savimbi , to accept a resumption of a ceasefire in the Angolan civil war , and to re - open the peace process with the Soviet - backed government in Luanda . Zaire 's President , Mobutu Sese Seko , said a ceasefire accord between the Angolan government and Mr Savimbi was ready to be signed . The ceasefire text is ready , Mr Mobutu told a news conference . True , some of the filling - in was performed by a young guitarist in patched jeans , whose contribution was generously acknowledged , but Pete has no trouble playing the guitar . And , most importantly for the lads , judging by the roar which greeted its first appearance , he can still windmill his right arm . Indeed during the finale , at the rate his arm whirled over his Fender strings , it looked as though he had caught the tail end of Hurricane Hugo during their US tour . Roger Daltrey , all Shirley Temple curls and inflated biceps , swung his microphone dutifully and John Entwistle , in a tatty spiv 's blouson and shock of white hair , stood characteristically immobile , but it was Townshend who looked most chirpy . He was delighted , he told us , to be back in England and , most particularly , Birmingham . The new Keneally treats the unlovely , unpluggable subject of the politics of famine , and Feather stone , far from hyping Towards Asmara , made a detailed case for the book . In the same way as Keneally is using fiction to bring a forgotten conflict to an audience which might shrink from it as fact , the arts programme admitted material reportage and politics which it usually would not. A football match with a one - legged goalkeeper and all of the crowd bearing arms was one of many memorable scenes . THEATRE / Contra flow : Michael Church reviews the RSC 's Kissing The Pope at The Almeida By MICHAEL CHURCH Failure to do so , he warned , would mean surrendering 25 per cent of the European car market to Japanese companies by the mid - 1990s . The cause for GM 's concern is plain when one realises that its West European operations have emerged as the biggest profit earners in the entire group , accounting for some 37.3 per cent of net income in the last two years but for only 14.6 per cent of group turnover . Not least among its star performers has been the British arm , Vauxhall , which last year achieved record net profits of 152m and record car sales . As well as being profitable and actually paying a dividend back to Detroit for the first time in years , Vauxhall is an important part of the GM empire for political reasons . GM has sold off its UK truck operations and reduced its holding in the Bedford van plant . Spanish bishops call for anti - ETA vote From TIM MCGIRK in Madrid CATHOLIC BISHOPS stepped into the Spanish political arena at the weekend by warning Basques not to vote in this month 's elections for Herri Batasuna , the legal arm of ETA , the Basque terrorist group . The bishops ' caution came after 2,500 Basques marched through San Sebastian on Saturday protesting against ETA 's killing of a police officer , Jose Angel Alvarez , father of six . The bishops claimed that a vote for Herri Batasuna in the 29 October general election was incompatible with one 's moral and Christian conscience . This reduces the benefit of the change to investors . This suggests the net saving may be nearer 10 per cent . Paul Masters of BZW , the stockbroking arm of Barclays Bank , said it was too early to say what reductions in commission rates would be possible . As well as deciding on new commission rates , firms will have to make extensive changes to their computer systems . Commodities THE City is braced for further nervous trading in both currencies and shares this week but most analysts expect interest rates to stay at 15 per cent despite yesterday 's slump in the value of the pound . As the pound slid through the important benchmark of DM3 to close at DM2.9737 and lost ground against the dollar , most analysts agreed that the Chancellor would resist a further hike in interest rates at least for the duration of the Conservative Party conference , and possibly for some weeks to come . A typical comment came from Bob Semple of County NatWest , the stockbroking arm of National Westminster . I do n't think interest rates will go up again . The Chancellor has no option but to sit and wait , he said . Since the Vietnamese withdrawal , the two non - communist resistance factions - the Khmer Peoples National Liberation Front ( KPNLF ) and the Sihanoukists - have mounted a big offensive with an even bigger publicity campaign to boost their credibility . The Khmer Rouge has done nothing , because it has no need to prove anything . Its arms supplies from China are assured . Speculation that its soldiers would attack the town of Pailin on the Thai border has died down , as it became clear that to hold Pailin would be more of a liability than an asset . It would tie down a lot of troops and would also give Phnom Penh the opportunity to raise international alarm at the spectre of the return of the Khmer Rouge . The calculation is that increased pressure on Hun Sen will force him back to the negotiating table , ready to make the dreaded concession : the inclusion of the Khmer Rouge in a political settlement . The main supporters of the Khmer Rouge are the Chinese , who kept advisers in Phnom Penh throughout the Pol Pot era , and now supply the guerrillas with arms and money . The Chinese want to put pressure on Vietnam , and Peking has made clear that it will continue sending arms until the Vietnamese - installed government of Hun Sen agrees to some form of power - sharing that includes the Khmer Rouge . The Khmer Rouge says it has changed , and now supports a free market economy and a multi - party system . Given the conviction of Khmer Rouge members that they are the only people who can save Cambodia , few observers believe their commitment to multi - partyism would last for long . Unlike other occasions , no bodies were displayed . The state - run Sierra Leone broadcasting service and newspapers confirmed the executions , and reports from Freetown suggested there was widespread shock that President Joseph Momoh had chosen not to exercise his prerogative of mercy . The coup attempt in March 1987 was foiled when explosives , army uniforms , arms , a rocket launcher and Sierra Leone currency were found in a raid by security officers in a house in Freetown . Police of the Special Security Division came under fire , and one was killed . The plotters , led by Gabriel GMT Kai Kai , a former police officer , were arrested . You 'll see , we do a lot of hugging this weekend . He was right . At the end of the training a weekend seminar on the philosophy of Rebirthing all 200 were in each other 's arms , many crying with happiness . An elderly English lady , with a tendency to pre - war propriety , who told me on the Friday that she was afraid it would all be another load of pretentious American rubbish , said on Sunday that she had learned to open up for the first time in her life . What on earth had happened ? The women admittedly conform to standard dancerly mould , and it is an awkwardness in the piece that little of its clowning comes from them . But the men look , refreshingly , as if they have spent years away from the studio mirror . There is a tragic buffoon with bald pate and flowing hair ; a short , bespectacled man entering a grey and paunchy middle age ; and Gallotta himself , who patters manically around the stage , fixing the dancers with an unfocused glare , while waving his arms and muttering instructions down a microphone . When Gallotta works up steam he has the dancers going through some startlingly slick paces polished dance routines , split - second falls and lifts and a brisk formation crawl . But this adroitness is constantly fighting against a humanly disruptive counterpoint . Page 27 and View from City Road , page 29 Bank steps in : The Bank of England again stepped in to the currency markets to prop up sterling , taking its interventionist spending since the trade figures a fortnight ago to an estimated 3 - 4bn . This page and Outlook , page 27 Investor fears : Institutional investors fear share prices have further to fall than yesterday 's 28.2 point drop in the FT - SE 100 index . This page and Outlook , page 27 Ferranti action : Ferranti International is planning legal action against some intermediaries in the phantom arms contracts which have brought it close to collapse . Page 26 New Rover : Rover today launches a new 200 series model a key product in its strategy to make niche market cars . It is investing 400m in the project . I 've got a nasty feeling he may need to jack up interest rates further , but possibly not for very long . The fall in London , most of which took place in the afternoon , was triggered by a combination of factors . These included a pessimistic forecast from BZW , the stockbroking arm of Barclays Bank . In the BZW forecast , Peter Thomson said the FT - SE index should be back to 2,100 - 2,200 by the end of this month and would at best hold its own next year but more likely fall to 1,800 , where it started this year . Mr Thomson also said the Government 's aims of controlling inflation would put pressure on company profits and make a share prices surge in the winter/spring unlikely . Ferranti plans to sue contract intermediaries By JEREMY WARNER , Assistant Business Editor FERRANTI International is planning legal action against a series of obscure European registered companies which acted as intermediaries in the phantom arms contracts that have brought the UK defence contractor to the brink of collapse . Lawyers acting for Ferranti concede that there is no chance of getting back the full 215m which the company is being forced to write off as a result of the International Signal and Control fraud . However , they believe there could be some hope of recovering lines of credit which were extended by International Signal and Control to a number of European intermediaries . The cache was discovered by a workman on the site of an old hospital about 50 yards from Spaniards Road , a main road running across the heath near areas used for car parking by visitors . Detectives are working on the theory that the bags had been there for some time . If the IRA is involved , they may have been dumped after the discovery of an IRA bomb factory in Clapham , south London , last December , in which 150lb of Semtex , arms and other equipment were discovered , with a list of 100 potential targets . Subsequently , 22lb of Semtex was found dumped in water filter beds in Stoke Newington , north London , and then 25lb of Semtex and some firearms were found near Scarborough , North Yorkshire . Detectives named two men sought in connection with Clapham as Patrick Sheehy and John Conaghty , who are believed to have been the core of a cell of about five or six . By ALAN HIRON Huynh Tan Phat , Viet Cong political leader , died Ho Chi Minh City 1 October aged 76 . In 1964 he became secretary - general of the National Liberation Front the political arm of the Viet Cong and thus officially the top communist leader in southern Vietnam , although more power was held by senior leaders from the north . Following the Communist victory over the pro - American regime in 1975 , Phat was named president of the short - lived Republic of South Vietnam . When the republic was merged with North Vietnam in 1976 he became deputy prime minister . It comes at a time of growing fear that Saatchi Saatchi may become the subject of a takeover bid as a result of recent business problems . Mr Saatchi will continue as chairman but is being replaced as chief executive by Robert Louis - Dreyfus , a French citizen and president and chief executive of IMS International , who yesterday pledged to restore the strength of Saatchi Saatchi 's core business . My first job is to learn Saatchi 's activities and to do a good job of selling the consulting businesses , he said , in a reference to the company 's previously announced plans to sell its management consultancy arm . I would hardly be joining a group if I felt it was about to be taken over . The problem with Saatchi is cost containment . He advocated an approach of saying , Yes , but , rather than No , perhaps , in relation to the European Community . For example , on the controversy over the removal of frontier controls , Britain 's Commissioner proposed that controls should be replaced with police and Customs officer powers to check any traveller on suspicion of drugs or terrorist offences . The Government has been resisting the removal of frontier controls because of anxieties about drugs and illicit arms traffickers . On the EMS , Sir Leon said that the Government 's primary criterion for entry - that of falling inflation had already been met . He strongly applauded the decision by Nigel Lawson , the Chancellor , to raise interest rates last week , and argued that a sharper rise of two percentage points might have been more immediately effective . Today England , having demolished a Railways XI containing no opposition of any note , take on a team sponsored by Air India , which looks almost as weak . The locals field one former Test player , Madan Lal , and although Maninder Singh last seen being swept to oblivion by Gooch in the Bombay World Cup semi - final was practising at the England net yesterday , he has yet to come to terms with an attack of the yips . It is a problem which seems curiously common to left - arm spinners , and manifests itself with the bowler either failing to release the ball , or propelling it vertically into the air . It finished ( as a bowler ) the former Derbyshire player , Fred Swarbrook , who gave up the unequal struggle when , peering frantically around to see where a delivery had gone , he found out only when the ball dropped out of the stratosphere and hit him on top of the head . All three of England 's players who did not play against the Railways on Wednesday Gladstone Small , Eddie Hemmings and Alec Stewart get a game today , although there is a slight doubt about Phillip DeFreitas , who suffered a reaction to an elbow injury sustained during fielding practice . In On The Waves Henry , a divorced father allowed to meet his daughter Melinda in Venice , sits in a gondola meditating on distance , trust and expectation against a background of ruthless infant prattle . The vision which opens His Son , in His Arms , in Light Aloft is that of the father as inescapable pursuer . The oddly shrewd - hearted torpor of being carried home in the dark , a tourist , in my father 's arms enshrines the notion of love as essentially menacing and predatory . In a more expansive variant of this theme , Brodkey 's central weakness is painfully exposed . A Story in an Almost Classic Mode aims both at analytical biography and , as its title implies , at something grander and more generalised . By CLARE DOBIE , Deputy City Editor COUNTY NatWest Investment Management is launching an umbrella indexed fund which allows investors to track markets in different parts of the world and switch between them without incurring huge costs . CNIM , the investment management arm of National Westminster , is the latest house to launch an umbrella fund of this type . Others include Barclays ' investment management arm , Lazards Investment Management and Paribas/Clerical Medical . The fund consists of up to 22 sub - funds , each designed to track different markets , including Australia , Hong Kong , Italy , Malaysia , USA and Sweden . COUNTY NatWest Investment Management is launching an umbrella indexed fund which allows investors to track markets in different parts of the world and switch between them without incurring huge costs . CNIM , the investment management arm of National Westminster , is the latest house to launch an umbrella fund of this type . Others include Barclays ' investment management arm , Lazards Investment Management and Paribas/Clerical Medical . The fund consists of up to 22 sub - funds , each designed to track different markets , including Australia , Hong Kong , Italy , Malaysia , USA and Sweden . Investors can switch between the sub - funds . There are 550 traditional off - licences carrying the basic Thresher range and 450 wine shops moving away from cigarettes and brands to concentrate on wine . A slow , almost imperceptible evolution is already taking place in the high street . Apart from Unwins and Davisons , both independent , and Oddbins , wine arm of the giant Canadian whisky corporation Seagram , the major high - street chains are concentrated in the hands of big brewers : Whitbread ( Thresher ) , Allied - Lyons ( Victoria Wine ) , Grand Metropolitan/Watneys ( Peter Dominic ) and Bass ( Augustus Barnett ) . This set - up helps to explain why the high - street off - licences ( bar Oddbins ) , with blinkered attention to their brands , missed the Eighties wine retailing boom . The legacy is all too clear . The Army ordered sentries to wear flak jackets and constructed many sandbagged emplacements , although most barracks were still protected by little more than chain link fences . The IRA did not choose to attack again until March 1987 . A possible reason is that it was difficult to get arms and ammunition to the right place , despite the virtual absence of border controls between Germany and its western neighbours . Communication with an active service unit two to 10 terrorists far from Ireland was a further obstacle . Another reason could be that the IRA had become aware of British intelligence 's drive for informers . He added : I was never engaged either in supplying or use of explosives or arms . That was never part of my business or intention . At no time did I supply money for arms . Asked if he intended resuming his duties with the Pallotine order , the Catholic missionary body he joined in 1954 , he said his position had not yet been clarified . Eamon O'Neill , Mr Ryan 's agent in the June European elections , chaired the meeting . Mr Ryan also admitted buying hundreds of Swiss memopark timing devices in the 1970s . The devices are designed for parking meters , but are also the main timers used in IRA bombs . The programme alleged that an electronic device bought by Mr Ryan was found in bomb - making circuitry in an IRA arms cache discovered in Salcey Forest , on the Northamptonshire - Buckinghamshire border , in 1984 . Identical circuitry was used in the 1982 Hyde Park bomb which killed eight people and injured fifty - three others . Untransmitted tapes of the interview with Mr Ryan were handed over by Thames to Scotland Yard under the Prevention of Terrorism ( Temporary Provisions ) Act 1989 . Triathlon : Ironman Scott will galvanise the field From GORDON RILEY in Kailua - Kona , Hawaii THIS MORNING at 7am , 1,250 pairs of arms will churn the warm blue water of the Pacific into foam as the competitors set off on the first , swimming stage of the 11th Ironman Triathlon on and around the little resort of Kailua - Kona here . The Hawaii Ironman is the original and ultimate triathlon , where the swim is through 2.4 miles of ocean , and is immediately followed by a 112 - mile cycle ride up on the black lava fields , where by mid - morning the temperature will be over 100 degrees . The ride will take the top competitors less than five hours , but the race will still not be over , as there is still a full marathon to be run . With respect to the latter , for example , women are no longer excluded from night duty and they perform a wider range of section duties than before . However , ordinary policewomen tend to feel that there are constraints upon equal opportunities within the force . Some of these are official , in that senior managers do not allow policewomen to carry arms , from which follows some restrictions on where policewomen cam be stationed , and on their involvement in high - profile political policing , such as at riots . Most of the constraints , however , are informal . With relatively so few policewomen , the occupational culture of the force is heavily masculine , and the wider cultural values that exist in Northern Ireland generally make men more conservative in their attitudes towards gender and sex roles . It 's a desperate way to look at it but when you go out there 's 16 soldiers to every 2 policemen and you work out the odds , and that 's 8 to 1 against you being hit . It 's awful , but that 's the way your mind works Like , I know guys who lost arms and legs See , now I deliberately sit , when I 'm out in a Land Rover , with one arm up a bit higher than the other and one leg a bit higher . Like , I suppose that way if I was hit I might stand a chance of only losing one arm or one leg . It 's awful , but that 's the way your mind works Like , I know guys who lost arms and legs See , now I deliberately sit , when I 'm out in a Land Rover , with one arm up a bit higher than the other and one leg a bit higher . Like , I suppose that way if I was hit I might stand a chance of only losing one arm or one leg . ( FN 15/5/1987 , p. 1516 ) Like , I know guys who lost arms and legs See , now I deliberately sit , when I 'm out in a Land Rover , with one arm up a bit higher than the other and one leg a bit higher . Like , I suppose that way if I was hit I might stand a chance of only losing one arm or one leg . ( FN 15/5/1987 , p. 1516 ) As intimated , the danger of attack means that two neighbourhood men walking their beat are accompanied by at least sixteen soldiers , sometimes also by another squad of soldiers providing cover for those who are protecting the police , by two or more Land Rovers from the British Army and the RUC , and an Army helicopter . I lay there for what seemed like an eternity and feeling in a sort of panic . Was I wounded ? Had I lost an arm or leg ? I was now able to breathe properly and started to feel over my body with both hands . I was all right . As I entered the barn someone handed me a mess - tin full of hot tea . I sat down on the straw and looked around . A few feet away two medics were lying stretched out on the floor of the barn , one lying face down , his arms by his sides , he appeared to be dead . No , they are not dead , Piper . The poor bastards are exhausted ! As I lay in the ditch I was suddenly conscious of a very strong indescribably sickly smell . Raising myself on one hand to peer over the ditch before clambering out onto the road , my hand and forearm suddenly went through the soft earth up to the elbow . As I pulled my arm out there was a rush of foul - smelling air ; my hand and arm covered with a green and black substance . I felt a strong feeling of nausea as I realised that I had put my hand through the chest of a dead British soldier that could have been lying in the ditch for several days. The body had been covered by a thin layer of soil as was the practice when a soldier was killed in action and there was no time to move him to the rear . Do I need any training ? Yes but you are not expected to be a nurse . You will be asked to complete an application form and subsequently to attend an ACET training course one evening a week for six weeks . The subjects covered will include : Death and Dying What if I find certain issues or situations difficult ? Your course leader will be available to help you . You are also asked to keep your church leaders informed of your involvement so that they can ensure you are adequately supported . After every client visit you are asked to call the office so that you can report how the visit went . We also hold regular meetings of volunteers to discuss issues of concern and encourage one another . Your course leader will be available to help you . You are also asked to keep your church leaders informed of your involvement so that they can ensure you are adequately supported . After every client visit you are asked to call the office so that you can report how the visit went . We also hold regular meetings of volunteers to discuss issues of concern and encourage one another . Volunteers visiting an ACET client have immediate access to professional nursing support through our 24 hour on call facility . Volunteers visiting an ACET client have immediate access to professional nursing support through our 24 hour on call facility . I would like to be an ACET volunteer so what do I do now ? Telephone or write to Christine Catlin or Janet Sutton and ask for an application form . ACET P O Box 1323 London W5 5TF Tel : 081 840 7879 Newsletter AIDS CARE , EDUCATION AND TRAINING Issue No. 7 ACET Director , Dr Patrick Dixon , recently told the National Symposium on Teenage Sexuality at Swanwick . The conference was attended by 300 church youth leaders and school workers from across the UK . Dr Dixon said , With up to 20 years from infection to illness , we just have to ask how many of our congregation have been added during that time ? Three - quarters of the AIDS problem is in London and much of the rest in Scottish cities . Churches in these areas particularly need to be informed , involved in community care and supporting Christian workers seeking to prevent new HIV infection in schools . Tony has been unwell over the weekend . One of the nurses rings back , discusses the situation and says she will ring the hospital and/or his GP to see what can be done . I am asked if I can be on standby if transport is needed ? 9.32am Diary check a general discussion of appointments and availability for the week follow with Janet , our Co - ordinator . This includes nurses and volunteers . Is a covenant the only method of tax - effective giving ? No. Since 1987 it has been possible to ask your employer to deduct regular sums from your pay through the PAYROLL GIVING SCHEME up to a maximum of 600 per annum ( not all employers offer their employees this facility ) . From lst October 1990 , there is also a new scheme called GIFT AID which allows you to give sums of 600 or more to a charity tax - effectively ( with a maximum of 5 million for your total charitable donations in any one tax year ) . A separate leaflet gives details of that scheme . There is a simple covenant form attached to this leaflet which is quite sufficient . All you have to do is to fill in the details , including your name and address and the amount you wish to give , and sign and date the document in front of a witness . You will also be asked to sign a Certificate of Deduction of Tax once a year confirming that you are a UK taxpayer . This is all you need do for the tax benefit of covenant giving to work . The value of your gift then increases by 33.3 in ACET 's hands , with the blessing of the Inland Revenue . Since 6th April 1990 , married couples have been taxed independently , and each spouse is responsible for paying tax on his/her own income . If you do not pay income tax , but your spouse does , you should not enter into a Deed of Covenant on your own . Either you should ask your spouse to enter into the covenant or you could enter into a Joint Deed of Covenant signed by both you and your spouse . In either event your spouse should actually make the covenant payments , not you . In the same way , if your spouse pays income tax at the higher rate and you pay tax at only the ( lower ) basic rate , then in order to obtain Higher Rate Tax Relief , your spouse should enter into the covenant , or into a Joint Deed of Covenant with you , and he/she should actually make the covenant payments . Your church can become a partner with ACET . If we are to continue to meet the rapidly growing needs of those who look to us for care and prevention , we urgently need you to share the challenge with us . This is why we are asking your church to link with ACET in a Christian response to AIDS both at home and overseas . Churches working together ACET can help your church with But it is a pain that many families are having to live with as the number of those dying of AIDS increases . We already support over 70 children from the families we visit . Over the last year ACET 's centres in Dundee , Edinburgh and Glasgow have been asked to care for a growing number needing practical help to stay at home . In addition to illness , homelessness is a key issue . Often entire families including young children need practical home care , continuing if necessary after mum or dad has died . Their cases were featured in a British Section Christmas card campaign in 1990 and they received 1,704 cards as a result of the appeal . In early 1991 AI received a letter directly from the two men . They had copied out the names and addresses of everyone who wrote to them and enclosed the list with a message of thanks and good wishes , asking that it be sent on . Also in Indonesia , Agil Riyanto bin Darmowiyoto , a law student , continues to serve a 15 - year sentence imposed for subversion in 1987 . He is one of a group of seven young Muslim activists in Brebes , Central Java , convicted on charges arising from their involvement in Muslim groups known as usroh , aiming to deepen awareness of Islamic teachings . The Chirwas say they came to see a sick relative . They were tried , convicted of treason and sentenced to death , later commuted to life imprisonment . Tell the President that you have read about their case , that their trial was unfair even the Appeal Court agrees on this and ask that they are released immediately . PHILIPPINES MARIA NONNA SANTA CLARA His note consisted of a few words , impersonal , noncommittal , on a tiny scrap of paper written with a burned matchstick . But he was alive . In his note he asked for medical help some vitamins , eye - drops , as I ca n't go out and for some money . It seemed that the men pooled their money to help survive . Her mother tried to persuade the woman who had received the letters to let her talk with this guard ; a man who was actually in touch with her husband . Accusations continue of security force involvement in covert assassinations . On March 27 , in Alexandra township outside Johannesburg , at least 14 people were killed when men armed with automatic weapons opened fire on mourners at a night - time vigil . The police had been asked by the organizers of the vigil to provide protection after an incident earlier in the evening when about 200 suspicious - looking men appeared outside the house where the vigil was being held . According to those at the vigil , the police only checked on the hose twice before the massacre occurred at 4am . The apparent failure of the police to act promptly and effectively , including their failure to apprehend a large group of armed men under conditions of curfew in the township creates the suspicion that police were colluding with the attackers . As there is no provision in the UK immigration rules for issuing visas to asylum seekers overseas , in an embassy or High Commission , there is a contradiction in the requirement of visas for asylum seekers to enter the country . It is to be regretted that many of the Government 's measures relating to its asylum policy introduced in the past few years , have been to discourage new arrivals . Amnesty International has asked the Government on many occasions to lift those measures which place obstacles in the path of asylum seekers attempting to gain access to the refugee - determination process . In November 1990 , the Government conceded that the Immigration ( Carriers Liability ) Act and associated visa requirements do indeed prevent some asylum seekers from coming to the UK , but further stated that it has no obligation to encourage or assist would - be asylum seekers to come here and enter our procedures . We hope that in line with our recommendations , the Government will amend its procedures which obstruct the access to the refugee - determination process of those escaping from violations of their basic human rights . Amnesty groups ' work responded to the challenge with new techniques such as networks focusing on abuses in specific areas of the world and campaigns on whole countries or themes . For example , a Murder by Governments Campaign in October 1983 resulted in funeral marches with black coffins , drumbeats , and candles in Diss , Norwich , Bognor Regis , and London . How to find the money necessary to carry out Amnesty 's work has always been a worry , and from the very beginning the Section Office asked groups for help in this area . However , in the first few years groups did not appear to consider fundraising a priority . A newsletter in 1964 complains that it is clear that the requested 10 per annum is more than one group can manage . TWO QUESTIONS What is art ? Leo Tolstoy asked the question , and in 1898 his remarkable book with that title gave his reply . He underlined the need for art to communicate what the artist has felt : Art is a human activity consisting in this , that one man consciously by means of certain external signs , hands on to others feelings he has lived through , and that others are infected by these feelings and also experience them . First of all , he knew how to listen which is very rare . But at the same time he was both transmitter and receiver , so to speak . He asked questions , and between his questions and the painter 's answers , there was a discovery of the painting itself . Even more , there was a sort of mimesis between Fnon and the artist . A friend to artists in England after the war in which Apollinaire had fought was another combatant , the poet and critic Herbert Read . Attempting to capture the spirit of a period is another planning strategy for a survey , though this philosophical notion of a Zeitgeist is notoriously elusive . It is perhaps more the stuff of epigrams than analysis . The idea that there is such a thing as the spirit of a time can be awkwardly challenged by asking , Whose time ? No prizes can be offered for pointing out that at a given moment there are artists of several generations working and in very different ways . A further , and rather extreme way of dealing with a chronological survey of art is to eliminate the artists . The unfriendly comment of Edgar Wind in Art and Anarchy was : What has optimistically been called a museum without walls ' is in fact a museum on paper a paper - world of art in which the epic oratory of Malraux proclaims , with the voice of a crier in the market place , that all art is composed in a single key , that huge monuments and small coins have the same plastic eloquence if transferred to the scale of the printed page , that a gouache can equal a fresco . GUIDE BOOKS A tourist may ask many questions about an unfamiliar scene . The answers include history , perhaps technology and sometimes art criticism . There is no shortage of guide books in the modern world , nor of travel books which regale readers with accounts of what travellers have seen . At no time will this be more true than in the 1990s , when the art critic confronts an increasingly international community of art . Of course , surveys will continue to be written about American painting or German art , British sculpture or Australian print - making ; this fact of publication does not mean that these activities have an inner coherence . Any reader is entitled to ask what purpose such national anthologies serve ; their best justification is making art more accessible , enabling those living artists represented to find and hold on to audiences for their work . The reader can beware of an element of self - interest in such anthologies , whether in the form of books or exhibitions . For one thing , a government agency may have commercial or political aims in commissioning surveys or anthologies . Another collector with a firm sense of the importance of the pictures he had bought was Douglas Cooper . He specialised in collecting the work of four artists he considered to be the true Cubists , Picasso , Braque , Leger and Gris . In 1971 he was asked to organise , at the Tate Gallery , an exhibition which he called The Essential Cubism . The catalogue amusingly contains some entries with such comments as Compare and contrast this painting with two works of the analytical phase . It would be worth knowing how many exhibition visitors obeyed these examination instructions . Another consequence of the labelling of Impressionism and other groups by critics was that some artists naturally decided that they themselves could do the same job better than the critics . In Western art there had been artistic programmes and manifestos before Impressionism , but in the twentieth century they proliferated . Part of the critic 's task in the nineteenth century , as now , was to interpret art for the lay public ; but what , artists asked themselves , if we interpreted our own work ? from such a thought sprang statements of artistic aims and manifestos , some using the new device of naming a group with a progressive title , such as futurism . De Stijl is an especially bold assertion of identity , the Dutch word for style implying that there is no other style worth considering . The reader in this situation has a choice : the work in an exhibition can be measured against the artists ' manifesto ; or the critic 's interpretation and assessment can be used . Since then , he has written , among other things , The Mimic Men : while relatively unsuccessful , this is the novel which most resembles Guerrillas , and it undoubtedly diminishes the politics of emergent countries by raising doubts about the character of their independence and the motives of their leaders . Over the intervening years , however , the West may be thought to have let him down by declining , diminishing , to the condition of the West Indies : by becoming a backwater , with its Watergate and Ulster , its economic arrests and somnambulistic states of emergency . Naipaul 's readers could well have become inclined to ask why it is that his novels seem to say that there is nothing to be done in , or with , the countries of their concern . What are other countries doing ? Naipaul has long been a reader of Conrad , and Guerrillas can make you think of Nostromo . One day I would write it and them off the face of the earth . He is referring to his parents , I think . Later still , the analyst suggests that Fraser may want to offer reparation , by writing this book , for the guilt he had felt in relation to his father , and Fraser asks : For wanting to destroy him so I could have my mother to myself ? Uh - huh . And for wanting , Fraser adds , to destroy her . But what is most striking about both books is the sense they give of how desolate and enclosed an adolescence could be , at opposite ends of the society . The better things presumed to be in store for Glasser when he went off as a scholarship boy to a glamorous university in the South of England are , in a sense , the subject of Gorbals Boy at Oxford , his second volume of autobiography . The refugee from Glasgow saw through , and stood up to , some famous middle - class progressives , was asked to spy on student Communists , was asked , by a girl at a party , to do something ! Julian 's got a knife . At another party , in the South of France , a reefer is placed between his lips by a girl whose trousers fall down. This could be said with some emphasis of Chatterton , but not of Eliot himself , who moreover survived , who grew to be famous , who did not kill himself , though he was to wonder how one might set about dying . Chatterton died the romantic and traditional early death of the divided , the invaded man , while Eliot did not. It is n't that Ackroyd asks us to compare these two poor Toms , in pursuit of a theory alleging the importance of imitation . But they are brought together , in successive books , by the force of this preoccupation , and the reader has to make what he can of the resemblance between two figures quite remote from one another in any coarser understanding of the matter , to do this while adjusting his sight to a vista of copycats , impostors and successive interpretations a vista which is far from unfamiliar now and can be caught , for instance , in the productions and reproductions of contemporary literary theory . Imposture is shown in Ackroyd 's novel , in this burlesque of the literary life , to be an interesting business , but it is unlikely to cause Chatterton 's reputation to inch back towards what it was in the retrospects of the Romantic period . We are told that these last four words are Rimbaud 's and the Surrealist Andr Breton 's , and that in 1968 they were a slogan of the protesting Sorbonne students . They are words that can be made to mean different things , and are applicable as such to the story of Jaromil 's poetic progress from private to public , which can also be recognised as a simultaneity of the two , based on an enduring self - engrossment . Kundera asks us to join together two things that are often kept apart : lyrical effusions and public poetry . The quoted words point back to the privileged second existence which poetry had once promised Jaromil , and they point ahead : the old meaning has been reversed , with the claim that real life resides in a revolutionary solidarity . Just before this snarl about real life , he has betrayed his redhead to the police , by swallowing a lying excuse of hers concerning a subversive brother . The lordship in question is the novelist 's , not only in the usual sense , often forgotten , that every word of the novel is his , but also because the speech of its characters can be like that of the narrator , and indeed like that of the writer of Kingsley Amis 's discursive prose . This is not the first time that such considerations have arisen for readers of his fiction . Readers of The Old Devils have asked : are its Welsh Welsh ? Its characters have been said to sound English . ( Northern Jenny Bunn , incidentally , sounds , to me , Welsh . ) You should read as much as you can of European and American drama , both historical and contemporary , for by doing so you will certainly set yourself up well for both drama school training and your subsequent acting career . Approach to drama training One of the questions you may be asking yourself is Can I be taught to act ? This is something everyone wonders when starting out , even if they are not intending to make a living out of acting . The answer is , of course , no. Undoubtedly one of the best ways the overseas student has of seeing what is required in British theatre training is to apply for one of the summer schools offered by the drama schools , and find out what it 's all about before committing him - or herself to a long and expensive stay . It 's important that a student is prepared to understand and work with the prevalent theatrical traditions in UK schools . And with so much theatre training available in the United States , New Zealand , Australia and Canada , it is interesting to ask why British theatre training is thought to be so beneficial . I can only put it down to the strong classical emphasis which prevails in the courses offered in the UK , although many of the university drama courses in the USA do stage Shakespeare and the European classical authors . America has had many unsuccessful attempts to form a national repertory theatre , performing the classics of the English language , and one wonders whether it will ever be possible to get this going effectively . On obtaining a prospectus and asking for an application form , you will find that every drama school will require an audition fee , and this can vary between 15 and 25 . If you can afford to , it 's generally best to spread your auditions around the drama schools so that you are seen more than once . When auditioning for most schools you will be asked to present at least two contrasting speeches and possibly give some idea of your attitude to improvisation and , perhaps , to singing . It 's usual to make a choice from the classical and modern repertoire . Some schools will stipulate a number of Shakespearean speeches from which you may select , but in the main the choice of work is left entirely to you . No drama school panel is looking for the ultimate in audition technique but candidates should possess a noticeable degree of competence and self - awareness . Not all auditions have just two speeches , classical and modern . You may well be asked to sing something unaccompanied , or do a short improvisation and you may well be asked to perform one of the speeches in a different way . In some schools you will be asked to participate with other students in basic class work over a weekend ( as happens at the Bristol Old Vic drama school ) and in some you may find yourself being judged partly by senior students of the school who will be sitting with the faculty panel ( which is something that happens at Drama Centre ) . The point of preparation is to be well tuned and at the same time flexible to new interpretations and ideas . Pause Comment No particular accent is asked for , but Mike is not the conventional public school type who has gone to Cambridge . He speaks with really quite a small vocabulary which suggests he is unused to expressing himself eloquently . Part of the time he may almost be unaware that he is speaking to another person after all Gila does n't understand English very well and it is unlikely that she would fully understand the references to Rupert Brooke and the poem The Old Vicarage , Grantchester . The new student does not perform to audiences immediately , and the first term 's production project will probably only be attended by staff teaching voice , movement and acting to enable individual assessments to be made on training . Improvisation There have been many books written about improvisation and if I were asked to choose just one it would be Keith Johnston 's Impro which is straightforward , understandable , and theatrically aware . Nowadays , nearly every young person has probably had some experience of basic improvisation at their school or through the extensive TIE ( Theatre in Education ) tours . In drama schools , improvisation is about finding a way of expanding the imagination and liberating the senses , which can get too confined if students work entirely from a text all the time . Nowadays , nearly every young person has probably had some experience of basic improvisation at their school or through the extensive TIE ( Theatre in Education ) tours . In drama schools , improvisation is about finding a way of expanding the imagination and liberating the senses , which can get too confined if students work entirely from a text all the time . The use of impro in training has gone through many phases ; it still conjures up the traditional , hackneyed image of a student being asked to be a tree or an icecream . But it 's possible to go way beyond these limited , obvious exercises , and impro can be immensely exciting for young actors , allowing them to grasp situations and emotions imaginatively , perhaps for the first time . Here is an example of an impro exercise for two actors : An actor is asked to assume the character of a close family friend who arrives at the house with the news of the death of the wife 's husband in an accident . The use of impro in training has gone through many phases ; it still conjures up the traditional , hackneyed image of a student being asked to be a tree or an icecream . But it 's possible to go way beyond these limited , obvious exercises , and impro can be immensely exciting for young actors , allowing them to grasp situations and emotions imaginatively , perhaps for the first time . Here is an example of an impro exercise for two actors : An actor is asked to assume the character of a close family friend who arrives at the house with the news of the death of the wife 's husband in an accident . He has hurried to get there and tell the wife before the police arrive . This may prove more effective if the girl playing the wife has no idea of what the scene is going to be about . What an impro of this kind does is confront the actors with a situation where they have to be emotionally truthful . Without a text to assist them they may prevaricate too long before facing the brutal truth . Improvisation can mean having the guts to experience anything which is asked of you . Can you truthfully become a child again ? Improvisation should not , in any way , be confused with the rather general idea of making things up as you go along , which has no real purpose beyond that of entertainment . Learn lines accurately and always carry a pencil with you . 3 If you have a question about acting , think about it before you ask it . 4 Read newspapers , and do n't assume that the whole world is as interested in acting as you are . Drama school productions are staged with an awareness of the kind of demands the profession will make , and students are naturally anxious to be seen in the final production by people who 're likely to offer them work . Unfortunately , it is often difficult to get agents to attend these productions . Most drama schools final productions are staged over a similar sort of schedule , which means agents are asked to see students ' work over a fairly compressed period . Agents are notified of performances by the schools , and they also receive hundreds of letters from students inviting them to see particular performances . Remember , though , that badgering agents is quite useless ; if they want to come they will come , but telephoning them and overselling yourself can be just as useless as not letting them know that you 're alive and working . Well , I 'd thought a lot about the part . I knew I would n't play her as a wimp and the whole audition was based on the speech where she goes mad the flowers , rosemary for remembrance and the whole bit . George Roman read me and after I 'd done the first reading he asked me about my own attitudes to the Part and then told me his as a director , which were completely different . So I asked if I might go through it again and try some of the ideas he talked about . A.R. My first audition , as such , was actually for John Caird who wanted me to do a piece of Juliet . I only had twenty four hours ' notice and then I sat up all night learning a speech and then dried flat at the audition . So they asked me to go away and come back again in a week which gave me breathing space and time at least to learn it properly . A.R. What speeches did you choose to do ? Can you remember what you did ? D.G . Absolute total recall it was Portia 's famous The quality of mercy is not strained from The Merchant of Venice and mercy was what I was asking for , literally , at that moment . Anyway the moment I trod the stage I felt completely at home . I ca n't explain it more than that . But more likely is the possibility that it will continue to respond to events , in the way it has done in the past and there is no guarantee that the evolution Cox envisages will be any more natural than the modernization of Iran seemed to be in the 1970s . The comparison is a little strong , but only with the intention of making an important point . In 1985 Cox 's paper was timely and asked for shifts in American Irish and British labour politics in a wholly correct way . But the optimism for change in the Republic of Ireland remains somewhat unqualified . Religion and Law in the Southern State We will see that this mode of constructing monopoly catholicism is alien to the Concordat period of Roman catholic church state relations recognizable in arrangements , for example , with Spain , Portugal , and Italy . A dislike by Irish clerics for such an explicit and direct church state relationship has a long tradition and comes out best in De Tocqueville 's ( 1957 ) conversations with Irish clergy on his visit to Ireland in 1834 . When asked if they would like subventions from the state to aid their stipends and church buildings , a move which was being seriously considered by the British government at the time , priests and bishops were united in rejecting the idea on the grounds that it would drive a wedge between clergy and people , identifying clergy with the principal enemies of the people . De Tocqueville 's notes reveal not only the conscious opposition to such a mode of religious power but also how deep the solidarity between clergy and people was , the degree to which the poor , half the catholic population at the time , looked to the clergy for material and spiritual leadership , guidance , and assistance , and how much they trusted them . However , with the emergence of the Southern Irish state , it soon became clear that this secularization of the state form was not to signify an absence of Roman catholic power in the construction of public morality , but rather an indirect recognition of the sovereignty of the church in most areas of moral concern besides education . We cannot expect voters to leave their conscience behind them when they go to the polling booth . Inevitably we would expect that those who freely accept the teaching of our Church will vote according to their consciences . This is all we ask of them . But we must have the right to carry out our duty to impart the moral convictions , the moral teaching of our Church to our own members . I should have thought that is part of the reality with which legislators are faced , part of the situation within which they operate . After arriving in office as Taoiseach for a second time in 1983 , he proceeded to collect opinions on such issues from various quarters . From the Roman catholic hierarchy , he solicited the response that the church believed in the indissolubility of marriage . Further , the Catholic Church does not ask that the law should enshrine any particular provision because it accords with Church teaching . The statement then went on to oppose the introduction of divorce on the grounds of the protection of the common good by the state . In taking this position , the bishops were also following the lead of Pope John Paul II who , on his visit to Ireland in 1979 had argued : Divorce , for whatever reason it is introduced , inevitably becomes easier and easier to obtain and it gradually comes to be accepted as a normal part of life ( 1979 ) . On Sunday 17 June in Cork a priest was reported to have preached and behaved as follows : At the sermon , Father McKenna introduced one of his altar boys , Colm by name , and got him to tell the story about how he and his altar boy teammates had recently beaten another altar boys ' team by eight goals to five . When he asked Colm over the microphone how many goals he had scored the boy proudly replied Four Finally , Father McKenna said he had one last question to ask . The question was would Colm like his mother and father to get divorced . At the sermon , Father McKenna introduced one of his altar boys , Colm by name , and got him to tell the story about how he and his altar boy teammates had recently beaten another altar boys ' team by eight goals to five . When he asked Colm over the microphone how many goals he had scored the boy proudly replied Four Finally , Father McKenna said he had one last question to ask . The question was would Colm like his mother and father to get divorced . Colm said No. Archbishop McHale , who opposed the non - denominational system , was hoping for a verdict to support his views . The verdict from Rome , which came in 1841 , favoured both and neither . It asked the participants to stop haggling in public and permitted each bishop to take a decision either way for his own diocese ( Murphy 1959 ) . It is noteworthy that at this time ( when secularised education was patronised by nearly all the governments of Europe including those that were nominally Catholic ) this query was dealt with as a matter of discipline by the Congregation of propaganda , and not as a matter of doctrine by the Congregation of the Inquisition . ( Gaine 1968 : 163 ) Metam as delay , he wrote . The beauty of glass , he wrote . You are forced to ask : Do I stop here or do I go on through ? Christ as mediator in older art , he wrote . Romantic desire for unmediated world . I frankly do not know which I prefer , wrote Harsnet . Sometimes I think the latter , sometimes the former . Do I have to choose between goat 's cheese and chocolate cake ? as Queneau used to ask . It is the right hand side on both panels that is worrying me , he wrote . Nothing has gone right on that side from the moment I began . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , you may keep your door closed and not answer when I ring the bell , you may refuse to answer my letters or return my calls when I leave a message on your answering machine , but sooner or later we are bound to meet and this time I will not let you fob me off with a smile . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , you have been seen doing circuit training with Korchnoi and the Brighton and Hove Albion football team . If I am to do what you asked , he wrote , you will have to co - operate . We will have to meet and discuss some of the problems . He pushed the pad aside and began to type again . And of a sudden all things moved onward in their course . 1 cauliflower , 1 lb. carrots , 1 lb. onions , 1 celery , 1 pepper , shoelaces , library , memo pad , string , matches , toy - shop . The question that is never asked , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , is the one that concerns the quality of life . What kind of life do you wish to lead ? Is food and comfort the be - all and end - all ? Where ? he kept asking , where ? I told him , Between junctions seventeen and eighteen . But why ? he kept asking . Why ? I did n't see the point , I said . I 'll phone the police , he said . Someone may have picked them up. Did you leave them there on the verge ? he asked me . I told you , I said to him , I just pulled in and heaved them out . Down a grassy slope . From the moment I picked up this book to the moment I put it down , wrote GM , I could n't stop laughing . One of these days I intend to read it . As I left I asked Marcus to remove his dark glasses so I could look at his face . He refused , said the light hurt his eyes . Memory of him standing there waving with two black holes in the middle of his face . She told me it was your smile that did it . Am I responsible for that ? I asked him. Yes , he said . She was a wonderful girl and your smile destroyed her . Greece was waiting , he said . The world was waiting . At the desk asked if anyone had returned an umbrella , but the clerk shook his head . Asked to have breakfast brought up to his room at six . I work every day from 6.20 to 9.30 a.m. , he said , and then from 4 p.m. to midnight if I can . Why here ? he wrote . Such questions should occur to the viewer , he wrote . And force him to ask the same questions of his life , and to reply : This is all there is and it is enough . Enough not because we must content ourselves with the minimum , he wrote , but because there is never more , if more means meaning , wholeness , salvation , redemption , all the rest . The glass itself must make that clear , he wrote . On the one hand , he wrote , it pushes nothing out of its way . On the other it burns up everything around it . On the one hand it is nothing and asks for nothing , on the other it is the secret and silent source of the destruction of everything . On the one hand it makes no demands , he wrote , on the other it is the vitriol which corrodes everything with which it comes into contact , the Gorgon which turns to stone all who gaze upon it . On the one hand , he wrote , it is like everything else in the gallery , on the other it is opposed to everything in the gallery . Writing television series dramatizing life of Jane Austen . Filled me with depression . Perhaps ask Goldberg over to see glass . May help resolve remaining problems . Ping - pong no solution . But I no longer believe that myself . Know it 's too far advanced , must make its own way from now on . perhaps ask Goldberg in to test his reactions . It will have to be installed either by a window or in the middle of the largest room you 've got , I told her . I can see just where it will go , she said . Goldberg delighted , he wrote . Told him only Moira F. had seen it so far . He wanted to rush round straight away but I asked him to be patient . Socks , he wrote . Pullover ( MS ) . Or perhaps just above the arms of the scissors . What sort of thing ? I asked him. He did n't know . I told him the history of the charts , my initial idea for a peephole of some sort . A sewer . An absolute sewer . You do n't find it a sewer ? he asked me . I do n't live in London , I told him. I live in 14 Carlton Road . Told me Moira F. had written to him , anxious for news about the glass , complaining that I never answered the phone , never replied to her letters , what should he tell her ? What you like , I said . Shall I say I saw you ? he asked . I told him I could n't stop him , he was a free agent . He assured me he had n't mentioned the glass to anyone , had n't dropped any hints . That I can talk about it ? Whatever you like , I said . He was putting on his heavy overcoat , asked again casually if he could have a look at the glass . I shook my head . He left . You put that peep - hole where I suggested , he said . Do you want a written acknowledgement ? I asked him. No no , he said . I 'm just glad I had a. It takes a little time to sec that you 're not moving forward any more , either because you do n't know how or because there is n't anywhere to move forward to . Of course all these things are relative , I told him , of course if you take the long perspective there 's never anywhere to move forward to and all advance is illusory , but in the short perspective there comes a point when there is no option except to abandon . You feel you 've failed ? he asked me . He added quickly : Because I do n't , you know . No , I said , I do n't feel that . I 'll tell Moira , he said . She 'll be very excited . What 's the point of having a phone if you never answer it ? he asked me . It 's awkward having to come round and not be sure of finding you . I shut the door behind him and locked it . When we went to Siena together ? I shrugged . Where ? he asked . Tunisia , I said . Wonderful idea , he said . Where interiors have survived , it has been through benign neglect . The Nag 's Head still has its decorative painting on glass by Cosmo Clark over the fireplace in the public bar , and some original chairs . The Prospect Inn has two of its decorative lino floors intact , although the owners , Whitbread , destroyed the original pole sign outside when the tenants asked for it to be repaired . The Comet Hotel , Hatfield ( E B Musman , 1934 ) has lost all its fine interior fittings such as an etched mirror glass wall with aeroplane vapour trails some years ago. The Thirties Society has tried to counteract the brewers ' failure to understand the potential assets represented by their 20th century buildings , but since so few pubs are listed many cases escape our notice . Tourism is our second biggest contributor after North Sea oil to gross domestic product . Out of this money machine the Government collects many hundreds of millions in VAT , corporation tax , income tax and national insurance contributions . It is asked to put very little back . To have ideas like this one taken seriously and to be treated with respect is surely a reasonable request . NEWS This must therefore be considered as having a detrimental effect overall on the tourism market . LANGUAGES The survey asked firms what sort of advice and assistance would be helpful in developing business and was surprised by the low level of demand for language training . It is most surprising that in the tourism industry the necessity for language training to meet the growing demand for overseas visitors is not felt to be important , the report said . There was also very little demand for help on legal matters and employment issues . How successful a computer installation is will depend largely on how clearly the customer and the supplier have defined , at the outset , what the system is supposed to achieve . As Checkout Computer Systems ' Tim Webb points out , people 's expectations of technology often exceed the computer 's remit . The most frequently asked question is : What does the customer expect to derive from the implementation of electronic point of sale ( EPoS ) ? Webb says . The answers are wildly varied but generally appertain to improvements in control and standard of service . Operator training is fairly simple , but managers need more to get the most out of the system , Nick Chudley READ THE MANUAL FIRST THERE'S a saying in the computer industry : If in doubt , press a few keys ; if that does n't work , ask a colleague ; if in deep trouble , consult the manual . There is some justification for this caricature of the typical computer user though customers ' critics might ask themselves first how well - written the manuals are , before complaining that people never read them . Assuming the manual is in comprehensible English , users can avoid many unnecessary calls to the help desk by a combination of consulting its index , and using the onscreen help built into the software . Some of these programs belong to the Shareware scheme which means that they can be used and evaluated for a few weeks , and you pay the registration fee only if you continue to use them . A browse through any of the computer magazines will indicate several possibilities , and many companies will supply a demonstration version to try out before you commit to a purchase . Even better , go down to your local computer shop and ask them to show you several different ways to back - up , then choose the one which seems easiest . If you have large amounts of data to back - up ( more than will fit on the six diskettes ) , consider installing a tape streamer . This is a device similar to a normal cassette recorder but which takes bigger tape cassettes , each of which can hold all the data and programs on your computer . These devices can back up the whole system or only those parts which you specify , and are very fast . See a computer dealer for more advice and insist on seeing a demonstration before you buy . Whether you go it alone , ask the computer shop expert or persuade a friend who knows about computers to help you , it is essential to set up a regular data back - up system . STOCKTAKING made simple The Psion Organiser : is it a fancy calculator , or a battery - powered log book ? The British Standards Institute ( BSI ) specifies a thickness of 30 microns for hotel use . It is doubtful anything less than 20 microns of thickness would withstand the sustained use cutlery receives in the catering industry . Price recommends all caterers to not only determine the micron thickness when looking at silver - plated cutlery , but also to ask for this to be specified on the invoice . Since topping up , rather than full replacement , is the favoured option for caterers , the first worry is matching up. There are surprisingly few popular patterns of cutlery most caterers use the historic patterns devised in Sheffield . There are surprisingly few popular patterns of cutlery most caterers use the historic patterns devised in Sheffield . The fact that a wide number of manufacturers work to the same pattern means that the caterer who is topping up need not return to the same source for the top - up. Identify a selection of cutlery distributors , send them one of your pieces of cutlery and ask them to match it and send their sample and yours back . There will be some differences , but they may be too slight to be noticed by the customers , who would normally see only one piece of each item in any case . Shopping around for a top - up will allow the best price while still keeping the cutlery service in the same style . No , no , Sven Hjerson was quick to reply . It is just that after much brainwork in Rome I have thought to give myself a little holiday on this famous Capri Island . Sight too famous nowadays , if you ask me , Arabella Buckley pronounced . All the fault of that dreadful song . How that girl can bring herself to sit there singing it I ca n't imagine . Appalling Italian food , of course , but beggars ca n't be choosers , what ? You are unable to get good vegetables ? Sven Hjerson asked with sudden anxiety . In Rome I was in the similar predicament . But I had heard that in the South things are better . Did you notice ? It is my business always to make notices . But , alas , madam , I do not in the present know what it is you are asking if I am seeing . That Italian . That what - d'you - call - 'em . Bramble was forty - five and had not been thus addressed for almost a quarter of a century . Which , continued his visitor , is why I am able to assist you with your enquiries . What enquiries ? asked the policeman . Why , she exclaimed , your enquiries into the murder of poor Sir Vivien . But And so saying she gathered up her shawl , adjusted her mittens and scuttled from the room . Phew ! exclaimed the sergeant , producing a red and white spotted kerchief from his trouser pocket and mopping his fevered brow . What was all that about ? asked Quince . But before Bramble could answer , the door opened and another stranger entered . He was a small man , distinctly foreign in appearance , with a rigidly waxed moustache and an egg - shaped head which he carried rather to one side . The 'phone rang for a very long time and when Mrs Pettifer eventually answered she sounded quite put out . Oh , Sergeant , she said Thank heaven it 's you . I 've got this tiresome woman here asking endless rude questions . She keeps wanting to know if I play golf . She even had the audacity to suggest that I might have been carrying on with Sir Vivien . It is a very clement day . The constable emerged sheepishly . Do you play golf , Constable ? she asked . Can't say as I do , he said . If Sir Vivien had reached the fifteenth green at the time of his abduction and Bonzo arrived in the clubhouse at ten o'clock , we can assume that Sir Vivien himself must have begun his round at , shall we say , about half past eight . The thin , over - dramatic shriek was all too familiar . Peggy turned . What is it , Peony ? she asked , with practised calm . The water , ma'am , it 's still off . There 's none for the tea urns or the washing up or her voice dropped dramatically . Maybe you ought to wait outside , here . Why ? What 's happened ? she asked trying to see past him , Well it 's Councillor Phipps , the constable said , in a low voice . He 's dead dropped right down in the middle of the cake - tasting . But if it was a local person Dear me , she murmured . I beg your pardon ? asked the Widow Phipps . Peggy saw with some dismay that she wore the distant smile of a woman reviewing her late husband 's insurance position . The tent flap drew back , and David Mitchell entered , cleaned up and resplendent in dog - collar and cardigan . Constable Perkins is here , Mrs Clancy said . Yes , I know . But there will be a great many more , soon , and they 'll be asking a great many questions . Oh dear , Mrs Feather said . And it 's so hot . Oh , you could n't have , Mrs Yardley protested . Well , I did , said Mrs Doran , piqued . What 's more , he was hanging around the cake display , looking rather shifty , if you ask me . Well , nobody asked you , huffed Mrs Yardley . Peggy pressed her lips together . Well , I did , said Mrs Doran , piqued . What 's more , he was hanging around the cake display , looking rather shifty , if you ask me . Well , nobody asked you , huffed Mrs Yardley . Peggy pressed her lips together . Trying to find out who had direct access to the cakes had proved nothing . Your husband has so many potions and mixtures on his shelves . Oh , yes was n't there something about a wrong prescription last year ? Mrs Yardley asked . Didn't he poison someone ? How dare you ! said Mrs Venables , going white . If the water is back on , I 'll get Peony to make some tea or some nice fresh lemonade . I think we all need cooling down , she said , and left them to their bitter devices . What is it , Peggy ? asked David . Something in her face , in her eyes , in the clenched line of her jaw , had made him hurry out of the tent after her . I think I know who did it , she said miserably . I was so shook up by the screeching I could n't rightly say what happened . Why were you up there ? Marion asked sternly . When Conroy and I came in you were not at your post . Answered a call of nature , did n't I , he answered sourly . Our young men are better entertained . Sailing ? I asked . I am big for my age and I did n't mind if he thought I was a young man. It was about time . In fact I think she will live forever just to spite me . Is it your family ? Claire asked . What did Claire care about families ? She is such a hypocrite . If it was murder we shall be informed in the Family 's good time . I would n't be surprised if Ethel is n't entirely wrong about the cause of death and the poor lady did it herself . What , after a night of passionate love ? asked the irrepressible Ethel . There 's been nights of passionate love in this house that have left the lovers more depressed than ecstatic , said Thomas , who found the neurotic sex - lives of some of his betters incomprehensible . Anyway , what call have you to say that Mrs Heatherington - Scott had had one ? I did n't leave no mud when I cleaned the floor yesterday , said Mary . She could have left it herself , said Mrs Cornforth . When she never went outdoors yesterday ? asked Ethel . Or if she did it was no further than the grounds . Too busy making a dead set at young Mr Merrivale . Sort of clay - y like . They all looked at each other. Which side of the bed was it , the piece you found ? asked Mr Eames . The far side . Where the bedside table is . Besides , he may have been driven over the edge by her carryings - on . Because carry on she did . Though if you ask me he 's a nasty piece of work who would n't bat an eyelid whatever she might do Then there 's master and mistress . She wrote again : Sir William and Lady Warboys . No , Mrs C. We must be scientifical about this . All must be equally under suspicion , though we all know the master or mistress would never think of doing such a thing . Anyone any idea why the master and mistress ask the Heatherington - Scotts ? asked Ethel . They 're a good twenty years younger , and they 've only known them a year or two . Yet this is twice they 've been here first last Spring , and now for the New Year party . And what was he doing ? He was looking at the marks of a ladder just under her window . He asked me where a ladder like that could be found , and I took him round to the one that hangs on the side of the potting shed . It had earth on one end . Be pretty funny if a gardener 's ladder did n't have earth on it , commented Cook . What do you sound Like , girl ? said Mrs Cornforth . One of those books you read . There was one thing I remembered when the foreign gentleman was asking questions , said Mary eagerly . He was ever so gentle and nice , but sort of piercing went right through you That 's enough of that , my girl ! Yes , he went out , put the ladder against the wall briefly to leave traces , threw a bit of mud through the window , and the key , and scattered more mud around the rose bed . It was a red herring . What do you think really happened ? asked Mary . I think she was dead before he left her room . I think they had their fun , she took the veronal to sleep soundly , then when she was far gone he smothered her . Arthur 's Cousin Amy , responded his sister firmly , works as a secretary at a girls ' boarding school . She 's as poor as a church mouse , that 's why she has to come to Arthur and Margot 's in the holidays . And what happens , asked Henry mischievously , when Cousin Amy is n't there and your friends have an extra man ? Oh , that 's no problem , said Wendy at once . Margot just asks Miss Chalder to stay on . That 's why , said Tom . And she may not want to talk about it . Or have been asked not to by her husband he put his arm round his wife . I think you 're forgetting something about old Locombe - Stapleford . She was close to tears now . I have heard , said Henry slowly , that on occasion by accident , usually aconite has been known to have been mistaken for horseradish . Picked by Cook herself in the kitchen garden , said Inspector Milsom with evident approval . She says that when she asks the gardener for produce she feels she does n't always get the best . Human nature does n't always change , does it ? said Henry absently . They knew quite as much about human nature at the Foreign Office as they did down at any police station . It would have been much more subtle just to have allowed his wife to demonstrate it when the time came and then to turn it into a talking point . Out of character you might say ? suggested the inspector . And what , might I ask , sir , was he doing at the time he was talking about the bell ? Oh , he was n't doing the talking at that point , Inspector . It was Mrs Iverson who was telling us about it after he mentioned it . How far will terrestrial broadcasters compete for the rights to SPORTS coverage ? How will BBC and ITV survive and how much will they need to bid against each other to acquire the major sports which audiences will wish to see ? Will the vast sums of money which are being asked for by the Governing Bodies of Sport mean that they will price themselves out of the market or will television continue to pay as they compete for audiences ? Sports and sporting figures are managed and packaged for television production and there is a fear amongst purists and some sporting fans that the spirit of sport will be lost in its relationship with television . Can sport retain its ethics and its involvement with huge financial bids ? I was starting to feel light - headed . Where is he ? I asked . In his office , she replied , and she then returned her attention to her newspaper . She picked up her pen and rested its point on the page . I thought it was you who wanted to see me . At your bidding , Charles , only at your bidding . Ah well , in that case , I 'd better let you know that I 've asked Paul Spence to do some of the revision classes for your part of the course . I know , I 've already read the notice . A thought suddenly struck me . However , I was wasting my time my gaze slid across the surface of the pages like marbles on a shiny table - top . Was this really the end ? I kept asking myself . Had it all come down to this ? I decided that the best thing to do was to go home . Listen to me , you stupid bitch , do n't you dare cry . Carla , inevitably , did get her job in publishing . It was through a family connection , I think anyway , as expected , she never had to ask me for a reference . I ( again inevitably ) decided to leave job - hunting until after I had actually left SIS . My final term there seemed rather uneventful after the previous two , and only Renaissance Anne showed any signs of concern about my impending departure . I do wish everyone would stop writing me off just because I happen to be fifty . It was n't until the final two weeks of term that it really hit me that I was actually going to have to go . I remember the shock of realizing that this was my last ever second - year class , then my last ever third - year class , and then people started asking me about my leaving party . Why do n't you invite Paul Spence ? Anne suggested . After Paul left , the party broke up quickly , as though everyone felt that the business of the day had now been concluded . I , in my role as hostess , lingered to the end and soon there was only Anne and myself left . Did you get The Times Educational Supplement this week ? she asked me . Yes , but there was n't anything in it . I noticed a teaching job in Sheffield that did n't look too bad . I wondered , as I looked round at the massed ranks of chaps , young and old . What on earth am I doing here ? I asked myself . What on earth can have possessed me to take a job like this ? Now look at me . Some of them tried to make amends for their own earlier contribution to this state of affairs and moved to include me more fully in the life of the school a few even started to invite me back home for meals and things . Dorothy , I realized , had become a problem , and I resented that . How have you found us ? the headmaster asked me masochistically one warm summer 's afternoon as we sat watching a cricket match . Set in your ways . Oh well played ! Look , Dorothy , I hired you because I thought you might shake the place up a bit , so if you are unhappy here , that 's at least partly my fault . Stevens , tuck your shirt in ! I 'm not asking for a few soothing words to calm my conscience ; if I can , I want to help . We would all , I think , like to help . It 's just that none of us actually knows how to go about it . It was something I wanted to try out somewhere else . My colleagues seemed genuinely worried by my decision and many of them tried to convince me to change my mind . What can we do to persuade you to stay ? the headmaster asked . Nothing , but I do appreciate you asking . Thank you . My colleagues seemed genuinely worried by my decision and many of them tried to convince me to change my mind . What can we do to persuade you to stay ? the headmaster asked . Nothing , but I do appreciate you asking . Thank you . On my final day at Berkeley , my fourth - form pupils presented me with some flowers and a small mounted copy of Claude Lorrain 's Hagar and the Angel . He smiled back . A troubled smile . Need any help clearing up ? he asked , drawing the proceedings to a close . That would be nice , thank you , I said . I took the flowers over to one of the sinks and put them in it . I was surprised to learn that my claim could not be backdated , but I wrote those first three weeks ' money off to inexperience . Anyway , the important thing was I was now safely inside the system . My full interview seemed to go reasonably smoothly so at the end of it I asked how long would it take for my money to come through . She said not more than a month . A month ! Property , it seems , is more important than people . At the start of my period of being harassed , I went down to my local law centre to see what help they could give me . They told me the legal position and asked how hard I was prepared to fight . I said I did not know I did n't know what I was letting myself in for . They told me to keep in touch and call them if I felt they could be of assistance . Now the Palace Hotel was many , many things , but it was n't , by any stretch of the imagination , a palace or , frankly , a hotel . This much I could see from the outside when I went down to have a look at it . I went in , explained the position I was in and asked if I could see one of the rooms . What do you think this place is , love , the Ritz ? It 's either take it or leave it . Jane sat in the chair . I passed her a cup and then perched on the bed with mine . So how did you end up here ? she asked me . I told her the story . There 's not a lot you can do when you come across someone like that , she said . Tennyson , I said . A bit inappropriate perhaps . How do you know about Tennyson ? she asked , smiling . I used to teach . A long time ago now though . The suitcases I would check in at the left - luggage office at Paddington station , the bag could come with me to Rome , and Jane could inherit all my bits and bobs . Rome ? Why Rome ? she asked when I popped round with the box of odd things to say goodbye . I 've got friends there , I replied . ( I meant buildings , not people . ) Dorothy 's off to visit some friends in Italy , Jane told him. She 's going to try her luck out there . How are you going to get to Italy ? he asked me . Hike , I suppose . He grinned . Bernini 's out there , I said . Is Bernini a he or a she ? Mark asked . A he but it 's not what you 're thinking . Why not ? I gazed at them for a while and then buried my head in my hands . Why me ? I kept asking myself . I know I 'm not perfect , but why me ? I just do n't understand this . We 're closing soon , but give us a chance , OK ? Thank you Who are you , if you do n't mind me asking ? My name 's Steve . How about you , what 's your name ? Before long , a young woman appeared : short , with short blonde hair and pale - blue eyes . She brought with her another two cups of coffee and a packet of sandwiches . Do you mind if I join you ? she asked . She spoke with a Dutch accent . No , not at all . Without thinking , I got up and went over to see if I could lend a hand . Haven't you got some of that special stuff you can freeze it with ? I asked . Sorry ? You can buy some special stuff which freezes it so it comes off more easily . Yes , it was the best I could do at short notice . I 've just remembered something . I 'm sorry to have to ask you this , but are you an alcoholic at all ? No. She was silent for a moment . It wo n't be the greatest place you 've ever lived , I know , but at least it 's going to be dry and I was shaking my head . What 's the problem ? she asked . Look , you 've got to get back inside the system somehow . I know what it 's like in there and I 'm not sure it 's a place I want to be . Pardon ? Les Misrables , the musical . No , why do you ask ? Early on in that , the hero 's homeless and somebody puts him up for the night . She looked me straight in the eye . Katrina was in that morning . She noticed that something was up and she came over to see me . What 's wrong ? she asked . Nothing . Nothing 's wrong . The tea tasted horrible but at least it gave me the chance to have a little think . What on earth am I going to do now ? I kept asking myself . Unfortunately , there was a row of mirrors on the wall opposite me . I chanced a peek at myself . They had become my friends and there was no way that I would now go back to being their problem dependant . I wandered back north towards the church . My plan was to sit around and wait for one of the parish team to appear and then to ask them for their advice . Accordingly , when I arrived there , I settled down in a pew at the back and nodded off . After a while , I was woken by the noise of preparations something happening . Where on earth was I going to go now ? You would be , would n't you ? I said , and looking her straight in the eye , I asked : Why is everybody picking on me ? Why do n't you pick on somebody else for a change ? Why does it always have to be me ? We trooped off round the back of the church and up into a small raised garden where there were indeed some benches . Jenny selected one and we sat down. Neither of us spoke for a few moments , then she asked : Do you mind if I stay here for a little while ? No , do what you like , I said , more than a little surprised to find that our roles of ward and chaperone had now been reversed . A thought then suddenly struck me . A thought then suddenly struck me . Don't you want to go to the wedding ? I asked . No , not really . Oh . I was still trying to work this girl out . Do you want to talk about it ? I asked . She smiled ruefully . Ignore me , she said . She smiled . Yeah , maybe I 'm just a bit jealous , that 's all . Who 's the groom , if you do n't mind me asking ? An old flame . And the bride , is she your sister ? No , we were both flesh and blood all right . She swivelled round to face me . What was your big mistake ? she asked me . Oh , I had an affair with my brother - in - law donkey 's years ago. It was n't the sort of stuff that love stories are made of , to be honest . Coffee was next , and then it was time for the bill . How strapped are you for cash ? Jenny asked me . Can I lend you some at least until you pick up your wages tomorrow ? Er , I 'm not sure I 'll have enough for the tube fare to Liverpool Street , but the rest I can manage . I had to go back . I 'd spent too much of my life running away as it was . I arrived up in Camden Town and asked in the tube station for directions to the shelter. Somebody knew and I was soon outside the front door . I knocked . He looked up when I came in . How 's it going ? I asked . All right . You ? I started to feel drowsy . Does anyone mind if I go to bed ? I asked . No , go when you like , the tea provider said with a smile . I wished everyone goodnight and he led me upstairs into a small dormitory room . As promised , one of the project workers gave me an early shake and I had time enough for a coffee before I needed to set off to meet Jenny . The girl who woke me also made my drink . What sort of accommodation have you got in Harwich ? she asked , as we went off to sit down in the lounge . A little store room I call it my broom cupboard . It 's home , though . We finished our breakfast . Would you like some newspapers to read on your journey ? Jenny asked me as we got up to leave . That would be very nice . Thank you . She had decided that she wanted to go to London , take some A - levels up there , and then , she hoped , go on to university . Why not go to some evening classes around here ? I asked . I just think it 's about time I moved on , you know . London is different to me than it is to you . I laughed . How do you mean ? I asked . I think a part of me probably died when I took your job , though it may have been just the settling - down thing . Anyway , I wanted it all badly enough , did n't I ? I smiled . How 's the family ? I asked . They 're all fine . Still just the two kids . I smiled . When do your courses start ? I asked . September . That 's when I 'll be leaving here now . When positive news did come , it again seemed to arrive out of the blue . I was meeting Jenny for lunch . Ever thought of Colchester ? she asked me . How do you mean ? As somewhere to live . As somewhere to live . Er , not really , no. Why do you ask ? The Salvation Army are looking for someone to put in a training house they 've got there and A training house ! . If you do find something better , great , if not , stick around . Jenny was bursting to say something . What do you think , Dot ? she asked me . Could I see the place before I decide anything else ? Sure . Don't be silly ! she said . Make a day out of it . I was silent for a moment , then I asked : Is there a telephone somewhere ? I 'd like to give her a ring if I may ? The house was fine . We went to find a call - box . How do you feel about it ? Sharon asked me over a slightly crackly line . I 'd like to take it if I may . How do you all feel ? Vive la France ! That night was my last one in my broom cupboard . The following morning I worked as usual and then asked Kathleen if I could have a couple of days off . Of course . Give me a ring when everything 's sorted out . I borrowed some money from Katrina , packed my suitcases and my travelling bag , and took them off down to London . I checked everything in at the left - luggage office in Liverpool Street station , and then went off to make a couple of telephone calls . The first one was to the house in Colchester to ask if they 'd mind if I delayed my arrival by one more day . No problem , said Keith . What time do you want to come tomorrow ? My next call was to the company that had been holding some of my things in storage , just to warn them that I was coming round . When I got there , I found to no great surprise that very little had survived in any reasonable condition . Do you want us to get rid of it all for you ? the man asked . There are some personal bits and pieces that I 'd like to hang on to but you can chuck the rest , I should think . Yeah , sure . Sweet scent of success There are many personal reasons for choosing a rose and for me , scent is one of the most important . I asked Roger Pawsey of Cants , Mark Mattock , Gareth Fryer , Ken Grapes of the Royal National Rose Society and Robert Harkness , five of the country 's leading rose experts , to name their personal choice of the most highly scented hybrid teas and floribundas . Top of the poll came : Margaret Merril Strawberry taste on trial This month we 're starting a trial to discover the best - tasting strawberries . We 've asked Ken Muir , of the famous fruit nursery , to select eight varieties of strawberry for the test . He 's chosen Royal Sovereign , Tenira ( his own favourite ) , Elsanta , Cambridge Favourite , Honeoye , Korona , Bounty and a new variety , Pegasus . We 're looking for ten volunteers to take part , each of whom will be sent five plants of each of the eight varieties to grow . We 're looking for ten volunteers to take part , each of whom will be sent five plants of each of the eight varieties to grow . The plants will be despatched at the end of September , with full cultural instructions . We 'll ask the testers next summer which , in their opinion , are the best - flavoured . If you 'd like to take part , write to Richard Jackson , Morning Edition , BBC Radio 5 , Broadcasting House , London W1A 1AA , stating why you would like to participate . We 'll read out the names of the chosen testers on the programme on Saturday September 21 . The main bulb planting season is upon us once again . Shops and garden centres are fully stocked with row upon row of tempting treasures to add to our gardens . Spring - flowering bulbs are difficult for any kind of gardener to resist since , unless they are asked to grow in appalling soil conditions , success if usually guaranteed . As well as the more familiar tall - growing daffodils and tulips , there are many dwarf - growing bulbs to choose from . Their diminutive size makes them suitable for even the smallest , most overcrowded garden . Even on low ground , the risk of frost is certainly with us from September onwards , and preparations must be made to take in half - hardy plants . At Beechgrove we have a well - established standard fuchsia , Dollar Princess , with cerise sepals and a deep purple corolla , but Bill has done well in training a few new standards this summer and intends to give them early protection this year . A gentleman from Peebles called our phone - in to ask for help with whitefly on his fuchsias , and Carole was able to offer some advice . Not only must you spray regularly , but it 's a good idea to vary the brand of spray that you use ; the nasty wee beasties soon develop resistance if you use the same one over and over again , and that 's something worth taking the time to avoid . Burgeoning biennials The most common cause of serious accidents on wire launches is making a snap decision to turn off for a 360 turn without ensuring that there is enough speed . Even though the nose has been lowered well below the horizon , a glider takes time to regain speed , and any attempt to turn off immediately results in a potential stall and spin accident . The first question you ask yourself is can I get down straight ahead ? If the answer is no , then check the speed before starting to turn . Reacting too slowly and taking too long to make a decision can also be hazardous . At an unfamiliar site , talk to the locals and discuss the best course of action for launch failures . 5 Before you take off , ask yourself the following questions . Is the glider ready ? What about the weather conditions ? One slip may mean that the wingtip is dropped , causing some very expensive damage to the wing or the fuselage structure and fittings . It is rarely an impossibility to find a third person , and in gusty weather this must make sense . Think how often you see two people struggling to rig or de - rig because they are too embarrassed or independent to ask someone to help . In the early days of gliding , trestles were not considered essential as an aid to rigging ; I remember the very first ASW17 to arrive in the UK being rigged without them . Like most new machines , everything was a tight fit and by the time we had the glider rigged , we had worn out several people with the sheer weight of the wings . Cockpit checks There was a time when many gliding instructors scorned the use of a rigid drill , and taught their students instead to check everything logically by going round the cockpit from left to right . The disadvantage of this method is easily demonstrated by asking the students as they finish if they are sure that they have not forgotten something . They will then start all over again and go round the cockpit a second or even a third time . This can easily be avoided if a simple , systematic check is followed . The pilot released the cable but could not keep the glider straight , or stop in time to prevent the collision . The Nimbus was undamaged but the K8 had one wing severed at about half - span as well as other serious damage . Realising that the take - off would involve an element of risk , the Nimbus pilot had , in fact , refused to go at first , and had asked for the K8 to be moved . After it had been moved a short distance away , the pilot was persuaded that the situation was all right and he accepted this , rather than face being unpopular for causing further delay . The accident caused considerable consternation and it became clear , talking to the members present at the launch point , that many pilots did not really understand all the factors which caused the accident . In this position it will not leave the ground until a little more speed is gained . The control movements needed to achieve this vary according to the configuration of the undercarriage . Thus the pilots who are flying several different types of glider , or a glider which is unfamiliar to them , must ask themselves before each flight , Do I need the stick forward to lift the tail , or back a little to lift the nose ? With gliders which have a front wheel or main skid , a main wheel just behind the c.g . and a tail - wheel or skid like the K13 , Grob 103 , ASK21 , Puchazc , Schweitzer 233 and most of the older single seaters , it may be necessary to ease back a little during the take - off run to raise the front wheel or skid . A few seconds later as the aircraft gains more speed , it will need more forward movement to prevent it from unsticking with the tail - wheel or skid touching the ground , and climbing away too steeply . I remember an American pilot with about 200 hours , a twin - engine Commercial and full Instrument Rating who visited us some years ago. On his site check our instructor found he was severely affected by reduced g , although he had about 60 hours ' solo gliding . When he was asked to do a stall , he became panic - stricken as the glider stalled , and it was obviously unsafe to allow him to go solo . He stayed the week and was given lots of extra training , but he was still unsafe when he returned to the USA . Although it may not have been related , within a month he had crashed on a bad weather approach , killing himself and his friend . Instructors should test every student before allowing them to go solo to make quite sure that they are not seriously affected by reduced g . This does not mean pitching violently to get weightlessness or negative g . The student can be asked to pitch nose - down gently from level flight and from diving and climbing attitudes . Most pilots who are sensitive find themselves incapable of doing this exercise and their reactions are obvious . In such instances they would need more training until an unexpected sensation does not cause a bad reaction . With all forms of exercise , it 's important to start slowly and build up gently . Doing too much too quickly can be a strain on muscles and joints that are n't used to work . If you have any doubts on health grounds about taking up cycling , talk to your doctor and ask his advice . Choosing the right bike for you depends on what you want to use it for . But having gears does help to make life easier on the hills . The device may have to be removed by a small operation . Suppose I want a baby or want my IUD removed ? If you want a baby , ask your doctor to remove the IUD you must never try to remove it yourself . If you do not want a baby , but want your IUD removed , this is best done during a period , and you should immediately start using another method of contraception . If your IUD is removed between periods , you could get pregnant . They will want to be sure that you are prepared to give your time to care for the children , that you will provide for all their needs and take them out regularly , and that you really do like small children ! What will they want to know about my health ? You will probably be asked some questions about your health , and you will need to have a routine chest X - ray if you have n't had one lately . Is there anything else I will have to do ? You and also anyone else aged over 16 in your house will be asked to sign a statement about previous child care. You will probably be asked some questions about your health , and you will need to have a routine chest X - ray if you have n't had one lately . Is there anything else I will have to do ? You and also anyone else aged over 16 in your house will be asked to sign a statement about previous child care. How many children will be I allowed to mind ? Again , local authorities vary , but probably not more than 3 or 4 , including any under - 5 's of your own . There are several ways of doing this , but any method chosen must be used properly . No birth control method will work unless it is used regularly the one time you take a chance could be the time pregnancy occurs ! Different contraceptive methods suit different people at different times , so ask the advice of your family doctor or your family planning clinic . If necessary , try out one or more methods until you find the one that suits you and your partner best . You are far more likely to use a method regularly and properly if you feel it is the right one for you . Think of a pint of beer , or two glasses of wine , as the maximum for one day , rather than the minimum . Drink more than this and you run the risk of developing high blood pressure , which in turn can lead to heart attack or stroke . It 's a good idea to ask your doctor to check your blood pressure each visit . WALK AWAY FROM HEART DISEASE . A little exercise helps keep the heart strong . Turn them on their side and try not to leave them unattended in case they inhale vomit Ring for a doctor straightaway , or dial 999 and ask for an ambulance Collect any powders , tablets or anything you think may have been used to take the drug . During your pregnancy you will get to know the doctors , midwives and also the health visitor . They will be as concerned as you that you are healthy and happy during pregnancy , and that you should get the best out of the services they offer . So do n't hesitate to ask them about anything that may be worrying or puzzling you . Take advantage of the preparation for parenthood classes run in your area . The midwife or health visitor will be able to tell you about these . But guard against getting overtired on the one hand , and on the other against become sluggish from too little exercise . You can usually carry on with a sport you enjoy so long as you feel comfortable . But ask your doctor or midwife if you are unsure . Looking after yourself visiting the dentist . A visit to the dentist in the early months of pregnancy is a good idea . Often so much fuss is made of the mother - to - be that the father - to - be feels left out . Yet it 's important that he shares your pregnancy in every way he can . Visiting the doctor , attending parentcraft classes , asking questions , reading books and leaflets from the clinic are all things you can do together . Giving up smoking together too is much more likely to be successful than if you have to struggle alone . If you both want the father to be present at the birth , ask about arrangements for this at the hospital as early as you can . Visiting the doctor , attending parentcraft classes , asking questions , reading books and leaflets from the clinic are all things you can do together . Giving up smoking together too is much more likely to be successful than if you have to struggle alone . If you both want the father to be present at the birth , ask about arrangements for this at the hospital as early as you can . Sex in pregnancy . Usually it 's fine to go on making love during your pregnancy . Check hair carefully and regularly every time the hair is washed , for example . If you find lice , get treatment straight away . If you need more advice , ask your health visitor , school nurse or doctor . WHAT TO DO ABOUT GLUE - SNIFFING Advice for parents about glue - sniffing and the abuse of other solvents Make sure someone stays near so that if your child is sick , he or she can be prevented from inhaling vomit . When your child wakes up , be reassuring ; he or she is likely to be upset . If your child is unconscious dial 999 and ask for an ambulance . After the emergency , give your child the opportunity to talk about the incident and about any other worries he or she may have . If you need further help or information you can contact your doctor , health visitor or child 's school . You must tell your doctor if you 're allergic to certain antibiotics not penicillin , or to rabbits . If you are already pregnant you must not be given German Measles vaccine . But you can ask the staff at the antenatal clinic for the results of your Rubella blood test . If they tell you that you 're not immune , you should be vaccinated soon after your baby is born . After the birth , make sure you get your German Measles vaccination so you can be certain you 're protected for the future . All provide a leaflet telling you about the range of services on offer . Before choosing a GP , think about your needs and the services that a particular surgery offers . The sort of questions you might like to ask the receptionist are : Is a health visitor or nurse attached to the practice ? Is there a disabled access ? If a service or facility you would like is not available , ask about it . The practice might not know that a need exists and may be able to help . Making the most of your doctor Advice There are booklets , videos and audio tapes available in ethnic minority languages to advise you on particular health issues . You can ask the Health Promotion Unit of your local health authority address in phone book what material is available and how you can get it . Enquiries Your doctor or the local Family Health Services Authority can tell you about the services available . This will ensure that you are invited for screening as appropriate . Some may find it inconvenient to take the time off work to be screened . Your GP may be able to offer out - of - work - hours cervical screening and you should ask your employer about workplace screening or getting the necessary time off to have it done . Help and counselling about breast and cervical cancer are available from : FAMILY PLANNING See the local telephone book for the address and telephone of the nearest branch . The services provided by the NHS are there to be used . You are not wasting your doctor 's time by asking about something which worries you . Your doctor wants to help you . If you are concerned about the provision of any part of the health services in your area you can contact your local Community Health Council . It may be that you choose to obtain a mortgage , second mortgage or a loan from a bank . If you feel that you will be unable to take out a loan in this way or that it will cause you financial hardship , you can apply to the Social Services Department for help . They will ask you further information about your finances and/or your situation and may then in certain circumstances by able to offer you a loan . You should tell your Social Services Occupational Therapist that you wish to apply to Social Services for financial help as soon as you know to prevent delay . Remember if you are on an income related benefit it is likely that you will receive a grant for all the reasonable costs . CONTACT DIALABILITY FOR FURTHER INFORMATION . Many companies allow you to try equipment and will demonstrate equipment to you in your own home . It is advisable to ask if this service is available and to TRY FIRST whenever you can . The Social Services department has a variety of equipment which can be on free loan to you if you are assessed to need it . CONTACT YOUR LOCAL OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST . To a unit of executive power , any analysis of how that power is maintained and used must be uncomfortable ; while the insider had no means of retreating across some geographic boundary or vanishing like the traditional anthropologist , back into academia . The researcher who is really at home as one of the natives must seek inside himself to create his remote areas ( E. Ardener 1987 ) . He must , as Ardener demonstrates , seek to sow semantic grain and grow theoretical crystals which he may well appreciate no one is asking for . His ethnographic boundaries cannot be described as being geographically to the north of anywhere , for they are around him and within . The insider who studies his own society is really the anthropologist at home and he cannot move away . Statistically these deaths largely occur as a result of the inhalation of vomit and alcoholic poisoning , and it therefore seems somewhat bizarre for the police to be in charge of those suffering in such a way . More often than not the victims have serious medical problems , show a long history of social inadequacy , or are clearly suffering from mental illness . At the 1987 annual ACPO conference , chief officers complained they were still having to deal with this illness and asked why do people still need to die in cells from inhalation of vomit ? In Chapter 3 I will describe in detail the culture created to deal with these street - visible offenders in a cell - block situation , but suggest the inertia surrounding the whole problem is more easily understood when we consider the social history of such illness ( Foucault 1967 ) , and see how the executive has always allocated the control of such drunken dossers to the police . As social dirt they become an affront to purity and possess the danger of the contagious and impure ( Douglas 1966 ) , requiring their removal from the public vision . As a working detective , it would take six months of living with a mate to trust him and know that when it came to the Crown Court appearance he would know exactly what to say . ( From fieldnotes . ) This distrust of the social scientist is so deeply ingrained that when I was reading anthropology as an undergraduate and I was asked by my colleagues what subject I was reading , I knew that I would have to prevaricate or face problems . Usually I was challenged as to why I was not reading law , which was always quoted as the proper subject for a police officer . I eventually described the discipline of anthropology to certain colleagues as the study of old bones , prehistory , and human evolution you know ; David Attenborough and all that . I had applied to continue full - time research following my degree course , but this had been turned down by my chief officers ; however , I had been told that assistance for part - time study would almost certainly be approved in view of the national policy of encouraging officers to extend their educational qualifications . I then found my application for financial assistance for part - time study had been rejected because anthropology is not on the approved list of subjects ( in the Circular ) ( Memo from HQ 1977 ) . Eventually I was able to convince my senior officers that anthropology was one of the social sciences , perhaps only because I somewhat sardonically returned a memo which asked why , if anthropology is not approved , have I just been allowed to read the subject on a Bramshill Scholarship , on full pay and allowances ? Just over a year later , at a Career Appraisal Interview with the chief constable , I was asked : tell me , how did you find the law course at the polytechnic ? I pointed out that I had not been to the polytechnic , but had been to Durham University on a scholarship only the second the force had been awarded . Just over a year later , at a Career Appraisal Interview with the chief constable , I was asked : tell me , how did you find the law course at the polytechnic ? I pointed out that I had not been to the polytechnic , but had been to Durham University on a scholarship only the second the force had been awarded . I was then asked : what 's the difference between a law course at polytechnic and at the university ? This assumption that policemen study law becomes axiomatic . As Smith ( ibid . ) indicates , the cost of one scholarship ( when he was writing in 1978 ) was about 30,000 and by the late 1980s this had risen to well over 100,000 . It would , of course , have revealed some aspects of the variable world of police culture to the outside and this was unacceptable . Another writer on the police met similar problems when he wished to write and publish . I had discussed the problems of insider analysis with him at a 1988 Police Conference , where he described how , on return to his force after his undergraduate degree , he had asked for permission to publish research material . His request was refused in a written memo from HQ , but no reason was given . Unwilling to accept this constraint , he went on to ask why not ? ( again in written report ) and was informed reasons were never given ; the official line was simply to refuse all such requests . The creation of this order at the time a new Official Secrets Bill was being pushed through Parliament by an increasingly interventionist government is significant , and the idea of a senior officer 's having first read of any essay to maintain the integrity of the institution manifests the importance of the legalized surveillance of allegedly dangerous material and enhances the separation of the world of control from that academic enquiry ; although its implementation is only randomly applied . Just as Sgt Wilson 's thesis was channelled to me because I was known to be interested in research , so many police research departments now get allocated the task of reading the essays submitted by sergeants and inspectors for NEBS or DMS qualifications . In 1988 a visiting colleague from the Royal Ulster Constabulary asked if it was part of my role in Systems Development Department to comment on such essays . He told of his own difficulties in finding time to read all the variable essays submitted and knew of many that were never sent in at all . For although Force Orders inevitably direct that such material will be submitted for assessment , it is typical that in a task - orientated institution which gives low priority or credence to the academic tome , the systems to ensure submission of the essays , or the ability to make much use of any useful ideas they contain , often remains sketchy . Silence continues to sustain the hegemony , and social change only occurs when irresistible and more powerful forces are brought to bear from outside ( see Adams 1988 ) . Furthermore , such pressures are limited , thus creating a situation where there has been hardly any research on the police compared with the large output of critical scholarship on industry , commerce , the civil service , the health service and education what little direct research there has been on the police has scarcely begun to ask such fundamental questions as what is the police force and what is it doing . This point ( Wojtas 1982 ) occurs in a description of a new research centre for Police Studies at Strathclyde University , which is to ask whether anyone is doing research on the police , what degree of co - operation they have met and to encourage research by the police themselves . Once again , however , defensiveness won the day and when the Strathclyde Centre circulated forces asking them to co - operate in the venture , a decision was taken to withhold co - operation and a circular went round to this effect , suggesting the existing Home Office funded PRSU ( Police Research Services Unit ) and the Home Office Research and Planning Unit were adequate for the needs of the service . Furthermore , such pressures are limited , thus creating a situation where there has been hardly any research on the police compared with the large output of critical scholarship on industry , commerce , the civil service , the health service and education what little direct research there has been on the police has scarcely begun to ask such fundamental questions as what is the police force and what is it doing . This point ( Wojtas 1982 ) occurs in a description of a new research centre for Police Studies at Strathclyde University , which is to ask whether anyone is doing research on the police , what degree of co - operation they have met and to encourage research by the police themselves . Once again , however , defensiveness won the day and when the Strathclyde Centre circulated forces asking them to co - operate in the venture , a decision was taken to withhold co - operation and a circular went round to this effect , suggesting the existing Home Office funded PRSU ( Police Research Services Unit ) and the Home Office Research and Planning Unit were adequate for the needs of the service . This latter unit ( formerly the HO Research Unit ) does provide some research material for those who seek it out and its bulletin is a reference source to recent government funded research , which is largely concerned with operational systems and the tools of policing . to my senior command and in 1986 I informed my chief officers of the acceptance of my Ph.D . thesis , in accordance with the directive laid down by Force Orders . No one , of course , has asked to read it , for if my argument is correct the service has no need of any reminder of how the ideology works or how to implement the paradigms which support their cultural norms . Nor do they need their daily practice to be exposed to the analytic eye of anthropological thick description , for in their task - driven world there is little to be gained by reflecting on what they already live and understand . Any need to analyse the ways in which the multi - variant police world forms a coherent and self - sustaining whole is material for the social scientist and not the practitioners , for they already live the system as a matter of course . The result is that the war against crime fought by detectives becomes a symbolic re - enactment of conflicts in the economic world at large , between those who have material property and power and those who labour and are dispossessed . Whether there is any social morality or justice in such a system is not a matter which the detectives are given to question ; nor do they spend much time in reflecting on why some dubious property acquisition is outside their terms of reference , or what the relationship is of such practices to the maintenance of position and power . In the main , they are instilled with the pragmatic games of pursuit they play with the local petty thief ; and if asked to consider the wider nature of their role , they tend to fall back on protestations of political neutrality . This is another skewed reality , of course , for in their pursuit of the prig they are merely following a version of justice which depends on blind acquiescence to establishment values of honesty . Leach ( 1977 ) has shown the ephemerality which lies in any attempt to classify deviance on a global scale ; for what is criminal in one society or at one point in time is relative to that time and place and to who holds the discourse on power . Jay was delighted with the compliment and intrigued to see inside Lucy 's flat . Oh horseshit , Jay ! When Lucy asked her , her fantasy took a careful half - step forwards . Dinner was not lunch , and an evening was the prelude to night . Thank you , she said , I 'd love to . They moved to relative privacy . So it 's your birthday tomorrow , said Lucy . Jay had asked her over to show her off to her four oldest friends . Yeah , said Jay . One year nearer the big four O. But L. knows nothing of this . By five I am sober and handle the meeting with a superb professionalism borrowed from Mildred Pierce and Mommie Dearest . She has n't a clue and asks me out for a drink . We chat , and I mentally award myself thirteen Oscars . She relaxes . I 've waited long enough for love , for her . Does she mean days weeks months years ? Not the time to ask . I wo n't stop asking you , I say , and she looks guarded , pleased , looks like she 's trying not to show anything . Home alone to the immaculate discipline of writing sonnets . You always get hurt . Jamie said : Christ , dear ! I 'm celibate , do n't ask me ! I 've probably got AIDS anyway , and I 'm hopelessly jealous . The doctors will tell me if I get ill . The way civilisations had to make their mark , just in case they might disappear without trace . Lucy bit . Jay realised she was flattered at being asked , realised that Lucy thought of her as somehow daringly on the wrong and the right side of the track all at the same time . And the exhibition would be important , she told herself , when a flow of desire swept her away at the thought of being with Lucy , time allotted to their togetherness . You 've got it bad , said Francis . The atmosphere had held a certain smoky glow , he had fragmented it . So sure of himself , so sure of Lucy . What 's he doing these days ? asked Jay . Not that she gave a damn , but Lucy 's mind was obviously on him. Portraits , said Lucy briefly . Honey , do n't let me commence ! As Saint Truman Capote says do you know that story ? One of his marvellous women , when anyone asks her anything about herself , she just rolls out that line Honey , do n't let me commence ! It says it all . How convenient . Mm , she said , wordless at how she could n't spit out that furious NO ! At Art College , she 'd had a friend whose catch phrase when asked for a date , was : How about next July , I seem to have a Wednesday free . Oh , to be flip , oh not to care ! For that evening Yah ! three lousy hours ! she laid in white wine and gin . Some day my stink will come ! Yo ! said Jay . And do n't ask me yet . Marina , what about you ? I 'm still some sort of bird , said Marina . To conclude this section it is necessary to point out a few things about the squad training sessions . Firstly , karateka are not allowed to bring their own coaches with them to training sessions because experience has shown that the presence of other coaches breaks up the training atmosphere , and causes people to separate to far corners instead of remaining together . The second point is that you may be asked to take a drug test at any squad session . If you refuse , you will be treated as though you had failed the test , and you will face a lifetime ban . Thirdly , the coach is in the business of picking winners , not his friends , so if you have n't been selected , you have to admit to yourself that perhaps you did n't deserve to be . Saying what ? I would have brought a copy away but they wanted them all . They ask the Duke to do away with the Act , because it will turn the Atholl Highlanders into slaves , and if he will not , they will fight to the last drop of their blood . With targe and claymore ? and a roar and a rush downhill ? Cameron 's voice dried up their excitement like a dose of paregoric . It would be peaceful there . But the Act threatened his people too James looked at his back for a full minute , then asked , Are you wishing it was like that here fires on the hill ? Well , it is not , Cameron said without turning . But it could be ? Young Angus thought , You were a coward no you were not what else could you have done ? He grew up that day , and never again saw his father as a being who could do anything and was never at a loss . His mother looked nervously at them as they came in long after dark she was obdurately against the recalling of the bad old times and she would neither ask them what they had seen nor let them tell her . It had been his first and only history lesson , and throughout their hungry and needy years in Bunarkaig he never lost the sense that they lived under threat , that government was pitiless , and that some day they would have to fight again for the right to live at peace in their own place . He surfaced from his thoughts and turned back to the room . On the boulder that lay against the rough stone stump of the Cross two men were standing , waving torn papers and conducting the crowd in a chorus of jeers . Cameron caught sight of young McCulloch from Weem , standing beside Jean Bruce with his arm round her waist . He shouldered towards them and asked , What is going on ? Donald McCulloch was jubilant . Oh , three of the Duke 's boobies from Blair Castle came riding up with bits of paper some rubbish about the Act . But now he wants our young men , so he is gracious . They want six thousand , he paused , not more , a mere six thousand . They are to serve as long as the war lasts , and a month on top of that , they are to serve in Scotland only someone cheered or so it says , and you can ask Widow McCulloch , or Widow McGregor , if they have heard that anywhere before . The parish schoolmasters are to make up the lists , and I am sure they will oblige . Every man from nineteen to twenty - three is liable , except for married men with two or more children , and sailors , and apprentices whoever heard of apprentices as old as that ? he jeered , and the crowd jeered with him. Come on , man the folk are ripe and ready . I would wait a day or two , Cameron answered reluctantly . But they will not ask me . They did ask him , however , and they came in hundreds for the purpose . He felt he had scarcely fallen asleep , he was dreaming of a black river , with no banks , yet there was something there , a source of light that he wanted to reach , which he could not reach against the cold drive of the current I would wait a day or two , Cameron answered reluctantly . But they will not ask me . They did ask him , however , and they came in hundreds for the purpose . He felt he had scarcely fallen asleep , he was dreaming of a black river , with no banks , yet there was something there , a source of light that he wanted to reach , which he could not reach against the cold drive of the current He woke in a sweat voices a dog barking . He woke in a sweat voices a dog barking . Someone entered the room and he recognized Allan Stewart 's voice . There is a crowd here , asking for you . What time is it ? Not sunrise yet . Count us . He paused again . Now , we are asking you he stressed the word with some irony we are asking you to join with us in a petition to the government for relief from the Act . What do you say ? The laird had been studying Cameron with unwavering attention . We , the country people of Tayside in Perth , living between Fortingall in the west , Foss on Tummel in the north , and Logierait in the east , do solemnly petition your Worship to exempt us from the Militia Act passed in July this year , 1797 , for it would submit us to hardship and bondage , which we believe to be no duty of ours . He paused , and this was taken as a signal for a round of cheers and shouts . Is that enough ? he asked the front ranks of the crowd . Go on make him sign , a young man shouted back and Cameron recognized young McCulloch from Weem . Robertson had caught up with the words and passed the manuscript , still wet , to the laird . There is only one way to decide , he said , and jumped up on the table , making Robertson flinch . Here is the issue , he shouted out . Do we ask Sir John to restrain the soldiers which he cannot do or do we bind him not to pursue or hound us for this action ? If you are for the latter , shout out Aye . What do you say ? At two of the gates on the roads up to thy houses dogs had been stationed , chained to posts newly hammered in . The animals barked themselves hoarse as the little party tramped past and they were amused to see men watching them , one from behind a ruined byre , another behind a thick tree - trunk . What can the lairds be frightened of ? asked Menzies innocently . He waved and the man dodged further behind the tree . Once they are frightened of their own servants , then we will know we are doing well , said Cameron . Mary McCulloch and big Mary went straight along to the Duke 's house with their loads of food and as they went in the Duke came out , dressed in a long plaid of turquoise blue , and had a quick low word with them . Now what is going on ? James Menzies asked the others . I have seen livelier funerals . But the Duke was coming over with his usual smile , broad and toothless , mantled with crazy mirth . Is that so , now ? At least our ministers wear trousers though you would wonder , if Bisset is frightened to come here among the desperate sinners of Grandtully . Have you tried at another manse ? asked Cameron . It is not worth shoe - leather . After this past week they will all be thinking the same . To me ? The Duke leered more than ever . Well Donald asked me to ask you would you do the honours ? Ach , come on , man , what does he mean ? Just that . Over at the manse the Reverend William McIvor , in a drab overcoat , let himself out by the back door and rode off to the north - east by a back path through the woods near Taymouth Castle , keeping his grey garron on a tight rein and stepping slowly so that the hoof - beats were nearly soundless . Hemmed in by bicks and shoulders , besieged by people wanting to shake his hand , put questions , or merely to remind him of past meetings , Cameron was struggling to respond and make each person feel attended to.He still felt naked and drained after the speech , yet now was the time to be weaving more individuals firmly into thy spreading fabric . We only have the year 's agreement on our place will the laird turn us out if Kenneth signs the paper ? a nervous yellow - haired woman was asking him. Her face was only a foot from his . Who is the owner ? he started to ask . James Menzies my partner . Kenneth Byers . Is that in business , now , or in politics ? asked Byers . Business ! What do you take me for ? Sit down will you take a dram ? They all , except Ella , took a pull at a stone bottle of fierce whisky . How is wee Alex ? asked Cameron . Is he five yet ? Five past Easter . I heard there were great crowds about . What 's next , then ? Cameron did not want to be asked this . Byers was offering him the bottle . He drank and let the burn of the whisky pass slowly down his gullet . Menzies tried to intervene . Surely , then , Kenneth , this great grudge of theirs will bring them out against the enlistment ? Byers turned on him as Ella came through to ask them to hush their voices . For a moment he looked from Menzies to Cameron and back again , then he nodded his head towards the doorway . Once they were outside , he pointed across the level land towards the loch . Should she mention it now ? She let him kiss her , his tongue on hers , and then she eased him on across the field , her arm curved closely round his waist . Who lived here , Don ? she asked him. They parted a way through the tough bracken that choked the enclosure and their feet found the path to the front door . Old Donald 's uncle Murdo was here for a while . Come on , let us load and prime the fowling guns . Why , Allan ? Cameron asked soberly . To keep them off to defend ourselves ! His blue eyes had fired up with excitement . More bangs from the rear of the house , the door through to the kitchen slammed back against the wall , the room filled with soldiers , and in the wrecked doorway a tall , slim officer was making a small ceremony of ushering in a man with long grey hair and a black coat . Sheriff Chalmers , said the officer in a clear London voice , your men , I believe . Angus Cameron ? asked the sheriff . He took a folded document from his pocket and looked at it . Is this James Menzies ? James Menzies ? , They looked derisive . Haff you heard at aal apout a maan caald Menzies ? one asked the other in a broad parody of the Gaelic accent . Ach , they 're all called Menzies in here , his friend replied . Aye , that 's it , said the other. I will never name any associate any friend or fellow of mine . We are not asking for names , Mr Cameron . Did I ask for names ? General evidence of the activities of that society would be quite sufficient for the time being . Pause . The sky never seemed to wake up and about the middle of the day it darkened . More flakes sifted down like meal , sifted and sifted , drifting in at the embrasure and lying on the flagstones , unmelting . When Jamie came in with the food at gloaming , Cameron asked him for another blanket . Naaa , Jamie said on a coyly taunting note , naaa , I winna . He went out , slamming the door . They had not. To save six thousand men , that was goal enough ? But they had merely asked for it petitioned begged like humble servants if your Grace would graciously grant How to exact this favour , that was what had never been thrashed out ( except for some loose talk of getting weapons from castle armouries ) . He and James should have broached it early on , devised sanctions ( the withholding of rents ; the blocking of highways and sieging of the big houses ) , called for practical suggestions from among the crowds all that tradesmen 's and farmers ' skill and nous and energy , coalesced for a moment into a great ball of force , then left to collapse under its own weight , to crumble again into its thousands of separated grains Let it carry him along for a bit longer . Where was James ? He would ask Jamie in the evening . But Jamie was replaced that night by a tall , white - faced man who said nothing when he handed in the plate of food . When Cameron spoke to him , he pointed to his ears and shook his head . These were now more eagerly undertaken , and soon completed ; thanks not least to the good offices of his very able assistant , Kelley Lynch , and his unofficial archivist , Robert Bower . A few days later , after we had established ourselves in Montreal , we called him. Mr Cohen ? we asked in response to the Hello at the other end of the telephone . Yes came the unmistakable , deep - voiced reply . We reintroduced ourselves . His home was ever open , a centre of wisdom and influence for decades ; admired even by cabinet ministers from Britain . Among many high - level tasks , he drafted an Appeal to the League of Nations on minority rights , and made many approaches to various government authorities through a wide range of memoranda , petitions and similar appeals . He was asked to stand for parliament , but declined , having no particular relish for party - politics ; he was too large - hearted a man for that . For all his organisational and business efficiency , he was a man of immense personal charm and dignity : Well - dressed , aristocratic , calm , and with a ready and reassuring smile , it was said . Moreover he was a man of great devotion , who upheld the high ideals of the synagogue 's pulpit , the beauty of its services , as well as the splendour of the building itself . And thou shalt write them upon the door - posts of thy house , and upon thy gates In so doing , from his earliest possible moments , Leonard Cohen became a witness in testifying to the unity of God ( his oneness ) and his creation . His deeper and more influential education was thereby commenced , based on the key concept of oneness , which would be intensified by the traditional recitations and questionings the eldest son asks of his father at Passover and the other festivals , and by his presence from an early age in the synagogue . ( The Cohens ' place was very prominent there , in deference to their priestly status and local influence . ) Here he was allowed to take part in the processions , kiss the mantle girding the Torah scrolls ; and sip the wine of sanctification ( the Kiddish ) on Friday evenings . So these beginning years focused on reality the underbelly of creation as well as its brightness which was of immense importance to the making of the man and his mind . In them opposing forces sought to violate his commitment : the physical versus the spiritual ; the free versus the regimented ; the religious versus the secular ; and so on . He repeatedly found himself asking the question Who ? and What ? was he ? Believer or agnostic ? Saint or Sinner ? He prized too highly the Judaic emphasis of the wholeness of man 's nature oneness his enjoyment of the gift of sexuality ; and he criticised at least e silencio the false views that dichotomised and castrated man. We should not forget that it was not that long since Samuel Butler had published ( in 1878 ) his famous poem A Psalm Of Montreal which was evoked by finding that Canadian philistinism , had removed a Greek statue of Discobolus to a side - room in the Natural History Museum , presently used by a taxidermist , because of its vulgarity . On being asked what constituted such vulgarity , it was explained that it was because it had neither vest nor pants to cover his lower limbs ! Lazarus Cohen would have laughed at that ; Butler simply vented his spleen psalmically , whose chorus was , starkly , O God ! O Montreal ! Here he could live in virtually complete seclusion , at a fraction of the cost it would take in northern Europe or Canada ; where the people were unconcerned as to who you were or what you did ; and where breathtaking vistas opened up for the seeing both external and internal . Here Leonard discovered the Greek way of life its alternating rhythms of work and leisure , both on the seasonal and the daily basis , which are so conducive to creative thought and achievement . Here he was able to stand back from the onrush of western man and ask himself the real questions of life and meaning ; get his young life , full and successful as it had been , into perspective . Here he began to crystallise the wisdom of some of his best poetry , writing and songs ; for it was here that he was reborn , where he truly began to find himself ; where , not least , the music of Greece entered his soul , evoking earlier memories and melodies , combining with them to suggest a new style , a new mystique . ( Filled with wonder at the sound of the bazouki , as Jacques Vassal commented ; also emphasising Leonard 's appreciation of Theodorakis 's then emerging art . ) Sometimes she ran through the rare rain or to feel the wind on her face . It was a just over a week since she had first set foot on the Dorset coast path . Each night she spoke to a waiter to order a meal ; each morning she asked for boiled rather than scrambled eggs for breakfast . Otherwise she could not remember when she had last spoken to anyone . There was only the sun , the seaweed , the feel of pebbles , sand or shingle under her feet and a night asleep in a hotel room . I never imagined this would happen . To sit like this with such a beautiful woman . What more could any man ask ? I do n't know . People with clothes on strolled by . They were sitting on opposite sides of the small hollow . She gazing at the sea , he at her . Would you sit closer ? he asked , smoothing the sand . We could talk better . That 's all right . Possibly he also washed his face , she did not know , never having asked him. Until bedtime , no further kiss would be offered in which , had it been , she might , or might not , have detected the scent of soap . How about your day ? she asked , over dinner . Trouble with the trains again . All very well them claiming these improvements to commuter lines . A famous passage of art criticism can be cited as one example entirely beyond dispute . The author spent much of his life as a bachelor Fellow of Brasenose College Oxford ; his cloistered life was devoted to writing , notably on classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance . Walter Pater was a master of atmosphere ; he had been inspired as a young man by Ruskin , and his idealism about art and his fine prose were in turn much admired by a younger generation of aesthetes , among whom Oscar Wilde was a prominent figure . One of Pater 's subjects for a perceptive essay was Leonardo da Vinci ; it gave special prominence to the painting now generally known as the Mona Lisa . The following critical passage comes from this piece , first published in the Fortnightly Review in 1869 , and then in 1873 in Pater 's book , Studies in the History of the Renaissance . They are capable of assessing modern art in its own terms , partly from experience gained through judging work of other periods within quite different terms . Meyer Schapiro , who had a specialist concern with Romanesque art , was an open - minded historian of this sort . He wrote enthusiastically about the later work of Arshile Gorky : Gorky 's atmosphere , veiling the hard opaque wall of the canvas , evokes a nocturnal void or the vague , unstable image - space of the day - dreaming mind . And he remembered the painter : I used to meet him most often in the museums and galleries fixed in rapt contemplation of pictures with that grave , searching look which was one of the beauties of his face . For example , this is how he evoked Seurat 's scene of the Parisian suburban resort known as La Grande Jatte . Beneath a sultry sky , at four o'clock , the island , boats slipping past its flank , stirring with a casual Sunday crowd enjoying the fresh air among the trees ; and these forty or so figures are endowed with a succinct , hieratic line The atmosphere is transparent and uncommonly vibrant ; the surface seems to flicker or glimmer . Fnon , like other excellent critics , was a valued friend of artists , and so he remained all his life even though he gave up writing criticism after a decade of working on the Revue blanche from 1893 to 1903 . He accepted a position in a dealer 's gallery , where Matisse was among the artists who benefited from his judgement . Theatre invites you to give your full attention to what is happening on stage the theatrical experience is a very concentrated one and you as a member of the audience are vitally connected to what is going on . As part of the audience you are as much a part of the entertainment as the performance itself , and this is something that dramatists are aware of and have always written for . Sometimes you will be directly addressed by the characters this is something which happened a great deal in Greek and Elizabethan theatre ( for example , look at the speech by Chorus in Act 4 , scene 1 of Henry V , which draws the audience into the atmosphere before a battle enormously effectively ) . It is also used as a dramatic device by many contemporary playwrights . The film is a very distinct dramatic medium . The heart of England trip . Get in touch with the true essence of England , what it is to be English . Let the village atmosphere seep into your pores . See if you can make contact with it , this magical thing called Englishness . I wanted to see if I could experience it . Since 1980 professional training courses have proliferated and many can be found in and around London . All of them take the working actors ' problems into account and attempt to create classes which can make free hours both disciplined and profitable . The Actors ' Centre in Covent Garden has functioned since 1980 , and offers a variety of professional classes in a relaxed atmosphere . It also caters for those who want more intensive sessions . For movement and dance , the Pineapple Studios in the same part of town seems to be one of the best there is , though it is not intended primarily for dancers and actors people from all sorts of professions come along to keep fit . Perhaps directors in particular need to realise how much their vitality means to the continuing performance that it is n't enough to be left up on a stage merely doing it night after night . A.R. Is that something that you feel may come from the hothouse atmosphere of drama school in the first place ? P.R. Maybe it does . In fact , whereas the parallel protestant movement of evangelical revival was for all people , and the issue tended to be decisive , catholic spirituality diverged on both points . The principal one was that conversion and growth were particularly directed at the clerical - religious lite , where the annual retreat system formed the annual or biennial centre of the individual spiritual life . The retreat consisted , and still does , of anything from five to thirty days of spiritual exercises , usually in an atmosphere of silence and contemplation apart from listening to the preacher when there is one , but with additional features of both vocal and silent prayer . The laity had a pale reflection of this programme in the parish mission , designed to convert the laity or at least bring them back to regular church practices . Morality was for the laity , whose life was dominated by the battle against mortal sin , and who therefore lived under the threat of hell and were always at risk . Better never enter a church , he wrote , than enter in a spirit of false awe . Churches and art galleries , he wrote . That funereal atmosphere . False awe in the face of death , he wrote . No one knowing how to react , all speaking in low tones with solemn faces . The pressure to remodel old pubs is of course nothing new . The Victorian and Edwardian eras witnessed many wholesale rebuildings of modest Georgian drinking - houses ; during the Interwar period even more money was pumped into enlarging and rebuilding old pubs , as well as in creating large new ones ( see Alan Powers ' essay below ) . However , alterations were more often than not effected with some degree of sympathy for the existing fabric and atmosphere . With the advent of postwar Modernism much of this sympathy evaporated . The ascetic modernists ' rejection of history in order to create a visionary brave New World was clearly incompatible with the historic pub . The ascetic modernists ' rejection of history in order to create a visionary brave New World was clearly incompatible with the historic pub . This attitude was amply revealed in the results of the competition ( Inside the Pub ) launched jointly by The Architectural Review and The Brewers ' Society in 1949 . In October of that year the AR regretted that nearly all competition entries had evaded the key problem and had signally failed to achieve the genuine pub atmosphere . Contemporary design , the magazine 's editor regretted , because it has no roots in the vernacular idiom will not appear immediately familiar , whilst the mock - Tudor and the mock - Georgian styles which have been so prevalent no matter how misguided in themselves have sprung from a genuine attempt to preserve a traditional atmosphere . As pub designer Tim May noted in his address to CAMRA 's AGM of 1990 : By any objective standards , the competition was a disaster . This attitude was amply revealed in the results of the competition ( Inside the Pub ) launched jointly by The Architectural Review and The Brewers ' Society in 1949 . In October of that year the AR regretted that nearly all competition entries had evaded the key problem and had signally failed to achieve the genuine pub atmosphere . Contemporary design , the magazine 's editor regretted , because it has no roots in the vernacular idiom will not appear immediately familiar , whilst the mock - Tudor and the mock - Georgian styles which have been so prevalent no matter how misguided in themselves have sprung from a genuine attempt to preserve a traditional atmosphere . As pub designer Tim May noted in his address to CAMRA 's AGM of 1990 : By any objective standards , the competition was a disaster . The response of the 1960s and 70s to this failure to capture the essence of the traditional pub was the ruthlessly - applied corporate image and the proliferation of fun theme - pubs . A pub , like any other old building , is far more than just its principle facade , or its four walls . As Neil Richardson noted in 1980 , An old town pub is not just an attractive Victorian or Georgian facade , it is a building which is still being used for the purpose for which it was built . The design of interiors are as valid today as they were in earlier times the vaults , snugs , parlours , each with their own character , can still provide a pleasant , varied atmosphere . However , to public and professionals alike many old buildings are still regarded as representing little more than four external walls . This even applies to listed buildings : there is still a worryingly widespread general belief that listing only covers the facade , or perhaps just the exterior , whereas it is of course expressly designed to protect the whole building . This is especially true of those pubs now targeted by the breweries as centres for family eating . A traditional interior does not have to be incompatible with accommodating whole families , nor with providing meals ; yet an increasing number of old pub interiors are being sacrificed on the altar of the identikit eating house whether the brewer 's concept be a downmarket steakhouse or part of a family restaurant chain masquerading as an independent local concern . Many of the interiors created by the designers of such facilities are as forbidding as the old - fashioned spit - and - sawdust pub ; any lingering atmosphere is swept away in a barrage of stained wood and fake Victoriana , and any casual visitors made to feel inordinately guilty if they do not , alas , wish to eat . The subjugation of individual character in such cases which on occasion even involves the removal of all traces of the pub 's actual name is particularly depressing . The aim of this report is not to demand that brewers turn the block back to 1620 , 1720 , 1820 or even to 1920 ; pubs have to make money , and have to adapt to some extent to changing needs and expectations . Much needs to be done . The multi - roomed and historically - eclectic pub needs to be protected against the ravages of the all - over designer look . As has been frequently pointed out , it is no use providing excellent beer or food if the pub in question has lost all of its charm and atmosphere ; and surely a multi - roomed pub , with a number of differing environments , is the best way to serve what is after all always a very diverse and unstandardised community . In 1976 the Lord Chief Justice , dismissing Bass Charrington 's appeal against a proposal to open up the interior at the Romans Hotel in Southwick , Sussex , declared that it might be undesirable in the public interest to see more public bars disappearing and more mergers of public and saloon bars of the kind in question here In addition , far better liaison needs to be established between the breweries and local authority Conservation and Planning Officers , English Heritage , the National Amenity Societies , local civic bodies and , of course , pub landlords and their clientele over planned pub refurbishments . The Birmingham International Film and Television Festival enters its seventh year in 1991 acknowledged as an event of national and international importance . The Festival also plays a role in the artistic renaissance of Birmingham , a profile confirmed by the continuing success of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra , under its Artistic Director , Simon Rattle , the recent move of both the Birmingham Royal Ballet ( formerly Sadler 's Wells Royal Ballet ) and the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company to Birmingham , the newly launched Towards The Millennium annual arts Festival and the Arts Council of Great Britain 's invitation to Birmingham to launch Arts 2000 , as the UK City of Music in 1992 . The film and television industries are important ingredients of the city 's culture and the Festival reflects this life - style in its informal atmosphere , giving endless pleasure to the many cinema goers from the city and to the numerous professionals who visit the city for the Festival . I wish the Festival success for 1991 . COUNCILLOR BRYAN BIRD Chairman , Leisure Services Committee At the first hotel I worked in , I had shared an office , with one other cleaner a taciturn alcoholic who taught me how to keep my head down but in my new job , there were five of us who shared the same poky little room . Consequently , first thing in the morning when we were all trying to get ready , we constantly got in each other 's way . The atmosphere was , however , cordial , if not convivial , and the talk was of what grandchildren were up to or what Dr So - and - so said about this or that particular problem . Shortly after I arrived , there arose a new topic for conversation . There had been a rash of petty thefts in the hotel and we were all warned to be vigilant . We ended up trading memories of Paris in the fifties and England before the war . The young man who made the tea sat with us , occasionally contributing to the conversation . The atmosphere was warm and peaceful . More people arrived : more experiences were shared . Stories of a bitter world , told without bitterness or self - pity . How is everyone , in spite of things ? Oh , fine . The atmosphere 's a bit tense , understandably listen , what can I do for you ? I need some ideas , Charles . I have a young friend in her early twenties who wants to do some A - levels at a reasonable nightschool in London . Nice to meet you , Jay . He loped upstairs . The atmosphere had held a certain smoky glow , he had fragmented it . So sure of himself , so sure of Lucy . What 's he doing these days ? asked Jay . You are expected to take adequate steps to protect yourself . In this example , the opponent has thrown himself forwards , with no thought of a face guard It goes almost without saying that karate competitions must be held in an atmosphere of respect , for the self , for the opponent and for the members of the refereeing panel . Where this is missing , the penalties can be severe in the extreme . Not only must the contestants behave , but their team - mates are also obliged to conduct themselves properly , even when not fighting . Training To conclude this section it is necessary to point out a few things about the squad training sessions . Firstly , karateka are not allowed to bring their own coaches with them to training sessions because experience has shown that the presence of other coaches breaks up the training atmosphere , and causes people to separate to far corners instead of remaining together . The second point is that you may be asked to take a drug test at any squad session . If you refuse , you will be treated as though you had failed the test , and you will face a lifetime ban . He went out and Robertson heard the hooves of his garron clopping on the road . He got up and dressed as though in a trance , and set off for the Castle with the hangdog look of a condemned man. In the smithy house at Dull , Jean Bruce hail lain silently under the covers until her four little sisters and brothers had stopped fidgeting in the oppressive atmosphere and her parents had started to snore . When she heard the shrill call , like an owl but human , she slipped out and joined her lover in the little barn beside the byre . She and Donald had started to take risks they wanted each other so much that the reality of other people had dimmed for them , half the time they felt cloaked in invisibility . The words drew on his memory of a secret meeting he had gone to at the end of his first year in Glasgow . It had looked like a melodrama a little group in a candle - lit attic , holding up their arms with fists clenched and swearing to do or die . But they had meant it , and he was eager now to bring everybody together in a fine , hard point of resolve , in case zeal slackened and died away in the holiday atmosphere of this soft , comfortable afternoon . The hills themselves looked asleep , the heather glowed dust - blue in the hazy light , and the people , after a night of little sleep and hours of walking and standing , now looked stunned as they sat on the grassy banks , leaned on dykes , or lay on their backs in the hayfields , munching oatcakes and drinking the last of their water . Some little groups were going off to west and east , but most hung on with a sense that the next thing now demanded to be done . Significantly he adds : But there is also exultation , the fascination as well as the fear of great strength . In such comments we find ourselves in the precise atmosphere of Rudolf Otto 's numinous , the mysterium tremendum et fascinans the mystery that creates wonderment as well as terror which surely accounts at least in part for the high level of religious feeling in Canadian folklore and literature ; not least in Leonard 's expression of it . It also accounts for poetry being a more natural instrument of its literary expression than fiction or drama . His frugality extends to his two work - places . Nor are you pleased . You are surprised that the Council could not do more for the World . But you are cautiously optimistic because of the constructive atmosphere in which the talks took place . You are hopeful of better results at future meetings . After the dinner , each of the Heads of State was to be presented with a small Luctian art form . Library footage , said Trevor , of a refinery on Trame . Refined red iron is pumped into the breathing apparatus that each inhabitant of Trame wears at all times . With the help of the red iron a Tramen is able to inhale the atmosphere of the planet which would otherwise be deadly to him and to exhale gas for export to Vascar . The Vascars have , of course , become headless through repeated exposure to Tramen - exhalation . But the gas also causes them to grow extra arms and legs ( at a rate for the average adult male Vascar of one limb every two months , slightly longer for women and children ) . I was not pleased . I was surprised that the Council could not do more for the World . But I am cautiously optimistic about the atmosphere in which the talks were conducted . I am hopeful for better results at future councils . I am lonely yes , but my loneliness is the price I pay in order that the people of the World may look ahead to peace and freedom and to a decent standard of living for their children . But the present doctrine of competition is destroying it , and with it the picture of our Englishness . Children are mostly friendly , only accidentally cruel . But soon enough they learn competition , useful at first , but dangerous when it becomes , as it easily does , the only atmosphere . Not His need is greater than mine . Not Grace Darling . It truly is a most remarkable week . The field of players , and the facilities they enjoy , are far superior to some tournaments on the world tour offering much more prize money . The atmosphere remains that of a small - town challenger event , relaxed , friendly and informal , the perfect place to escape to after the tension and crowds of the French Open . Jokes pour forth from the PA system , and so do hits from the 50 's and 60 's . It just is n't like that anywhere else . For every four windows on a Mark 3 standard - class coach there are four and a hf bays of seats , only the end bays matching the windows and succeeding bays being more tightly spaced so that some passengers are seated against a blank wall . But in riding , quietness , and general environment , Mark 3 coaches gliding through the countryside at speed owe little to even a decade ago. Wall - to - wall carpeting , luggage racks running lengthways above the windows , supplemented by space for cases and bags between the seats , provide an uncluttered spaciousness to give a relaxed atmosphere on the longest of journeys . At least that is what it should be like . The upsurge in traffic in the 1980s has alas meant that passengers have often had to stand in the centre aisles , in the lobbies , and around the door vestibules . But this will be to no avail if the choreographer is attempting to tell a story and does not have expert advice from musicians of the calibre of Edwin Evans , Constant Lambert and John Lanchbery . All made valuable scores from existing music for de Valois , Ashton and MacMillan . Not all the results were of the same high quality ; nevertheless the music they arranged reinforced the choreographer 's design by giving the plot atmosphere , local colour , continuity and flow as well as giving the dancing its rhythmic vitality , emotion and mood . In some cases it also helped to underline the main moments in the action by emphasising gestures for greater strength and expression . In other cases they added humour , most notably in Lanchbery 's score for La Fille Mal Garde , where several witty slants in the orchestration raise laughter , for example the music for the Cock and the Hens . It is in contrast to another leitmotif that marks the entrances of Carabosse , the wicked fairy . The two tunes underline the conflict between good and evil . Whereas Adam and Prokofiev 's leitmotifs heighten the emotional content of the love theme , Tchaikovsky 's are there to create the right atmosphere and to emphasise the conflict . When Stravinsky composed The Firebird he used leitmotifs in yet another way . He created very distinctive passages of ascending chords to accompany the magic bird 's flight through the trees . Manner of moving the body as in walking , running , dancing , etc. If choreographers are to justify their reasons for creating a ballet , they should use or create a style of movement appropriate to and expressive of the characters in the story being told and their moods , emotions and actions . The dancers or players in a theme ballet will need to convey the general atmosphere and any other element pertinent to the situation in which they find themselves , as well as the mood and content of the music chosen to give them phrasing . They will need to do the same if they are interpreting music . Today there are many ballets which are created in the generally accepted styles from which choreographers can borrow : classical , demi - caractre , romantic , character and/or national , and modern ( see pages 75138 ) . ( See also page 41 . ) Rhythm in ballet is not therefore a mere time - keeper as it is in such social ballroom dances as waltzes and fox - trots . A ballet fur the stage must have an overall rhythm which sets the atmosphere , quality , mood and possibly the emotional content of the whole . And ballet must also have short phrase rhythms which will give it variety , dimension , mass , structure , texture and style . Perhaps no ballet has ever made the same impact on dancers and audience as Stravinsky 's Rite of Spring . 3 Once an outline of the story and a general layout of the plot have been decided , they should be discussed with the composer or arranger of music whose first task may be to create a proper beginning with the overture . Is it to set the general atmosphere and mood as Stravinsky did for The Firebird Mysterious sounds of the wind whispering in the trees , the soaring flight of a bird and the heavy tread of an unseen foot are still a wonderful introduction to this magic tale . On the other hand , Prokofiev used his overture to Romeo and Juliet to introduce the leitmotifs which will help both dancers and audience to follow the unfolding of the plot . He contrasts the love themes of Romeo and Juliet with those which accompany the bitter struggles and fights between Montague and Capulet . Despite the general activities there is menace in the air and it is not long before the rival factions of Montagues and Capulets are fighting and deaths occurring before the lovers even meet . This opening is very different from the quietly charming first scene of A Month in the Country , where the only thing amiss is Natalia 's bored behaviour . Even with such examples in mind the choreographer may well decide it is better to delay the confrontation between the chief players because , by creating and stressing the general atmosphere , this raises the audience 's expectations before the meeting of the protagonists , and the sudden onset of passion is what makes the ultimate tragedy so poignant . This happens in Giselle where Hilarion 's suspicions of Albrecht 's identity are already aroused before Albrecht meets Giselle . Hilarion 's discovery of Albrecht 's sword and later his confrontation with Giselle , with the sword in his hands , still does not convince Giselle of Albrecht 's duplicity . the secular , moral and emotional behaviour of characters found in rural or urban communities ; Secondly the traditional dances and customs of a particular country that can give local colour and atmosphere to a plot or theme ; Thirdly gestures and behaviour from work activities in rural areas ( landowners , farmers and peasants ) or in urban areas ( merchants , innkeepers and so on ) or from the professions ( army , navy , medicine , law ) . They are also part of certain styles of Indian dance where gestures are explicit in conveying the beauty of the world , of women and of - love . In such dances physical contact between lovers rarely if ever takes place . Ashton broke this all - but - written law and communicated the exotic atmosphere of the dream but there was little to express the passion of love , which he would later convey in such works as A Month in the Country . Chinese The most interesting of present - day ballets inspired by oriental sources is MacMillan 's Song of the Earth ( music by Mahler ) . Even such mundane tasks as eating or drinking have found a place in some ballets . Because on the stage they acquire importance , they must be seen to have a proper purpose . This is usually to throw light on the character being played or to create the right atmosphere for the location of the action and for the expressive action required for the unfolding of the plot or theme . The Concert Robbins ' view of concert - goers . The Listeners ( The Royal Ballet ) The events and circumstances surrounding such plots are difficult to control and organise because the characters are supposedly living in the real world . So the choreographer cannot make strong contrasts between the style usually used for the other - worldly spirits and that used for the characters living in the particular setting . He can only highlight the atmosphere supporting the plot , especially those circumstances where he has to portray differences between classes and thus general behaviour , idiosyncrasies , etc. , for example the contrast that must be made between the dances for all and sundry in the town square and those for the aristocrats in the ballroom of Romeo and Juliet . Nevertheless every choreographer creating this kind of romantic ballet today has to spend much time creating the proper gestures to replace the words , which in such ballets are never spoken but must be understood . If the dancers perform those gestures with feeling and understanding they will express the moods , emotions and actions of the characters they play . If the dancers perform those gestures with feeling and understanding they will express the moods , emotions and actions of the characters they play . This is what happens in MacMillan 's Romeo and Juliet and Ashton 's A Month in the Country . It is perhaps appropriate to stress again that where playwrights require pages of dialogue to explain every factor in the development of the plot , to create a changing atmosphere and to show how the actions affect the actors in the play , dancers can communicate whole passages of dialogue in a few expressive gestures woven into enchanements . ( As played by the Moscow Arts Theatre , Turgenev 's A Month in the Country takes over two hours , Ashton 's ballet roughly half an hour . ) Only characters and episodes essential to the plot are retained . Massine 's brilliant use of descriptive and narrative gestures in The Three - Cornered Hat was a proper development of Fokine 's mimed dance and danced mime , first seen in The Firebird and Petrushka . As already noted , the dances Fokine staged for the nursemaids , coachmen and others at the Fair were real dances ( see page 59 ) . They created the atmosphere and mood , but the narrative was told by the dolls using specially created movements which could be called dances of character . Characters from the commedia dell'arte When Dauberval defined what he meant by dances of character he undoubtedly had in mind some easily recognised characters of the commedia dell'arte , whose actors regularly played such roles as the absent - minded doctor or scientist , miser , termagant wife or widow and various clowns such as the sad Pierrot or zany clown . Yet this work was absolutely contemporary when produced . The three boys come directly from a battleship when they pick up three girls from the street . The dancing reflects the wartime atmosphere when shore leave was a cherished moment . Even though the boys and girls are figments of Robbins ' imagination , their brief encounter is based in reality even to the introduction of popular dance steps and stylistic elements current during the 193945 war . Both the above - mentioned works show that ballets based on the life of real people require that choreographers closely observe the characteristics and idiosyncrasies of all types of person and that they make them recognisable in order that they convey meaning . The group activities ensure that each phase of the ceremony is performed according to tradition . The design emphasises the importance of creating a style which will define not only the time , place and action , but also the characters portrayed . The technical or general style creates the structure and atmosphere of the whole . In other words , the particular becomes the general . A similar analysis could be made of MacMillan 's Requiem . It is the very particular choreographic style that MacMillan created for the child - like figure in Requiem that emphasises more strongly than any other of today 's ballets the need for choreographers to explore dance itself . Only when they have examined what hands , arms , legs and feet , body and above all the head can do in isolation and then in harmony with the story , theme or music , can they set out and create a style which will be general in structure and particular in texture , with the right quality , mood , emotion , action and character . The structure will determine the lines and shapes needed to fill the dimensions and , when needed , help to create the atmosphere and mood of the whole . Choreographers must then decide how many and which details they need to add to disclose the particular features of the story , theme and/or music that they wish to communicate . The exploration of what each part of the body can express in isolation and then in co - ordination with the rest is possibly the most important aspect of a choreographer 's work if it seeks to be modern in spirit and technique . While we must support family rooms in those pubs which have the space and can provide suitable amusement for the little angels , this cannot remain the only answer to the problem . Family rooms are useful to let the less well - behaved and noisier children run riot but they are frequently cold and characterless and , no matter how good the facilities may be , you often feel excluded from the main atmosphere of the pub . I WOULD rather take my children into the main bar or lounge of a pub and expect them to sit sensibly and reasonably quietly so that we can all relax , drink , talk and eat in a proper pub atmosphere . What is needed is a relaxation of the law as it now stands to allow the controlled admission of children to certain pubs at certain times of day . I am not proposing a free - for - all , but the admission of children to certain pubs on the application of the licensee and the approval of the local licensing bench . No their secrets were first revealed to curious scientific men , to apothecaries and simples - collectors , to people who could now be called botanists , and such was Evan Roberts . Have you ever been up to Clogwyn Du'r Arddu in the pouring rain and the vilest weather ? Its atmosphere at those times is utterly special . The trolled and gargoyled buttresses wheel around you through rifts in the cloud ; they stretch , soar , disappear , solidify again suddenly out of the vapour then drift impossibly far up into the mist until your senses reel at the evanescent dynamism of the scene . The only climber I know who goes there regularly at times like this is that perverse little bugger Joe Brown , who is clearly captivated by the magic of the place , though he 'd never let you know as much in words . Non - corpuscular radiation is in the form of high energy X rays which , assuming that the earth is in the path of the rays , will reach the earth in fifteen minutes . This radiation may increase the depth of the D layer due to ionisation and produce the all too well known Dellinger face out when long - distance HF communication ceases abruptly . Corpuscular or particulate radiation appears in the form of protons and neutrons which take longer to reach the earth 's upper atmosphere than the higher energy radiations . These nuclear particles arrive at the F1 and F2 layers approximately 48 hours following a solar event and produce ionisation by colliding with gaseous molecules and cosmic particles . This explains why so few protons are detectible at the earth 's surface except after very major events . But no art , major or minor , can be governed by the rules of social amenity . The English have a greater talent than any other people for creating an agreeable family life ; that is why it is such a threat to their artistic and intellectual life . If the atmosphere were not so charming , it would be less of a temptation . In postwar Britain , the clothes , accents , and diction of the siblings may have changed , but , so far as I can judge , the suffocating insular coziness is just the same . Here , as often with the author of Thankyou , Fog , we may well suspect that Auden generalizes about English life too much on the basis of his own late - Edwardian childhood in a comfortable rentier household . Not a madly promising menu , and fraught with predictable dangers . Compared with the mysteries surrounding the deaths of President Kennedy or Marilyn Monroe , the controversy surrounding Spandau 's 93 - year - old inmate is about as interesting as the fall of a dead leaf . And dispersing the audience 's attention among nine separate TV sets is a sure way of dispersing any atmosphere you may have been lucky enough to set up. In the event 90 minutes without an interval it quickly became clear that all the surveillance in the house would be cruelly trained on those unfortunates doomed to flesh out Brenton 's thoughts . The plot , insofar as one could discern it , was both labyrinthine and self - cancellingly ambiguous , built round an interview in a psychiatric hospital between a journalist and the grief - obsessed widow of a German professor who had bequeathed a videotape casting doubt on the official version of Hess 's death . But the questions were forgotten in a scramble to cram grubby possessions into muddy rucksacks and carrier bags , and then stream out of the embassy to queue for buses in the long , cobbled , dimly - lit street . For some , it was the first step outside the embassy grounds for three months . An end - of - term atmosphere , tempered by extreme exhaustion , prevailed . People embraced and wept , promising to stay in touch , only to realise in some cases that they had no addresses to exchange . Some sang Auld Lang Syne , and Tannenbaum . Tixier - Vignancour declined to be described as anti - semitic ( he once sued Sam White of the Evening Standard for calling him this ) but he was in no danger of winning a righteous gentile award . His political heirs include Jean Marie Le Pen , leader of the Front National and the left - wing advocate Maitre Jacques Verges who attempted to revive the defence of blackmail during the 1987 trial of the SS officer Klaus Barbie . But neither of them can match the pungency of the original , an atmosphere of beaujolais , cigars and malevolence , and of political or legal plots being brewed in the all - night brasseries of Les Halles . Tixier - Vignancour 's declared hobby was collecting lead soldiers . Obituary : Virgil Thomson This can lead to judgements being made about the unsuccessful , the unemployed , the poor and the unintelligent which are both uncharitable and untrue . I 'm thinking of the sort of attitude that suggests the unemployed do too little to help themselves , that if only you have determination and drive you can get on in the world . He says there are positive factors in the new atmosphere between local authorities and private enterprise , but it hardly touches on the problems of poor housing , lack of amenities and the continuing unemployment . These problems are what lead to that sense of being left out , of isolation and despair , which in turn can lead to the symptoms we are familiar with drug and alcohol abuse , crime and vandalism , debt and family break - up. A Downing Street spokesman said yesterday that there was absolutely no reaction at all to Dr Runcie 's latest broadside . Perhaps the best atmosphere around , with uninhibited dancing and whelping . New Pegasus 109 Green Lanes , N16 ( 226 5930 ) Pub which has gone through several incarnations , most recently known as Chas'n'Dave 's . The odd policy to put the stage in the middle of the room rather than at one end leads to a diminishing of the atmosphere ( the corners are seldom filled ) . The stains on the carpet have survived every name change . Sir George Robey 240 Seven Sisters Rd N4 ( 263 4581 ) Named after an old musical hero , located opposite the old Rainbow , the venerable old rock institution which is now home to a religious sect . Unfortunately , because of mankind 's carelessness with PCBs in the past , they are already ubiquitous . By destroying these wastes Rechem is significantly helping to prevent further pollution of the local and world environment . An atmosphere poisoned by mistrust By NICHOLAS ROE The disposal of toxic wastes is one of the most intractable problems facing industrialised societies . Frank Chapman , an executive council member of the EEPTU electricians ' union , was hissed and slow - handclapped when he asserted that scaling down nuclear power would put a brake on economic development in third world countries . If we abandon nuclear power , we abandon them to competing for declining energy sources at a price they will clearly not be able to afford . To scoffs of disbelief from some delegates , he asserted that , where managed safely and sensibly , nuclear power was one of the few energy sources which did not pollute the atmosphere . Moreover , to close all nuclear power stations would consign 100,000 workers to the dole queues . But John Evans , for the national executive , insisted that it was unreasonable to tie the party to a strict timetable since scientists and technologists did not yet agree on how nuclear plants could be decommissioned safely . Restrictions will be placed on drive - in cinemas , banks , hamburger restaurants and , presumably , LA 's solitary drive - through church . New , less polluting designs will be required for a cornucopia of products made or sold in the city , ranging from aerosol sprays to roll - on deodorants , and paints and varnishes . Non - radial tyres , which apparently launch miniscule fragments of rubber into the atmosphere , will be banned . Breweries , bakeries and many other businesses will be forced to invest in new , cleaner machinery . Some fast food restaurants will be obliged to install costly emission - control vents . You 'd have to remember who you were n't speaking to , who was on fatigues . Why should you have to go round with a frozen face because a child has kicked the cat ? It creates an unpleasant atmosphere for the other children and you are effectively punishing yourself . For some children it would give them the opportunity to wreak mayhem , while other , more sensitive children would be deeply affected out of all proportion to what they had done . Smacking , on the other hand , is a short , sharp shock . Such are the perils of power - house casting . To offset them , this new Henry V ( PG ) offers a well thought - out progression from peace to war , from council chamber to battlefield , from words to deeds . Henry 's court is a place of dramatic lighting and suppressed excitement , while the atmosphere of the French deliberations is more informal , full of frustration and weariness . There is a certain amount of splendour at Harfleur , with Henry in the breached wall , back - lit by yellow explosions , but it does n't last . Before Agincourt , the French tents are well - appointed , and the mood is impatient , while the English soldiers huddle fatalistically under a hostile sky . Cherney said ( in the only programme - note ) that he had been inspired by Golani 's bearing as well as her playing , and although the density of events was not high , the sense of concentration and unity between music and performer was total as the wilder elements were gradually exorcised and a numb calm remained . Prousse , by Jean Papineau - Couture , argued an intense and clearly delineated course from climax to climax : the most powerful of the evening 's compositions , and the one most likely to attract other players . These were both composers of the middle generation , known quantities by name at least , like Michael Colgrass whose Variations for Viola and Percussion ended the official programme in Bartok - and - Brittenish style , unfortunately with a built - in wrecking device for its own atmosphere : the drums must constantly be retuned . Robin Engelman , who coped patiently with the percussion part here , had a marginally less exciting time in Bruce Mather 's Gatinara , where easy - going alternations of viola and marimba once took off in a bout of vigorous hocketing , but not for long . Messages IV suggested greater youth in its composer , Stephen Tittle , who used a sort of minimalism with interruptions to build up a spirited and engaging little number , though hardly one to overstretch the skills of Bob Becker , the percussionist this time . And the actresses themselves are a delight : Josette Bushell - Mingo has an extraordinarily mobile face and an infectiously comic manner , Joy Richardson shows an uncanny ability to get inside a 10 - year - old 's skin , and Angela Bruce , as the mother , has natural authority . The rape scene takes place with breathtaking violence , the fair exudes riotous conviviality , and the Brer Rabbit japes come over with gusto . The accents are entirely convincing and the authentically Southern atmosphere implies an ever - present threat from white oppressors lying in wait beyond the cosiness of the backyard palisade . By the interval , though , the show already felt overlong ; as Act Two ground into heavily didactic gear the procession of events seemed interminable . I joined Endesha Holland 's class eager to learn ; I left it hating school . Perhaps more variety , too , although enthusiasts ' assertions that not everyone is obsessed by the Big Five are countered by East who , as a football nut and a director of Derby until he moved into his current post , knows all the arguments . We 're not a public service , he says , and we wo n't attract viewers by going to half - empty stadiums . They want to share in big - match atmosphere . For the clubs , as ever , the issue is money , most of which goes to the First Division . Even those who never appear receive 200,000 a year . Phoenix Park , at the top end of the biggest park in any European city , is altogether more atmospheric , with Tudor - style buildings , bookmakers who are just as happy to take and pay out in sterling as in punts , and bands and clowns to provide extra entertainment . Racing and Ireland go together it is said there are as many horses as people ( three and a half million ) and racecourse crowds are extremely knowledgeable about the sport . In an effort to create more atmosphere at Longchamp , Horse Racing Abroad , the chief transporter of Britons to French tracks , has its own grandstands , bars ( stocking drinks the British are used to ) , restaurants and betting facilities at the course to make its clients feel at home . And with the Arc such an established part of the racing scene , Paris will be bursting with Britons this weekend , with just a few hundred going on a punting pilgrimage to Dublin . The Germans are also fairly accomplished manufacturers , although a five - door 1980 Golf with a six - figure mileage will still cost 1,500 . Prestige comes in the shape of a Mercedes with the 240D or Stuttgart Taxi , commanding 7,000 but returning unfailing reliability . Even if lead levels in the atmosphere do not bother you , I am sure you will find the fact that unleaded petrol is 15p cheaper , and that diesel fuel boosts mpg by at least a third , most interesting . Motoring : Miles of smiles as the diesel comes of age : Brett Fraser on the Citroen AX , which offers fuel economy without much sacrifice in performance to drivers willing to turn away from the petrol engine By BRETT FRASER But it is surely silly to deny that it has thrown politicians and television journalists together in an association that remains totally invisible to the public . In fact , thanks largely to Sir Robin Day the Grand Inquisitor , as he calls himself in the title of his new book the impression that the average viewer probably has of politics on television is that it is predominantly adversarial . That may still be true of the set - piece studio interview though even there the prior indication of lines of questioning is by no means unknown ( and the viewer would probably be astonished at the general closeness of the atmosphere that prevails in the green room afterwards ) . Of course , television is a performing trade and the very element of show business involved for both the interrogator and the victim was bound to have its effect on what Lord Beaverbrook used to proclaim as the armed frontier between politics and journalism . Like a lot of Lord Beaverbrook 's phrases , that was probably more colourful than accurate but if such a frontier ever existed then the imperatives of current affairs television have certainly modified and adjusted it . The lunch hour is like a time warp give or take a few price increases . The walls are covered with original cream and emerald tiles . Without the restaurant 's 10 grey and white marble tables , wooden pew - like seats and two whirring overhead fans , the interior would have the atmosphere of a beautiful and meticulously clean Victorian public convenience . The hardest thing is keeping it looking the same , says Mr Poole , mainly because of modern health and safety regulations . He winces as he recounts how builders recently suggested he replace the M. Manze above the door in gold - leaf on glass with a plastic sign . DANCE / Court in a trap : Judith Mackrell reviews Ashley Page 's Piano at The Royal Opera House By JUDITH MACKRELL ONE of the great achievements of Ashley Page 's new ballet , Piano , is its creation of an elusive but powerful atmosphere that completely over - rides its lack of plot . Without over - stating the case Piano recalls some of Ashton 's work in the rich allusiveness of its world , mysteriously intimating other ballets , other stages and other lives . The ballet is set to Beethoven 's First Piano Concerto and Page and his designer , Howard Hodgkin , have responded to the formality and intimacy that they find in the score by conjuring a kind of post - modern Court . On a similar mission to Chor - zow in 1973 , Alf Ramsey sought security with five defenders , but Moore , put through his own goal , presented Lubanski with a second and the Poles won 2 - 0 . The old debt has been nagging away these last 16 years , and Moore made a point last week of reminding Bobby Robson of the hostile reception England can expect on Wednesday . Robson said yesterday : Bobby told me the atmosphere got to certain players last time . It built to a crescendo and unnerved them . It must have been something out of the ordinary because even a player of his vast experience was affected by it . Last week six opposition organisations , including the largest , New Forum , agreed to examine mutual political activity and demanded free , secret elections under UN auspices . Yesterday the formation of an East German Social Democrat party was announced . The ominous atmosphere in East Berlin contrasts sharply with the anodyne official picture presented by the GDR media . It is of a more than usually splendid birthday party , of jolly music , beer and sausages , goose - stepping , displays of rocket transporters and President Gorbachev saying ( without mentioning his loaded off - the - cuff remarks , or those by his spokesman , Gennady Gerasimov ) all the right things about West German revanchism . Birthday demonstrations ; Opposition church service ; West German reaction , page 10 Those who stay behind , page 18 Leading article , page 20 But Premier Consolidated Oilfields could also be entangled . Burmah has just under 30 per cent , which could be sold on to SHV , or another party . Overall oils were among the best performing shares with the sector 's defensive qualities in the present uncertain atmosphere drawing support . Guinness was the best performing drink share as analysts stretched their year 's forecast higher after last week 's interims . Some now expect 673m against 521m . But such a bilateral arrangement is now in jeopardy . because of the Soviet condition that the US cease production of its binary weapons . Administration officials argue that Mr Bush 's speech at the United Nations was in fact a turning point in the US efforts to ban the prodictoion of chemical weapons because it created an atmosphere in which the Geneva negotiations are likley to be accelerated . Other countries were looking to the United States to take a firm leadership role , said one official . Professor Matthew Meselson , a chemical weapons expert at Harvard , said the administration wants to have its cake and eat it , too . A second line of clothing is less dreary and perhaps slightly more attuned to what people might actually want to wear . But it too carries a heavy moral message . Patterned on what athletes will be wearing to the 11th Asian Games in Peking next year , it includes sportswear , jackets and close - fitting suits : The vigorous clothes will help build the atmosphere of the Asian Games and encourage people to get more exercise to promote health , the agency predicted . A third theme will be nature , or as Mr Zhu put it , people 's desire for tranquility , harmony and purity . Finally , next year 's fashions make a token nod in the direction of China 's open door policy by including elegant foreign fashions . I wept too . Was all this emotion merely suggestibility to the day 's teaching ? Or a reaction to an atmosphere charged by 100 people 's grief ? Or is there more to breathing than we understand ? Some people seemed genuinely changed by the weekend : they learned that they really could give or receive love . Johnston is confident of making an impact on the game and felt the size of the crowd would also be a vital factor with 10,000 Scots fans expected to attend . It will be more like a home game for us than France as they have only sold about 20,000 tickets , he said . The last time I played there , for Nantes , there was very little atmosphere , and on Wednesday the Scots fans will be right behind us . I am firmly convinced we will be celebrating on the way home to Glasgow . A special security fence will be built well away from Parc des Princes stadium to prevent any Scottish fans planning to turn up without tickets from reaching the stadium . What most strikes you about this elegantly swaddled creature is that she seems encumbered by the costume of her role . Likewise , aesthetically lacquered trappings dramatically impede the movements of the drama 's main characters . Taking two contrasting stories of thwarted aspirations from Chikamatsu , Akimoto 's play juxtaposes to evoke the atmosphere of popular melodrama - high - flown sentiment and down - to - earth sense . While one tale is all doomed romantic passion , the other portrays an unglamorous urge to stay alive . The heroic plot has Chubei , an ardent , sensitive youth , falling in love with Umegawa , a courtesan chance brings his way . And it wo n't , he told the conference . Nuclear power is , without a doubt , the cleanest and by any objective criteria safest way of sustaining growth and protectingthe environment at the same time . It is the only energy available in the quantity we need that does n't damage our atmosphere . And it is also the only source of power we know that will still be available when coal and gas supplies run out . Several delegates expressed disappointment at the delay in the electricity privatisation timetable , but Mr Wakeham said he would make no apology . But the arts media circuit is nothing if not socially cohesive . If everybody knows everybody else and they all go to the same parties , then there is bound to be a certain unanimity , if not in their judgements at least in their objects of attention . This is an almost inevitable function of the clubby atmosphere of the media in what is , after all , a very small country . I think it is an American character in one of Paul Theroux 's short stories who says of England , This is n't a country , it 's an interesting room . It also has something to do , I am sorry to say , with intellectual laziness . It also has something to do , I am sorry to say , with intellectual laziness . If something or somebody seems to be all the go , it takes a determined editor to ignore it even if he thinks it wildly over - rated . The incestuous atmosphere of media discourse is exacerbated too by British xenophobia . A ( probably correct ) belief that anything foreign will be regarded as either irrelevant or incomprehensible tends to reinforce parochial cross - fertilisation . What has become apparent is that the hype chorus has become counter - productive by its very volume . The far left is also being blamed for taking advantage of grievances . Steve Hart , of the Transport and General Workers Union at Dagenham , believes the degree of unrest can be exaggerated . There is a better atmosphere now than for many years fewer stoppages , better relationships . But we acknowledge that things are n't perfect and we are seeking to improve the situation . The threat to the plant 's existence is being taken seriously by the unions even though the management denies any intention to close it . The churchmen were less buoyant , having presented Mr de Klerk with a memorandum in which they listed six steps he had to take immediately before negotiations about the government 's much - vaunted new political dispensation could start . Archbishop Tutu said in a news conference after the meeting that he was concerned about Mr de Klerk 's failure to give any specific undertakings . However , no doubt mollified both by the President 's dramatic decision on Tuesday to announce the release of eight long - term political prisoners and by the urbanity of his style , the archbishop did note that the talks had proceeded in a far better atmosphere than previous encounters he has had with the government . Appearing to agree in part with Mr de Klerk 's assessment of the meeting , the churchmen said they saw their role as facilitators to get negotiation going . The six steps proposed by this celebrated trinity of black anti - apartheid leaders were : lifting the state of emergency ; lifting political restrictions on individuals ; releasing all those detained without trial ; unbanning political organisations ; releasing all political prisoners ; reprieving all those sentenced to death . He said : The rate is a pound for a pound and the whole within a week . If you ca n't pay pressures are applied , first verbal , then your windows are smashed , then violence . So children grow up in an atmosphere of harassment and greater poverty . He said his flat on the estate had been robbed by a man whose knees had been smashed with a baseball bat after falling foul of a loan shark . Police had made video films of such people , but there were few arrests as most victims were scared to testify . By ROBERT COLE THE WELSH used to be a hindrance rather than a help to the All Blacks but , by giving Grant Fox permission to practise his goalkicking at the Arms Park prior to tomorrow 's game with Cardiff , they might be contributing to their own downfall . Like so many in the New Zealand tour party , Fox has never experienced the intimidating atmosphere generated at the great sporting shrine and may have taken time to slip into the groove . After today 's practice session , that seems unlikely . It 's good to get your bearings and get a feel of the atmosphere and conditions of a ground before you play on it . The superficial similarities might make a lesser man than Mikhail Gorbachev tremble . Take , for example , an article this week in the Ogonyok magazine by Alexei Adzhubey . A former editor of Izvestia , who was at the Central Committee plenum of 1964 which accepted the resignation of his father - in - law on the grounds of age and health , Mr Adzhubey is perfectly placed to recall the stifling atmosphere in the Politburo court at the time . Then as now , he says , basic goods suddenly disappeared from the shops . This artificial deficit vanished almost as soon as Khrushchev had departed . But despite its bland style , it hides a time bomb for Britain , for the reports are on southern Africa . British officials say they believe this conference will not be obsessed with South Africa , as previous meetings have been . The election of FW de Klerk as president is a sign of progress , they say , and the imminent release of Walter Sisulu and the apparent movement towards negotiations are signs of a new atmosphere . Britain wants to encourage movement , not to stifle it , and any talk of sanctions would be bound to have a bad effect . Yet even the British acknowledge that there are individuals and countries wedded to sanctions , and according to Commonwealth officials , Britain may well again find itself in a minority of one when the subject is debated . THE Pru is jumping on the green bandwagon and as one of Britain 's major motor insurers is encouraging car owners to convert their vehicles to unleaded petrol . The Pru has half a million motorists on its books and is sending them each a booklet when their policies are renewed explaining the benefits of conversion . David Roper , marketing executive , said : Car exhaust emissions are a major source of lead pollution in the atmosphere , which can have long term effects to health , particularly young children . A recent RAC survey showed that nearly six out of 10 car owners do n't know if their car can run on lead - free fuel . We hope the leaflet we are sending out to our motor policyholders will bring home to them the fact that most cars can be converted both simply and cheaply . He has tried to stiffen the side defensively , to teach the virtues of match - long disciplined marking without stifling his players ' natural creative talents . With the South American championship trophy on the sideboard and the side safely through to next summer 's World Cup finals , it would seem that the Lazaroni system has worked pretty well so far . Against Italy , Lazaroni is keen to experience a foretaste of the atmosphere that he and his side can expect next summer . Key figures in the new - look Brazilian team are the goalkeeper , Taffarel , the libero , Galvao , the midfield ball winners , Dunga and Alemao , and the strikers , Bebeto and , of course , Careca . When asked to assess the opposition , manager Lazaroni replied diplomatically that he fears no single Italian player , rather he fears the whole side . Roslavl ' officials would have lain quieter in their beds at night if they had bothered to read Maxim Gorky 's book On the Russian Peasantry published that same year . He pointed out that peasant opposition to government did exist , but on account of Russia 's huge distances it expressed itself more by evasion than through open fighting . This psychology naturally lingered on into the supposedly liberal atmosphere of NEP in the form of the utopian hope that obligations imposed from the Centre , as the peasants put it , could be avoided , whilst retaining economic rights . At the end of the winter of 19212 a cautious directive went out from Roslavl ' Party headquarters to all local head collectors of the tax in kind . They were not to put undue pressure on the peasants themselves , but only on their fellow subordinate collectors . One kolkhoz further to the north - east of Smolensk exchanged potatoes for farm machinery , whilst another shef factory that manufactured spare parts for linen plants gave iron to a local kolkhoz on its visits . It insisted on calling a separate meeting for the kolkhoz women , so as to persuade them of their independence from their menfolk . An undated set of questionnaires in the 1922 file for the Roslavl ' area reveals the prickly atmosphere that prevailed between the busybodies from the towns , as the rustics perceived them , and the primitive mores of the rustics themselves . When asked if their shefi acted in too authoritarian a manner , some kolkhozniki at first said it was very rare , but then in peasant fashion slowly warmed up to the fact that they had been very angered by some young students who had written in Rabochii put that their horses were badly fed and cleaned , and that they had not sown enough crops . The arrogance of Bolshevik - inspired youth towards the patriarchal rural community also transpires from other criticisms directed against younger visitors . You can trust Jim , was Labour 's appeal , reminiscent of a friendly village bobby or a family doctor of the old school . He proved to be the most effective Prime Minister since Macmillan 's first phase . In the Cabinet , Callaghan 's open methods and refusal to countenance conspiracies made for a more harmonious atmosphere than ever prevailed under Harold Wilson ( now Lord Wilson of Rievaulx ) . Even the left - wing Tony Benn was relatively quiescent , not least perhaps because he was now the bringer of good news at the Department of Energy , as North Sea oil began to flow in large quantities . No doubt , Callaghan had his limitations . But the achievement was always precarious and was maintained only with some difficulty . With the mounting balance - of - payments crisis , the TUC was reluctantly persuaded in the summer of 1976 to renew a virtual wage - freeze policy with a limit of 5 per cent increases for the next twelve months . The financial atmosphere was dire at this period . Even so , the new relationship between government and the unions was unlikely to last , at least on the present basis . Jack Jones told Healey that summer : We will have to get back to normal collective bargaining . Situated in a quiet , residential area of Melton Mowbray , Wexford House was the first Eagle Lodge to open . Purchased by the Association in May 1989 , extensive alterations were necessary to convert it to provide for eight residents , the first of whom arrived in September 1990 . It is gratifying that the initial residents have built up a very happy family atmosphere , and have expressed their thanks to the Association for providing them with what they now regard as their home . Wexford House has demonstrated that the Eagle Lodge concepts should be a success . Woodford . Located in Southport , Woodford is the Association 's second Eagle Lodge , and can accommodate nine residents . Formerly a private hotel , it has needed only a little work to convert it to its new use . Six residents are currently living there and enjoying the comforts of a very homely atmosphere . Woodford was developed as an initiative by the North Western Area . The White House. The Principal Architect of the CWGC , Sir Edward Maufe , conceived the design of the Runnymede memorial . He was deternined to use the dramatic location and its views to make a powerful memorial rather than to build a lofty edifice that would dominate the skyline . His objective was to create an atmosphere of quiet and intimacy , so he made a garden , then a cloister and a shrine . The cloister includes panels that list the names of 20,435 airmen , grouped according to the year of death . The structure is in Portland stone with Westmoreland green slate roofs , while the Shrine itself is a square tower that is , coincidentally , slightly reminiscent of an airfield control tower . But what irked him most were bishops ' meetings . Towards the ecumenical movement , as a system of vast Christian jamborees like the meeting at Amsterdam , his suspicions deepened . He attended a meeting at Lund in Sweden in 1952 and thought the atmosphere happy but the meeting useless and wondered whether the day of such occasions was not past . But the assembly which shocked him was the next , at Evanston in the United States in 1954 . He hated what he saw at Evanston . THE WELFARE STATE Brighton Speech , 12 October 1961 The Roman poet says , dutce est desipere in loco , an opportunity for indiscretion is sometimes pleasant . If the doctrine of collective responsibility can never quite be forgotten or discarded , at least it weighs most lightly on the wearer in the bracing , not to say rarefied , intellectual atmosphere of the CPC . Therefore I do not see why tonight I might not occasionally , if the argument should lead that way , be guilty of saying in office some of the things which I have said out of office . The Plowden Report on Control of Public Expenditure contained , amongst other nuggets of wisdom , the following sentence which I should like to take as my starting - point : The social changes of the last fifteen years have altered the incidence of hardship , so that there now may well be excessive social services for some purposes and inadequate ones for others . One was the need for reassurance in a world of visibly consolidating Great Powers from the United States in the West to the Teutonic and Slav empires in Europe and the East . The Recessional of 1897 was not the hymn of a nation strong in its own security . In the 1890s the atmosphere was not of that settled calm with which it was credited by later and even more anxious generations . However confident the mass of the population may have felt in the durability of Britain 's world role , those who ruled in Britain knew full well the kind of dangers the country faced and the need to take steps to meet them It would need a profound belief in providence to make one refrain from wondering why a group of foggy islands off Europe 's north - western shores , populated beyond the means of subsistence that the islands could provide , endowed with no great natural assets outside the coalfields , should have become both the centre of a world empire and a possible arbiter of European rivalries . There are a number of showcase venues around London , most of them connected to studios . often , showcases take place in the afternoon . To create more of an atmosphere , you could invite some of your ardent fans to indulge in the free drinks and snacks which are generally provided for the guests , along with a band publicity pack . This should contain band photos , a demo tape and a biography . successful showcases can create substantial industry interest in a band , but if you are going to pull out all the stops , you have to spend a lot of money with no guarantee of a positive result . Eliot goes on to wish for a combination of religious , anthropological , and neurological knowledge as exemplified by Rome , Cambridge , and Harley Street . Harley Street was also the business premises of some of London 's leading psychoanalysts . Writing about the novel in 1 927 , Eliot stated that nearly every contemporary novel known to me is either directly affected by a study of psycho - analysis , or affected by the atmosphere created by psycho - analysis , or inspired by a desire to escape from psycho - analysis Eliot emphasized the dangers of this and drew attention to the importance of the Jamesian stress on the whole deep mystery of man 's soul and conscience . But there seems little doubt that the psychoanalysts ' stress on the childhood roots of adult problems played its part in the general investigation of primitive roots which fills Sweeney Agonistes . After that they slipped into anonymity , disappearing altogether into the buildings surrounding them , turning into workshops for alloy welding and serious industrial accidents . The Dale , perhaps for the only time in its short life , was full . The word anticipatory falls limply from its first syllable in its attempt to describe the atmosphere , recharged from row to row . Young next to old , doing - well next to down - and - out : a heterogeneous mass present for its own mutually exclusive reasons . The buzz , the uninhibited , excited talking , yes , uninhibited talking , in a district where you were made to feel peculiar if you allowed any expression to cross your face in the street , died as the lights slowly faded . BARBARA SAMUELS CINEPHILES The National Film Theatre in London shows a wonderful variety of films but obviously has little of the atmosphere of the high street picture palace . Even the bars and foyers are reminiscent of nothing so much as an airport lounge , an impression reinforced by the tannoy announcements of five , three and one minute calls for Casablanca . Paris Texas and Roma . This is only one respect in which camp delights in the selfsame artifice which others distrust . Orton 's intention was to outrage . Had he been alive he would doubtless have been delighted at the response of the leading conservative theatre critic to What the Butler Saw ( 1969 ) : Orton 's terrible obsession with perversion , which is regarded as having brought his life to an end and choked his very high talent , poisons the atmosphere of the play . And what should have been a piece of gaily irresponsible nonsense becomes impregnated with evil . Perhaps Hobson spoke truer than he knew , for the play is a kind of gay non - sense : Phil stepped right up and tinkled out Danger Man and the theme from Robinson Crusoe . ( Years later , he came down to a jam with The Pistols when I thought we needed a keyboard player . There was a funny atmosphere all the time he was there Then after he 'd left , the other guys turned to me and said , what you doing bringing a sooty down ? ) Another thing that cut me off from the other kids was going to the grammar school and having to wear a bright green blazer every day . There were quite a few Asian kids at the school but very few blacks particularly few when you consider how black West London is . ( Former schoolfriends recall an occasion when Mrs Thatcher , as a young MP , returned to her old school as chief speaker at a dinner for Old Girls , and corrected the headmistress , who was a classical scholar , on the pronunciation of her Latin . ) David Howell did not remember his time in Cabinet with much pleasure some arguments just left such acrimony and ill - feeling that I ca n't believe they really could have been enjoyable I think the general atmosphere in the government of which I was a member was that everything should start as an argument , continue as an argument and end as an argument . Her frequent denunciations of high levels of taxation and public expenditure , of big government , and of the diminution of individual freedom and choice are passionate and deeply felt ; they are expressed in attacks on the baneful , almost immoral , effects of inflation and of governments which debase the currency , or borrow rather than balance their income and expenditure . For all the pejorative talk of her being an ideologue , however , she is a practical Conservative . Apart from Nigel Lawson , Nicholas Ridley , Cecil Parkinson , and Sir Geoffrey Howe , it was difficult to think of other Cabinet ministers who would be regarded as economically dry or ideologically Thatcherite , and both Lawson and Sir Geoffrey had well - publicized differences of opinion with Mrs Thatcher . Mrs Thatcher 's style certainly contributed to the Cabinet divisions between 1979 and 1981 and again after 1987 . She has strong views on most issues and her propensity to express her views boldly at the outset of a Cabinet discussion , combined with a sometimes dismissive attitude towards opposing colleagues , tended to change the atmosphere and polarize Cabinet discussions . This contrasted with the approach of some other Prime Ministers . Attlee , Macmillan , Wilson , and Callaghan often waited for a policy line in Cabinet discussion to emerge before committing themselves . Fenna , I command you . Go to Rachel . Then Maggie followed the thread back through the atmosphere barrier . She was blasted by the friction of re - entry , scorched by her wild rush through particles and atoms of welcoming air , hurled through the orbiting phase . She crashed through the glass of her own skylight . I also think that apart from the corporate plan , the strategy and the mission statement , you really do need to give some vision about the future of your company and a vision in which those working with you can share . You can usually tell an organisation that has a clear corporate plan but very little vision about the future . The lack of vision is reflected in the atmosphere among the staff and all the employees . Cuckney also feels that a top executive needs to set an example by being something of an entrepreneurial risk - taker . There 's a need for an entrepreneurial spirit . As he recalls : You had to be able to tangle with fairly tough and earthy , but likeable and well - meaning , people . He stayed in digs in a colliery village at the time and found it equally possible to integrate easily into the local community . He detected no atmosphere of them and us , though he suspects that in similar circumstances today it might be a different story . He had been promised that once he had obtained his colliery manager 's certificate , he would be made an assistant manager . He received his certificate in July 1947 but the British coal industry had been nationalised in January of that year and his new bosses told him that in the changed circumstances they would not be able to carry out the undertaking he had been given . Roddick did not offer any resistance , because at the time she was a frustrated actress and she felt teaching English and history to a class of forty kids at a local secondary school was the next best thing to acting . It was n't a hardship because good teaching is theatre . I learned how to create atmosphere so that the classroom was a visual delight . I always did things differently . Friday afternoons I did a course in aesthetics and I was allowed to paint the classroom an old Nissen hut black and red . Malawi has not been debilitated by localism , and experienced considerable economic growth in the 1960s and 1970s with a strong agricultural performance and an unusually effective civil service . The economic problems experienced in the 1980s are largely due to the destabilizing impact of the civil war in Mozambique . Nonetheless , the authoritarian nature of the regime has won it many enemies both inside and outside the country , creating an atmosphere of suspicion and intrigue amongst the educated elite . Furthermore , there is no sign that Dr Banda will be able to engineer a smooth and lasting transition to a leader with widespread popular support , and he thus endangers the achievements of his regime . Malawi 's experience illustrates fundamental problems in the complex interweaving of traditional and modern values which coexist in Africa . In 1982 the presidency was constitutionally assumed by Biya who continued his drive to modernize the economy . However , by mid 1983 Ahidjo evidently regretted his decision and sought to exercise control , partly from Monaco , over the government from his position as party chairman . The subsequent tension between the two men created an atmosphere in which there were two attempted coups in 1983 , both emanating from sections of the army loyal to Ahidjo . By the end of the year , Biya felt strong enough to force a showdown with Ahidjo and the latter lost the position of party chairman while still abroad . Ahidjo did not subsequently return to Cameroun , and in the presidential election of January 1984 Biya received a yes vote of over 90 per cent , which most Camerounians considered to be a genuine indication of his underlying support . The civil servants ' reluctance would be resolved by a ministerial directive that the project must be supported some action was always better than none , the project would have an impact in several regions , if it worked it would boost exports and create employment . The snag lay in the price of meat , the Bank wanting it raised to choke off local demand and free meat for export , the government wanting it held at its current low level to keep urban meat - eaters happy . Having flagged the issue and fired the interest of the minister , the Bank duo returned to the cooler , more workman - like atmosphere of life in Nairobi almost certain that sooner or later a project would go to the Bank board , and that it would almost certainly be approved . In fact it took another two years for the project to be fully studied , for the government to support its formal submission to the World Bank , for the Bank 's board to approve it and for the first tranche of funds to flow . The project was highly imaginative , building on a commercial ranching project which already existed . Despite its usefulness as an introduction to the subject , it does , however , judiciously avoid overt criticism of its subject and devotes little analysis to the SI in its mature phase . Nevertheless , Wollen presents a lucid account of the movement in its formative period and makes an interesting case for Andr Breton as a figure of some distinction in French intellectual history . He also traces the Hegelian , and Lukcsian influences on leftist theories in France in the heightened intellectual atmosphere after the Liberation which provided the aesthetic and political context for the Situationists . Apart from Wollen 's historical and theoretical essay , the other major contribution in the Boston text is Thomas Y. Levin 's Dismantling the Spectacle : The Cinema of Guy Debord . This is again a comprehensive and thoroughly investigated article and is probably the first extended account of Situationist cinema in English . It surfaces , bringing feelings of humiliation and chagrin and causing conflict in the family . British society serves in fact to keep Izzat alive . The contempt for Asian culture , the constant shadow of racial hostility and the disregard for family and group identity provide an atmosphere in which Izzat is constantly at risk and therefore is constantly charged and recharged . As a result the women suffer ; they are made the scapegoats of damaged Izzat . It is they , after all , who have always been the symbols of their culture and traditionally it is at their slightest touch that the delicate flower of Izzat can shrivel . One of these roles , given to Asian women by their families and communities , is to be the upholders and preservers of our culture . So what happens if a woman wishes to have her own identity and wear clothes which she alone has chosen ? All too often the loving relationships turn bitter , the easy relaxed atmosphere around the subject of clothes becomes one of anger and outrage . It is obvious that more than modesty is at stake . For example , certain materials such as denim and corduroy are considered by orthodox Muslims as unpleasant western stuff , unsuitable for women 's clothing . The first time I wore jeans I did n't dare wear them with a sweater . So I bought a long top , which came well below my hips , to wear with them . I was really scared , the atmosphere became very stiff but nobody said anything . In the evening my mother said I do n't like these clothes but you can do what you like . You have changed so much , you are a different person from what you used to be . He said You are never to wear those clothes or I 'll throw you out of the house myself . For the girls this is only one side of the picture . On the other is the atmosphere in schools , with its contempt of anything Indian or Pakistani , which impresses on them that western dress is superior to anything Asian . For parents too ( particularly for Sikh parents ) there is another aspect of their lives which controls their behaviour in these circumstances . It is the position their family occupies in the hierarchy of their particular community in Britain . The machines in the spring department gave off choking fumes and a grey pall seemed to hang over the department about 90 per cent of the work force are coloured , many of whom cannot speak English . I counted only six white workers in the factory , half of which seemed to be of below average intelligence . The total work force equals 150 , it was noted that the workers all looked rather miserable and depressed and the working atmosphere was not at all pleasant . I was not allowed to speak to the workers it seems that their trade union membership is not allowed by the management . What kind of people constitute the management of Spiralynx ? She must wait months , if not years , for an interview with an Entry Clearance Officer at a British diplomatic mission on the Indian subcontinent , go through endless interrogations about such subjects as the colour of the family 's goat or the number of rooms in the house she lives in or how many guests there were at the wedding and what happened on the wedding night . Other members of her family are also asked the same questions , and if there is the slightest discrepancy it can be used as proof that she is not the person she claims to be . The women I spoke to who had been through the whole procedure told me of the many exhausting visits they had had to make to the British Embassies and High Commissions , of the atmosphere of contempt at these places , of the pettiness of the Entry Clearance Officers ( ECOs ) and interpreters , and the rude and unreasonable questions they had had to answer . They told me that sexual examination is a routine part of the entry certificate procedure at British Diplomatic missions in the Indian subcontinent . When I asked Alex Lyon about this in an interview in early 1976 his answer was : I could n't help remembering the pleasure I had had in my clothes , how keen my mother had been on my wearing them , how we had often designed them and chosen them together and my mother had made most of them . To go back to Pakistan again it would be like dying . And when I think of my daughters growing up in that atmosphere , in that society , I feel I must try to avoid it if in any way I can . But I cannot live without my husband . I love him so much I cannot ever imagine leaving him. His daughter ignored him. One of those black and white houses it is . Terribly ancient and full of atmosphere . Of course , the surgery part 's all modern . New copies of Nova and Elle . By the time uniforms are donned and inspections completed , the time for the parade itself is drawing near . Almost five hundred friends and relatives have made the trip to Winchester , to encourage and support the recruits due to graduate to the status of trained Light Division soldiers . The contribution made by these visitors to the atmosphere and overall success of the day is considerable for many of them , it is their first taste of the life now fully adopted by their sons , brothers and boyfriends who are now on parade . They are impressed at the speed and efficiency with which the spectacle unfolds . The marching at 140 paces per minute ( noticeably swifter than the more conventional pace ) , the bugle calls in lieu of words of command and the famous final double - past are all hallmarks of the distinctive style of the Division . The tinc benz and zinc oxide plaster treatment is the cornerstone of blister therapy ; however , the sergeant 's feet were so damaged that a layer of moleskin ' had to be applied . Now a new man , the sergeant marched out gratefully , ready for another day . By 1500 hours the atmosphere in the British Medical Facility was frenetic . The waiting area was overflowing , with more than 200 marchers anxiously expecting treatment . Two NCO drivers from the Field Ambulance were passing through the assembled ranks selling chocolates , buns and cold drinks . Every year , the Nijmegen Marches are accompanied by a carnival in the town . A band plays at every street corner , crowds drift from bar to beer stand to disco and back to bar . The atmosphere is relaxed and friendly as the marchers and their supporters wind down after a hard day . The field ambulance minibus ran the boys down into town , and brought them back to camp in hourly shuttles until 0300 hours . That was a great day , said a happy but exhausted lance - corporal , and look what i 've got . The most serious and devastating wood fundus and the species most frequently found in old building is dry rot or Serpula lachrymans . Having established itself in damp timber , this infection can spread to dry wood and brickwork . Its life - cycle starts with a spore , of which there are countless millions in the atmosphere . These spores are highly resistant tot extremes of heat and humidity and are very long - lived . A spore which lands on wood with a moisture content of 2025 per cent in a still and stuffy atmosphere where the temperature is between 7 and 27C ( 44 and 80F ) can germinate and then throw out hollow strands known as hyphae . Its life - cycle starts with a spore , of which there are countless millions in the atmosphere . These spores are highly resistant tot extremes of heat and humidity and are very long - lived . A spore which lands on wood with a moisture content of 2025 per cent in a still and stuffy atmosphere where the temperature is between 7 and 27C ( 44 and 80F ) can germinate and then throw out hollow strands known as hyphae . These initially hair - like fibres seek out and feed off the cellulose in the wood which is digested by the fungus to leave a dry , desiccated and fragile shell of wood - fibre or lignin which , in the absence of the cementitious cellulose , cannot continue to perform any structural role required of the timber . Having drawn the cellulose from one section of the wood , the hyphae reach on to adjacent sections of timber to continue the process , while the strands of the initial attack unite into an equally fast - spreading cotton - wool - like growth known as mycelium . When this action is well established , the fungus will produce a sporophore , or fruiting body , which produces millions of spores . The sporophore is at first a whitish - grey , unpleasant - looking fleshy growth and gradually becomes more leathery and dewy . It bursts at internals to release into the atmosphere an enormous number of rusty - red spores which are carried on the breeze to germinate in distant damp timber , starting the process afresh . Dry rot exhibits an almost uncanny knowledge of the presence of timber and is able to thrust through brickwork mortar joints and to travel across brickwork behind plaster over great distances in its search for fresh food . In this respect , it is quite capable of spreading from one building to another through a thick party wall . Each wheel was made in sections and assembled at the mill , paddles made of wood being retained . Iron fittings could replace wooden components gradually , allowing major alterations to take place over a long period . This atmosphere of making changes only slowly and of preferring a tried and tested free source of power to more efficient engine - driven plant can be savoured at Lockyer 's Mill , Clapton , near Crewkerne , Somerset , a mill of 1864 in which grain is still milled commercially by water power provided by the River Axe ( Plate 42 ) . As well as milling corn , water - powered mills have been used for weaving and spinning . In Sheffield , until the 1930s , power from a waterwheel was even used to grind cutlery . I just hope that there is nothing to this Werner business . My God , I hope not. Behind him , in the flat on Klara - Lettkin - Strasse , there was a cheerful atmosphere . Touched by her husband 's bringing her coffee Frau Nordern was in a good humour , dismissing her own worries about the accident as mere alarmism stoked by Bodo , and tempering her authoritarian ways by letting Paul stay in bed for an extra fifteen minutes instead of , as usual , rousing him in the manner of a sergeant in charge of a penal battalion . The arrival of the mail helped , too : a mound of letters from the relatives who were , or , if they were to be given free accommodation , thought that they were , coming to Uncle Karl 's party . This vine - leaf bowl with its cargo of glossy lemons comes from a pottery founded in the 1920s by a member of the Bloomsbury Group , Phyllis Keyes . After the Second World War the pottery moved to Tingewick , the Keyes family house , where it continues under the aegis of Phyllis 's great - niece , Sara Johnson . The pottery retains the atmosphere of a family business : the exclusive designs are hand - glazed with meticulous care , in colours that are themselves hand - mixed . There is a small stock in the pottery but most of the work is commissioned . This bowl costs 70 , the fruit from 7 . Nicholas Luard of the John Muir Trust ( husband of our cookery writer Elisabeth Luard ) has joined forces with local people to form the Bara Ceirch Conservation Group , named after the farm on which the conifer plantation is sited . The group is only too aware that the dangers of conifer plantations are not limited to creating great black tracts of sterile land ( nothing grows beneath their dense needles ) . More worryingly insidious is their ability to act as magnets to acid rain , taking it from the atmosphere and releasing it into the soil , where it leaches down and enters the water system . Nicholas Luard and the other members of the group were particularly concerned about the planting of conifers at Bara Ceirch farm as it stands at the headwaters of the Rivers Cothi and Towy , two of the finest salmon rivers in Wales . The plantation itself is close to a feeder stream that runs straight into the Cothi , as would acid taken in by the conifers . An occasional distraction , an even more seductive glow , is the full moon hanging over the sea , right in the middle of my window . As a child I had a Japanese black - lacquered box , inlaid with a moon in mother - of - pearl , shimmering above dark islands . That is the scene before me now , except that the moon , riding low in its arc and viewed through the Earth 's dusty atmosphere , is spuriously tinged with gold . In spring or autumn , the moon has sometimes tempted me out to walk the shore , confident of magical encounters . But along that bare and silvery rim of sand , any self - respecting wild thing could not fail to see me first . EFFICIENCY At first glance CHP seems inefficient but it is not. Conventional electricity generation loses to the atmosphere enough heat for the needs of every home , office and factory in the country . Estimates put grid - generated power at 25 % to 35 % efficiency after heat and transmission losses . A hotel 's conventional boiler for heat production alone usually achieves 70 % and standby electricity generators , 50 % . With all the problems facing us at home , what have the rainforests got to do with us ? In fact they are the key to our survival and our planet 's future . This is because the deliberate burning of the rainforests pumps hundreds of millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere . Carbon dioxide is the main cause of global warming the Greenhouse Effect . We now know this threatens to dramatically alter the world 's weather patterns , raising sea levels and bringing floods , droughts and famines to us and the Third World . The smoke this produced was so dense that it closed airports and smothered half the country . The results of this wilful burning reach far beyond the rainforests . Hundreds of millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide are pumped into the atmosphere each year from tropical forest burning , contributing to the Greenhouse Effect or global warming which could severely disrupt the world 's climate . Rainforests are the source of a multitude of raw materials with immense potential value to medical science . Many of these will be lost forever , before they have even been named . The Greenhouse Effect is now the e world 's most pressing environmental problem . One of the solutions is to protect the rainforests . Visible light from the sun passes through the atmosphere to the earth 's surface . Heat radiation leaves earth . Some escapes , but gases in the atmosphere trap the rest , keeping the earth warm . Last year he was invited to hold an exhibition of his work at Urbino , in central Italy , at the house once owned by the Renaissance painter Raphael , which he had visited a few years before . It was the first time that such an offer had ever been made ; initially , he was loath to put his sketches on public display but he was also flattered . Finally , after some agonizing , he agreed on the grounds , as he wrote in the introduction to the catalogue , that I have a passion for Italy , her people , her countryside and the way in which art quite naturally seems to invade every aspect of life , thereby producing an atmosphere that is totally irresistible . He sent the paintings but none were for sale . As he explained in Urbino , These sketches are very much a part of myself and I am sure those who paint themselves will understand how hard it is to part with something into which , when inspired , you have poured your heart and soul . And on the other burning question that was asked time and time again whether she will have more children he said , digging an even deeper hole for himself : She 'd love a large family because she knows the joys of it . She likes the atmosphere of a large family . I 'm quite sure she 'd like to have several more children yet five seems a good number . There are times when I wish she could have a couple of years off to bring up her children , be at home with them , and not worry about anything else apart from them and her husband . The answer was that he had flown out quite coincidentally to attend a wedding . The Princess would like more children . She would dearly love some daughters to be able to pass her jewellery on to and , coming from a large family , she enjoys the atmosphere that plenty of children create . The Prince would no doubt also like to have more children , but he is very torn over the question of population control . Having witnessed the horrifying poverty and hunger in countries where there is just not enough food to feed the teeming masses , he feels depressed and worried about the future . It 's all different here . Everyone 's on the ground floor in chalets wooden chalets in fields of grass . The atmosphere is different too . There 's more hope here . In Ardeevan we just lay and rotted and nothing ever happened between Doctor Staples 's weekly rounds except that someone died . Did I tell you I may have to have surgery ? Elsie let the letter drop and sighed . It was the atmosphere that was killing . No one ever knew what was to happen next , as Lily said . The place was full of rumours and gloomy talk , most of it ignorant and ill - informed . But this was in many ways a blessing . Too many studios had been built in Britain during the production boom and , at a time when filmmakers were anyway keener than they had been hitherto to get out among ordinary people , they found they were no longer constrained by anxious accountants determined to maximize the use of studio space . Among those who found wartime location shooting refreshing was the actor Michael Redgrave who credited much of the quality in The Way to the Stars ( 1945 ) , Asquith 's atmospheric picture about life on an airforce base , to the atmosphere of those three weeks at Catterick , which could never have been created in the studio . Filmmakers were constricted as to subject matter by the requirement that their films contribute in some way to the war effort . That was the deal to keep British filmmakers in business which Alexander Korda had proposed to government , and supported with his propaganda film , The Lion Has Wings ( 1939 ) , combining documentary footage with patriotic clips from earlier feature films and a contemporary narrative full of pontifications on Britain 's purpose in going to war . He rushed it into UK cinemas to ensure that the shareholders did n't notice . Sensibly he allowed UA to enjoy the benefits of a mega - hit in the US . The Gater Committee on Film Production Costs , which reported in October 1949 , was in no doubt that the film industry had brought its latest crisis down upon its own head , through creating a general atmosphere of extravagance and unreality , leading to a disregard of expense which would not be tolerated in other forms of business . Rank , however , argued with equal conviction that it was all the government 's fault . His case was not without foundation . The UK government , following the example of the French and Italians , instituted measures to strengthen the ability of local producers to secure a reasonable return from the domestic box office , and filmmakers developed undemanding forms of cinema , mainly comedies and war films , that would reliably appeal to native audiences . Meanwhile , cinema admissions declined steadily , from 1,365 million in 1951 to 501 million in 1961 , reinforcing the impression of limpness that hung around the whole of the British film industry . The powerhouses of film production in the previous decade nearly all wilted in this atmosphere . Only Alexander Mackendrick at Ealing and David Lean seemed able , to some extent , to sustain their earlier initiatives , the one by focusing an acerbic eye on the state of England , the other by applying his extraordinary craftsmanship to such international films as The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) and Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) . Powell and Pressburger made their last disillusioned statement on the post - war mood in The Small Back Room ( 1949 ) , the story of an explosives expert 's struggles against drink and pain that was their first film after the defection to Korda . She was very hesitant in her response . She is not sure , said her mother . After a short while they retired to the back room and sat in a kind of play - pen atmosphere analysing Judit 's most recent game with a young American visitor . The Polgars are still a united and , in a quite humane way , isolated family . The intransigence of the Communist For Queen And Country ( Sony ) is a tough and effective British urban western confronting racism and inner - city deprivation in uncomplacently stylised terms . Representing a more traditional form of British cinema , John Schlesinger 's Madame Sousatzka ( Virgin ) has a stand - out performance by Shirley MacLaine and a keen eye for varied London locations , while A Time Of Destiny ( Vestron ) is a baroque romantic melodrama from Gregory Nava ( El Norte ) , which despite the miscasting of William Hurt as a Basque immigrant 's son seemed to me to have been unfairly downgraded . Another flawed but striking recent movie is DOA ( Buena Vista ) , an update from the creators of Max Headroom of the classic 1949 thriller of the same name , which may detrimentally alter the plot of the original but boasts nonetheless some arresting high - tech intimations of neo - expressionist atmosphere . Needing no alibis , however , though it comes close to an exploitation concept , is the hard - driving Australian movie Shame ( Vestron ) , with a dynamic central performance by Deborra - Lee Furness as the city woman caught up in Outback violence . Speaking of exploitation , students of the genre might care to consider Trapper County War ( Guild ) , an archetypal example of the backwoods nightmare , set in one of those supposed hillbilly communities where the locals , when not spitting out tobacco or imprecations , are banding together to hunt down interlopers and blast them to bits . One answer is that he was so explicit in his stage - directions that he leaves designers and directors little freedom of manoeuvre . Boldly ignoring the Shavian prescription , Nancy Meckler 's highly original Shared Experience production of Heartbreak House at the Riverside Studios has the quality of a fragmented dream , only occasionally marred by a sock - it - to - em over - emphasis . Written between 1913 and 1919 , Shaw 's masterpiece famously began with an atmosphere : that of cultured , leisured country - house England embracing the cataclysm of the first world war in a fevered death - wish . Down in Captain Shotover 's nautical Sussex retreat , civilisation is seen as a ship on the rocks . The Utterwords and the Hushabyes represent , respectively , the last vestiges of Colonialism and Bohemianism . VLADIMIR CHEKASIN : Anti - Show . ( Leo Records LR165 ) . MILES DAVIS , the late Gil Evans said , was blessed with a sensitivity to his complete surroundings - not simply an awareness of what notes worked with what chord , what accents with what rhythm , but of an atmosphere and resonance about the sounds around him that go beyond their formal construction . Aura , a CBS recording made in Scandinavia four years ago ( Davis went to WEA for his last two albums , after 30 years with Columbia ) , is as good a demonstration of that as anything the trumpeter has recorded since his most famous collaborations with Gil Evans . It is an orchestral session featuring Danish musicians plus Davis , John McLaughlin on guitar , and Vince Wilburn on drums playing the Scandinavian trumpeter 's Palle Mikkelborg 's concerto for his hero , recorded in Copenhagen to accompany Miles 's receipt of the Sonning Music Prize , a tribute whose earlier recipients have been Stravinsky , Leonard Bernstein , and Isaac Stern . The stoppage is being organised by factory committees . Mr Jakes will face his toughest test yet when he confronts an emergency meeting of the central committee this week . It is not impossible , in this highly charged atmosphere , that the party leader will be replaced by the weekend . Each demonstration this week has shown an increase in confidence which it will be very difficult to stop . Mr Stepan 's references to criminalised elements taking advantage of a destabilised situation , like Mr Jakes 's references to ruthless manipulators sound oddly out of date . In what is a highly fluid situation , a senior opposition source said that he expected Forum ministers to be in office by the weekend . The Forum source said that the Communists may retain half the cabinet seats , but that this was the absolute maximum the party could expect . It was clear that the longer the current unstable crisis atmosphere persists , the stronger the opposition 's bargaining position becomes . If its demands for a representative government are not met there is likely to be a general strike on Monday . Mr Urbanec , who is to hold further talks with Mr Havel today this time in front of television cameras conceded that the party realised it was held in deep mistrust by the public , and accepted that henceforth it could only be part of the political spectrum . The special party congress , staged under the auspices of the 25 - member working committee that has taken over the functions of the Communist SED will last through the weekend . It had earlier been planned for next week . The congress taking place in an atmosphere of extreme vindictiveness among the SED rank and file following the corruption revelations will determine the future of the Communist Party. Representatives are due to elect a completely new central committee and politburo , but the party newspaper , Neues Deutschland , suggested yesterday that such Stalinist institutions would perhaps no longer be required if the SED was transformed into a truly democratic party . The emergency SED leadership pledged that the congress would break with the Stalinist system . Two of the ERS instruments have been provided by the UK . The Active Microwave Instrument radar system , built by Marconi Space Systems , is significant because it can be used over land or ocean : it will return vital information about how the wind interacts with waves . How the wind affects the ocean and modifies the heat exchanged with the atmosphere is not well understood , but is of paramount importance to weather forecasters who cannot wait for ERS - 1 to begin operations . Though ESA admits there have been electronic problems with one of the system 's processors , it 's hardly surprising . It 's the most complex instrument we 've ever built , says Joe McCaughey , Marconi 's project manager . The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire has provided the Along - Track Scanning Radiometer , an infrared instrument which will measure sea surface temperatures down to 0.3C . There are Americans who 'd give their eye teeth for this sort of data , says one ERS project scientist at the laboratory . This greater accuracy will allow the heat transfer between the oceans and the atmosphere to be better computed . Commercially , the ATSR data will allow fishing vessels to home in on the edges of sea currents where fish congregate to feed on nutrients brought up from the ocean floor . But the emphasis for ERS - 1 is science , as the ERS programme is ESA 's contribution to Woce , the World Ocean Circulation Experiment , an important part of global climate research in the 1990s . Similarly , the mechanisms for heat transport in ocean currents is also mysterious , as the amounts of both heat and water within them is not well defined . Nearly 10 per cent of the Earth 's surface is covered by ice , which remains as terra incognita to climatologists as it was to 17th - century explorers . Ice coverage limits the exchange of heat between the atmosphere and ocean , effectively insulating polar regions from sunlight during summertime . You 'd be amazed how little we know about the polar regions , says Dr Preben Goodmandsen of the Technical University of Denmark . During the wintertime , there 's no sunlight . Instead of melodrama , we get tragedy . Instead of the medical materialism of Hammer horror , we get a surprisingly restrained treatment of the play 's fuliginous cruelties : even when the Duchess is invaded by a chorus of madmen , they are ushered in one at a time by a beady - eyed supervisor wielding a corrective cane . My one reservation is that Mr Alexander denies himself expressive use of light and sound to convey atmosphere and leaves us with few memorable images . In striving for sobriety , his production is just a shade dry . Coliseum . Clearly Sole , at 27 , is young enough to double or even treble his total of 20 caps . Given the small nucleus of genuine international players at Scotland 's disposal , his influence as leader and player will be crucial in the Five Nations Championship . In Scotland 's club atmosphere the captain invariably creates the prevailing mood . He emerged as a shrewd captain in Australia , leading the Lions to victories over New South Wales B and an Anzac XV . When his friend Calder took an autumn break , Sole skippered Scotland for the first time , in a 38 - 17 win against Fiji at Murrayfield . Leipzig 's Protestant Church leader , Mr Friedrich Magirius , called on East Germans to turn next Monday 's demonstration into a silent march for the victims of Stalinism , and to suspend protests over Christmas to gain a pause for reflection . Pro - reunification protestors dominated Leipzig 's Karl Marx Square on Monday , shouting down other groups who spoke out for an independent and socialist East Germany . These , in turn , screamed Nazis out in an atmosphere described by participants as explosive . There can be no doubt that the momentum in favour of German unity , as one state or a confederation , has been growing in East Germany . But there were also a fair number of imported protesters , in Leipzig on Monday , including rightwing skinheads and supporters of the CDU youth wing . MORRYS SCOTT , the 18 - year - old whose two late goals stopped Gloucester 's talented side in their tracks on Saturday , last night scored the only goal of the replay to give Cardiff a third - round tie at home to Queen 's Park Rangers . His header , in injury time before the interval , brought a hardly deserved Cup exit for the 60 - a - week part - timers on a night when Gloucester proved there really was sporting life locally beyond Kingsholm . This was the first time they had reached the second round and it was reflected in the atmosphere , though the official attendance of 3,877 , a record for the purpose - built Meadow Park ground , was hardly accurate . The kick - off was put off for 15 minutes because there were long queues outside . According to the police at least 600 supporters had to be turned away for safety reasons . In addition it has snow ( I quote Arnie Wilson ) which at its floor level of 2,494 feet it has no right to expect . Because the terrain so lends itself to visual spectacle , the grand prix races draw crowds from Vienna , Salzburg and Innsbruck like no other. Its atmosphere is inviolable . Wilson sees another Kitzbuhel . Four main ski areas Hahnenkamm , Kirchberg - Fleckalm , Kitzbuhelerhorn and Jochberg - Pass Thurn offer more than 112 miles of prepared holidaymaker pistes which 200 Red Devil instructors may help you to ski . The grass roots also tabled a demand for 30 new pastors to be appointed each year to take over vacant parishes . At the moment half a dozen vacant posts are filled a year . Pastor Szalatnay was in Transylvania last month and says that the atmosphere among local Hungarian intellectuals is one of expectation . The events in East Germany and Czechoslovakia have made a strong impact , he says . The mood now is that there is a chance for change . Male , the capital of the Maldives , has a serious shortage of fresh water ; Venice reports problems of coastal pollution . However , sea level rise is a global problem which captures global imagination . Our immediate response must be the development of a global monitoring system , including coastal gauges and satellites ; support for global ocean and atmosphere studies ; and initial analyses of local vulnerability . Whether these rational and progressive responses to the problem of sea - level rise will satisfy the coastal dwellers who are at risk is an open question . The small boy at the Green demonstration in the Maldives has no doubt : his home - made banner read Down with Sea Level Rise . The public perception of Amnesty has also changed and this has not happened by accident . For a long time deemed a white , Western organization , the setting up of section sin countries like Tunisia , Algeria and South Korea , are ample illustration of Amnesty 's worldwide stature . As a multi - lingual movement the human rights message can be conveyed via dozens of reports , books and audio - visual materials to audiences from Japan to Nigeria . Amnesty is global in name and nature . The very life blood of Amnesty is its research teams there are currently 40 based at the International Secretariat in London . Some have thanked AI , but we take no credit for anyone 's freedom . We know from experience that many factors some of which may never be apparent to outside observers determine whether a prisoner of conscience is released . Today the terrible injustice done to those prisoners reaches a mass audience . Amnesty sections all over the world include the Prisoner Letter Writing Campaign cases in the magazines and newssheets they publish in many other languages , from Faroe to Banlga . In many countries , regional and national newspapers report on these prisoner cases the Slovenian Catholic weekly Druzina , the French national daily Le Monde , and the Pakistani daily The Muslim , to name but a few . One may remove the words next slide please from the text , but not from the sequences of thought . The publication of lectures is a well - known form of literary suicide . I indulge in it now because the audiences who heard them endured , with much patience , extremes of heat and cold . I am grateful , and can only show my gratitude by giving them the text to criticise under more agreeable conditions . A characteristic two pages of the text are given to Corot 's landscapes , five pictures being cited , though the reader is less fortunate than the lecture audience , as only two are illustrated . I indulge in it now because the audiences who heard them endured , with much patience , extremes of heat and cold . I am grateful , and can only show my gratitude by giving them the text to criticise under more agreeable conditions . A characteristic two pages of the text are given to Corot 's landscapes , five pictures being cited , though the reader is less fortunate than the lecture audience , as only two are illustrated . Here is Clark 's description of Corot 's late style : From all his great range of delicate visual experiences Corot came to be satisfied with one shimmery light reflected from water , and passing through the delicate leaves of birches and willows . ARTISTS OWN WRITING Van Gogh is famous not only for his art , but for his writing . He did not write an autobiography , but his letters have been a source of fascination to a wide audience , especially artists . Luckily , he had a correspondent in his brother Theo in whom he could confide and with whom he could explore ideas about art ; the letters are thus an invaluable source of interpretation . From the distance of a century , some of Van Gogh 's enthusiastic appraisals of the art of his time look curious ; but then , this artist acting as a critic was especially vulnerable to admiring art with a moral purpose , or work from which he was able to draw inspiration . This vital fact proved its method of manufacture did not correspond to its supposed date . The museum made the best of a bad job . Joseph Noble , the observant administrator , announced to an audience of eight hundred , It 's famous , but it 's a fraud . More than that , it was one of the most important classical art forgeries ever discovered . Some museums have prudently kept a collection of mistaken purchases , and even bought some forgeries deliberately . The variations and exceptions to these brief generalised statements can be found in a number of books , some by investigative outsiders , some in memoirs by dealers and others interested in the market . For other periods , historians are slowly making studies which document the connections of critics and historians with the markets . In 1959 Dore Ashton was dismissed by the New York Times , the charges being that her articles were not aimed at a wide newspaper audience , and her articles on work by artist friends gave evidence of bias ( her husband , whose work she was forbidden to review , was a painter and print - maker called Adja Yunkers ) . John Canaday , the incoming editor of the newspaper 's art page and responsible for the dismissal , had made a challenge to a climate of opinion in which Dore Ashton 's criticism was valued for its sensitivity , and where the art which she praised was accepted . Her supporters included Thomas Hess , Meyer Schapiro , Leo Steinberg , Harold Rosenberg , and Peter Selz , and their intervention , asserting that Canaday had offended Ashton 's rights and responsibilities as a critic , resulted in Canaday 's being censured by the American art critics ' association . The theatre is larger than life , not in terms of physical scale , but because movements and speech are comparatively emphatic and intense , even when a play simulates everyday natural surroundings . Some people find this makes theatre less believable less true to their own experience and therefore less convincing than the more restrained performances seen on television and cinema . Theatre invites you to give your full attention to what is happening on stage the theatrical experience is a very concentrated one and you as a member of the audience are vitally connected to what is going on . As part of the audience you are as much a part of the entertainment as the performance itself , and this is something that dramatists are aware of and have always written for . Sometimes you will be directly addressed by the characters this is something which happened a great deal in Greek and Elizabethan theatre ( for example , look at the speech by Chorus in Act 4 , scene 1 of Henry V , which draws the audience into the atmosphere before a battle enormously effectively ) . Some people find this makes theatre less believable less true to their own experience and therefore less convincing than the more restrained performances seen on television and cinema . Theatre invites you to give your full attention to what is happening on stage the theatrical experience is a very concentrated one and you as a member of the audience are vitally connected to what is going on . As part of the audience you are as much a part of the entertainment as the performance itself , and this is something that dramatists are aware of and have always written for . Sometimes you will be directly addressed by the characters this is something which happened a great deal in Greek and Elizabethan theatre ( for example , look at the speech by Chorus in Act 4 , scene 1 of Henry V , which draws the audience into the atmosphere before a battle enormously effectively ) . It is also used as a dramatic device by many contemporary playwrights . Your local amateur society is always a good beginning . Being nervous and taking risks are two of the main things you will have to face as an aspiring actor , and that first time you read a play with a group of strangers , rather than in a classroom or among friends is when you confront your first hurdle . But you may not actually learn much , simply because the main object of the group will not be to help you but to get on and do the play , relying on the skills available and hoping that the audience will give adequate support . So what else can you do ? In recent years the amateur actor has had more opportunity for classes in theatre work , including voice and movement training as well as performance and directing skills . Comment Berowne almost seems to revel in his own discomfiture here , in his desperate last stand for freedom - he clearly enjoys the sensation of falling in love , even though he presents the experience as a disaster ! Invite the audience to listen to your dilemma , and keep the pace quick , for there is nothing solemn about Berowne . Titus Andronicusby William Shakespeare Aaron is a Moorish soldier of fortune , who with his mistress , Tamora , has been captured by the Romans in their war against the Goths . Remember this when the pace hots up ! Students usually find that the first term 's work is relatively gentle . At nearly all schools no stage performances will be seen by an audience until at least the end of the second term . Sometimes students get anxious about this , and believe they are not making audience contact early enough ; but if you think about it , the reasoning is clear . Most of your technical tutors will be seeing everything you do , and deriving what they need to know from it ; they do n't want to find you confused by criticism from senior students which might not be helpful to you at this point . Students usually find that the first term 's work is relatively gentle . At nearly all schools no stage performances will be seen by an audience until at least the end of the second term . Sometimes students get anxious about this , and believe they are not making audience contact early enough ; but if you think about it , the reasoning is clear . Most of your technical tutors will be seeing everything you do , and deriving what they need to know from it ; they do n't want to find you confused by criticism from senior students which might not be helpful to you at this point . Ultimately , there are things in your training which you will accept and those you may reject . Students may find themselves performing in final productions over two full terms , which means they have the opportunity to play twice as many parts , but this depends on the school 's policy and how they think you have progressed . At this stage , too , the allocation of parts and the standard of performance is becoming a lot more competitive a foretaste of the profession itself . In many cases students will also tour in productions mounted by the school , and this gives good audience experience away from the greenhouse of school performances , where the people who sit in the audience are usually either professionally interested , or are fellow students and friends . Any programme of final drama school productions will present a variety of styles and the casting is aimed at giving students a chance to do well in suitable roles . Naturally , with a cast of actors who are all approximately the same age , the casting of heavy character parts has to be considered very carefully , and of course not all plays are teeming with characters of similar age . The actor is dependent on the stimulus of other faces and voices . Quite a number of new actors form small fringe groups and work in plays on a profit sharing basis and work opportunities may grow from such schemes . Small , little - known groups do n't generally muster a large audience , of course , but they are often a good way of commanding interest from future employers . Certainly the new actor should never remain idle but create chances wherever possible . This may sound like cold comfort when you 're desperately hoping for something to come along and get you going but continuing your work and maintaining skills is vitally important . Certainly the new actor should never remain idle but create chances wherever possible . This may sound like cold comfort when you 're desperately hoping for something to come along and get you going but continuing your work and maintaining skills is vitally important . Above all you need new audience experience now you are out of drama school . And , although nobody wishes to be exploited with low wages and very difficult conditions , it is frankly better to find the ways and means of presenting yourself somehow , than not perform at all . The new actor is generally operating in top gear and if this momentum is stopped it can be very damaging to the morale and can result in an actor 's technical skills going rusty something to be avoided at all costs . D.M . It is the most important medium for getting known by the general public and affecting the attitude of employers but the theatre is still the best place for learning your trade . As Richard Attenborough once said to me , If you have n't learnt to play to an audience that is present , how can you expect to play to one that is n't ? The previous scheme is now to be re - submitted . Problems like these arise from a lack of imagination in house management , but it must be acknowledged that the drinking public behaves in a very inflexible way and fails to adapt to the qualities of different buildings . Brewers may underestimate the sophistication of their potential audience , however . The availability of a period pub , particularly one representing the highly popular 1930s , could create a new market where none existed before . This is the only hope for the conservation of pubs from a period with planning ideas so remote from our own . Peggy Mitchell , seated at the rear of the Variety Tent , sighed in sympathy as , one after another , the right card failed to appear from or disappear into the deck . Colonel Feather 's face was getting red , and he was beginning to perspire . The small audience had begun to fidget on their rickety folded chairs . A child 's piping question about the next act a professional juggler currently on the variety bill in a nearby town was hurriedly hushed , as much by the Colonel 's glare as its mother 's whisper . The Great Whirlo and his potential fan would have to wait Colonel Feather was a determined man , and this was his moment . So Marion , back on the boards after the death of her boring solicitor husband some years ago , compressed her lips and maintained as well as possible the stately calm that so well suited her part as the Balkan Countess whose family jewels were stolen in this season 's Salt and Pepper offering ( Robson the butler was the master crook , in league with the Countess 's French maid ) . She greeted her son with a nod and relief that Bunty had lagged behind on the stairs , giggling with some others . Not a good audience , she declared from behind the screen as Jessie helped her out of her dress , Typical matinee . And some silly woman crashed her tray to the floor just as I made my second entrance disgraceful ! She emerged in a dressing - gown and sat down to remove her make - up. The festival is also screening POISON , one of the most controversial American films for a long time , which has caused storms of protest in the States and will be a film that has everyone talking . And our other Mid Festival Special Event is BOYZ N THE HOOD , John Singleton 's tale of kids from the black ghettoes of L.A. From Europe , we present the films that have caught the eyes of critics and audiences at the major European film festivals . Young Soul Rebels Julia Has Two Lovers The Bridge bertrand tavernier retro One of the major retrospective strands of this year 's Festival is a tribute to the French film director Bertrand Tavernier , whose latest film THESE FOOLISH THINGS starring Dirk Bogarde and Jane Birkin , has received critical acclaim and a warm reception from audiences . Tavernier , who is a native Lyon , Birmingham 's twin town , has had a life long love affair with cinema . He originally studied law , before dropping out to devote himself to film criticism and assistant direction on films . Another outstanding Box feature was SIMON AND LAURA ( 1956 ) a comedy about live television production starring Kay Kendall and Peter Finch whose wit and sharpness has not since been rivalled by films on similar themes . Her films are by no means as simple as they may have first appeared . They make deceptively subtle demands on their audience , and through all of them there runs a strong sense of humour . Her last film RATTLE OF A SIMPLE MAN ( 1964 ) whose commercial and critical failure ended her career , can be seen as a woman 's reply to the eulogies of the working class male celebrated by John Osbourne and his like , and it does so by poking fun at the ideology of the male and his crude sexism . Ironically , this film stands up better today than many of its male social realist counterparts . Once at Finsbury Park , the cameras caught them at the sound check , in interviews , backstage , and relaxing before the gig . Uniting music and image , this unusual concert film provides insight into the staging of the event , the comments of the fans and the band . Featuring many of their greatest hits , the film captures the Brummie Band at their best , before an audience of around 35,000 eager fans . Brian Travers Associates are proud to show the world premiere of this new film in UB40 's home town at the Birmingham Film and Television Festival . SCREENING at a glance Some of the documentaries screening are A PLACE OF RAGE , a portrait of two inspirational African - American women Angela Davies and June Jordan , and MYSTERIES OF JULY an elegaic investigation into the issue of deaths at the hands of the police . Film crazed insomniacs will be pleased to know that Vokani Film Circuit is continuing its tradition of organising a BLACK FILM ALL NIGHTER at the Triangle . Films need audiences as much as audiences need films , we look forward to seeing you . Who Needs A Heart Masala As terrestrial and satellite companies compete for sport and movies , the two major commodities which could ensure the future success of television , the conference will consider how the contest for the SPOILS OF SPORT will progress over the next decade . How far will terrestrial broadcasters compete for the rights to SPORTS coverage ? How will BBC and ITV survive and how much will they need to bid against each other to acquire the major sports which audiences will wish to see ? Will the vast sums of money which are being asked for by the Governing Bodies of Sport mean that they will price themselves out of the market or will television continue to pay as they compete for audiences ? Sports and sporting figures are managed and packaged for television production and there is a fear amongst purists and some sporting fans that the spirit of sport will be lost in its relationship with television . How big are the audiences for sport on television ? The Women in Film group will produce a session with particular emphasis on Women as Audience and the Representation of Women in Sport . Sport and the coverage of sport on television is a major part of the everyday life of the television audience . Sport as part of The News means that it has national significance and is part of the cultural heritage of the audience . One issue which will be debated is the ownership of sports coverage and the access to clips for News Programmes . Christian Routh , the Fund 's Selection Co - ordinator , will discuss the aims and objectives of the European Script Fund . As raising development finance for fiction projects is the most difficult stage of production for independent producers and writers , the European Script Fund provides seed money to European producers and writers in an attempt to redress the imbalance between indigenous production and the great amount of imported fictional material in European cinemas and television . The Script Fund is committed to the notion that without encouraging indigenous European stories of interest for its own audiences , our screens will continue to be overwhelmed by imported products and our national audio - visual industries will suffer . The grand total of awards made since the European Script Fund opened its doors in April 1989 has been 236 from over 2200 submissions received . A total of 3 million has now been allocated to European applicants . Let us drink to that . He held up his cup , clinked it on Cameron 's , and gave him a deliberate nod . The audience was over . But Cameron could hardly move away the dancers filled the yard , flying toes and heels banged against the shins of the onlooking elders as the dancers twirled . Donald McLaggan had gone too far with Flora Stewart , swinging so wildly that the girl flung against the smaller table and fell onto it with her hair in the great bowl of broth . We 'll press on , shall we ? For Purdy 's benefit she dropped the names of her most prestigious clients . For Roy 's she gave a hard - nosed , step - by - step account of the campaign she proposed market research , target audience , lead - in times , media mix , follow - up. At the end of it , at five o'clock , they all shook hands . I must say , said Roy . His ideas of symphonic development were followed by Beethoven ( Prometheus 1801 ) , Adam ( Giselle 1841 ) , Delibes ( Copplia 1870 ) and Tchaikovsky . Although the scores of The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker followed Petipa 's explicit orders that each item consisted of so many bars of one tempo and time signature and as to what it was supposed to represent , Tchaikovsky did demonstrate how ballet music could be developed symphonically by using the leitmotifs . He showed how music could flow through a scene and not be broken up into short numbers which encouraged the audience to applaud each time . Stravinsky composed the first truly modern score for ballet with The Firebird ( see page 61 ) . He understood that there must be an overall rhythm as well as the phrase rhythms of particular leitmotifs and dances if dancers were to understand and feel properly Fokine 's choreographic design . In the last example , the words form frivolous comment on the action . But there is no such careful blending of ingredients in Tetley 's Dances of Albion where the singer 's words of the traditional Lye Wake Dirge bore no relation to what was being danced on stage . This was offensive to the Scots in the audience as was Tetley 's disregard for the purport of the poem by Blake that gave the ballet its title . The music by Benjamin Britten includes some part of the War Requiem which means far more to British audiences than mere decorative patterning . Choreographers have never disdained to use popular music for their everincreasing audiences and they realise that they should reflect popular taste . This was offensive to the Scots in the audience as was Tetley 's disregard for the purport of the poem by Blake that gave the ballet its title . The music by Benjamin Britten includes some part of the War Requiem which means far more to British audiences than mere decorative patterning . Choreographers have never disdained to use popular music for their everincreasing audiences and they realise that they should reflect popular taste . The score for La Fille Mal Garde ( 1789 ) reflected the new revolutionary ideas pervading France and contained several folk and popular airs . This example was followed by Gavin Gordon , singer - composer , who borrowed street songs and cries for his score of The Rake 's Progress . Ashton punctiliously followed the layout . But Stravinsky 's music , although classical in form , was far from the tuneful dance idioms of Tchaikovsky , Stravinsky 's source of inspiration . Despite strict rhythm and exact phrasing , the music was daringly frivolous in tone and quality because it was meant to entertain a popular audience . In following Stravinsky 's guidelines , Ashton found many new , sometimes frivolous , ways of performing class - room steps . The corps de ballet neglect the turn - out and step forwards sur les pointes , raising the working knee and resting the toe on the calf of the other leg , before moving forwards . This told how the poet , having taken opium , dreamt backwards through time to seek his love in a ballroom , on his way to a medieval scaffold , at a well in ancient Greece and finally at a Witches Sabbath , where her kiss ended in death ( see page 56 ) . However , Massine 's interpretation of Brahms ' fourth Symphony ( Choreartium , 1933 ) was very different . It was the ideas behind this design that so interested not only the audience but also the music critics of the time ( see page 41 ) . Massine not only paralleled the overall and short phrase rhythms of the music by those of the dancers , but the instruments of the orchestra by related groups of dancers . Each group was led by a soloist representing the leader of a particular orchestral section so that as the themes were taken up by first one and then another section , the various groups of dancers joined in . For example , when the musical phrases get complicated because of the use of many notes , the dancers find themselves using their hands feverishly in order to give every note its value . Occasionally this can be interesting as it is in Bintley 's Consort Lessons ( 1984 ) . But if it is repeated too often the incessant jigging of hands makes the audience restless , too . A study of Dalcroze Eurythmics from which such ideas emanate is valuable , but the practice must be used with discretion if the resultant ballet is not to resemble an examination of machinery rather than a feeling fur the rhythm and shape of the engine that makes the dancers perform . Daphnis and Chlo Aston 's Romitic style The Lovers are united ( Margot Fonteyn , Christopher Gable and The Royal Ballet ) Instead of concentrating on the lines of the dance which they will need if they ever dance in Ashton 's Symphonic Variations or Monotones , MacMillan 's Requiem or Bintley 's Consort Lessons students spend more time loosening up to meet the demands of modern choreographers . There is often a rush to create something new without enough thought being given to the physical problems they may cause . There remain , however , a few dancers who excel in the purely classical roles , which an audience demands because they are still testing grounds for particular talents . Purely classical ballets are still popular , so there have to be choreographers who understand and mould the technique . They must know how to make use of and when necessary discard the old conventional rules . takes place during a particular period and in a particular environment . These two requirements were first established by Greek playwrights and were later codified by the Acadmie Franaise ( 1635 ) when it laid down rules for the composition of any literary work . The rules are still valid and the libretto of any ballet neglecting them often fails to hold the attention of its audience because the content has been weakened by too many irrelevances . Enigma Variations Ashtons interpretation of Elgar 's My friends pictured within ' ( The Royal Ballet ) A play must have a beginning , a climax and an end ( Aristotle ) Most other story ballets can be analysed in much the same way . Those with a theme , or which consist of dance only , have a similar plan . A choreographer who neglects the old rules and any item pertinent to the unfolding of the plot , theme or music is demanding a great deal from an audience . Many plotless or so - called abstract ballets , by choreographers such as Balanchine , have no specific characters or climaxes but they do follow the composer 's score very closely . Most composers of specially commissioned music , even those later than Stravinsky , follow the time - honoured rules of thematic continuity and development and above all rhythmic phrasing . This can be effected by the use of a leitmotif or phrases of music . Since the first performance of Giselle , certain composers and arrangers have used leitmotifs fur one or several characters and repeat the leitmotifs each time the characters appear . These musical phrases give continuity to the action and are most valuable because they help both performers and audience to understand how moments in the story or theme affect the players . Adolphe Adam , composer of the music for Giselle , initiated this idea which greatly influenced Wagner and later composers . Leitmotifs are a firm point of reference that carries the dancer onwards from the beginning to the climax and to the end of the story . When petrushka is left alone in his room , his cries dominate the stage both musically and choreographically because the incessant throb is not heard . So when the cry is heard again just before the curtain falls it comes as a final appeal for help . There is always a moment of silence before the audience respond , so strong has been the tension . Prokofiev threaded two leitmotifs through his score for Cinderella to mark the heroine and her Fairy Godmother . When Ashton staged his version of the ballet he made Cinderella 's leitmotif into a major factor fur the development of the plot by creating a matching dance leitmotif . Fokine was the first choreographer to distinguish the need for a particular style for each ballet when he created such different ballets as Les Sylphides , Le Carnaval , Prince Igor , The Firebird and Petrushka . From his innovations have come many developments opening the way for similar independently minded choreographers . They also opened the eyes of the audience to the endless possibilities of expressing meaning through dance . Three particularly objective masters of choreography are de Valois in Job and The Rake 's Progress , Massine with such different ballets as The Good - Humoured Ladies and The Three - Cornered Hat and MacMillan with Mayerling and Requiem . A subjective view Choreographers can also take a more subjective view of their work . This is equally important and has so proved throughout ballet history . The choreographer seizes on the personality of a particular dancer and creates ballets through which the dancer gradually develops and discloses unique talent and qualities to such a degree that audiences soon recognise a star . The names of four choreographers immediately stand out . Taglioni recognised his daughter Marie 's quality of other worldliness in La Sylphide ; Perrot discovered Carlotta Grisi 's unique qualities as an actress - dancer in Giselle ; Fokine exposed Tamara Karsavina 's many - sided brilliance in such works as The Firebird , Le Carnaval and Petrushka ; Ashton fostered Margot Fonteyn 's varied personality . No better example can be given than by citing the careers of Tamara Karsavina and Margot Fonteyn , both of whom worked with many different choreographers as well as submitting themselves to the severely classical discipline of the older Petipa repertoire . A general view There is a third type of choreographer who produces ballets which give audiences great pleasure through the sheer variety of their virtuoso designs . Because of the interesting , usually technical , demands made on the performers , their ballets often become testing grounds for future soloists . Variations from such ballets as Petipa 's Don Quixote , Raymonda and La Bayadre and Bournonville 's Napoli are still considered by most classical dancers to be more technically demanding than the more complex twistings and turnings of modern choreographers who mix their styles . A ballet fur the stage must have an overall rhythm which sets the atmosphere , quality , mood and possibly the emotional content of the whole . And ballet must also have short phrase rhythms which will give it variety , dimension , mass , structure , texture and style . Perhaps no ballet has ever made the same impact on dancers and audience as Stravinsky 's Rite of Spring . Its urgent overall rhythm commands the choreographer to keep the dancers moving forever onwards with greater intensity to the climax , whilst the shorter phrase rhythms give the Chosen Maiden and smaller groups such ways of moving that they hold the audience 's full attention until the fall of the curtain . Variety And ballet must also have short phrase rhythms which will give it variety , dimension , mass , structure , texture and style . Perhaps no ballet has ever made the same impact on dancers and audience as Stravinsky 's Rite of Spring . Its urgent overall rhythm commands the choreographer to keep the dancers moving forever onwards with greater intensity to the climax , whilst the shorter phrase rhythms give the Chosen Maiden and smaller groups such ways of moving that they hold the audience 's full attention until the fall of the curtain . Variety Being various ; absence of monotony or uniformity ; class of things differing in some common qualities from the rest of a larger class to which they belong Measurable extent of any kind ; number of unknown qualities contained as factors in a whole Dimension immediately suggests that the choreographer must take into account the space in which the dancers move . Although this is of considerable importance , particularly if the ballet is to be presented in a large theatre , too much concentration on certain of the dimensions ( height , depth or breadth ) may deprive some members of the audience of much of the pattern . for example , too much weaving and rolling of bodies on the floor is hardly visible from the stalls , whilst too much concentration on one side of the stage finds spectators on the same side craning their necks to see what is going on . It was for such reason that most of Petipa 's famous pas de deux take place centre stage , whilst those of Ashton and MacMillan cover the whole area as befits their more flowing lyrical styles , It must also refer to the depth of thought behind the design whether the subject deals with a bold tale or a subtle philosophical , psychological or even theological theme . It may even present a comic , frivolous or bawdy joke to arouse laughter or attempt to reveal the workings of a composer 's mind . However , choreographers should always remember that whatever story , theme or music is chosen , it must be translated into clear , often simple , dance statements understandable by an audience . It should not be necessary to compile long programme notes , except perhaps in those cases where a poem is being interpreted ( see page 28 ) . Choreographers should never assume that all in the audience have sufficient knowledge of the subject , theme and ideas which are possibly understood only by an exclusive coterie of friends . However , choreographers should always remember that whatever story , theme or music is chosen , it must be translated into clear , often simple , dance statements understandable by an audience . It should not be necessary to compile long programme notes , except perhaps in those cases where a poem is being interpreted ( see page 28 ) . Choreographers should never assume that all in the audience have sufficient knowledge of the subject , theme and ideas which are possibly understood only by an exclusive coterie of friends . This does not mean that only wellknown or straightforward subjects and themes are to be staged . far from it . Shakespeare 's dramas of Hamlet , Romeo and Juliet and Othello have many subtle touches of humour and tenderness , as do his lighter works such as A Midsummer Night 's Dream . All have been translated into successful choreographic form . Similarly the delicate and subtle nuances of such ballets as Ashton 's A Month in the Country , Robbins ' Dances at a Gathering and MacMillan 's Song of the Earth are successfully conveyed and capture the audience 's attention from the moment the curtain rises by the impetus , rhythm , dimension and variety of dance . Dance in all its aspects has proved capable of embracing the whole range of emotions and behaviour that emerge from a proper reading and understanding of the text . Mass Once an outline of the story and a general layout of the plot have been decided , they should be discussed with the composer or arranger of music whose first task may be to create a proper beginning with the overture . Is it to set the general atmosphere and mood as Stravinsky did for The Firebird Mysterious sounds of the wind whispering in the trees , the soaring flight of a bird and the heavy tread of an unseen foot are still a wonderful introduction to this magic tale . On the other hand , Prokofiev used his overture to Romeo and Juliet to introduce the leitmotifs which will help both dancers and audience to follow the unfolding of the plot . He contrasts the love themes of Romeo and Juliet with those which accompany the bitter struggles and fights between Montague and Capulet . Differently again , the overture to A Month in the Country conveys romantic nostalgia with deeper hints of passion which Lanchbery created when he arranged little - known music by Chopin . Despite the general activities there is menace in the air and it is not long before the rival factions of Montagues and Capulets are fighting and deaths occurring before the lovers even meet . This opening is very different from the quietly charming first scene of A Month in the Country , where the only thing amiss is Natalia 's bored behaviour . Even with such examples in mind the choreographer may well decide it is better to delay the confrontation between the chief players because , by creating and stressing the general atmosphere , this raises the audience 's expectations before the meeting of the protagonists , and the sudden onset of passion is what makes the ultimate tragedy so poignant . This happens in Giselle where Hilarion 's suspicions of Albrecht 's identity are already aroused before Albrecht meets Giselle . Hilarion 's discovery of Albrecht 's sword and later his confrontation with Giselle , with the sword in his hands , still does not convince Giselle of Albrecht 's duplicity . Despite the great differences in style between the above three ballets and despite their different libretti the three choreographers perrot ( with Saint - Georges ) , MacMillan and Ashton give valid reasons why the tragic deaths of Giselle , Romeo and Juliet , and Natalia 's lost love are the inevitable result of what has gone before . In other words , what happens at the beginning of the story states why the relationships between two or more characters lead to confrontations which continue onwards to a climax and finally draw the ballet to a suitable conclusion . This last task is possibly the most difficult because the audience must be convinced that the ending chosen is the only possible outcome of everything that has gone before . The ending can also owe a great deal to the composer or arranger of music . Stravinsky ensures a happy yet solemn ending to The Firebird by using the old Easter hymn At the Gate where the whole congregation rejoices at the renewal of life . Texture Arrangement of threads ; the characteristic feel or look of this arrangement This definition should be understood as the choreographer 's ability to establish a style of movement through which the audience will feel and understand what the performers are communicating through a particular way of dancing . The style must disclose and be expressive of the moods , emotions and actions of the roles played even where few personal feelings are allowed to show , as in such ballets as Ashton 's Monotones where all that is needed is a calm , unhurried and seemingly endless weaving of the dance design in all its dimensions . Nevertheless the three dancers in Monotones are expressing their close relationship to each other and to the space in which they dance and above all to the flowing lines of the design and of the musical phrases . Or is he to allow her to rest her left forearm on his right and to guide her round in an elegant mazurka leading her , as it were , from the shoulder so that she always moves just in front of him ? Such beautiful manners are quite unlike those of the ranch hands and their girls in De Mille 's Rodeo or those in MacMillan 's Elite Syncopations . In addition to the courtesy the partners show to each other , there are also the courtesies that must be shown to the bystanders on stage during a pas de deux so that such reciprocation can help to focus the audience 's attention on the context of the dance . The courtesies must also be exchanged between couples in a group dance . This is very important where there is a constant change of partners . It is equally important when she is wearing a soft tunic or one - piece tights and leotard . The lines made by the two dancers together must always have room to breathe and to be seen separately if the whole design is to flow . It is possibly the spaciousness of design that brings audiences again and again to Ashton 's Symphonic Variations and Monotones , whose straighter and continuously moving lines require the dancers to draw them calmly and to fill the stage generously with movement . This could not be more different from the cruel flinging of Mary Vetsera 's body by Rudolf in the Mayerling pas de deux with which MacMillan describes the Count 's tragic mental state . Technical characteristics A contradiction in style during this change of aulement or alignment can distort the design . Nevertheless an unusual change of aulement or alignment can add interest and draw attention to a dancer 's statement . for example : the swift change from the grand dvelopp la seconde which Odile makes facing the audience and her sudden turn to arabesque when she looks straight into the kneeling Siegfried 's eyes in the Act II pas de deux of Swan Lake ; it is Odile 's triumph for she knows she has won Siegfried 's heart . Even more exciting changes of aulement can be found in Ashton 's Birthday Offering where each soloist dances an old step at a new angle , without breaking the rules or older conventions of nineteenth - century ballet . He then gives an entirely new quality to the class - room exercise on which these enchanements are based. Birthday Offering Ashton 's technical virtuosity ( The Royal Ballet ) Choreographers who do not adhere strictly to the old conventions of court etiquette realise that their total design will flow more easily because their dancers ' behaviour will appear more spontaneous and natural . For example : each soloist need not begin with a formal bow to a king or to the audience , nor end with another bow or considered pose ; but such behaviour may be included if the choreographer wishes to locate dance in a particular century and probably a palace in which the story unfolds . Many new members of an audience have been known to object to the applause greeting the last bow . It breaks the continuity of the dance . Choreographers who do not adhere strictly to the old conventions of court etiquette realise that their total design will flow more easily because their dancers ' behaviour will appear more spontaneous and natural . For example : each soloist need not begin with a formal bow to a king or to the audience , nor end with another bow or considered pose ; but such behaviour may be included if the choreographer wishes to locate dance in a particular century and probably a palace in which the story unfolds . Many new members of an audience have been known to object to the applause greeting the last bow . It breaks the continuity of the dance . Other practices that once held up the flow of the dance were the continual closing in 5th position before a new step and the continual moving of the arms through 1st position at every change of weight or during a ports de bras . This last convention is invaluable in early training because it helps to stabilise balance during the transfer from one foot to the other and is also valuable in such ballets as Birthday Offering as it echoes the period and style of Glazounov 's music . But this would get very boring if used too often . Another old rule decreed that dancers never turned their backs on the audience , because all had to face the king , the centre of attention . The turn of a dancer 's back can now become part of a beautiful line being made in a total picture . Today 's dancers not only dance fur an audience . A sudden change of aulement , an unusual turn in - out of legs or arms , or quick jumps up and then down to the floor followed by a roll over or even a somersault can accentuate the particular place that unusual movement has in the whole design . Swift changes in the dimensions covered in any linear design are nowhere more obvious than in Ashton 's five abstract ballets and his example is now being followed by David Bintley in his Choros and Consort Lessons . In fact such unusual movements often arouse the audience to gentle laughter as swift changes add a touch of humour as two or more dancers compete to capture the attention of both the audience and their Colleagues . Classical dance patterns In classical ballet the patterns and groupings delineated by the dancers ' bodies are usually symmetrical and evenly balanced over the whole stage . It should be noted that a similar order of precedence exists in Ashton 's Scnes de Ballet as in Petipa 's The Sleeping Beauty which was supposed to be an evocation of a court ballet at the time of Louis XIV . However , when ballets were performed for the public , professional dancers took the place of courtiers and technical innovations had to be made . The dancers now appeared on a stage before a wide audience and the focus of their attention changed to the whole audience or to the most important performers . They had to adapt their movements to cover a larger space which was like a box with one side only being open to public gaze . They had to pay greater attention to the placing of each step and pose within the new framework . It is when this mass of dancers divides and moves to the sides that the open space available for dancing is exposed fur the first time . Before this the slowmoving dancers in their wide spreading tutus and veiled arms have hidden it from view . Its exposure prepares the audience for the brilliant solos to follow . When Marie Camargo shortened her skirts and removed the heels from her shoes , jumps and batterie first entered the vocabulary . These lent brilliance to the footwork which became more intricate and thus more interesting . Be did away with actors and singers to tell the story as had happened hitherto . He insisted that his dancers told their own story by using the many conventional gestures familiar to theatregoers throughout Europe . He explained the gestures in the libretto he prepared for his audience . As a Greek and Latin scholar he had found them described in the works of ancient authors who wrote about the moods , emotions and actions of all the actors involved in their dramas . By 1717 these gestures were accepted practice by actors to reinforce the meaning of the words spoken and particularly by members of the commedia dell'arte travelling troupes who produced mime plays . As a Greek and Latin scholar he had found them described in the works of ancient authors who wrote about the moods , emotions and actions of all the actors involved in their dramas . By 1717 these gestures were accepted practice by actors to reinforce the meaning of the words spoken and particularly by members of the commedia dell'arte travelling troupes who produced mime plays . In these the expert gestures and extemporised playing of easily recognised characters in certain stock situations were understood by audiences everywhere no matter what the native language because the gestures were so explicit . These gestures were first listed by monks in the tenth century . They described some four hundred used by monks and nuns of certain religious orders during the hours of silence . Bratfisch attempts to entertain the doomed couple at the last meeting before their death and his sorrow as he comes to the graveside of the murdered . heroine are an object lesson in understatement . So explicit are the tiny gestures and the perfect timing of exits and entrances that the audience is forced to recognise the personal tragedy of a love that spoke no words . Although MacMillan 's choreography fur both the above ballets is based on classical technique , it in no way conforms to the old school of dance or conventional mime . To portray specific characters , whether imagined or real ( some were known to members of the audience at the first performance of Enigma Variations and Isadora ) , the would - be choreographer can use classical dance as a firm base but must pay more attention to his characters as particular individuals . So explicit are the tiny gestures and the perfect timing of exits and entrances that the audience is forced to recognise the personal tragedy of a love that spoke no words . Although MacMillan 's choreography fur both the above ballets is based on classical technique , it in no way conforms to the old school of dance or conventional mime . To portray specific characters , whether imagined or real ( some were known to members of the audience at the first performance of Enigma Variations and Isadora ) , the would - be choreographer can use classical dance as a firm base but must pay more attention to his characters as particular individuals . They live and work in a more varied , often plebeian , environment than that of courtiers in the palace of a prince . The latter , after all , was the stereotype setting fur all classical ballet until 1789 , the year of the french Revolution . They cannot be too strict about this relationship , for the score , whether commissioned or arranged , will only give some flavour of the traditional ways of singing and dancing . This can be easily recognised if Bizet 's music for Carmen is compared with De Falla 's fur The Three - Cornered Hat . Yet the former has sufficient Spanish flavour , as does the Minkus score fur Don Quixote , for audiences to believe that characters really would perform in the way they do to the kind of music provided . When Dauberval removed to Bordeaux , the audience , like those elsewhere in france , was largely unaware of the grandeur of aristocratic entertainment . It welcomed the new ideas in La Fille Mal Garde because the characters portrayed were familiar and were living in the farms and vineyards . This can be easily recognised if Bizet 's music for Carmen is compared with De Falla 's fur The Three - Cornered Hat . Yet the former has sufficient Spanish flavour , as does the Minkus score fur Don Quixote , for audiences to believe that characters really would perform in the way they do to the kind of music provided . When Dauberval removed to Bordeaux , the audience , like those elsewhere in france , was largely unaware of the grandeur of aristocratic entertainment . It welcomed the new ideas in La Fille Mal Garde because the characters portrayed were familiar and were living in the farms and vineyards . Dauberval is said to have borrowed steps and gestures from such people to give his ballet greater reality . In real life the onlookers are part of the activity and usually join in . In ballets such as Petrushka and Rodeo they are wandering around , watching and occasionally responding to the dancers ' efforts . But audiences sitting and watching can only join in the fun in their imagination and if the dancers are sufficiently out - going . Choreographers like Bournonville often borrowed from regional dancing , which he eagerly studied wherever he travelled . It is useful for would - be choreographers to examine his ballets and discover that he mostly set them in countries possessing easily recognised characteristics . This was followed by a wedding staged as if the Bride and Groom were being manipulated as puppets by a group of servants , a particular japanese theatrical tradition . The final scene was a formal celebration and prayer fur a wife giving birth . The movements were strongly influenced by the stylised Bugako players and were appropriate to each scene , but oddly enough the whole appeared too static , as if a series of japanese prints was being paraded before the audience . At this time a MacMillan ballet was expected to be , above all , about dancing . The apparent ritualistic posing , although strongly performed and easy to understand , did not appeal in the same way as his Song of the Earth . Here he creates the many happy and not so happy incidents that can occur on a skating rink where even a professional can miss a trick . Jerome Robbins has a knack of using occupational gesture in many of his works and most particularly in The Concert , where the well - observed behaviour of the many different concert - goers arouses much laughter . Those in the audience who have had to suffer such behaviour in a concert hall , whilst trying to listen to a brilliant musician , know that his remarks about certain characters are only too true . Whatever occupational gesture ( mime ) a choreographer chooses to use in ballet , it must be envisaged in terms of dance without the use of props . Even such mundane tasks as eating or drinking have found a place in some ballets . No better example of such objectivity was Ashton 's own playing of the Onlooker in Nocturne . He stood silent and still , watching the tragedy of the Poor Girl who was being rejected by the Rich Man . His two tiny gestures said everything and expressed the audience 's understanding of the plot . He made one as if he should try and comfort her , but turned away , walked upstage and on the balcony with his back to the audience , raised his arms widely only to drop them helplessly . No one could fail to understand the Onlooker 's reaction to the tale just unfolded . He stood silent and still , watching the tragedy of the Poor Girl who was being rejected by the Rich Man . His two tiny gestures said everything and expressed the audience 's understanding of the plot . He made one as if he should try and comfort her , but turned away , walked upstage and on the balcony with his back to the audience , raised his arms widely only to drop them helplessly . No one could fail to understand the Onlooker 's reaction to the tale just unfolded . To some extent the same idea of an onlooker applies to that of Jaeger , the critic in Enigma Variations . composers , authors , poets and painters , began to strengthen the national features of their work . More typical and traditional folk dance steps and customs were absorbed into demi - caractre dance and were accompanied by idiomatic features from national music . When this happened , however , even the traditional features became more stereotyped because choreographers used only those which the audience could easily recognise and which were commonly seen and heard in a particular country . It was from such traditional dance that Fokine , at the instigation of Diaghilev , devised the first truly national ballets by breaking away from the sterotyped steps . Instead , Fokine based his design ( as did the composer Stravinsky and the artist Korovin ( later Goncharova ) ) on the folk tales , customs , traditional dances and music of Russia without in any way conforming to the generally accepted rules of classical technique . The movements of Hungarian dance are down to the earth whereas those of Scottish Highland dance are away from the earth . 3 In order to display particular native features , the traditional circle , chain and couple dance formations must be broken up and opened outwards so that the steps are seen clearly by the audience . This is after all what the first balletmasters did when professionals appeared on stage and were no longer surrounded by the court where all eyes were focused on the king ( see page 76 ) . 4 His dance throughout has its base in the classical vocabulary but MacMillan has coloured it by gestures from cabaret and vaudeville dance traditions , which serve to reveal not only class differences in behaviour but also genuine feelings . This is why Bratfisch is so important . Without him there is no other character with whom the audience can feel sympathy . Ashton 's Alain shows yet another aspect of the sad clown or little man and can , when subtly played , gain much sympathy because , while things seem to go right , he is so pleased with life . His delight first makes itself evident during his solo for Lise even though technical mistakes keep on happening . Ashton 's Alain shows yet another aspect of the sad clown or little man and can , when subtly played , gain much sympathy because , while things seem to go right , he is so pleased with life . His delight first makes itself evident during his solo for Lise even though technical mistakes keep on happening . When he pulls himself up or corrects his placing or step he beams on the audience as , for example , when he finishes with his back after a pirouette and hastily turns to face them . The same happens during the pas de deux that is supposed to be with Lise . Each time they arrive at a pose , Colas somehow steals the expected kiss or holds Lise in the proper climax as Alain strikes what he believes to be the proper pose . Man 's inhumanity to Man The Burrow ; A Distant Drummer It is important to note that these ballets were created by MacMillan whose aim has been to convince audiences that dance in ballet belongs to the reality of life and to show how life can be manipulated . He first described this in Noctambules which showed how the characters portrayed were manipulated by the Hypnotist . Manipulation was shown more dramatically in A Distant Drummer . Yet Ashton found ways of so moulding classical dance that the ladies even danced sur les pointes in so Edwardian a setting . The ballet could have been entered under the title of demi - caractre , but those people were not figments of the imagination . They really lived , were visualised by the composer , then the choreographer and recognised by old friends in the audience . Robbins Dances at a Gathering could be called a romantic ballet because it uses classical technique coloured by natural emotional expression . It communicates the moods , sentiments and behaviour of young people meeting to enjoy each other 's company as young people always do though not usually to Chopin 's romantic music . MacMillan 's The Burrow , based on the real diary of Anne Frank , was possibly the most explicit and moving of all his efforts to depict reality in terms of dance ( see page 30 ) . The classification of today 's ballets becomes more difficult as their stories , themes and music get more complicated . Very occasionally , the opposite happens , e.g. in Robbins ' Glass Pieces to John Cage 's minimal music , the constant repetition of musical phrases paralleled by dance phrases lost the interest of an audience bored with too much meaningless to - ing and fro - ing . Modern style After studying the above ballets it may well be asked what is modern style ? As explained elsewhere classical technique is the most demanding . It has evolved from the simplest folk through the mannered court and finally to the expert classical dance . It is designed to display both dancer and dance to the best advantage from the audience 's point of view . It is a strict discipline upon which to build . Its exponents are trained to feel how to move with each part of their bodies and to know how their movements must be coordinated to produce one or another step or pose . The enchanements can be danced to any time signature , phrasing or tempo . Although some modern dancers do without music in the accepted sense of that term , they rarely do without rhythmic phrasing . If they do they have forgotten that , like them , every member of their audience has an inborn sense of measuring time . . . Without a sense of rhythm , our sense of time is devoid of landmarks and , as Frank Howes added later , and sense ( see page 68 ) . The art of the particular She displays how to build living structures of pictorial importance by weaving individual dancers or groups deliberately and solemnly so that they frequently pause in a meaningful picture of distinctive shape . These are the full stops to a paragraph that give the audience an opportunity to sum up as it were how the Bride 's hair is cut ; why the men convey the Groom to the Bride 's house ; how the Bride and Groom are blessed by their parents ; and so on . By so phrasing each paragraph and bringing each incident to a proper conclusion , Nijinska gives both dancers and audience time to consider what has been done and what is yet to happen . The nature of the formal shapes made by the dancers ' bodies and limbs as they move into and hold a picture must be evaluated . Nijinska insisted on the use of the pointes in order to emphasise the elongated portraits of the Byzantine Saints , thus the dancers ' bodies mostly face the audience but their arms and legs turn inwards and are seen mostly in profile . By so phrasing each paragraph and bringing each incident to a proper conclusion , Nijinska gives both dancers and audience time to consider what has been done and what is yet to happen . The nature of the formal shapes made by the dancers ' bodies and limbs as they move into and hold a picture must be evaluated . Nijinska insisted on the use of the pointes in order to emphasise the elongated portraits of the Byzantine Saints , thus the dancers ' bodies mostly face the audience but their arms and legs turn inwards and are seen mostly in profile . The angles made at the elbows , shoulders , knees and ankle joints are clearly visible . Those of the arms are particularly interesting because the fists are either clenched or the fingers flattened thus the lines and shapes made only appear slightly rounded by the folds in the sleeves . It is impossible exactly to define what is modern dance because the body is the same that has danced for hundreds of years . Choreographers cannot in any way change the ways in which their dancers move . The audience recognise physical movement for itself alone whereas those who theorise and attempt to define what they mean by such terms as post or neo - modern , contemporary , avant - garde , etc. base their works on intellectual concepts which need to be discussed in words . Thus the audience fail to understand everything that is offered . Dance is firstly a physical activity and if it is obscured by complicated costumes , props , machinery , lighting and stage effects , it ceases to be relevant to anything but the cleverness of the producer . Choreographers cannot in any way change the ways in which their dancers move . The audience recognise physical movement for itself alone whereas those who theorise and attempt to define what they mean by such terms as post or neo - modern , contemporary , avant - garde , etc. base their works on intellectual concepts which need to be discussed in words . Thus the audience fail to understand everything that is offered . Dance is firstly a physical activity and if it is obscured by complicated costumes , props , machinery , lighting and stage effects , it ceases to be relevant to anything but the cleverness of the producer . In a letter Ashton once answered such bewilderment by quoting : CAMRA wants the right of licensing authorities to refuse new pub licences much more carefully defined . The Campaign wants a major new right for pub customers : to be consulted over refurbishments to their locals . Proposals should have to be advertised locally , the manifesto says , and customers should be given a right of audience before the licensing authorities to oppose unwelcome changes . CAMRA supports tenants evicted so that pubs can be run by managers or who refuse to sign new leases on unfair terms . CAMRA wants a sliding scale of excise duty , to promote competition by encouraging the retention of specialist breweries owned by larger concerns . In the late 1960s , the cloudy , rustic version began to be replaced by the filtered type , sometimes identified as Kristall . This Champagne image helped it recover . then , in the 1970s , the pendulum of style swung back to the cloudy , sedimented type , which is seen as a more natural product by today 's young audience . If the cloudy type is made in the traditional way , as Erdinger is , the sediment is yeast left during a secondary fermentation in the bottle . Some examples from non - specialist brewers are simply sedimented with the residual protein that would normally be removed after brewing . Stepan 's aesthetic convictions are Dostoevsky 's , and Stepan 's speech is an hysterical , summarizing take - off of Dostoevsky 's journalism , itself no model of temperateness . The narrative maximizes Stepan 's vulnerability , perching him on a platform amid the malcontents and troublemakers and the much larger number of those humble , obscure people who are enduring more or less passively the chaos of the fte . He is holding forth about beauty to an audience which has been short - changed over food and drink and entertainment . Therefore he is asking for trouble , and he receives it suddenly and in full measure , above the groundswell of heckling , at the hands of a divinity student who reminds him at the top of his voice about Fedka , a dangerous escaped convict now roaming our town and originally a serf of Stepan 's whom he sold into military service to pay a gambling debt : If you had not lost him at cards , would he have got into prison ? Nuttall has elsewhere given a mischievous account of an academic occasion in which a speaker insisted on asserting , It is a truth that the workers are oppressed . This , Nuttall remarks , acted as a red rag . It was as if the logical conservatism ' of his remark was more significant and more offensive to his ( predominantly left - wing ) audience than its thoroughly socialist content . In A New Mimesis Nuttall accused Hawkes of collective cultural solipsism . Hawkes , in turn , gave the book a mockingly dismissive review in the TLS , without mentioning Nuttall 's accusation against him. She writes : And if the reading public as a whole is shrinking , if literature is increasingly relegated to the schools as something to be studied if , in a word , the majority of readers now are scholars ( whether students or professional academics ) then the claims of literary theory to be our representative literary genre become stronger still . What better inspiration could a literature of theory have than an audience composed of theorists and critics ? This is not , I think , meant to be ironical , and it represents a quite logical development from the premiss that the whole production , definition , and reception of literature has now become intramural to the academy . In this context , what goes on outside , what is actually written by poets and novelists , is of minor interest . When he brushed his cheek against hers or supported her waist in multiple pirouettes the sensual heat was unmissable . Even Durante , who has a tendency to forget her character when she is dancing , responded at times with an uncharacteristically voluptuous abandon . For those of us less fortunate in the audience Bocca 's technical prowess was devastating enough . In the austere Shades act he perhaps overdid the stunts - but otherwise the height of his jumps coupled with the careless speed of his preparation was breathtaking . So too was his exceptional ability to accelerate or delay his pirouettes at will a dancer for whom gravity is only a trivial inconvenience . The pivotal notion of Spandau prison being pulled down and replaced by a supermarket was one which greatly excited Brenton , signifying at a stroke both Western Europe 's descent into cynical consumerism and the wiping out of history . The production would be high - tech , with key scenes performed simultaneously on stage and on videotape . Watching the characters being bugged on TV monitors , the audience would themselves be made to feel under surveillance . Not a madly promising menu , and fraught with predictable dangers . Compared with the mysteries surrounding the deaths of President Kennedy or Marilyn Monroe , the controversy surrounding Spandau 's 93 - year - old inmate is about as interesting as the fall of a dead leaf . Not a madly promising menu , and fraught with predictable dangers . Compared with the mysteries surrounding the deaths of President Kennedy or Marilyn Monroe , the controversy surrounding Spandau 's 93 - year - old inmate is about as interesting as the fall of a dead leaf . And dispersing the audience 's attention among nine separate TV sets is a sure way of dispersing any atmosphere you may have been lucky enough to set up. In the event 90 minutes without an interval it quickly became clear that all the surveillance in the house would be cruelly trained on those unfortunates doomed to flesh out Brenton 's thoughts . The plot , insofar as one could discern it , was both labyrinthine and self - cancellingly ambiguous , built round an interview in a psychiatric hospital between a journalist and the grief - obsessed widow of a German professor who had bequeathed a videotape casting doubt on the official version of Hess 's death . In the event 90 minutes without an interval it quickly became clear that all the surveillance in the house would be cruelly trained on those unfortunates doomed to flesh out Brenton 's thoughts . The plot , insofar as one could discern it , was both labyrinthine and self - cancellingly ambiguous , built round an interview in a psychiatric hospital between a journalist and the grief - obsessed widow of a German professor who had bequeathed a videotape casting doubt on the official version of Hess 's death . The other characters were a sold - out leftie academic ( who drew much knowing laughter from the first - night audience ) , a right - wing academic , a military automaton , and an Amstrad word - processor which enigmatically took the floor in a central scene . The script cut from psychiatry to politics to history to Euro - moralising with dizzy speed ; film - clip collages of Hitler saluting , Hess ( or not - Hess ) in the mortuary , hamburger ads , crumbling buildings , a screaming man in seventeenth - century dress , and the widow miming Hess 's improbable suicide all chimed in an unholy jangle with the events on stage . The questions raised may have been interesting , but the answers given were tritely familiar ; the authorial tone was relentlessly baleful . Economic Outlook : A deficit between consenting adults By SARAH HOGG The Chancellor is trying to convince his political audience that Britain 's deficit ( now running at close on 4 per cent of national income ) is not a problem ; and to convince the markets not to sell sterling . In both arguments , the next two weeks which include a probable German interest - rate rise and an unavoidable Conservative Party conference will be critical . If Mr Lawson can hold off a base rate rise at least until he can blame the Germans , that will make his political task a fraction easier ; but not much . In these cases the interests of justice may demand special requirements such as , for example , that the preparation and presentation of the case be in separate and independent hands . In the second category , general civil cases , parties should be able to choose their own lawyers because the interests of justice would be inherently less likely to fetter the client 's right of choice . Lord Donaldson implied , however , that solicitors who exercised their new rights of audience in these cases ought to be expected to concentrate on advocacy . While emphasising that he had not reached any firm conclusions , Lord Donaldson 's voice will be a powerful one in behind - the - scenes manoeuvres as rules governing the exercise of the new advocacy rights are hammered out away from the parliamentary battlefield . The rules will be drawn up by the Law Society having regard to suggestions made by a new lay - dominated independent advisory committee on legal education and conduct . But on the other hand , the statute will also include a clear intention that extended rights of audience are put into practical effect as soon as the necessary conditions have been met . A majority of judges said in their response to the Green Papers that standards of conduct and competence might decline if lawyers who worked in partnerships and took instructions directly from clients ( most solicitors ) were allowed widespread access to the higher courts . Lord Donaldson 's formula for settling the rights of audience controversy was viewed as an adept political move by some delegates . Alternative dividing lines which have been informally mooted , such as simply restricting solicitor - advocates in Crown Court jury trials to the less serious cases , had been viewed as difficult to support as a matter of principle . Lord Donaldson 's remarks were greeted with cautious enthusiasm by Bar leaders . Suddenly she caught sight of the child 's mother . Immediately , her expression and pace of approach changed and instead of the lambasting , or worse , she had seemed about to deliver , she gave the child a tolerant smile and began to pick up the scattered cans . Most of us have experienced similar examples of such audience effects on behaviour : playing a game to perfection ( or otherwise ) when the team selector is present , for instance . What you do depends very much on who might be watching , often with good reason . Prudently taking cognisance of onlookers also turns out to be important in the social behaviour of other primates . As soon as he moved out of Nikkie 's view , however , his demeanour changed and he walked normally without discomfort . What Yeroen hoped to gain by his play - acting is not clear , though it may have helped to defuse further aggression . What is clear is that his behaviour was geared to the available audience . Some recent work on green vervet monkeys shows that audience effects can be important in other contexts in which their functional significance is a little easier to identify . Anne Keddy Hector , Robert Seyfarth and Michael Raleigh at the Universities of California and Pennsylvania have been studying parental behaviour among captive vervets to see if males ' parental ability affected the females ' choice of mate . What Yeroen hoped to gain by his play - acting is not clear , though it may have helped to defuse further aggression . What is clear is that his behaviour was geared to the available audience . Some recent work on green vervet monkeys shows that audience effects can be important in other contexts in which their functional significance is a little easier to identify . Anne Keddy Hector , Robert Seyfarth and Michael Raleigh at the Universities of California and Pennsylvania have been studying parental behaviour among captive vervets to see if males ' parental ability affected the females ' choice of mate . Their argument was that a male 's potential quality as a parent might be important because , in many species of Old World monkeys , males form strong protective relationships with females and their young , which are crucial in reducing the amount of harassment and competition the young suffer from other members of the group . Clairmonte was a popular choice for the title first won by John Carl Grimek , America 's Monarch of Muscledom back in 1948 , but his victory had been a close run thing . Edward Kawak , who won in four successive years ( 1982 - 1985 ) , mysteriously representing France , Lebanon and West Germany , was too close for comfort in second place ( he was French this time ) . Out in the audience it was bedlam , each Rodin pose greeted with wolf whistles , cat calls and enough indecent suggestions and doubles entendres to script a new Carry On series . Pecs mad , this body building lot . Out on the stairs a piece of paper as worthless as Chamberlain 's prohibited the use of body oils . World In Action questioned the Animal Liberation Front about the paradox of saving dumb animals by exposing dumb humans to incendiary devices . Because of the Broadcasting Act , four ALF members in Balaclavas were shown on screen but their answers read by an actor . Once again , it struck you that an actor was more likely to win sympathy from an audience than a slack - jawed garrulous Balaclava . John Simpson 's lucid report for Panorama , following groups of mujahedin through most of this year , attested to both the benevolent power of photography cameramen Chris Hooke and Peter Juvenal courageouslycaught images of broken bodies and wrecked villages , of fire and snow and the more dubious power of America and Russia , picking up the tab for the fighters but not the victims . RADIO / Double acts : Robert Hanks on sexual antics in the Middle Ages and modern - day mirth Modernists versus Traditionalists . The panellists include Colin St John - Wilson , architect of the new British Library , Leon Krier , urban planner and architect of the Prince 's Dorchester Project . Chairman is Charles Jencks , architect and author , who will preside over a small invited audience of architects and developers , as well as members of the general public . Go first to the albeit small exhibition : in Prince Charles the backlash against modernism has an impassioned protagonist and the display leaves one in no doubt about his views . His self - deprecating prose You may be forgiven for thinking I only like the architecture of the past is reinforced by videos broadcasting extracts from the television film . We must conserve our money and our time in the schedules for the big ones , Bromley says . Everything else , the minorities , go to Channel 4 where they fit comfortably . Cricket and golf , Bromley says , are both minorities , judging by the size of their television audience . Cricket had the fourth largest aggregate audience on television in 1988 , according to the figures of AGB Sports Watch/ BARB , but over so many hours that its audience at any one time is insignificant . The final climactic day of golf 's Ryder Cup last week still attracted fewer than five million viewers to BBC 's Sunday Grandstand . A PAIR of tramps in the cellar of an abandoned hotel lengthily airing their psychological underwear until evicted by a ( superficially ) heartless boilerman : we seem to have been here before . But there is not much Pinter , and definitely no Beckett , about this solid piece of middle - class music theatre by the Canadian composer Quenten Doolittle , which began its short British tour by the Banff Music Theatre at the Chapter Arts Centre , Cardiff . Doolittle has based himself on what seems a pellucidly consequential and intelligently written play by Rex Deverell ( also the librettist ) ; and though the piece is offered as best suited to alternative audiences , it cuts an oddly respectable figure in the modestly louche surroundings of Chapter . Two reasons strike me for this . First , the work is dramaturgically polite ; it consults its audience too much to be taken seriously as drop - out theatre . His Cabinet experience , he unfolded , was but a small part of the assembled case . The pleasure comes later , when you elevate yourself to the status of a student and a teacher that 's how I see the job . At the other end , Bryan Gould ( A Future for Socialism ) held his audience spellbound as he charted Labour 's recovery from assumptions of unchallenged rightness , once taken for granted and shattered by Thatcherism . Austin Mitchell ( Beyond the Blue Horizon ) , and Giles Radice ( Labour 's Path to Power the New Revisionism ) were there too . And although their analyses overlapped only in the margins , there was a burst of literary bitchiness when Mr Radice 's enthusiasm for the opportunties of the Common Market was excoriated by the other three . At Stourbridge Town Hall in the West Midlands last night , where Botham began his tour , those who came instead of a night out at the pictures were somewhat surprised to find themselves treated to a night out at the pictures . The entire first half consisted of film of Botham 's greatest moments , liberally interspersed with more film of him drinking the sponsor 's lager . But in the final hour he did deliver the goods , taking impromptu questions from the audience . Not that it was going to be easy to improve on the earlier filmed interview when , asked why he rarely practised in the nets , he replied : I do n't like confined spaces . One was tempted to applaud such spontaneous wit , but serious faces all around showed that this was not meant in jest . The Theatre Royal , Plymouth , is about to send a highly commercial product into the West End . For Elijah Moshinsky , there are great advantages to starting a show out of town . It seems to me that a new play like Shadowlands needs to be exposed to different audiences before it settles down. It 's especially important in a play like this , which is such a delicate and sensitive piece of writing , that the actors grow together as a cohesive group . I think that it is much easier to create that atmosphere in a good out - of - town theatre like Plymouth rather than to prepare a star vehicle in a draughty rehearsal room somewhere in London . Westerns are no longer a cheap option . The classic western TV series were filmed in back - lots , or in the semi - desert 20 miles from Los Angeles . Modern audiences no longer accept plastic bushes , and the southern Californian suburban sprawl means the production companies have to take their horses and cows to locations far away in Arizona or Montana . David Jacobs also points out that the cost of hiring a stage - coach is now prohibitive . At one time there were dozens of companies which specialised in renting out western paraphernalia . No way would we transmit an FA Cup replay on a Tuesday evening live , Martin said . Our partnerships make sense , and our viewers will not lose out . Martin , of course , is not unaware that Eurosport and Screensport , the WH Smith - owned channel which shares the Astra satellite with Sky 's four stations , are insignificant still in audience terms . Eurosport claims a potential audience of only 800,000 in Britain . It is different on the Continent . Our partnerships make sense , and our viewers will not lose out . Martin , of course , is not unaware that Eurosport and Screensport , the WH Smith - owned channel which shares the Astra satellite with Sky 's four stations , are insignificant still in audience terms . Eurosport claims a potential audience of only 800,000 in Britain . It is different on the Continent . Satellite is more established because there cable companies take the service from the satellite and pipe it to customers . Definite confirmation of ITV 's withdrawal from the fixture can be expected today . This First Division match , always one of the most emotional , fiercely fought contests of the season , was originally scheduled for last Saturday . As this date did not come within ITV 's planned winter programme of Sunday afternoon games a new date was proposed , December 22 , a Friday night with a kick - off at 8.05 , prime - time viewing guaranteed to capture a huge audience in holiday mood . Neither club was pleased , supporters were furious and Liverpool were reported to have protested strongly . There was much concern expressed on Merseyside about the safety aspects of a match kicking off that late in the evening on the day when all the tradtional pre - Christmas parties are held in offices and factories . But the trouble , you feel , lies with Belushi . It may be that his gifts lay in the thrill and risk of live performance , losing their savour in aspic ; or , more likely , that his genius was always over - rated . Wired purports to be about America not just Belushi , but this is trite stuff about decadence in Tinseltown ; what it has to say about the nation is nugatory , unless you count a depressing scene in which an audience collapses in laughter while the Voice of its Generation ( as Bluto in Animal House ) stuffs a sandwich down his pants . Belushi 's a book , believes Woodward , but one is inclined to agree with the cop who pronounces him just another fat junkie who went belly - up. K - 9 ( 12 ) , which stars James Belushi , hints at the less than glittering screen career that might have awaited his elder brother , had he lived . What we were offered , if definition is needed , might be called ballet - pantomime : it was certainly not opera . As in the best ballet - pantomimes , the message is direct in origin and presentation . At times the method is decidedly crude , especially in a hint of West Side Story which concludes the overture , doubtless aimed at today 's audience . Oddly enough , Ghanashyam ( A Broken Branch ) approaches opera in the nature of the story it tells : originating in village festivities , the tale unfolds a rake 's progress towards perdition , in this case via drugs , but with an extra metaphysical twist when the spirit of the departed returns to inhabit his wife . While the intentions of the plot are clear enough , it is not significantly developed by the dance . Providing a continuous texture , the music never pales and only in the shock - horror theme associated with drugs approaches banality . Apart from some relentless over - amplification , the music , directed by Ashit Desai , emerges with enormous verve . As a whole , this grand spectacle was a rare hit with what seemed to be as varied an audience as any opera company is likely to find these days. Ravi Shankar has given his audience a work of undeniable beauty , but whether this captivating setting has rendered the tale equally meaningful is another question entirely . MUSIC / On the Golani heights : Canadian Music Festival QEH Endesha Ida Mae Holland , the author of this veiled autobiography , is described in the programme as a popular lecturer and story - teller : she works the same seam as Maya Angelou , Toni Morrison and Alice Walker ( whose spirit she fulsomely invokes , and whose book The Color Purple she implicitly recalls at every turn ) . But Holland 's particular trademark is a cute and cloying sentimentality , with pathos laid on thick . Her story - telling has no obliqueness , no mystery ; everything is slowly and patiently explained , as though the audience was a fidgety bunch of six - year - olds . The two directors have done their best , speeding the tale along on the wings of Bessie Smith and mouth - organ blues . And the actresses themselves are a delight : Josette Bushell - Mingo has an extraordinarily mobile face and an infectiously comic manner , Joy Richardson shows an uncanny ability to get inside a 10 - year - old 's skin , and Angela Bruce , as the mother , has natural authority . She became chairman of the orchestra and later became a member and chairman of the Keswick Music Society . But her chief work for music in Cumbria was as Secretary for 20 years of the Cumbria Rural Choirs . Largely due to her courage and drive she enabled them to grow in stature so that the choirs were able to perform the major choral works drawing an audience of over 1,000 at a performance of the Dream of Gerontius and be broadcast with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra on three occasions . Ill - health dogged Dorothea . Arthritis crippled her hands so she had to give up , most reluctantly , the flute and then a series of eye operations ended in virtual blindness . Piecemeal highlights are all very well , but viewers tend to be creatures of habit and , at present , a short burst of goals every Saturday night is just a tease ; an uninitiated visitor would never guess that football was the national game . Within ITV 's ranks , there is concern that last season 's gains have been wasted . The overlord Greg Dyke , having paid a minimum of 11m a year for exclusive rights to the League ( at the current rate of inflation , the four - year , index - linked bill could soar over 50m ) , hit his audience target of eight million when Manchester United beat Liverpool thrillingly on New Year 's Day . Then came Arsenal 's unforgettable finale at Anfield in May , watched by nearly 12 million people ( more than the BBC got for the FA Cup final ) . The viewers were hungry , one member of staff said . Before a demoralising defeat when challenging Mike Tyson for the world heavyweight championship two years ago Biggs would have probably been too dangerous a proposition for Mason but something has gone from him since then and he was unable to fulfil bold pre - fight assertions . Both men took heavy blows and by withstanding the best of the American 's punches Mason at least emphasised that he has a strong enough chin . It was not a contest to excite the audience and there must have been some anxiety in Mason 's corner as it approached a critical stage . Mason was ahead but Biggs for a while looked the stronger man and employed his superior technique to suggest that Mason might be running into trouble . He took four of six rounds and yet without ever making his supporters believe that a decisive victory was on the cards . Out Of The Blue was fractured in the extreme , Heartland became a loose - limbed skank , and Marr more than proved his worth on Violence of Truth . Good as the concert was , it was rather too middle of the road for a tour titled The The vs The World and , sadly for fans of the more paranoid earlier work , Johnson 's attempts to darken the proceedings ended up looking silly . By not uttering a word to the audience , then keeping the stage shrouded in smoke , lit only from the back in lurid purple , orange and red , and reducing the band to shadowy figures looming out of a fog , he put so much distance between them and anybody past the regulation front - of - stage pogoers that attention easily wandered . And the over - use of an extra microphone , giving his voice the qualities of a US TV cop with a bull horn , made many of the lyrics unintelligible , removing the thrust of his carefully - penned portraits of despair . Under the weight of such cliches , The The were about as dangerous as the average heavy metal band . IT SEEMS that even in its own time the thirteenth - century motet was considered by many to be a sophisticated , subtle genre , only likely to appeal to the literati . That these generally complex , polytextual pieces can today appeal to an almost capacity house at the Wigmore Hall is largely due to two factors : the superb singing of Gothic Voices , and the ability of their director , Christopher Page , to unlock the musical secrets of the past . Over the years , Page has established himself as a medieval raconteur , delighting his audience with tales of , say , thirteenth - century Paris ; but anecdotes aside , he has also been refining the presentation and programming so that , almost without realising it , his audiences learn a good deal about the often totally unfamiliar music being performed . This concert , part of the Early Music Centre Festival , was one of the most overtly educative so far , with even , at one point , an illustrated guide to composing a motet in five easy stages . Yet there is nothing condescendingly didactic in Page 's manner , nor anything textbookish about Gothic Voices ' performance . Teachers and students alike are governed , by and large , by people born during the inter - war years , when the Spanish Civil War and appeasement were the great issues . This is a generation for whom the war years remain vivid and the Empire had real meaning . Casual references by our political leaders to what seems to them to be the quite recent past can be lost on a young audience . The new students are also new voters . It is a matter of politics as much as education whether they grasp the flow of history and understand how events flow into one another . In fact the Cheese Shot Skit my all - time favourite owes its life to him. Every dozen or so cheeses I 'd sigh and say Gra , is this really funny ? and he 'd puff on his pipe calmly and say , Yes , get on with it . I wished he 'd had the same confidence in front of audiences because he was probably the most talented actor of us all . But he found the Python TV recordings a terrible strain , and some of his drinking was an attempt to dampen that fear . After he gave up the booze at Christmas 1977 for good - he gave us his splendid Brian which is as clever and well - judged a piece of comic acting as you 'll see . The range of sports programmes , live and packaged , is extraordinary , while the videotape market is booming . No boxing match seems too trivial for live coverage , basketball and volleyball draw vast audiences , Formula One racing grips the nation and there is an inexhaustible appetite for football , to the extent that Saturday night English soccer is a major viewing habit . Thus battle has been joined between RAI and the private channels for an audience which Italian advertisers regard as pre - eminently desirable . According to Giulio Malgara , president of Auditel , which monitors viewing habits , sport is the perfect medium for publicity . It guarantees record viewing figures in Italy , more than films or variety shows . Finvest 's men have been making the bidding against RAI harder and harder by the season and now they are fighting on a match - by - match basis . RAI protests that this amounts to a colossal waste of money since it previously acquired Eurovision rights for nothing more than the duty of reciprocal access to material from Italy . But the pickings could be huge : the audience for RAI 's recorded Italian Sunday football in the United States and Canada may be as high as 50 million , while down in Latin America they hunger for footage of Maradona at almost any price . Berlusconi , unabashed by his own creation of what amounts to a duopoly , bangs the drum of the free market against RAI , claiming that the licence payers ' money is being squandered to break down unwanted competition . The Director - General , Biagio Agnes ( like all RAI executives a political party appointee ) , has angrily accused the Berlusconi camp of dragging in even the authorities of the state and seizing every opportunity to attack the public broadcasting service with statements of such arrogance that they betray weakness and sheer lack of class despite ( Berlusconi 's ) economic power and much - vaunted influential friendships . I 'm not just a monkey dancing to the organ - grinder 's tune . I 'm the sort of fellow who , after a hard day slogging away at the National Theatre , goes home and dips into a much - treasured , well - thumbed copy of Pope or Pepys . If you the audience came round to my place , this is the sort of evening we 'd have . In image terms , the one - man show is a dramatised version of a colour supplement Room Of My Own/Life In A Day feature . The most favoured option is to pick a well - known name and either anthologise him or produce what is now grandly referred to as a biodrama . Even though the cast has been inevitably expanded for the new film , dramatically Shirley could have stood on her own . It 's a reminder that , occasionally , an author can have narrative drive and conflict within the confines of a single character . Producers may favour one - man shows for economic reasons , but that does n't in itself mean that the audience is being short - changed . TELEVISION / Boxing far too clever : Mark Lawson in the ring By MARK LAWSON The result of this hunger could simply be that opera houses survive the dog days of Thatcherism with full houses for Carmen etc. , or it could be the creation of new works that express and mirror the social and political needs of our culture in opera 's emotive language . But are there composers ready to seize this chance ? Many composers now crave the chance to write operas , but will they acknowledge the duty to communicate with the audience ? There has always been a sense in which music is a secret , arcane , almost Cabbalistic , art . But this introspective isolation , now compounded in so many cases by the fact that universities are the only institutions able to support a composer 's existence , perpetuates the sense that the only right path for a serious composer is the romantic path of high seriousness and absolute individual integrity . There has always been a sense in which music is a secret , arcane , almost Cabbalistic , art . But this introspective isolation , now compounded in so many cases by the fact that universities are the only institutions able to support a composer 's existence , perpetuates the sense that the only right path for a serious composer is the romantic path of high seriousness and absolute individual integrity . Robert Saxton , in these pages , recently denied that there was any longer a problem with contemporary music , and instead lectured the audience about paying closer attention . He did not mention that one definition of a composer 's talent is that he can write music that compels an audience 's attention . If the Orphic myth defines the power of music , it is because Orpheus compelled an entirely hostile audience to listen to him. But this introspective isolation , now compounded in so many cases by the fact that universities are the only institutions able to support a composer 's existence , perpetuates the sense that the only right path for a serious composer is the romantic path of high seriousness and absolute individual integrity . Robert Saxton , in these pages , recently denied that there was any longer a problem with contemporary music , and instead lectured the audience about paying closer attention . He did not mention that one definition of a composer 's talent is that he can write music that compels an audience 's attention . If the Orphic myth defines the power of music , it is because Orpheus compelled an entirely hostile audience to listen to him. Mr Saxton also dismissed the idea of music as entertainment . Robert Saxton , in these pages , recently denied that there was any longer a problem with contemporary music , and instead lectured the audience about paying closer attention . He did not mention that one definition of a composer 's talent is that he can write music that compels an audience 's attention . If the Orphic myth defines the power of music , it is because Orpheus compelled an entirely hostile audience to listen to him. Mr Saxton also dismissed the idea of music as entertainment . ENO , I am glad to say , is proud to be dismissed by him to the purgatory reserved for this despicable activity , and more than 450,000 people pass through our doors each year to prove it . Mr Saxton also dismissed the idea of music as entertainment . ENO , I am glad to say , is proud to be dismissed by him to the purgatory reserved for this despicable activity , and more than 450,000 people pass through our doors each year to prove it . If a composer remembers to keep this audience entertained , think what he can say to them all at the same time . An entertained audience is actually there and listening : a bored one has usually gone to dinner . Rehearsing Kurt Weill 's Street Scene , I am in daily contact with a composer who was not embarrassed to entertain , nor to adapt his vision to the audience . They cannot expect to affect the development of a genius like Janacek . But that realisation should not be a disappointment : rather it liberates us from the job of creating masterpieces , and gives us a much more achievable task . That is quite simply to reduce by say 25 per cent the amount of time the eager opera audience wishes to spend listening to famous old works about famous old people and places , and instead increase the amount of time it wishes to spend listening to new works about ordinary people now . This is an exercise in persuasion , and requires composers who will focus their art on the simple and fundamental act of communication with their enthusiastic but tired , inattentive , restless , distracted and easily bored fellow human beings who none the less long to hear themselves in a not necessarily flattering mirror of music . Our society needs to be given the chance to hear its own heartbeat in its own music for pleasure first , then also for knowledge and understanding . MUSIC / Unholy row : CBSO / Rattle Birmingham By JAN SMACZNY THE MOST appealing moment in Mark - Anthony Turnage 's engagingly chatty introduction to Three Screaming Popes , his Feeney commission premiere for the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra at the Birmingham Town Hall , came with a stated desire that his music should be accessible to an audience . Well , the Popes , in terrifying orchestral sonorities , certainly screamed and the new composition was , indeed , accessible to the audience . This substantial , 15 - minute orchestral movement was inspired by three paintings of Innocent X by Francis Bacon , themselves based on Velasquez . According to these sources , the Pope and the Secretariat of State intend to push for a firm public commitment to legalisation by Mr Gorbachev when he visits Italy and the Vatican at the end of November . They say the decision to step up overt pressure came quickly after the Vatican learned from Italian Foreign Ministry officials that Mr Gorbachev 's visit was being curtailed to less than three full days. On Thursday , the Pope spoke forcibly to an audience of Ukrainian Catholic bishops , recalling that the native branch of their church had been driven into the catacombs , suffering the martyrdom of her bishops and priests , deportations , arrests and the closures of churches and monasteries . The cries of these Catholics reach Rome with ever - increasing urgency , he said . The campaign of hostility and accusations against this church and her priests does not help reforms , but hinders them . The confidence displayed by reformers such as Mr Nyers and Imre Pozsgay , who introduced the new party 's programme , was in sharp contrast to the air of resignation in the conservative rows . Karoly Grosz , the outgoing general secretary , cut a lonely figure as he bowed out , dropping hints that in future he would be taking a back seat in politics . Mr Grosz was the only senior politician yesterday with the courage to stand up for Communism in front of a hostile audience . As a parting shot , he even attacked reformists for resorting to Stalinist tactics and admitted to having differences of philosophy and outlook with Comrade Poszgay . But Mr Poszgay 's radical programme looked safe last night . FORGET your worries , take up archery , advised an item in a programme last week . Archery is a great tonic quiet , non - polluting and you get your ammo back ! This last attraction may have special appeal to the article 's audience , since it was published in the Millwall programme , raising the spectre of the League 's most feared supporters tooled - up on the terraces , humming the William Tell theme instead of No one likes us . Millwall 's achievements are now chronicled in the Far East . Erith ? A private West German television company , SAT 1 , will pay more than 5.2m per year to broadcast the tournament and other ATP events in Germany , and the mayor of Frankfurt , Dr Volker Hauff , has promised to showcase the event with a week of concerts , exhibitions and international symposiums . Tiriac is still miffed that the ATP final did not come to Stuttgart : The ATP told me to join the auction , but I am too good to have to do that . He expresses scepticism about Frankfurt 's boast of being able to fill their stadium for every session : I do n't think they will get 9,000 every day , but I would have achieved that here , where we have developed an audience for the game . Frankfurt is not a traditional tennis city . It is not like Hamburg , where they have had a tournament for a hundred years and people would go out and watch tennis at 7 am , even in the freezing cold . It seems unlikely that the East German leaders feel much threatened by his tone . If anything , they may be relieved to have got off so lightly , given that East Germany 's aversion to a local brand of perestroika and glasnost has long been clear . We do not doubt that the ( East German Communist Party ) is able through co - operation with all forces in society to find answers to all those questions which arise through the development of the republic and which interest its citizens , he told the huge audience gathered in the Palace of the Republic . Mr Gorbachev then warned against voices being raised in West Germany demanding the re - establishment of Germany under its 1937 borders . He said he did not idealise the European order , but until now , it is precisely the recognition of post - war realities that ensures peace in Europe . In his Macbeth , the Scottish warlord became a Samurai warrior in 16th century Japan , bludgeoning his way to power beneath a cherry tree that rained white blossom down on him. Medea , first performed at the Edinburgh Festival in the outdoor courtyard of the Old College , ended with Medea in a chariot on the college roof , battered by the howling wind and rain . The audience , transported with her , sat open - mouthed , oblivious to the rain pouring down their necks . This time , though , Ninagawa has brought over a Japanese classic . Suicide For Love is adapted by Matsuyo Akimoto from three plays by the 17th century writer Chikamatsu Monzaemon and Ninagawa 's production involves 73 actors , a swirling snow storm and a river on stage the company , with true Japanese courtesy , provide plastic macs for the first two rows of spectators . Yet , Nakane adds , actors queue up to work with him and audiences flood to his shows . Ninagawa points out that his style , combining East and West , ritual and freedom , in many ways mirrors life in Japan : I get up and listen to Bach on my compact disc and have Japanese rice for breakfast . But , more importantly , his productions ' stark expression of human vanity perhaps touches a pressurized Japanese audience . I feel there are too many people who cast no doubt on today 's prosperous Japan . Japan is twisted and warped . So his Contras behave like homicidal lager - louts , and his Sandinistas like palely scrupulous members of the SDP . The production is cowboys and Indians first and last , with a buddy - movie section in between . The audience file in to discover three actors sitting ragged and disconsolate under the eye of a fourth who is reading the Bible and shouting Shut up ! at intervals . After 10 minutes of this the action begins : a jungle - skirmish in the wings , then an interrogation , with the Contras jeering and their victims rigid with fear . There follows an atrocity off - stage , an American military adviser ( Edward Peel ) watching with horribly convincing sexual excitement . It was a mark of her artistic intelligence and independence that she did not choose to dish up a pot - pourri of well tried favourites for the occasion , drawing attention to herself rather than the music . True , in a first half devoted to the song repertory she allowed herself a Wolf group which included Mein Liebster ist so Klein and Ich hab ' in Penna. But she effortlessly avoided that exasperating coyness with which some seek to engage their audience , and the group also included the angelic Wir haben beide lange Zeit with whose chiming repetitions she wove an enchanting spell . To frame this more familiar fare , she presented songs by Enesco and Marx , bringing to them the skill of a dramatic singer without ever overstepping the bounds of intimate communion required by the genre . Enesco is a major force in twentieth century music whose almost total neglect at present is quite astonishing , and if his little Poemes de Clement Marot show a limited aspect of his art , they still breathed an engaging wit and charm in Miss Cotrubas 's heart - warming performance . Actually , she opened with Mozart 's scena Misera , dove son which tested her somewhat at the top of the stave , but there followed arias from Manon , Don Pasquale and La Forza del Destino which she gave with commanding conviction , variety and characterisation . Towards the close there was the feeling that she was forcing a little at the top , and that the middle voice was tiring . But as she responded to the audience 's affectionate plaudits with both Mimi 's and Violetta 's farewells it was the natural sweetness and dramatic presence of this fine artist that carried the day . All the signs are that radio is an exciting prospect the forthcoming deregulation of the industry with associated changes in costs , and an expected boom in advertising revenues , is finally making the City take notice . The potential for an advertising bonanza has come under the spotlight with the advent of splitting frequencies such as that undertaken by London 's LBC last week . Splitting frequencies transmitting different programmes on FM and AM could effectively double listening hours and provides two highly targeted audiences for advertising in a catchment area . In LBC 's case , for example , the LBC Crown FM is going for the upmarket listener , while the medium wave service , London Talkback Radio , is pitching for the tabloid market and the dedicated followers of phone - ins . Capital Radio , the other UK giant of the independents , has already split its frequencies , and before long all nine quoted independent stations are expected do so , albeit not always around the clock . Being Labour 's money man is never easy , even when the party is still in opposition and you are as persuasive as Mr Smith . But for once , the regular Labour conference task of reminding the party the public purse is not bottomless was put in the shade by the two looming Tory conference tasks of presenting the poll tax and 15 per cent base rates . The first of these is basically more difficult ; but Mr Patten has the advantage of novelty , the sheen of possible succession to Mrs Thatcher , a way with green words and blue audiences . He is wresting more money out of the Treasury to dilute the poll tax . But it is far from clear yet how much . But it is far from clear yet how much . As for the hoped - for recasting of the community charge , nothing short of transferring education to central government which is simply not going to happen before the next election can reduce it to a politically painless level . Well , Mr Patten will do his best to make a silk purse out of a sow 's ear , and the audience will know it was not his idea . Nor , of course , was it Mr Lawson 's . After a year in which the Treasury 's forecasting failures ( notably that very large trade deficit ) have been rather obvious , it is only fair to recall that it did presciently point out just about every awkward little detail of the poll tax , from its automatic upward impact on inflation to the folly of providing local authorities with a golden opportunity to raise more tax while blaming the Government . Christ , he said , had openly defied the unholy alliance of the keepers of tradition and the power apparat . His teaching was a challenge to Christians , more radical than it seemed : The state is there for man , not the other way round , the socialist order is there for man , not the other way round . For the first and only time , the audience applauded . Pastor Albani urged his congregation to follow Christ 's way of non - violence : We must try not to be another lot of historical victors hold to God 's word and love your neighbour as yourself . The congregation perhaps 400 people , from outrageous punks to young women with babies prayed with him to free us from the temptation of power , the temptation of violence remove us from the barriers of ideology . RADIO / No laughing matter By ROBERT HANKS COMEDIANS are supposed to work better with an audience . Not always though : witness the strange , sad case of Arnold Brown and Company ( Radio 4 , Saturday ) , a series which slips neatly into the BBC tradition of vaguely funny cabaret . Much of Arnold Brown 's strength as a stand - up comedian lies in his eyebrows , a pair of fat black , hyperactive caterpillars . I gave him a real dressing - down. This is not a particularly good joke , but it was delivered neatly . Not a snigger to suggest that anybody in the audience even knew this was a joke . The cheek , Brown added . ( Silence . ) The effect of this is , curiously for a man who claims to have been ejected from the Library Theatre in Manchester for being overdue with his punchlines , to slow things down. Brown is n't a man with a big punch ; it 's those telling body - blows that sap your opponent , plus some sly head - butts in the clinch . Put him in the ring with an audience that you ca n't see , and he seems to be delivering butterfly - taps . The Law Game ( Radio 2 , Tuesday ) also has an audience response problem , perhaps because the format is tired ; after all , it is in its fourteenth series . The way it works is this : Shaw Taylor introduces three short scenes in which actors have rows , go to industrial tribunals , issue death threats and so forth . The way it works is this : Shaw Taylor introduces three short scenes in which actors have rows , go to industrial tribunals , issue death threats and so forth . If necessary , Shaw then adds details ( who sued whom ) , and a panel of celebrities is asked who won and why , or who got sent down and for how long . The Law Game suffers uniquely by its audience : you know that they are there , because they applaud at the beginning . But after that , every joke belly - flops into silence . Well , almost every joke : when celebrity panellist Duggie Brown said backside , how they roared ! After 10 minutes of this week 's edition I was too embarrassed to go on listening . It is really very dull . That comedians work better with an audience is also one of the more convincing justifications for democracy . Peter Hennessy is conducting a brief series of interviews with ex - prime ministers , on the theme of Premiership ( Radio 3 , Wednesday ) . This week , he put a good case for regarding Alec Douglas - Home , Lord Home of the Hirsel , as one of the most under - rated comedians of the last 30 years . There are times when this universe seems excessively , even arbitrarily , bleak . Like Peter Brook 's Endgame - inspired King Lear in the Sixties , this Macbeth takes the risk of narrowing the play 's potential dramatic range in order to create a particular emphasis . Limited scope exists for actors to develop individual characters : there is little room , in particular , to explore tensions between the sympathy and horror that Macbeth 's conflicts can elicit in an audience . Any loss in emotional or dramatic range , however , is generally compensated for by the fearsome intensity of the vision that results , and the compelling stylishness with which it is communicated . Moving , like the witches , with confident , implacable force , the Citizens ' creates a Macbeth machine to assault a Scottish audience 's expectations of this most familiar of Shakespeare 's plays , leaving it , by the end , thoroughly drained and disturbed . Twenty intending solicitors or barristers are being sought immediately for articles or pupillage , at starting salaries of 12,672 . Sponsorship through professional exams will also be available . The Crown Prosecution Service will continue the fight to get at least limited rights of audience in the Crown Court for its lawyers once the new advisory committee for legal education and conduct is set up under the Government 's White Paper plans for the legal profession , Fiona King , a recruitment specialist at the service said yesterday . The service is short of 369 lawyers , but it has received 517 inquiries about its own articled clerk and pupillage scheme launched in May . Twenty - three trainee lawyers are already in post , with 175 about to be interviewed . Go to the Third Eye Centre tomorrow , and you 'll find bed mattresses bolted to the wall , tarred and feathered , and covered in discarded clothes . But the most eye - catching feature will be a bed with two naked men . Last week , Jarman had n't quite decided whether they were to talk to the audience or simply sleep through the exhibition 's four - day run although they 'll be allowed to get up for a pee and lunch , he added generously . By piercing hundreds of news - cuttings with barbed - wire , Jarman intends his most wounding attack on the tabloids ' attitude to homosexuality . The cuttings date back to the beginning of the 1980s : If you read these stories day by day , you simply do n't realise how many there are . Some football hooligans will be familiar with this one . Nikki Milican jumps to their defence : It 's impossible to talk about performance art and not sound pretentious . But as audiences will find out , we do n't have to make apologies for the art . The work proves strong enough . The National Review of Live Art runs from 11 to 15 October . Doors 7.15 , no admission after 7.25pm . FRIDAY Alex Langdon is the fourteen - year - old son of satirical scriptwriter John ( Punch Newsrevue , and Rory Bremner gag writer ) who delivered some of his father 's best lines at this year 's Edinburgh Festival . Brave though he is in facing adult audiences , the result is a bit of a cringe . With Al George ( see Today ) , and the agreeably laid - back Irish comedian Sean Hughes . Old White Horse , Brixton Road ( 487 3440 ) 9pm . THIS YEAR'S enthusiastically Francophile Dance Umbrella opened with one of the most prestigious of the French new - wave companies Jean - Claude Gallotta 's Groupe Emile Dubois . Gallotta 's whimsical approach receives heavy support in his own country . But on Monday night the audience at the Queen Elizabeth Hall appeared neatly divided between those who were willing to prolong the applause indefinitely and those who either disappeared discreetly halfway through or scarpered quickly at the end . Gallotta 's Mammame is true to a very French type , with its scatty logic , its mix of dance , gesture and slapstick and its ability to polarise opinion between joyously unconfined choreography and mildly diverting tosh . By the end of 90 minutes I was close to the tosh school , but still buoyed up by the work 's genuine pleasures ; the unflagging force of its energy , the wit of its timing and the comic unlikeliness of some of its performers . By MARY FAGAN , Technology Correspondent BRITISH Pathe News Library , the film newsreel archive which chronicled world events of the last 100 years , has been acquired for 16m by Parkfield Group , the mini conglomerate . Pathe , epitomised by its crowing cockerel and mildly patronising commentaries , stopped producing newsreels in 1970 after 75 years ' coverage of world events because of the decline of the film industry and a change in cinema audience tastes . But the library occupies an important position in British cinema history and includes unrivalled coverage of events , spanning Queen Victoria 's diamond jubilee , the Wright brothers ' flight , the world wars and the onset of the space age . Its footage is mainly licensed world - wide to film makers for inclusion in features and documentaries . By NICHOLAS FAITH THE LATEST rise in interest rates finally quashes the foolish delusion that Margaret Thatcher 's economic policies were designed to help the entrepreneurial classes , for they need low , stable sources of credit . In fact , her target audience has always been the unenterprising middle - classes , in big private companies as much as in the public sector , looking for security in the form of a home , a pensionable job and a company car . She has taken care not to touch any of these totally unentrepreneurial perks . Mrs Thatcher 's priorities were set before she became party leader . Letter : Gallery view From Ms PHILIPPA TOOMEY Sir : When it comes to supporting the arts , very little seems to have changed since George Farquhar in his Discourse on Comedy described his audience in 1702 as : a pit full of City gentlemen , a gallery full of cits , a hundred ladies of court education and about 200 footmen of nice morality . It could be , of course , that these are the only people interested in the arts and it is a waste of time trying to increase the proportion of the modern equivalent of the footman of nice morality . I write as a cit in the gallery . Scottish solicitors ' monopoly over conveyancing fees to be ended By MARK DOUGLAS HOME , Scottish Correspondent SCOTTISH solicitors ' monopoly over charging fees for conveyancing is to be ended and their rights of audience extended to Scotland 's supreme courts , the High Court and Court of Session . The changes are two of the principle proposals contained in a government policy paper on the Scottish legal system published yesterday . Malcolm Rifkind , Secretary of State for Scotland , described the move as a modernising exercise . The present system , involving solicitors who put the interests of their clients first , was being replaced by a free market which will be a free - for - all among a handful of powerful , profit - motivated instititutions serving the financial interests of their shareholders . Alan Johnston QC , treasurer of the 250 - strong Faculty of Advocates , said : The disappearance of many small legal firms which rely on conveyancing income to underwrite the provision of other , non - profitable legal services will not be in the public interest . The faculty also opposed the move to extend the rights of audience to suitably qualified solicitors , not to protect a monopoly , but because it felt the administration of justice might suffer . However , Mr Johnston was delighted by the Government 's decision on lawyers ' partnerships , a view not shared by the Law Society of Scotland . The Government plans to remove the statutory barrier to the formation of partnerships between solicitors and non - solicitors . Football : Polish history a reminder of harsh lessons By KEN JONES IMAGES of Chorzow : bleak terrain , the coalfields of Silesia , a passionate audience , ferocious tackles , grim possibility . The irresistible thing is to suggest that even the most resolute of England 's footballers , ever mindful of the predicament that could result from defeat , are not entirely immune to what awaits them today in Poland . History is set out in apparently discouraging detail . Everyone knows Mr Baker has edited the Faber Book of English History in Verse , and included some lines from Henry V , but even there he never got to that particular bit . He which hath no stomach to this fight , let him depart . At which , after an ovation , half the audience did depart to hear Michael Heseltine , whose idea of a fringe meeting is to hold it in the Grand Theatre , which is very grand , built 1906 , seats 1,200 , and where Alvin Stardust will head the bill in this year 's pantomime . Watched from above by proscenium cherubs , and in the spirit of One Nation first enunciated by Disraeli and all that , Michael Stardust held forth , he who walked out of the Cabinet and resigned . He who also hopes for the leadership , but not yet , but still makes a speech fit for a leader . Law Society warns over wider role for solicitors By PATRICIA WYNN DAVIES , Legal Correspondent THE Lord Chancellor , Lord Mackay , should ensure that judges cannot thwart plans to give solicitors rights of audience in the higher courts in England and Wales by adopting the framework of Scottish proposals , the Law Society urged yesterday . The White Paper on changes to the Scottish legal profession published yesterday by Malcolm Rifkind , the Secretary of State for Scotland , says that once trained , Scottish solicitors should have unrestricted rights of audience in the higher courts , with the standard of performance achieved in training as the sole test . Any rule directly or indirectly restricting solicitors ' freedom to undertake all the actions necessary for the preparation and presentation of cases will need the approval of both the Secretary of State and the Lord President of the Court of Session . By PATRICIA WYNN DAVIES , Legal Correspondent THE Lord Chancellor , Lord Mackay , should ensure that judges cannot thwart plans to give solicitors rights of audience in the higher courts in England and Wales by adopting the framework of Scottish proposals , the Law Society urged yesterday . The White Paper on changes to the Scottish legal profession published yesterday by Malcolm Rifkind , the Secretary of State for Scotland , says that once trained , Scottish solicitors should have unrestricted rights of audience in the higher courts , with the standard of performance achieved in training as the sole test . Any rule directly or indirectly restricting solicitors ' freedom to undertake all the actions necessary for the preparation and presentation of cases will need the approval of both the Secretary of State and the Lord President of the Court of Session . But in what the Law Society also interpreted yesterday as a clear shift in emphasis from the English proposals , the paper makes it clear that the role of the Lord President would be no different from the one he currently exercises when approving training and professional rules . Any rule directly or indirectly restricting solicitors ' freedom to undertake all the actions necessary for the preparation and presentation of cases will need the approval of both the Secretary of State and the Lord President of the Court of Session . But in what the Law Society also interpreted yesterday as a clear shift in emphasis from the English proposals , the paper makes it clear that the role of the Lord President would be no different from the one he currently exercises when approving training and professional rules . Under the English White Paper , rights of audience rules drawn up by the Law Society in conjunction with an advisory committee will be subject to the concurrence of four senior judges . The society fears that the Bar and judges will exert subtle pressure to build in case separation requirements . The Master of the Rolls , Lord Donaldson , one of the four , told barristers recently that the interests of justice might require preparation and presentation of criminal , matrimonial and judicial review cases to be in separate hands . But Newley sings it in a way that personalises it . I sing it practically every night of my life , because , like bits of Hamlet , it 's so obvious that the trick is to go against the lyric and stir in your listener the real sense of a man who cannot love . In the arrangement in my act , the song floats on top of a piano sonata : it 's the Brechtian thing of throwing responsibility for the sentiment to your audience . Before Stop The World , Newley was a rock'n'roller , spoofing Elvis in the film Idle On Parade . But the parody was mistaken for the real thing , and the songs made the charts . At its start , a chorus figure played with chipper authority by Joe Melia - strolls on stage and talks about the importance of remembering . He is in ARP uniform ; sirens wail and searchlights flicker . But the memory lane he points the audience down is n't one that starts in Britain . Dragging open a curtain to reveal an advancing line of emaciated near - cadavers in filth - caked concentration camp uniforms , he takes you back to Auschwitz . Here , as inmates with red - rimmed eyes and ash - grey faces barter items like a shirt or a spoon for half a bowl of soup , a nightmarish market economy is seen in operation . One of Suntory 's products is whisky and Japan cannot get enough of the stuff . They estimate an average annual consumption of 15 litres of whisky per head of the adult population . Therefore it is only natural for the sponsors to indulge in a little nepotism and provide its Japanese audience with somebody they can identify with while they are enjoying a nightcap . Unfortunately Ohmachi could not sustain the connection and the rising son went down 8 and 6 on the Burma Road to Chip Beck in the first round yesterday . Beck , unbeaten in the Ryder Cup with 3½ ; points out of four , is the sole American survivor in what is clearly a non - vintage field for this year 's championship . Such religious/humanitarian subject - matter even the Holocaust , Hiroshima and Aids have not escaped makes a fortress as unassailable by criticism as the art produced under tyranny . The worth of individual pieces is , obviously , very various ; consistent is the appeal to piety , ensuring that the elevated theme produces a warm - hearted response . These composers are not coldly exploiting their audiences ' kindness ; they are all equally the victims of the going ideology . And sincerity is not in question . But the hard truth , nailed with all - time accuracy by the other great composer from Leningrad ( the one who got out ) is that sincerity does not guarantee quality . If anything , fashion is moving closer to the context of his style with the passage of time . In the 1970s his language did indeed seem a little old - fashioned . Now , as composers grope towards a language that satisfies audiences and yet manages to be sufficiently modern , Shostakovich 's music sounds at the front once again . There has been a welcome pile of new recordings issued recently ; not just of the symphonies , but of the concertos and chamber music as well . Two of them mark the start of international recording careers for extraordinary young Soviet pianists , Evgeny Kissin and Lilya Zilberstein , who were only children when Shostakovich died . It did not set out to be radically different , though Haydn 's colourful scoring was certainly enhanced by the use of period instruments ( including a fortepiano in the recitatives and a bass line reinforced more consistently by bass trombone and contra bassoon ) , but it succeeded in being unforced and unfettered . He made the most of his superb wind section , used the extra clarity of the strings to underline the richness of the harmony , and encouraged the brass to cut through the texture and pin down the rhythm as , for example , in the exhilarating chorus Achieved is the Glorious Work . The audiences at the first performances of The Creation in Vienna in the late 1790s were entranced by Haydn 's musical depictions of every living creature from the mighty eagle to the lowly worm . Only a short while later these were accused ( by Schiller amongst others ) of being not worthy of him - Fit only for the nursery , to use in connection with Noah 's Ark but the truth is they are irresistible . Lynne Dawson 's clear voice soared and trilled through The Birds number , while Wilson - Johnson 's worm was creepily sinuous . That question has dominated the proceedings in Blackpool this week . For the purposes of the Conservative Party conference , it was enough that the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer denied the existence of an alternative economic strategy . The Labour Party 's lead in the polls and the doubts which the Conservatives themselves cannot help feeling about the state of the economy , both made the audience in the Winter Gardens anxious to demonstrate unity by giving standing ovations to the architects of the Government 's economic policy . The wider , less devoted audience in the country will not be so ready to express approval . Several weaknesses undermine the Government 's position . For the purposes of the Conservative Party conference , it was enough that the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer denied the existence of an alternative economic strategy . The Labour Party 's lead in the polls and the doubts which the Conservatives themselves cannot help feeling about the state of the economy , both made the audience in the Winter Gardens anxious to demonstrate unity by giving standing ovations to the architects of the Government 's economic policy . The wider , less devoted audience in the country will not be so ready to express approval . Several weaknesses undermine the Government 's position . The first is that the Prime Minister has always said she regards the fight against inflation as paramount . COPIOUS helpings of greens were available but Nescafe was off the menu on Wednesday at the first Caroline Walker awards ceremony , in memory of the campaigning nutritionist who died aged 38 last year . The guests , who consisted mostly of green types and sensible eaters , were lectured by Jonathon Porritt , director of Friends of the Earth and very important Green Party spokesman , on his concern for the ill effects of Western food on the health of Europeans , and for the devasting results of exporting processed food to developing countries . The actress Jane Asher , author of books on really sticky cakes , asked the audience to boycott Nescafe when she accepted the consumer section award on behalf of the Baby Milk Action Coalition , which has criticised the Swiss giant for selling milk substitutes to third world babes . Our very own Oliver Gillie won a special award in the media category for the paper 's health page , which he edited before moving on to become deputy editor of The Independent Magazine , and the overall winner was James Erlichman , The Guardian 's consumer affairs correspondent . Would they stop a great painter painting just because his eyes were going and his brushwork was n't as good ? Maybe he enjoys it . Perhaps I would n't want to do it before an audience but then I 've never performed for others . I 've always done it because I have a good time doing it . I 'll think of stopping when I 'm not. ( FN 23/11/87 , pp. 234 ) Then followed a story about the ineptitude of a young policeman in handling a domestic dispute , who was only rescued from his incompetence by a wise reserve man. The field - worker was a captive audience for tales like these , which are told and retold by part - time reserve police in an attempt to cope with their marginality . A feature of such stories is their selectivity , for they omit to mention the number of part - time reserve police who are unemployed or in low - status employment , or who sign up for mercenary reasons or for the power and respect that they believe accompanies the uniform . But even those who said they joined in order to serve the community ( and there are many ) feel a disappointment upon entering the force as a result of the limited opportunities for this allowed by their duties . We need to distinguish between different media sources and also between the media 's ability to inform and its ability to persuade . Different elements of the media perform different functions . From what we know about their audience and their content , we would expect major differences between the influence of television and the influence of the press , and major differences also between the influence of highbrow and lowbrow sources . If they have any influence at all , different media sources should influence their audiences in different ways . THE EXPECTED INFLUENCE OF TELEVISION Given those characteristics we should not expect BBC and ITV viewers to be influenced in different ways . Whatever influence television news has on voters , it would be likely to affect all , or nearly all voters . It would not affect different audiences in different ways . If we seek evidence of television 's influence , we should correlate general trends in public opinion with trends in the content of television news . Moreover , despite its failings , British television is still very much an information medium rather than a propaganda medium . In the middle of the spectrum , however , are perceptions with more than a hint of approval or disapproval implicit in them : perceptions of each party 's electoral chances ; perceptions of whether national economic performance and prospects are improving or declining ; and images of the parties and party leaders . It is not at all obvious whether viewing party leaders as energetic or decisive is a perception or an attitude . To a foreign correspondent covering the British election for a foreign audience , whether a party leader appears energetic or decisive is simply a matter of objective reporting : a perception . To British voters , especially those who identify strongly with a political party , energetic or decisive probably imply approval : for them , images are at the margin between perceptions and attitudes . Media influence on perceptions is likely to depend upon whether they are at the pure perception end of the spectrum or at the margin between perceptions and attitudes . This chapter uses two techniques to investigate media influence . To assess the impact of pervasive and consensual television news we can correlate trends in television news content and trends in overall public perceptions . To assess the impact of more differentiated media sources we can look for differences between their different audiences : differences between readers of highbrow or lowbrow papers , for example , or between readers of right - wing and left - wing papers . THE IMPACT OF A CHANGING TELEVISION CONSENSUS Our analysis of television news content in Chapter 4 showed that controversy reached a peak on television in the third week of the campaign . As ( 11 ) for ITV news . Note , however , that over three - quarters of those who watched ITV news at any time had also watched BBC - TV news on the same day ; and over 90 per cent of those who watched ITV news regularly also watched BBC - TV news regularly . Approximately , therefore , ITV news viewers were a subset of BBC - TV news viewers , not an alternative audience . Watching ITV news meant , in practice , watching more TV news . It is a long list , but the SPSSX stepwise procedure seldom selected more than a few predictors as having a significant influence upon perceptions . It would give the viewer freedom of choice , even if that freedom was not extended to the broadcasters . It might require public subsidies to political parties to finance their own newspapers and television stations . Alternatively , rival parties could be given control of different public television stations : so BBC 1 and Channel 4 might become conservative - right wing channels while BBC 2 and ITV become socialist - left wing channels , which could then compete for an audience . The situation in some European countries approximates that model . In Britain the idea of openly partisan broadcasting was pioneered by the Scottish Nationalists ' clandestine and illegal Radio Free Scotland in the 1960s and more recently by Southern Sound , who used a discarded former commercial radio band to set up their entirely open and legal Conference Radio FM to cover the 1990 Conservative Party Conference from an unashamedly pro - Conservative viewpoint . All they could imagine was that some new sort of tax was to be imposed on them . They were relieved to find that this was not just another Communist trick . How was the common lot of this audience changing in 1922 ? The number of working hands had risen in the volost ' from 577 in 1917 to 872 now . This was mainly due to demobilization , but others may have been attracted to the region due to the fact that through the expropriation of landowners , the area held by peasants had gone up by 65 per cent since 1917 . For lack of sympathetic agents , the peasants were often left to their own devices in matters of general and even political culture . Yakovlev observed that state publications for 1922 from Gosizdat and Krasnaia Nov ' included nothing on agricultural and rural affairs . How could the undiluted works of Kautsky and Engels appeal to this audience at a time when even party members at lower levels rarely understood the meaning of such concrete words as official , categorical , Plenum , memorandum , or territory ? Only five peasants in the whole of Nikol 'skaia volost ' had read any political or agricultural texts . The minds of the other literate villagers were dissipated on what they could pick up in a random manner : most of it naturally consisted of religious tracts , the traditional fodder left over from the past . It was thought that anyone subscribing to a newspaper would have to pay a special tax . Among the wilder rumours in strong circulation were that Lenin was dead , that the French had chosen Nicholas as their Tsar , and that England had declared war on Russia , so there would be wholesale peasant mobilization once again . The distribution speed of oral rumour was much quicker than that of newspapers , which from the guberniia capital of Voronezh ' Shafir calculated to be one verst for every four and a half hours.The chief stumbling block to a wider newspaper audience remained the high illiteracy rate . Shafir made a detailed study of comprehension levels by the supposedly literate . A 27 - year - old party member and ex - Red Army man had read the press regularly since 1917 , but did not know the meaning of words such as class enemy , occupation , period , or most abbreviations , including the USSR . In short , quite apart from economic or foreign policy considerations , the social momentum which had sustained the British throughout their difficult experiences since 1945 was not being maintained . Underlying these themes was the belief that the problems of the British system were being thrown into stark relief by the endless economic difficulties of the 1970s . The Oxford economists , Bacon and Eltis , found a receptive audience across the political spectrum for their diagnosis that Britain was generating far too few producers of wealth . In their stead came a new intermediate breed of service operatives working in administration , in finance , or in the professions . University graduates became accountants , solicitors , or stock - brokers instead of entering industry . Ramsey 's weight in debates rested upon more than his manner and his fluency and his command of words . He could be vehement in denunciation . On occasion marvellous phrases sprang out of his mouth and enthralled the audience . On off days he could sound tired , and sometimes excitement carried him away to an excess of length . He was not the cleverest speaker in the house , a palm which by general consent went to the very Tory Charles Smyth , and the house also contained Patrick Devlin and Selwyn Lloyd and sometimes Rab Butler . He toured the villages of Cambridgeshire speaking on behalf of the candidates , and spoke in several halls of the town . At one village he was the only one of the appointed speakers to turn up. Undismayed , he haled an old man out of the audience , stuck him in the chair , and then spoke himself for an hour and answered all the questions . At another meeting in the open air he spoke from a cart and was tumbled when a member of the proletariat told the horse to Gee up. He wrote Michael Ramsey 's Monthly Message for the Cambridgeshire Liberal Magazine , which thereafter was scattered among the villagers . Ramsey spoke out about his faith for Liberalism and talked eloquently about the freedom of Liberal minds . He could say sentences which would have been preposterous if they were seen as rhetoric but which he could carry because they were delivered with uproarious humour Liberalism prolonged one 's youth , Liberalism did not decay . The speech , observed Benson , who thought it remarkable , was rapturously received by that huge audience . Asquith was moved . He rose to give thanks for the thanks . The contrast during the week of mission was so extraordinary as to affect Ramsey 's life . In the three places of mission there were on aggregate some 2,500 members of the university every night of the week . Temple talked rationally and effectively in Great St Mary 's and held his audience . Norwood , despite thoughtfulness and humour , slowly lost adherents to the other two speakers . In Holy Trinity Church Nicholson abounded in anecdotes , vulgarity , rudeness , emotional appeals , a dogmatism so dogmatic as to frighten . Frank did not conceal his regret . Ramsey lost neither his sense of humour nor his power of mimicry when he became an ordinand . For party occasions he delivered a skit sermon called Under the Juniper Tree which could reduce his audiences to helpless laughter by its caricature of the most platitudinous and pontificating type of preaching . Ramsey expected that once the resolution was taken everything in the mind would be peace after doubt . He discovered that this did not happen . Hoskyns , said one of the astringent colleagues who disapproved of him , went to Berlin and they muddled his mind and when he came back he could never get it unmuddled . Hoskyns was not a good lecturer . At least , he lectured in such a way that many in the audience found him impossible to understand . This was one of the reasons why Bethune - Baker , who thought that everything obscure was woolly , regarded him as useless if not bad for the young . Students were known to spend their time in his lectures counting up the number of clichs which he used . Once the students , not without glee , watched him celebrating the sacrament with the ends of his back braces protruding out of the top of his vestment . Sometimes he could be observed wearing some garment inside out . Austin Farrer came on a visit to Lincoln and reported that Ramsey was a great man in the college and held his audiences spellbound and was less mad . From Lincoln days descended a story which sounds like Ramsey - legend but the truth of which he confirmed . An applicant for entry came to be interviewed . The idea of becoming a monk vanished from Ramsey 's heart . They announced the engagement in November 1941 . The morning it was announced a vast audience arrived for Ramsey 's lecture and cheered him all the way up to the dais . His eyebrows twitched and he said , This week we are dealing with the sixth chapter of St Matthew whereupon 90 per cent of the audience tumbled out of the room . They were married on 8 April 1942 in the Galilee chapel of Durham cathedral . So if you are not a UK taxpayer you are advised not to enter into Deeds of Covenant , but to make your regular charitable payments by simple Banker 's Order without any covenant . You may in fact find that you do pay some tax in the UK . If you have dividend or receive bank or building society interest on which tax has been paid , tax will have been deducted at source , and this will enable you to sign a Certificate of Deduction of Tax so that ACET can obtain the advantages of covenant giving . Which spouse should enter into the covenant ? Since 6th April 1990 , married couples have been taxed independently , and each spouse is responsible for paying tax on his/her own income . If ACET did somehow reclaim tax on the payment then you would be liable to pay income tax to the Inland Revenue on the amount of your Gift Aid payment . So if you are not a UK taxpayer you are advised not to make a payment under the Gift Aid scheme but to make a straight payment by cash or cheque . You may in fact find that you do pay some tax in the UK If you have dividends or receive bank or building society interest on which tax has been paid , tax will have beed deducted at source , and this will enable you to sign a Certificate so that ACET can obtain the advantages of the Gift Aid scheme . 8 . Which spouse should make the Gift Aid payment ? Within the house , your mistress is at hand , And bring your music forth into the air . How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank ! Here will we sit , and let the sounds of music Creep in our ears soft stillness and the night 1986 ) . Also , investment patterns in both parts of Ireland are increasingly similar , being a mixture of British , international , local , and cross - border companies . Internal commerce , from heavy machinery to domestic goods , largely ignores the border , and the high street banks are the same throughout Ireland . The main economic differences reflect the different structures of the state and the different state policies adopted by the British and Irish governments at any one time , though with a significantly higher state sector of employment in Ulster . There is likewise considerable overlap in cultural areas . Often such schemes unashamedly make vast concessions to the demands of the modern pub customer . Modern task lighting systems are used to supplement the decorative fittings ; air conditioning ducts are incorporated ; bottle displays are refrigerated . These are not just fizzy lager joints , but environments where a bank of six beer engines can sit happily on the bar counter offering a wide selection of real ales . In the true tradition of the pub boom at the turn of the century , although decidedly grand , most of these refurbishments do not take themselves deadly seriously . The alabaster freizes of monks with scatalogical Latin inscriptions created by Henry Poole for the Blackfriar in c.1905 come from the same tradition as the eclectic and irreverent use of ethnic imagery and architectural detail built into the new Horniman at Hays Galleria of 1986 . ARE you an independent hotelier or restaurateur experiencing problems with your bank ? Or perhaps you have a good relationship with your financial backers ? Caterer , in association with Reed Catering , is undertaking a confidential telephone survey on the relationship between the banks and our industry , in preparation for a forthcoming forum . Facing the Financiers . Would you be prepared to contribute ? At the end of the year , the finance company employing Butler and Patterson moves to Docklands and will merge all its UK offices into one complex . Butler and Patterson will then manage a team of 70 staff for a clientele of 1,500 . Ian Lawrence , a High Table head chef for a City bank , starts work at eight in the morning and finishes eight hours later . He works on a food cost budget of 5.50 per head for his top - floor staff restaurant , and 6.50 per head in the director 's private dining rooms . High Tables does not make a profit on his management of the ingredients budget it simply charges a management fee for the entire contract . But Roderick Henderson , who runs the chef division of recruitment consultant Berkeley Scott , does not believe that contract catering is always a financially rewarding sector in which to work . He estimates that an executive sous - chef working in a top London restaurant or hotel would be earning between 25,000 and 27,000 , whereas a head chef in contract catering at a director 's dining room , for example , would be doing very well to earn 20,000 . Brian Watts , managing director of B. E. Services , the in - house caterer at the Bank of England , pays chefs between 8,000 and 17,000 per year , but the financial benefits of the bank 's employee package ( cheap mortgages and pensions , etc ) , bring this up to considerably more in real terms . Also , these are the basic rates of pay for a basic 35 - hour week , and generous overtime rates are paid for late - night and weekend work . Watts has interviewed chefs who are working an average of 90 hours per week in the West End and earning about 14,000 . What I find extraordinary is how each tree seems almost to suggest its own companion planting . On reflection , however , this may not be quite true , since anyone who sets out to plant a wildlife garden instinctively takes a much keener interest in , and is influenced by , natural plant associations and communities . In my own garden the twisted hazel , Corylus avellana Contorta , is underplanted with primroses , bluebells and wood anemones , for that is how I remember them growing , as they still do , along the banks of the rive Greta . It forms a composition both nostalgically satisfying and harmoniously beautiful . I grow so many of my plants , including trees and shrubs , from seed . They are poised with their edges on a north - south axis , hence its American name , the compass plant . Just as fascinating is the related S perfoliatum , another giant in which the upper pair of leaves unite at their base to form a cup - shaped depression where , after rain , a little pool of water collects . Both these plants are hardy and although not in the front rank of ornamentals , are worth growing in a large border or even on the bank of a stream or lake provided they are kept away from the wet margin . Inula magnifica also grows and looks well by water , but is equally happy in the deep rich soil of a border or bed . Its great clumps of rough , hairy stems can grow up to 6ft tall . Most pilots have been shown the effect of gross over - ruddering during their basic training . The following demonstration compares a stall with a little too much rudder to a stall in a slightly slipping turn , and shows how even slightly too much rudder has a significant effect at the stall . Start to circle in a normal turn with about 20 of bank , keeping the yaw string exactly in the middle while you reduce speed very gradually . ( On most types of training glider it will be possible to get down to the pre - stall buffet and continue with either a slight rocking of the wings or a very gentle inner wingdrop . ) Keep the rudder where it is and allow the speed to increase a few knots so that both you and the student can observe the exact position of the rudder pedals . Most beginners will find it difficult to apply the opposite rudder , because of their ingrained habit of using the stick and the rudder in co - ordination . It is also surprisingly difficult to hold accurate heading during a full airbrake sideslipping approach . You need to be familiar with the type of glider you are flying because each needs slightly different angles of bank and behaves differently when side - slipping . Many types have a pot pitot in the nose and the ASI indicates a false reading during side - slip . On some , the rudder overbalances badly and there is a bad trim change . Many types have a pot pitot in the nose and the ASI indicates a false reading during side - slip . On some , the rudder overbalances badly and there is a bad trim change . Most only need a small angle of bank , as the rudders on gliders are not very powerful . Normally you will want to use full side - slip for a few seconds rather than a small amount of slip for a much longer time . Provided that the need of slipping is spotted straight away , it should never be necessary to side - slip close to the ground . Provided that the need of slipping is spotted straight away , it should never be necessary to side - slip close to the ground . The slip is used just to get rid of the excess height so that less than full airbrake is required for the rest of the approach . With most gliders , the easiest way to enter a side - slip and to hold the heading is to freeze the rudder central while applying the bank . Provided the approach path was correct beforehand , the adverse yaw as the aileron is applied swings the nose off to just about the right point to keep the glider on the correct path . The opposite rudder is then applied to hold that nose direction and to prevent the glider from turning . Provided the approach path was correct beforehand , the adverse yaw as the aileron is applied swings the nose off to just about the right point to keep the glider on the correct path . The opposite rudder is then applied to hold that nose direction and to prevent the glider from turning . Most beginners apply the opposite rudder too harshly and this makes it difficult to hold the bank constant . It is easiest at first to limit the rudder movement to half or three quarters of the full deflection and to start by applying the banking movement just before applying the rudder . By all means practise side - slipping at height , but do n't assume that because you can do it at height you will be able to do it accurately on an approach . Attempt this in a gentle turn as well , and in a gentle turn with a little too much rudder . This time it will almost certainly drop a wing , but just easing forwards a little will make a recovery . Try some very steep turns and then some with about 40 of bank ; try reversing the turn quickly , and making little centring moves . Of course , if there are thermals about , do all this in the lift , provided there are no other gliders sharing your thermal ! You should be able to go into turns and make centring movements without having to refer to the slip ball , yaw string , or ASI . This is a matter of constantly exploring out a few yards on almost every circle to try to find the best possible area of lift . Frequently this involves turning steeply at low speed to keep the radius of turn to a minimum and to make use of the narrow cores of lift . Remember , thermal soaring is more about staying in the strongest area of lift than flying at an efficient angle of bank ; it usually pays to turn steeply , as the small turning circle enables you to keep in the narrow cores of strong lift . If flying across country is not practical and you are local soaring , it is better to practise moving from cloud to cloud or thermal to thermal without taking the climbs to any great height . For example , on a day with a 3000 foot cloud base , climb to 2500 feet on the first climb , then fly off leaving that thermal , using the airbrakes if necessary to come down to try to find another one at 2000 feet . Then do the same on an easterly or westerly heading . Also try changing speeds . You will discover large errors flying near north or south with even small amounts of bank , and large errors on east and west if you vary the speed . Compass errors are an awful nuisance and it is well worth finding out a little about them . You also need to become accustomed to thinking and using degrees , and deciding whether you need to turn left or right to change the heading . How do I raise the money I am to pay ? The amount that you are assessed to pay is based on what you should be able to afford to take out as a loan . It may be that you choose to obtain a mortgage , second mortgage or a loan from a bank . If you feel that you will be unable to take out a loan in this way or that it will cause you financial hardship , you can apply to the Social Services Department for help . They will ask you further information about your finances and/or your situation and may then in certain circumstances by able to offer you a loan . one of my sections in the subdivision is thinking of declaring UDI unilateral declaration of independence from the Divisional Headquarters as for Headquarters and the Force organizational structure , well that 's just a joke as far as these men are concerned . This rejection of a distant headquarters and enhancement of their own special identity occurred some seven years after the last amalgamation . In that same year I was posted to South Shields on the south bank of the River Tyne and quickly became aware that I had an enormous burden to carry , simply because I had spent all of my previous service on the other side of the river . At one point a uniform sergeant listening to me discuss some tactic , gloomily pointed out that my style was not theirs ; but then , he rationalized , how could it be , you 're from the north side of the river . The emphatic denigration contained in this locational insult had to be heard to be understood , and in many ways it paralleled the dismissive tone used to deride the civvy , for nuances of speech and tone have immense meaning to insiders . All the grass grinds their little molars flat . So , something nest - building . Possibly aligned to water a sort of bank by a rushing river . Perhaps something as natty and camp as Ratty in The Wind in the Willows . Dapper , dear , Noel Coward . But they will not ask me . They did ask him , however , and they came in hundreds for the purpose . He felt he had scarcely fallen asleep , he was dreaming of a black river , with no banks , yet there was something there , a source of light that he wanted to reach , which he could not reach against the cold drive of the current He woke in a sweat voices a dog barking . Someone entered the room and he recognized Allan Stewart 's voice . It had looked like a melodrama a little group in a candle - lit attic , holding up their arms with fists clenched and swearing to do or die . But they had meant it , and he was eager now to bring everybody together in a fine , hard point of resolve , in case zeal slackened and died away in the holiday atmosphere of this soft , comfortable afternoon . The hills themselves looked asleep , the heather glowed dust - blue in the hazy light , and the people , after a night of little sleep and hours of walking and standing , now looked stunned as they sat on the grassy banks , leaned on dykes , or lay on their backs in the hayfields , munching oatcakes and drinking the last of their water . Some little groups were going off to west and east , but most hung on with a sense that the next thing now demanded to be done . Cameron raised his right hand , clenched his fist , and spoke in a relaxed voice . The river dream came to him again , he was wading deep into the current , its coldness griped him by the crutch , shocking him , he must reach that bluish hovering light on the far bank trees towering above a house , a tall bulky building towering above him He half - woke , and saw the window - square glimmering with the pallor of sunrise The river again , the far bank was nearer but here was a black smooth stretch , he half knew that he was dreaming , he wanted to stop the dream and he wanted to get across , if only he could raise his mouth and nostrils above the swell of the water He made himself wake finally and lay under the covers feeling weak and hot , as though he had been spending energy incessantly all night . Outside the day was fine enough , too clear perhaps ; each roughness on the skyline was sharply visible , as though it might rain later . Take it now , Father , said Mary , putting down her baskets and easing her shoulders . What is the use of dying on the way to a wedding ? They all moved off together down the tawny dust of the road , close beside the shingle banks and black deeps of the river . Here it ran between quiet green glades , the remnant of an oak wood which had been stripped to build ships for the navy and then , in a last plundering , to make charcoal for the insatiable furnaces and foundries down at Carron forge . But here a thin frieze of very old trees had been preserved for the delectation of the lairds who looked out from their houses on the slopes Cluny , Grandtully , Clochfoldich , Pitcastle . Zoology , the joker in his pack , offered in his final year , also achieved 62 per cent . Perhaps the choice was his way of declaring his consuming interest in life , not learning , which was becoming an obsession . Readers of The Favourite Game will remember Breavman dissecting a frog , which arose out of such early experiences ; they will also remember his tearing up an economics textbook outside a bank on Sherbrooke Street another reaction to the struggles and disinterest he later recalled . The choices he made , and the way his achievements oscillated , show a decided lack of conviction , or perhaps of direction , in his thinking . That the ability was there is beyond question . It was late March . The air was raw and threatened rain but was tinged with the warmth of spring . The sky was a murky , pinkish grey ; clouds swirled across it exposing higher , greyer banks of cloud . She snipped crisp green stalks with a pair of scissors . Milky liquid oozed from the stalks . His books and clothes , all his things were gone , he had even stolen bits of china and a lamp . He had give his name as E. Thomas Reardon and it turned out to be a pseudonym , so cheques left on the mantel were useless , and he must have known that they would be . She had gone right to the bank with them when she 'd discovered he 'd gone . Why ever did he bother to write them out ? the landlady asked , gravely vexed and insulted . She was hungry and sorry she 'd turned off the radio . The Buddekes , however , were to win . Eleanor made notes on the differences between English and American workplaces and unions . Corporations , banks and trusts controlled a great deal and , although machines replaced workers more frequently in America , certain trades , Eleanor wrote , were 50 per cent more labour intensive than in England . American labour politics were complicated and deemed a slippery business by Engels . Workplace observations notwithstanding , for Rosenberg , one judgement echoed : New York , shoddy and dirty . David Savage explains how to redesign a workshop with cardboard templates , noting the importance of machine table height , and discusses second - hand machinery Well , I have been and gone and done it this time . It 's all very well putting in applications for the bank to loan you large sums of money , but it is quite another thing to have them accepted . I am sure some of the guys in my workshop think I am off my trolley . It was n't but a few months ago that I was telling them how bad everything was , how we had to keep our spending down to new lower budgets because if we did n't the next cuts we would have to make would be human ones . These are documents which are often necessary to obtain access to a deceased person 's assets further information may be obtained from the Principal Registry , Family Division of the High Court , 5th Floor , Golden Cross House , Duncannon Street , London , WC2N . Copies ordered at a later date may cost 5.00 depending upon the time lapse between the registration of death and the date of the order . Different special certificates can be obtained ( at a price of 1.50 ) to show banks , social security and building societies , for claiming from friendly societies , and for claiming insurance taken out on the life of the person . 2 . ARRANGING A FUNERAL The funeral director will usually offer to pay costs to the hospital , crematorium , or burial ground , and minister of religion , but these can be handled direct . Many funeral directors will submit the bill , and offer a discount for payment within a certain time . Where the dead person had a bank account , the bill can be submitted to the bank . The Department of National Savings ( form SB4 obtainable at Post Offices ) and building societies will pay out amounts up to 5,000 on the evidence of the death certificate , although they are not bound to until the grant of probate or letters of administration have been issued . The funeral director will understand if the bill cannot be paid until then , but the circumstances should be explained when planning the funeral . This scheme means that instead of paying quarterly bills you pay the same amount into your electricity or gas account each month . Your yearly consumption is estimated , and the cost of the fuel spread out evenly throughout the year . Payment can be made automatically through a bank or building society . Alternatively , vouchers are supplied and payment may be made by cash or cheque at banks and showrooms . Some electricity companies and gas regions offer weekly budget schemes . Your yearly consumption is estimated , and the cost of the fuel spread out evenly throughout the year . Payment can be made automatically through a bank or building society . Alternatively , vouchers are supplied and payment may be made by cash or cheque at banks and showrooms . Some electricity companies and gas regions offer weekly budget schemes . A disadvantage of budget schemes is that if your fuel consumption is underestimated , you may have a large sum to pay out at the end of the year . If the council thinks that you have given away or used up savings in order to qualify for , or increase the amount of your benefit they can treat you as still having those savings . This might happen if you give money away to members of your family or if you buy expensive items in order to reduce your savings . Savings include cash , money in bank and building society accounts , national savings certificates and accounts , premium bonds and shares . The value of your home if you own it , does not affect your rebate . For more information see factsheet 16 . SOCIAL SECURITY HOUSING BENEFIT : GUIDANCE ON THE TREATMENT OF INCOME A recent DSS Housing Benefit/Community Charge Benefit circular has given guidance about the treatment of income which is paid at intervals other than one week . Where income such as an occupational pension or Retirement Pension is paid into a bank or building society account on , for example , a monthly or four - weekly basis , in some cases this has been treated as capital resulting in a possible reduction of benefit . In effect it appears that the pension has been assessed both as income and capital . The circular states that income to cover a certain period should be ignored as capital for that period . Account number 4 Your instruction to the bank , and signature . I instruct you to pay direct debits from my account at the request of Campaign for Real Ale Limited . The amounts are variable and are to be debited annually . I understand the Campaign for Real Ale Limited may change the amount only after giving me prior notice . PLEASE CANCEL ALL PREVIOUS STANDING ORDER INSTRUCTIONS IN FAVOUR OF CAMPAIGN FOR REAL ALE LIMITED . I will inform the bank in writing if I wish to cancel this Instruction . I understand that if any direct debit is paid which breaks the terms of this instruction , the bank will make a refund . Signature ( s ) Date PLEASE CANCEL ALL PREVIOUS STANDING ORDER INSTRUCTIONS IN FAVOUR OF CAMPAIGN FOR REAL ALE LIMITED . I will inform the bank in writing if I wish to cancel this Instruction . I understand that if any direct debit is paid which breaks the terms of this instruction , the bank will make a refund . Signature ( s ) Date Banks may refuse to accept instructions to pay direct debits from some types of account . The MBO team , heavily supported by CAMRA , is still negotiating a similar deal . Although Brent Walker says the MBO is the preferred option , negotiations are complicated by Brent Walker 's precarious financial position . A restructuring plan , put forward by the 47 banks owed 1.5 billion by Brent Walker , needed the approval of 75 per cent of the company 's bondholders . Meanwhile the Serious Fraud Squad is continuing its investigations into the company 's affairs . Stout fellow feels the strain Alarms and Neighbourhood Watch schemes not only improve security , but with some insurance companies can lower your premiums too . Small items of both financial and sentimental value should never be left in the house unless a good safe has been installed . The best precaution would be to deposit them with the bank . Sadly , the thief who leaves no clues and is careful disposing of his ill - gotten gains is unlikely to be caught . The bottom line on who pays is the insurance companies and the householder . It is quite a commitment on behalf of the owner . Sessions generally last for about 40 minutes and are required , by necessity , on a regular basis . The longer the treatment continues , the better the results but it is heavy on your vet 's time and an appropriately heavy hole will appear in your bank balance ! If you want to try acupuncture , ask your vet and he should be able to point you in the right direction ! Quick Bites Chalais , Aubeterre snow - flakes at a hand 's breadth , and rain . Trees line the banks , mostly willows ( 101/722 : 75 ) Here only the place - names refer to france ; the junipers , the spruce and fir , and the falling snow are taken over by Pound from a landscape at the other side of the world . Now , the Talleyrand - Perigords have , as their name implies , been mighty lords in Perigord since the early Middle Ages , and in the early poem Near Perigord Talleyrand is one of the powerful and menacing neighbours whom Bertrand de Born has to play off one against another , thus earning ( so Pound 's poem suggests ) the title which Dante gives him in the Inferno , sower of strife . The chteau of Chalais has been a stronghold of the Talleyrands from that day to this , and when Pound in recent years read about Napoleon 's grand chamberlain , notably in the memoirs of Madame de Rmusat ( a principal source for Canto 101 ) , this new association with Chalais re - activated his memories of that place , which accordingly is named afresh , bringing Aubeterre with it , but in a quite different tone and spirit from to set here the roads of France . The trees that line the banks , mostly willows are still there , and there are places in the town of Chalais crouched underneath its chteau , where Pound might still creep over old rafters in search of a stream full of lilies . Pound seems to have misremembered , however , for at Chalais the river is not the Dronne but a smaller stream , the Tude . And although the Tude has plants in its waters , I am reluctant to believe that any of them are lilies ; for Chalais has suffered from the twentieth century as Aubeterre has not , and the Tude is polluted whereas the Dronne runs clear . Aside from the technological requirements of the new system , other important issues have to be resolved . The participants in Taurus , the requirements needed for the participants , and the international consequences of the new system , are receiving detailed consideration . Potential members of Taurus include the listed companies affected by the scheme , registrars , private client brokers , retail brokers , custodian banks , institutional investors , and money brokers . Yet as Andrew Palmer , deputy finance director at Legal General Investments warned at the same conference , like all chains , Taurus is only going to be as strong as its weakest link . And technology could easily become the weak link with some participants . THE 33m management buyout by Fenchurch Insurance Group from GPG has been completed despite pressure for a better price from GPG shareholders including Robert Maxwell . Mr Maxwell , with 15 per cent of GPG , the old Guiness Peat Group , and Lord Kissin , with a five per cent stake , strongly opposed plans to sell off three of GPG 's operating companies . But shareholders voted by three to one last week to back the sell - offs which will reduce borrowings to a consortium of banks , who acquired 61 per cent of GPG after the collapse of the New Zealand Equiticorp business . The mbo of Fenchurch was engineered by JO Hambro Magan , whose managing director Alton Irby said : It shows that leveraged buyouts can be done , even if this one was difficult . The problem was that an insurance broker is not asset - backed . He explained that the structure evolved because the group needed equity to finance growth . Several of the quoted subsidiaries and associates also control other businesses , for example Solveg , a property portfolio management company , in which several CB group companies have stakes . This structure is typical of the continental , as distinct from the British , firm : the holding group , particularly the bank holding group , stems from equity involvement in industry , an involvement shunned by British banks . At the same time , CB , as it became in 1959 , has seen the source of its earnings diversify as consumer finance became more and more important to the group . Loans made in 1979 totalled FFr59.1m , of which property accounted for FFr40m and consumer finance accounted for FFr9.29m , or 15.7 per cent of the total . The system outlined by Lord Donaldson , a man not known for his left tendencies , bears marked similarities to those operated in a number of eastern bloc countries . The drift of his remarks is likely to find favour with the Lord Chancellor , Lord Mackay of Clashfern , who said last year that many litigants wanted fuller participation in the legal process rather than acting as bystanders in cases conducted by lawyers . Lord Donaldson then attacked Lord Mackay 's White Paper proposals for banks and building societies to undertake conveyancing . Although the near - monopoly enjoyed by solicitors was indefensible because it related only to the preparation of documents , there is a real need for consumer protection and I am far from sure that the White Paper proposals meet this need , he said . Conveyancing documents should include a certificate by the purchaser saying either that he had been fully advised by a wholly independent practitioner or that he had declined such advice and the certificate should contain a prominent health warning against declining to take it . For several years the market playing was limited but early in 1988 , finance officers began taking options out on a massive scheme . The council 's Labour leadership , who have been in control since 1986 , have argued that they had no control over the transactions as the day to day running of the finance department is in the hands of expert financial staff . Publicly the banks have suggested that there could be dire consequences for the City should the deals be ruled illegal . They feel that as innocent parties they are being cheated . However , insiders reckon that the councils will get away with it if Hammersmith loses . They feel that as innocent parties they are being cheated . However , insiders reckon that the councils will get away with it if Hammersmith loses . While the banks may then try to sue the council or even individual officers the risk is very widely spread and no financial institution will be put in danger . City schools face cash cuts By SIMON MIDGLEY , Education Reporter In often active trading its shares climbed 21p to 357p with , once again , insurance group Willis Faber rumoured to have sold its 20.5 per cent holding . Credit Lyonnais , the French group which owns the Alexanders discount house and stockbroker Laing Cruickshank , was the suggested buyer . Stories that the Willis Faber stake is on the move have circulated in the past , with West German banks the favourites to pick it up. Morgan shares were also given a helping hand by the AMP offer . The bank is advising the Australian group and it has been calculated that if its bid succeeds Morgan 's commission will add 6.5 per cent to its earnings . Stories that the Willis Faber stake is on the move have circulated in the past , with West German banks the favourites to pick it up. Morgan shares were also given a helping hand by the AMP offer . The bank is advising the Australian group and it has been calculated that if its bid succeeds Morgan 's commission will add 6.5 per cent to its earnings . But Morgan was not the only merchant bank in favour . Kleinwort Benson , which disclosed it had purchased 200,000 of its own shares at 353p each , rose 11p to 366p and Hambros edged ahead 3p to 232p . By WILLIAM BOWN A MUTUAL investment fund for Eastern Europe is being launched today with the backing of Continental Grain , the private American company which is one of the world 's biggest grain suppliers . The 250m Emerging Eastern Europe fund will endeavour to provide capital for businesses in the region and offer Western banks a form of debt - for - equity swap . Continental has traded in Eastern Europe for 20 years and now supplies 25 per cent of the region 's imported grain . Previous investments in Eastern Europe have been mainly in the form of joint ventures . The fund will take out insurance against confiscation and government interference in the repatriation of profits . But it has not sought to gain the backing of an official international financial institution . The fund is aiming to raise 50m from investors initially and a further 200m from banks looking to reduce their exposure to Eastern Europe . The British banks which have written down the value of their loans most aggressively may be attracted by the fund , says Jim Mellon , a director of Tyndall . Cadbury buys into Iberian soft drinks Housebuilders are using creative accounting By JERRY CONNOLLY HOUSEBUILDERS are hiding the full impact of the industry recession by using creative accounting to keep the cost of unsold homes off their balance sheets , according to a bank report . Although the worst of the depression may now be over there will be a longer - term impact on compny profits , said Dr Richard Roberts , construction economist with Barclays Bank . In a new survey of the industry he said : Housebuilders appear to be using techniques to remove unsold homes from their balance sheets , including selling houses to associate companies . But the latest upheaval must register 10 on the Richter scale . The political and financial capital already invested in the Channel tunnel project should ensure it bores on somehow but that is not the same thing as Eurotunnel 's survival . On independent advice , the syndicate of more than 200 banks appears to have decided Eurotunnel is no longer a bankable proposition . That , at least , is the clear implication of yesterday 's statement from Eurotunnel indicating that the bankers believe their own forecast does not provide an appropriate basis for further finance . A three - way dispute has developed about the costs of the venture . We and the banks are agreed that this is not an appropriate basis for further finance , Eurotunnel 's press release warns . Eurotunnel appears to be hanging on only by the skin of its teeth . The banks have decided that the company is in default on its loan agreements . This would entitle them to sack Eurotunnel 's management , bring in new equity participation , and pull the plug on the 1bn invested by existing shareholders in the project . They have decided not to declare the company in default for the time being only because of the continuing discussions between Eurotunnel and the contractors , Transmanche Link . This would entitle them to sack Eurotunnel 's management , bring in new equity participation , and pull the plug on the 1bn invested by existing shareholders in the project . They have decided not to declare the company in default for the time being only because of the continuing discussions between Eurotunnel and the contractors , Transmanche Link . Eurotunnel 's only hope seems to lie in satisfying the banks ' technical adviser that his forecast can be reduced which means at least to the contractors ' 7.5bn , if not to Eurotunnel 's own 7bn estimate . Even then there is going to have to be a 300m - 350m rights issue . The critical decision for the banks will come if their own adviser sticks to his view of the costs . Eurotunnel 's only hope seems to lie in satisfying the banks ' technical adviser that his forecast can be reduced which means at least to the contractors ' 7.5bn , if not to Eurotunnel 's own 7bn estimate . Even then there is going to have to be a 300m - 350m rights issue . The critical decision for the banks will come if their own adviser sticks to his view of the costs . What then ? The problem with ditching Eurotunnel 's management would be that there is no certainty anybody else could do a better job . By MARY FAGAN Plastic card investment : Barclays Bank looks set to tighten its stranglehold on the processing of plastic card transactions and will invest more than 22.5m in the service . The bank , with 60 per cent of the retail acquisition market , plans to install 20,000 terminals in shops in the next 18 months . Sterling calmer : The pound won respite from last week 's onslaught partly due to confirmation that retail sales were subdued last month and as fears of a rise in interest rates faded . This page and Outlook , page 25 Payment withheld : Abbey National intends to refuse to pay the remaining 7m it nominally owes Lloyds Bank Registrars for the handling of its share distribution . The last published estimate was 5.4bn . Only weeks ago speculation was that a further 1bn might be needed . Now Eurotunnel says that 7bn could be nearer the mark , while the banks and the consortium involved in the construction work believe that far bigger sums will be necessary . The tunnel is due to open in 1993 . Who knows what the costs will look like by then ? Eurotunnel 's bankers are therefore putting increasing pressure on Alastair Morton , British co - chairman of the project , to raise significant new equity . It will not be easy for him to do so . Yet , if he refuses , or if he fails in any attempt , the banks could , in theory , take over the company which is in default of several loan agreements . Mr Morton and his colleagues will have to answer some awkward questions , not least from small investors , many of whom bought into the company attracted by the perks and the sense of excitement as much as by a detailed understanding of the economics of the enterprise . They will want to know how Eurotunnel got its sums so badly awry . They will want to know how Eurotunnel got its sums so badly awry . There are answers to be had of course . The most powerful is that the figures , inaccurate as they have turned out to be , convinced experts employed by big investors and banks such as National Westminster . Moreover , it is notoriously difficult to predict the costs of major infrastructural projects , almost all of which run wildly over budget . In this case , the construction timetable proved wrong , as did very optimistic forecasts concerning the rates of inflation and interest . Thus , whatever consequences Hong Kong feared from Tiananmen , a currency crisis was one . To take another example : Hong Kong 's banks were rotten for lack of regulation five years ago , when a series of collapses frightened the government into spending billions of dollars of public money on rescues . After those expensive lessons in prudence , banks are now properly policed . Had a serious run developed on the Bank of China in 1983 , which thankfully it did not , the result would probably have been catastrophic . When a run did develop on the bank after Tiananmen , the Hong Kong government was ready to deal with it . Had a serious run developed on the Bank of China in 1983 , which thankfully it did not , the result would probably have been catastrophic . When a run did develop on the bank after Tiananmen , the Hong Kong government was ready to deal with it . It knew the bank 's position ; it knew how much liquidity to inject to relieve the pressure . The most serious damage was to the Bank of China 's amour - propre . Proper regulation of banks , together with the generally lower interest rates made possible by a stable currency , also reduced worries about the property market . It knew the bank 's position ; it knew how much liquidity to inject to relieve the pressure . The most serious damage was to the Bank of China 's amour - propre . Proper regulation of banks , together with the generally lower interest rates made possible by a stable currency , also reduced worries about the property market . Investors could generally assume , as they could not in 1982 - 84 , that most bank loans made to developers and speculators had been adequately secured and documented . While the market might continue softening for psychological and cyclical reasons , its woes would probably not be compounded by fraud - tainted defaults . In the days which followed , a whispering campaign against the Peking - owned Bank of China snowballed into a bank run . Embassies were swamped by would - be migrants . On 6 June , a demonstration against a Chinese bank in the tough , working class district of Mongkok turned into a night of localised rioting . The Alliance called a general strike the next day , but cancelled further demonstrations , fearing fresh violence . Schools and most offices closed ; taxis flew black flags ; shops draped black banners from their windows ; convoys of lorries clogged roads towards the Chinese border . Taxing problems The arrest of the former head of the Mexican Treasury 's personnel section may go some way to explaining why government departments always appear to be overstaffed , but incapable of offering decent service . Amadeo Franco Perez allegedly spent six years sending himself more than 1.25m of pay cheques for non - existent employees and selling fake tax receipts . He and nine accomplices were said to have hacked into a bank 's computer and gained access to the Treasury 's accounts . When in Auckland A cultural misunderstanding has led to a young Cook Islander being fined 75 by a New Zealand judge for squeezing the buttocks of two white women in a Wellington street . Auckland District Court heard that the 20 - year - old man was merely trying to attract their attention , so he could start a conversation and that such behaviour was perfectly normal on his archipelago . By CHRIS MCGREAL MANUEL CLOUTHIER , last year 's presidential candidate for Mexico 's conservative National Action Party ( PAN ) , made civil disobedience a by - word of his short political career . The heavily - built millionaire businessman , commonly known by his childhood nickname Maquio , helped put conservative thought back into Mexican politics after he entered the fray outraged at the nationalisation of the banks in 1982 . His anger set the tone for his aggressive campaigns against the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) 's long history of corruption and election fraud . PAN members chose him as their presidential candidate because privately he scorned his party 's old and , as he saw it , timid leadership almost as much as he scorned the PRI . The white - bearded campaigner prided himself on blunt , outspoken views . Despite his lack of political experience , Clouthier 's 20 - year leadership of business organisations stood him in good stead . After the banks ' nationalisation he sold most of his interests in the dozen or so companies he had created and drawn his wealth from , and committed himself to combating the existing political system . He quickly established himself within the PAN , challenging its professional politicians with the support of his business colleagues and unifying the fractious party . He took conservative ideas on privatisation and land reform , gave them a populist anti - government bent and managed to woo over many poorer voters - especially in northern Mexico who previously feared that the PAN represented only business interests . The defendants objected to disclosure on ground that it was protected by legal professional privilege . Mr Justice Vinelott ordered discovery . Nigel Davis ( Norton Rose ) for the defendants ; John Mowbray QC and Claire Staddon ( Lovell White Durrant ) for the plaintiff bank . LORD JUSTICE DILLON said that it was not in doubt that if the copy was privileged in relation to the employee 's then claims because obtained for the purpose of advice in relation to those claims , it retained its privileged condition in respect of the subsequent claims now being advanced by the bank : Pearce v Foster ( 1885 ) 15 QBD 114 . The basis of the privilege on grounds of law went back many years . Mr Justice Vinelott ordered discovery . Nigel Davis ( Norton Rose ) for the defendants ; John Mowbray QC and Claire Staddon ( Lovell White Durrant ) for the plaintiff bank . LORD JUSTICE DILLON said that it was not in doubt that if the copy was privileged in relation to the employee 's then claims because obtained for the purpose of advice in relation to those claims , it retained its privileged condition in respect of the subsequent claims now being advanced by the bank : Pearce v Foster ( 1885 ) 15 QBD 114 . The basis of the privilege on grounds of law went back many years . It was for the party refusing to disclose to establish his right to refuse . By HELEN HAGUE MIDLAND BANK launches its first nursery today in Sheffield , spearheading a national drive to retain and recruit staff as the jobs market tightens , writes Helen Hague . Up to 300 more are planned over the next four years , under a plan to help parents on the bank 's payroll . Midland , whose staff is 56 per cent female , is the first major clearing bank to start a nursery programme : others are expected to follow in the drive to woo mothers back to work . The Sheffield nursery , costing 35 a week for each child , has spaces for 46 children aged between six months and five years . Anne Watts , Midland 's equal opportunities director , said : When a women gives up her job to care for children her employer loses immeasurable training and experience . If industry wants to retain its increasingly - important female workforce , employers must be sympathetic to the needs of women to balance work and family life . The bank already runs a five - year career - break scheme as part of its equal opportunities policy . Nurses ' lobby By HELEN HAGUE Financial staff had not given councillors detailed information about the scope or extent of its involvement on the money market . If the deals are proved to be legal , it is a potentially grave situation since the ratepayers and future community charge payers would have to meet the bill . On the other hand , if they are not enforceable , it would be the banks , with whom the transactions were arranged , that would lose out as they had taken out further deals to offset their exposure . As a result , five banks Midland , Security Pacific National , Chemical Bank , Barclays Bank and Mitsubishi Finance Corporation have been joined as respondents with the council . In the two financial years 1987 - 88 and 1988 - 89 , the council had been involved in 592 deals amounting to a notional 6,052.5m . Eurotunnel , the Anglo - French consortium that will operate the twin - rail tunnel when it is scheduled to enter service in June 1993 , shocked the City by announcing that costs had risen by 2.2bn from an original estimate of 4.8bn , with the 50 - kilometre tunnel still only one - quarter built . The consortium also disclosed that it would need up to 1.6bn in fresh finance on top of the 6bn already raised . The gloom was deepened further by the disclosure that the independent technical adviser to banks financing the project puts the cost at 8.1bn and believes the tunnel will open six months late , in December 1993 . The crisis surrounding the tunnel threatens to embarrass the Government , which insisted it be financed entirely by the private sector . The escalation in costs is certain to shake the confidence of private investors who have spent 1bn on the project . Eurotunnel , which is already in default of its credit agreement with the banks , has in effect been given until the end of the year to settle its differences with the contractors to permit a viable financing strategy to be put in place . If agreement cannot be reached , the banks , which include National Westminster and Midland , have the power to close the project or bring in fresh management . Last night Alastair Morton , the British co - chairman of Eurotunnel , said the banks could be driven to this by sheer exasperation through lack of progress in the talks . However , Mr Morton added : Technically it is serious . The banks can pull the plug . However , Mr Morton added : Technically it is serious . The banks can pull the plug . Practically , the banks are not wishing to pull the plug . They are not wishing to stop the project . In a statement issued with Andre Benard , his French counterpart , Mr Morton said he believed agreement could be reached in time to put a fresh financial package in place by early next year . In a statement issued with Andre Benard , his French counterpart , Mr Morton said he believed agreement could be reached in time to put a fresh financial package in place by early next year . This would involve raising an extra 1.2bn to 1.6bn . Of this , 25 per cent would come from a share issue in 1990 or 1991 and new bank borrowings . However , a number of essential differences between Eurotunnel and Transmanche Link need to be resolved . These include agreement on curbing the cost of terminals and equipment where the contactors ' estimate is 382m higher than that of Eurotunnel . Both , however , want the right to process Switch transactions on behalf of their retail clients . The catalyst is the Government 's decision in August to uphold a recommendation from the Monopolies and Mergers Commission that the credit card networks Visa International and Mastercard should alter one of their membership rules . This rule , still in existence while Visa and Mastercard fight a rearguard action with the Office of Fair Trading , prevents banks from processing card transactions until they have built up a large base of card - holders . Now Lloyds and Barclays argue that the debit card network should bow to the same principle and that they should be allowed to process Switch transactions without first issuing Switch cards to their account - holders . Switch is likely to resist any such application . By FRANK KANE , Chief City Reporter THE 13.5bn takeover battle for BAT affected the reputations and fees of all the City 's big merchant banks in the first nine months of 1989 , according to figures announced yesterday by the magazine Acquisitions Monthly . Seven of the top 10 places in the table went to banks which had a role in the BAT bid . The most notable inclusions in the list were Lazard Brothers and Hambros , which rose from eleventh to second place and nineteenth to third place respectively . The last time Hambros was so well placed was in 1986 when it advised on another mega - bid , by Hanson for Imperial Group . Morgan Grenfell amd Kleinwort Benson , each of whom played no role in the BAT bid , were also in the top 10 . County NatWest , the merchant bank heavily censured by inspectors from the Department of Trade and Industry for its role in the Blue Arrow affair , has dropped out of the table for the first time . A spokeswoman for the bank said : You have to remember that the rankings are made on the basis of value of bids , which are all down to BAT . We have had no significant losses of clients since the publication of the DTI report . The year will be disappointing , but we are very confident that we will be back in the league table next year , she added . Page 30 Dow record : A surprise buying rush took the New York Stock Exchange to a record close . Page 30 Anglo sell - off : Eight businesses worth 150m are being sold by Anglo United following its takeover of Coalite . Page 33 Switch applications : Barclays and Lloyds banks have applied to join the Switch debit card network . Outlook , page 31 Smurfit rise : Jefferson Smurfit announced a rise in profits to Ir 121m ( Ir 109m ) after the stock market had closed yesterday . View from City Road , page 33 Ferranti support : Ferranti shares were relisted at 47.5p yesterday but were well supported and ended at 56p . The banks financing the huge project have given Eurotunnel until the end of the year to come up with an agreed costing for completion of the tunnel sufficient to enable them to release fresh loans . Their technical advisers , the American engineering consultancy Parsons de Leuw Cather and the German consultancy Lahmeyer International , estimate the cost of the project now at 8.1bn . Eurotunnel , which is already in default of its credit agreement with the synidcate of 200 banks , is seeking an extra 1.2bn to 1.6bn on top of the 6bn raised so far . The Bank of England is understood to be keeping a watch as discussions continue between Eurotunnel and its four agent banks , which include the Midland and National Westminster . Speaking during a visit to the Transport and Road Research laboratory at Crowthorne , Berkshire , Mr Parkinson said : A way will be found around these problems . By 2008 all new cars , and lawnmowers , must run on alternative fuels or electric motors of a kind not yet invented . Companies will be punished unless they give their employees financial incentives to commute by bus , car - pool , or by rapid - transit rail lines not yet built . Restrictions will be placed on drive - in cinemas , banks , hamburger restaurants and , presumably , LA 's solitary drive - through church . New , less polluting designs will be required for a cornucopia of products made or sold in the city , ranging from aerosol sprays to roll - on deodorants , and paints and varnishes . Non - radial tyres , which apparently launch miniscule fragments of rubber into the atmosphere , will be banned . That view is presented in a classical French , rarely illustrated , and then only with the smallest photographs or the occasional line drawing . It follows an editorial policy that believes foreign news should lead the first three pages , that matters of national interest should be philosophically debated in the newspaper 's columns , and that half a page of sport either side of the weekend is enough . Having survived a financial crisis in the early 1980s , thanks to support from the banks and from a staff prepared to agree to a voluntary wage freeze , the paper is now making money and putting on readers , so why has the management now decided to modernise the title ? On first sight it might seem a case of plus ca change , plus c'est la meme chose . The differences are minimal : cleaner print , a slightly smaller format somewhere between tabloid and broadsheet , the masthead underlined in blue and , the most striking development : the appearance of separate sections . Dutch banks plan share flotation By JASON NISSE , Financial Reporter AN INTERNATIONAL share issue and privatisation will follow the merger of two of the Netherland 's largest banks , Nederlandsche Middenstansbank ( NMB ) and Postbank , the state - owned postal savings bank . The merger agreement was signed yesterday after gaining approval from the Dutch regulatory authorities . The new company , NMB Postbank , is listed in Amsterdam . But the intention is for the 49 per cent Dutch government shareholding to be reduced later this year through an issue in Amsterdam , London , Frankfurt , Paris and New York . The issue will complete the transformation of the Postbank , which is the world 's largest postal savings bank , from a sleepy adjunct to the Dutch post office , which it was less than five years ago , to an international banking force . Along with the merger , Postbank shareholders will be asked to approve a change to the bank 's articles of association so that it can engage in wider areas of business . It is not allowed to engage in securities trading or insurance , which would make the merger difficult as NMB is one of the leading options traders in the Netherlands . NMB Postbank will have a dominant position in Dutch savings and money transfers . The Department of Trade and Industry has started an inquiry into the circumstances surrounding Sound Diffusion 's demise . The administrative receiver appointed , Touche Ross , was instrumental in persuading the Revenue to allow shareholders to write off the value of the shares against capital gains tax . Chris Morris , the joint receiver at Touche Ross , said that some payments had been made to employees and priority creditors essentially the banks but said the chances of ordinary creditors receiving anything was only around half a per cent . A shareholders action committee has been formed to see if any value can be obtained . Outlook : Europe heads for defensive mergers The Bank 's sales of Ecus for pounds were intended to shore up the pound against the mark , without resorting to outright sales of the German currency . That could undermine the impact of Bundesbank sales of dollars for marks . Anti - apartheid group End Loans to Southern Africa targets main banks By PETER TORDAY , Economics Correspondent Demonstrators from the anti - apartheid group End Loans to Southern Africa outside National Westminster Bank 's international headquarters in the City yesterday . By PETER TORDAY , Economics Correspondent Demonstrators from the anti - apartheid group End Loans to Southern Africa outside National Westminster Bank 's international headquarters in the City yesterday . The group is targeting NatWest , Barclays and Standard Chartered - the three British banks on the technical committee negotiating the rescheduling of about 11bn of loans to South Africa . The loans are due for repayment in June 1990 . Negotiations began last month in Zurich . In Oslo yesterday , diplomats warned that the Nobel committee had a reputation for security and the leaked forecasts might prove wide of the mark . Even so , the committee is unlikely to match the surprises of the alternative Nobel prizes , awarded yesterday by the Right Livelihood Society , which singles out ecologically - sound solutions to problems . Among the winners : a society of Japanese housewives which distributes environmentally sound products ; an Ethiopian agronomist who has built up a seed bank of plants for use in time of drought , and Survival International , which campaigns for the rights of tribal peoples . Red Caliph carves out an acceptable communist face : Tim McGirk , in Madrid , interviews Julio Anguita , Spain 's popular Communist Party leader , a month before elections From TIM MCGIRK in Madrid Many studies have been made in an effort to assess the correct national speed , and to warn those in the fast lane of their ultimate folly . For example , this month 's issue of Psychology Today contains the result of a study of the pace of life in 36 American cities . Researchers stood on street corners , checked the clocks in banks and the speed at which tellers cashed cheques and shop assistants gave change . They watched how fast people walk and talk . Not suprisingly , people in the north - east of the country , where the work ethic and the climate push the pace of life ever upward , reside permanently in the fast lane . The auditor is seeking to have the transactions declared unlawful because they were ultra vires beyond the council 's legal powers . If he succeeeds , the council will be barred from paying the losses incurred on the transactions . Five banks have been added as parties in the case . John Chadwick QC , representing four of the banks , yesterday argued that they were innocent parties in these transactions . He said : The banks entered into these transactions in good faith . If he succeeeds , the council will be barred from paying the losses incurred on the transactions . Five banks have been added as parties in the case . John Chadwick QC , representing four of the banks , yesterday argued that they were innocent parties in these transactions . He said : The banks entered into these transactions in good faith . The case continues today . SIR GEOFFREY LITTLER , a former Treasury official and currently a director of NatWest Investment Bank , has been asked by the International Stock Exchange to head a committee which will develop proposals for a clearing house in securities . The move follows the announcement in July by the International Stock Exchange that it intended to set up a clearing house to handle existing and projected settlement services in London . It would be a joint venture , the exchange indicated , with the exchange perhaps owning 40 per cent with the remainder controlled by 20 or more institutions , such as banks , registrars , securities houses and large financial institutions as well as some listed companies . Other members of the Littler committee named yesterday are Jonathan Agnew of the British Merchant Bankers Association ; Martin Cruttenden of Lloyds Registrars ; Ian Cormack of Citicorp ; Pen Kent of the Bank of England ; William Legge - Bourke of the International Stock Exchange ; Andrew Palmer of Associated British Investors ; Herschel Post of the International Stock Exchange ; and Alex Tweedie of the Committee of London and Scottish Bankers . Andrew Hugh Smith , chairman of the exchange , said he believed that the clearing house will involve market users more directly in the development of settlement systems and so enable the UK to achieve the rapid development of a paperless settlement , payments and registration system for domestic equities . There are a number of points to bear in mind . Take up references before giving credit , lending money , letting in tenants , taking on staff . Ask banks , building societies , former landlords , present and past employers . If you rely to your detriment on a misleading reference which was given negligently , you should be able to sue the referee . The subject of a bad reference can sue the referee for libel but has to show the referee was up to no good : spite , ill - will or some improper motive will do . The Bank was tipped off by the West Germans shortly before the decision was announced , and evidently decided it would have to follow suit or risk a damaging run on the pound . Because of West Germany 's dominant economic position in Europe , nine European countries , including Britain , felt obliged to lift their rates . After the Bank 's signal to the money markets at about 2pm yesterday , Barclays Bank announced an increase in its base rate , and was quickly followed by the other clearing banks . As a result of the increase , some banks and building societies said they expected to raise mortgage rates by between 1 and 1.5 per cent , probably from 1 November . But they are likely to delay formal announcements until mid - October . Because of West Germany 's dominant economic position in Europe , nine European countries , including Britain , felt obliged to lift their rates . After the Bank 's signal to the money markets at about 2pm yesterday , Barclays Bank announced an increase in its base rate , and was quickly followed by the other clearing banks . As a result of the increase , some banks and building societies said they expected to raise mortgage rates by between 1 and 1.5 per cent , probably from 1 November . But they are likely to delay formal announcements until mid - October . The increase is almost bound to have a further depressing effect on the housing market . ITALY yesterday announced a 1.5bn ( 935m ) issue of fixed - rate Eurobonds , the largest such deal to date . The bonds carry a five - year maturity and will be priced on Tuesday to produce a yield of 0.42 - 0.44 per cent above the five - year US Treasury yield . Morgan Stanley and Nomura International are arranging the deal and have assembled a group of 10 international banks to underwrite and sell the bonds in the Euromarkets . One of the 10 said initial investor response was fairly positive . The issue is using the increasingly popular fixed price US - style system for underwriting and offering Eurobonds . By SIMON PINCOMBE The Royal Bank of Scotland has probably guaranteed itself a future recruitment crisis with the introduction of a range of designer wear for staff . Bob Maiden , the managing director , said the range was a response to the many requests from staff for something to wear which can be identified with the bank . Three top designers were approached at an undisclosed cost . The result is a range by Paul Costelloe which RBS hopes will lead to a harmonious look among the staff . The Week in Review : Business and City By ALISON EADIE THE week 's news was dominated by Chancellor Nigel Lawson 's failed attempt to stave off a rise in bank base rates . The fight was finally lost on Thursday after the Bundesbank lifted its key interest rates by a full point to clamp down on West German inflation . The rise to 15 per cent the highest for eight years will inevitably force mortgage rates higher . The fight was finally lost on Thursday after the Bundesbank lifted its key interest rates by a full point to clamp down on West German inflation . The rise to 15 per cent the highest for eight years will inevitably force mortgage rates higher . The Abbey National , now a bank , and the Leeds Permanent and the Halifax building societies were quick to break the bad news to already hard - pressed homeowners by stating that mortgage rates will probably have to rise by around 1.25 points to 14.75 per cent . Mr Lawson admitted that the interest rate rise was extremely embarrassing , awkward and uncomfortable , coming as it did on the eve of the Conservative Party Conference . However , the worst may not be over for the embattled Chancellor . The new firm will be the largest in the UK with a fee income of more than 143m . Eurotunnel shares fell sharply following revelations of spiralling costs . Admission of a 2bn cost overrun has sent Eurotunnel back to the banks to plead for fresh financing . The banks have given Eurotunnel until the end of the year to come up with an agreed costing for completion of the Channel Tunnel . As the Transport Secretary , Cecil Parkinson , ruled out any Government help , Eurotunnel shares fell to a low of 550p , down 145p on the week . Eurotunnel shares fell sharply following revelations of spiralling costs . Admission of a 2bn cost overrun has sent Eurotunnel back to the banks to plead for fresh financing . The banks have given Eurotunnel until the end of the year to come up with an agreed costing for completion of the Channel Tunnel . As the Transport Secretary , Cecil Parkinson , ruled out any Government help , Eurotunnel shares fell to a low of 550p , down 145p on the week . There was no respite for the beleaguered retail sector . Norwegian banks were severely hit by the 1986 oil price fall . On top of that the 1987 stock market crash and a steep domestic increase in interest rates nearly nearly put paid to some of them including DnC . The fact that the loan losses of the banks remain heavy will force the Norwegian government to agree to the merger which otherwise might not square with its normally tough monopoly considerations . Next year 's outlook for the banks is expected to be less cloudy . Interest rates have come down again and loan losses are expected to improve . On top of that the 1987 stock market crash and a steep domestic increase in interest rates nearly nearly put paid to some of them including DnC . The fact that the loan losses of the banks remain heavy will force the Norwegian government to agree to the merger which otherwise might not square with its normally tough monopoly considerations . Next year 's outlook for the banks is expected to be less cloudy . Interest rates have come down again and loan losses are expected to improve . Although the Oslo Bourse has paused for a moment to digest the DnC/Bergen news the market has been hugely active and is currently one of the best performers in the world . Time bomb ticking away under budget borrowers : As the base rate rises 1 per cent both homeowners and investors look set for troubled times ahead By MARTIN BAKER BRITAIN'S 7.6 million homebuyers face another rise in mortgage repayments following this week 's one per cent hike in bank base rates to 15 per cent . This is its highest level for eight years and will result in an increase of at least one per cent on home loan rates , possibly more . The average borrower with a 30,000 25 year loan will see monthly repayments rise from 278 a month to 298 if the mortgage rate goes to 14.75 per cent as expected . At the end of the fifteenth century , one enterprising family realised there was money to be made from all the foreign merchants , and turned their house into sort of prototype stock exchange . The family name , Beurze , explains the origins of the name for similar operations all over the Continent . Their house is now a bank . Nowadays the bourgeoisie is more likely to patronise the city 's luxurious food and clothes shops , all housed in the medieval streets . The oldest tavern is the Vlissinghe , of which mention was first made in 1552 , but there are hundreds of little bars and cafes , many of them housed in olde - worlde buildings that have the Americans squealing with delight . International Capital Markets : Banks lose money in Eurobond battle By DAVID FRANKS OLD HABITS are dying hard in the Eurobond market where two months have now elapsed since leading banks implemented a radical change in the way they organise the selling of new issues to investors . The habit into which the banks had slipped , and which their fresh approach to the business was designed to cure , was quite simple : losing money . The largest fixed - rate offering ever witnessed in the Eurobond market , a 1.5bn five - year deal announced on Friday for Italy , which used the new money - making formula , provides disturbing evidence however that excessive competition , born of over - capacity , could yet ruin the latest attempts at restoring profitability to the market . By DAVID FRANKS OLD HABITS are dying hard in the Eurobond market where two months have now elapsed since leading banks implemented a radical change in the way they organise the selling of new issues to investors . The habit into which the banks had slipped , and which their fresh approach to the business was designed to cure , was quite simple : losing money . The largest fixed - rate offering ever witnessed in the Eurobond market , a 1.5bn five - year deal announced on Friday for Italy , which used the new money - making formula , provides disturbing evidence however that excessive competition , born of over - capacity , could yet ruin the latest attempts at restoring profitability to the market . The new system for arranging Eurobond issues is derived from the way new issues have been done in the US for many years . The largest fixed - rate offering ever witnessed in the Eurobond market , a 1.5bn five - year deal announced on Friday for Italy , which used the new money - making formula , provides disturbing evidence however that excessive competition , born of over - capacity , could yet ruin the latest attempts at restoring profitability to the market . The new system for arranging Eurobond issues is derived from the way new issues have been done in the US for many years . Bonds are underwritten and sold to investors by a small group of banks in return for a fee from the issuer . The banks agree not to sell bonds below the issue price until the arranger of the issue is satisfied that the bulk of the deal has been sold , after which , members of the group are free to sell at whatever prices they wish . This contrasts with the traditional Eurobond new issue system : banks in the underwriting group can sell below the issue price from the outset . The new system for arranging Eurobond issues is derived from the way new issues have been done in the US for many years . Bonds are underwritten and sold to investors by a small group of banks in return for a fee from the issuer . The banks agree not to sell bonds below the issue price until the arranger of the issue is satisfied that the bulk of the deal has been sold , after which , members of the group are free to sell at whatever prices they wish . This contrasts with the traditional Eurobond new issue system : banks in the underwriting group can sell below the issue price from the outset . This they frequently do , eating into , and more often devouring , the commissions they receive from the issuer . Bonds are underwritten and sold to investors by a small group of banks in return for a fee from the issuer . The banks agree not to sell bonds below the issue price until the arranger of the issue is satisfied that the bulk of the deal has been sold , after which , members of the group are free to sell at whatever prices they wish . This contrasts with the traditional Eurobond new issue system : banks in the underwriting group can sell below the issue price from the outset . This they frequently do , eating into , and more often devouring , the commissions they receive from the issuer . At the root of the problems with the old system was cut - throat competition . This they frequently do , eating into , and more often devouring , the commissions they receive from the issuer . At the root of the problems with the old system was cut - throat competition . Not , however , the old story of too many banks chasing too little commission income ; compared to most markets , conventional Eurobond commissions are very generous . No , the problem was banks were giving away their commissions to investors as inducements to buy expensively - priced bonds , the result of new issues arranged by banks desperate to maintain market share . The US - style new issue system has much lower commissions than its Eurobond counterpart . At the root of the problems with the old system was cut - throat competition . Not , however , the old story of too many banks chasing too little commission income ; compared to most markets , conventional Eurobond commissions are very generous . No , the problem was banks were giving away their commissions to investors as inducements to buy expensively - priced bonds , the result of new issues arranged by banks desperate to maintain market share . The US - style new issue system has much lower commissions than its Eurobond counterpart . But under the US system , banks stand a much greater chance of actually retaining them . No , the problem was banks were giving away their commissions to investors as inducements to buy expensively - priced bonds , the result of new issues arranged by banks desperate to maintain market share . The US - style new issue system has much lower commissions than its Eurobond counterpart . But under the US system , banks stand a much greater chance of actually retaining them . On a five - year conventional Eurobond , fees might be 1.25 per cent of the total issue amount , yet banks would be lucky to see one eighth per cent ( and that on a good deal ) once discounts had been allowed to buyers of the bonds . On a similar US - style deal , commissions might be only 0.325 per cent but most of that should end up with the banks . On a five - year conventional Eurobond , fees might be 1.25 per cent of the total issue amount , yet banks would be lucky to see one eighth per cent ( and that on a good deal ) once discounts had been allowed to buyers of the bonds . On a similar US - style deal , commissions might be only 0.325 per cent but most of that should end up with the banks . Which brings us to the blockbusting Italy issue arranged by Morgan Stanley , the US investment bank which put together the first US - style issue in Europe with an offering for New Zealand in August . Bankers had expected that the fees for the Italy deal would be the standard 0.325 per cent . According to reliable sources , however , Italy is paying only 0.25 per cent to its underwriters . According to reliable sources , however , Italy is paying only 0.25 per cent to its underwriters . Bankers close to the deal say that Morgan Stanley was forced reluctantly to accept a lower commission structure because Italy was being offered this by other banks competing for the business . The fear now is that banks will start to compete by driving commission rates lower and lower until they are prepared to arrange issues at break - even or worse . And this would vindicate those who believe that the market 's ills are not going to be solved by tinkering with new issue processes , but rather by a drastic cutback in the overheads ie , sacking people being carried by the industry . Major UK slowdown forecast There is no suggestion of any impropriety by Mr Ethrington . However , his membership of the team could prove an embarrassment to the Government , which is subsidising his bid attempt . Mr Ethrington has provisional financial backing from the trade union bank Unity Trust to make a bid via an employee share ownership plan . He previously conducted two studies on behalf of the Government into TCS . The first , more than two years ago , considered the feasibility of privatisation and followed reports from the Treasury and the Central Purchasing Unit which came out against wholesale privatisation . Last week , Andrew Hugh Smith , chairman of the Exchange , announced the appointment of Sir Geoffrey Littler as head of the Clearing House Formation Committee , which is charged with developing the proposals for the new settlement system . The Exchange intends that the new clearing house will be jointly owned . The Exchange will hold around 40 per cent of the shares in the new body with 20 or more groups such as banks , registrars , securities houses and large financial institutions as well as some listed companies holding the remainder . As yet nothing is concrete and , following Sir Geoffrey 's study , that initial concept may well change . The terms of reference of Sir Geoffrey 's committee indicate that the Exchange is determined that all aspects of the creation of a clearing house are fully explored . Threat to insurers AS THE 1.1bn takeover bid by Australian Mutual Provident , Australia 's largest life insurer , gets underway for the Pearl Group , a new survey suggests that perhaps the Australians should have made a bid for a building society . The survey , prepared by the giant reinsurance group Swiss Re , shows that building societies pose a growing threat to insurance companies . In it , 1,500 individuals were asked : If you were to buy life assurance , which of the following methods , if any , would you choose from a salesman in your own home , from a broker in his office , by post ( either from a newspaper advertisement or from a mailshot ) , from a bank , or from a building society . The responses indicated that 28 per cent would prefer to buy through a building society ; 27 per cent said they would buy from a salesman in their own home . Only 2 per cent would choose to buy a policy through the post , while 26 per cent opted for the broker route . The responses indicated that 28 per cent would prefer to buy through a building society ; 27 per cent said they would buy from a salesman in their own home . Only 2 per cent would choose to buy a policy through the post , while 26 per cent opted for the broker route . Those who would prefer to use a bank amounted to 22 per cent . The fascinating feature of the survey is the marked change of sentiment towards methods of buying life cover in the last year . A year ago 37 per cent of individuals indicated that would prefer to buy through a salesman , while 20 per cent preferred building societies . The fascinating feature of the survey is the marked change of sentiment towards methods of buying life cover in the last year . A year ago 37 per cent of individuals indicated that would prefer to buy through a salesman , while 20 per cent preferred building societies . Banks appear to be growing in popularity : a year ago only 17 per cent would have bought life cover through a bank . According to Swiss Re , the banks and building societies continue to be very strong in the 15 - 24 age group . The findings indicate why groups such as the Pearl are finding it heavy going in their core business activity . A year ago 37 per cent of individuals indicated that would prefer to buy through a salesman , while 20 per cent preferred building societies . Banks appear to be growing in popularity : a year ago only 17 per cent would have bought life cover through a bank . According to Swiss Re , the banks and building societies continue to be very strong in the 15 - 24 age group . The findings indicate why groups such as the Pearl are finding it heavy going in their core business activity . The Pearl has a 6,500 - strong sales force which collects insurance premiums and arranges policies by the simple expedient of house - to - house calls . The post office 's financial viability rests on its investment product , the good old post office savings book . But , while it attracts 14 per cent of all personal savings , it barely ranks as a force in France 's wider investment market . However , the development of specially - tailored funds and financial products to compete with those offered by banks is beginning to get under way and there is a potentially lucrative link - up with the big assurance companies based on the post office 's huge client base . None of this is of any comfort to the unions , who are very strongly represented within the PTT and have been united in their rejection of the proposed reforms . They fear that having separated post and telecommunications , France Telecom will receive the lion 's share of the budget and may ultimately be privatised altogether . Mr Morton was headhunted by Eurotunnel from a minor financial services group , Guinness Peat , in Febuary 1987 specifically to deal with another such crisis . Then the group 's efforts to raise 750m from the Equity Three share placing looked like foundering . Without the new share capital , the banks would n't put up the 5bn syndicated loan which was to provide the bulk of the tunnel 's finance . Most observers agree that Mr Morton did a spectacular job in reversing the project 's fortunes . With new advisers , he managed to change investment sentiment . The Tobacco Society ( 'Unable to hand roll ciggies ? We 'll teach you in complete confidence ' , the Jazz Society ( 'There will be a small written examination before we let you know if you can join ' and the French Society ( 'Amusez - vous bien et attrapez cirrhose du foie avec la Frenchsoc ! ' . There were the bank recruitment stands ( 'If you give us all your money , we will let you queue in our bank when we 're open , and outside when we 're not ! ' and the MI5 stall ( 'Ever thought about Intelligence ? You could do worse ' . The MI5 stall ? Profit - seeking banks in competition with each other are , quite reasonably , keen to issue as much interest - bearing credit as possible . They cannot be expected to consider the inflationary consequences of their commercial activities . Unlike the sovereign , who simply minted more coin , the banks have first to persuade us to take up the credit they wish to create . In other words , they have to persuade someone to borrow from them before they can issue new money . By imposing a very high cost of borrowing , the Chancellor hopes to reduce our willingness to accept any more bank credit and thereby limit credit creation by the banks . Unlike the sovereign , who simply minted more coin , the banks have first to persuade us to take up the credit they wish to create . In other words , they have to persuade someone to borrow from them before they can issue new money . By imposing a very high cost of borrowing , the Chancellor hopes to reduce our willingness to accept any more bank credit and thereby limit credit creation by the banks . This is a very blunt instrument . The only kind of credit which is inflationary is that which is newly created by the commercial banks ( and similar deposit - taking institutions ) . This is a very blunt instrument . The only kind of credit which is inflationary is that which is newly created by the commercial banks ( and similar deposit - taking institutions ) . Existing credit and other ( non - bank ) credit is not only non - inflationary , but beneficial . By imposing a high cost on all credit , the Chancellor is failing to target newly - created bank credit and the costs of this failure are enormous . The increasing number of mortgage repossessions , the increasing interest costs to the UK manufacturing sector , the distortion of the foreign exchange market , the wage demands induced as workers seek to maintain their living standards and the large , gratuitous redistribution of income from debtors to creditors result in painful and often irreversible dislocations . The only kind of credit which is inflationary is that which is newly created by the commercial banks ( and similar deposit - taking institutions ) . Existing credit and other ( non - bank ) credit is not only non - inflationary , but beneficial . By imposing a high cost on all credit , the Chancellor is failing to target newly - created bank credit and the costs of this failure are enormous . The increasing number of mortgage repossessions , the increasing interest costs to the UK manufacturing sector , the distortion of the foreign exchange market , the wage demands induced as workers seek to maintain their living standards and the large , gratuitous redistribution of income from debtors to creditors result in painful and often irreversible dislocations . Letter : Libel damages In countries where deposits above a certain amount have to be authorised , such as those over 10,000 ( 6,250 ) in the United States , this entails a team of flunkeys making numerous lower deposits which are then switched around at will . Alternatively , a courier will smuggle often millions of pounds at a time to a country where banking secrecy offers greater protection . With their teams of lawyers , accountants and company agents , and able to transfer money at the push of a computer button , the launderers dodge through the maze of the different countries ' jurisdictions creating a trail so complex that investigators , never mind the banks , find it almost impossible to spot what is going on . The British government led the way in Europe with its tough Drug Trafficking Offences Act in 1986 . This gave wide investigative powers , and made possible the seizing , freezing and confiscation of assets . Collapsed bank depositors get first payout From TONY FARAGHER in the Isle of Man SOME 4,000 depositors who lost 42m in one of Britain 's biggest bank crashes are to receive their first interim payment following an 11.7m judgment against fugitive city financier Jim Raper in the Manx Chancery Court yesterday . Barrister David Ashton , acting for the liquidators of the Isle of Man Savings and Investment Bank , told the court that good news was on the way for the mostly small depositors , many of whom lost their life savings when the Douglas - based bank collapsed seven years ago. There is no reason now why there should not be an interim payment made to the unsecured creditors , he said . From TONY FARAGHER in the Isle of Man SOME 4,000 depositors who lost 42m in one of Britain 's biggest bank crashes are to receive their first interim payment following an 11.7m judgment against fugitive city financier Jim Raper in the Manx Chancery Court yesterday . Barrister David Ashton , acting for the liquidators of the Isle of Man Savings and Investment Bank , told the court that good news was on the way for the mostly small depositors , many of whom lost their life savings when the Douglas - based bank collapsed seven years ago. There is no reason now why there should not be an interim payment made to the unsecured creditors , he said . The Savings and Investment Bank , said to be owned by property developer Victor Gray , closed its doors in July 1982 having given massive loan facilities . One of these was said to be a 5m loan to Raper 's master company , the Hong Kong and Netherlands based Gasco Group . This was given nine months before the bank collapsed and financed Gasco 's takeover of Cornish tin mining company St Piran . When the bank went into liquidation repayment was demanded and Raper immediately started a 15m action for damages , saying it was being called in earlier than agreed . A long - running legal wrangle ensued with Gasco assets ultimately being frozen and a court undertaking secured from St Piran not to reduce its UK assets below 7m , sufficient to cover the SIB claim . This undertaking was given to the High Court in London but in March last year Vice Chancellor Sir Nicolas Browne - Wilkinson found Raper and the man described as his sidekick , Douglas Allen , guilty of the most deliberate and serious contempts . What there is is a strong difference of commercial opinion . However , it is clear the two sides are far from agreement on the extra 382m TML claims the tunnel terminals and fixed equipment will cost , which Mr Morton described as manifestly absurd . He refused to be drawn on what would happen if the two failed to reach agreement in time to get the banks ' support for an extra 1bn - 1.2bn of finance next year . Without a satisfactory agreement the banks could refuse to lend more money on top of the 6bn in total committed to the project and demand that Eurotunnel be replaced . Mr Morton , said he was pretty confident that would not happen . However , it is clear the two sides are far from agreement on the extra 382m TML claims the tunnel terminals and fixed equipment will cost , which Mr Morton described as manifestly absurd . He refused to be drawn on what would happen if the two failed to reach agreement in time to get the banks ' support for an extra 1bn - 1.2bn of finance next year . Without a satisfactory agreement the banks could refuse to lend more money on top of the 6bn in total committed to the project and demand that Eurotunnel be replaced . Mr Morton , said he was pretty confident that would not happen . If a deal was hammered out with the banks , an accompanying rights issue to raise up to 400m from existing private shareholders was likely next spring . Without a satisfactory agreement the banks could refuse to lend more money on top of the 6bn in total committed to the project and demand that Eurotunnel be replaced . Mr Morton , said he was pretty confident that would not happen . If a deal was hammered out with the banks , an accompanying rights issue to raise up to 400m from existing private shareholders was likely next spring . Ferranti shareholders to meet chairman today By JEREMY WARNER , Assistant Business Editor The common view is that this is unthinkable and politically unacceptable . But some bankers have an acute awareness of where their loyalties lie and the idea of winding Eurotunnel up and continuing the project with a new management company may have its attractions . It would ensure that the tunnel was completed and would give the banks much more direct access to the project and its long - term rewards . The only losers would be the shareholders but they always knew this was a high - risk project . The negotiations with the banks are complicated by the discussions with the contractors . - The only cricket stories in the newspapers are suddenly about winter tours of places you did n't even know played cricket . - You start forgetting where you went on holiday this summer . - The banks start promising to look after you much better than ever before , and to shower you with presents . But they will only do this , it turns out , if you 're 19 and just going to college . - Buses in the morning and afternoon are suddenly full of children , traffic jams are caused by cars containing family groups and signs appear in tobacconists ' shops : Sorry , No More Than One Schoolchild In Here At A Time , Put Your Arms Up and Stand Against The Wall To Be Searched When Requested . The largest attempt was about 900,000 , Mr Nicholas says . Barclays has specialists on computer security , hacking and computer viruses programmes which replicate themselves and can cause enormous damage . Although the bank has software that can spot 200 different viruses , there are always new ones against which there is no defence . The problem of computer - related crime will be highlighted today in the Law Commission 's report on Computer Misuse . The report will spark the next round in the debate over whether hacking should be outlawed . Candidates using them for project or course work may have an advantage if spelling is one of the skills being tested . The board is preparing notes of guidance to schools about how and when such calculators should be used . Whereas in the past the boards would say that advanced calculators could be used without additional calculating programmes or memory banks , such programmes and data banks are incorporated in the latest generation of machines as a matter of course . The problem , Mr Vickerman said , was to ensure that while all students were able to use technology appropriate to their subjects , some examination candidates should not be disadvantaged by having less advanced calculators than others . There was a need , he said , to specify the maximum allowable functions that a calculator used in an exam could be capable of . THE HALIFAX , Britain 's biggest building society , yesterday attempted to stem a wholesale move to 15 per cent mortgage rates by announcing a comparatively modest 1 - point hike in its own lending rate to 14.5 per cent . The announcement , hastily brought forward from the middle of the month , was designed to forestall other lenders from following the Yorkshire Building Society , which lifted its rate to 15 per cent at the weekend . The benchmark now set by the Halifax is certain to influence how other societies respond to last week 's 1 - point increase in bank base rates to 15 per cent . There are fears that large mortgage rate hikes could tip the already stagnant housing and mortgage market into deep and long - lasting recession . A Halifax spokesman said : Hopefully this will give the lead to other building societies to restrict their increases to 1 per cent . It needed some land sales to achieve pre - tax profits of 36.2m for the year to February . This total is achievable this year , putting the shares at 196p , down 2p yesterday , on a very cheap multiple of 4.4 . Crest Nicholson is the exception , not having much of a land bank and relying on its skills in land buying . Like the well regarded YJ Lowell , Crest is interested in urban regeneration , and a large development in Swindon should start contributing to profits next year . Profits for the year that ends this month should reach 42m pre - tax , putting the shares at 179p , down 5p yesterday , on 5.9 times earnings . By SIMON PINCOMBE RUPERT Murdoch 's profit warning will not lead Australian and US shareholders to desert News Corporation the way they have dumped Alan Bond , but it must be rather worrying . Suddenly , there is just the slightest hint that Mr Murdoch is losing the magic touch , and for many investment banks and financial institutions around the world that magic touch was the main reason for backing him. The news was not entirely unexpected . In August , announcing profits of A496m net for 1988/89 , he said that in future losses on Sky TV in the UK would be charged directly against the profit and loss account . Guinness Mahon , the merchant bank , rose 1.5p to 147p . The second slice of the The Bank of Yokohama 's excess stake has been placed . The Japanese bank cut its shareholding to 61 per cent . Ford Sellar Morris , the property group , slipped 1p to 140p . It has sold another 28m of assets and has now pulled in 70m from disposals since it took over the Brookmount property group in August . Patrick Hosking reports By PATRICK HOSKING WHISPERS of a takeover of a British building society have been circulating in the City since the spring when the Abbey National won the overwhelming backing of its savers and borrowers to convert itself into a bank . So far not one deal has materialised . But the whispers in recent weeks have got louder . Malcolm Rifkind , Secretary of State for Scotland , described the move as a modernising exercise . We are removing some of the cobwebs on the fringes of the Scottish legal system . However , Alistair Clark , president of the Law Society of Scotland , which represents 6,400 solicitors , criticised the decision to allow banks , building societies and other authorised practitioners who complied with a statutory code of conduct to charge for conveyancing . The present system , involving solicitors who put the interests of their clients first , was being replaced by a free market which will be a free - for - all among a handful of powerful , profit - motivated instititutions serving the financial interests of their shareholders . Alan Johnston QC , treasurer of the 250 - strong Faculty of Advocates , said : The disappearance of many small legal firms which rely on conveyancing income to underwrite the provision of other , non - profitable legal services will not be in the public interest . FIVE BANKS , which could lose over 100m if money market transactions by the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham are ruled unlawful , should not be allowed to appear at the hearing into their legality , the High Court was told yesterday . Anthony Scrivener QC , for Hammersmith and Fulham , was presenting the council 's case on the fifth day of a hearing in which the district auditor is seeking to have the transactions declared ultra vires , or beyond the local authority 's legal powers . Mr Scrivener said : This court has no power to order repayment of ultra vires expenditure , and he commented on the presence of bank representatives , saying : I have difficulty with them being here . If the banks wanted to seek relief , they would have to do so through a separate case brought against the local authority , he added . Although the banks will begin to present their arguments today , Mr Scrivener said : This court is not concerned with private rights . Mr Scrivener said : This court has no power to order repayment of ultra vires expenditure , and he commented on the presence of bank representatives , saying : I have difficulty with them being here . If the banks wanted to seek relief , they would have to do so through a separate case brought against the local authority , he added . Although the banks will begin to present their arguments today , Mr Scrivener said : This court is not concerned with private rights . There is no justiciable issue between the auditor and the banks . The two judges , Lord Justice Woolf and Mr Justice French , widened the scope of the hearing by ruling that arguments about the enforceability of the transactions could be presented . Although some apply strict guidelines , others contract out their surveillance to private security companies . In a research paper published today , Liberty the logo used by the NCCL - warns that , without regulations , video surveillance could be used to harass groups who are considered a potential threat to public order , such as young people , ethnic minorities and political activists . It warns that the spread of vast computer data banks means it will soon be possible to identify individuals walking along a street , whether or not they have committed a crime : The new PNC2 police national computer will be capable of storing digitised photographs to which detectives will have instant access . The paper states : It is not implausible to foresee a situation in which central government exercises increasing control over the ordinary movements and activities of its citizens . Big Brother could be watching . He wore battle - dress green , slacks and sweater and his weather - beaten face glowed with satisfaction and well - being . Later he spoke about references to him in a popular Sunday tabloid , scowling at the implication that his approach is essentially haphazard . It hurt me , he growled , all that stuff about sitting on river banks and prowling moors instead of concentrating on the job , turning up late and being more interested in fishing and shooting than football . They forget I took the job on the understanding that management of a national team can only be part - time employment . What can you gain from sitting behind a desk making and waiting for telephone calls , going from game to game watching players you already know about ? A RECORD sponsorship deal of 500,000 for fringe theatre , dance and music companies was announced yesterday . Barclays Bank is making the grant over a three - year period to encourage independent companies . Peter Leslie , the bank 's deputy chairman , said that fringe theatre should be admired as the product development sector of the theatre industry . Under the sponsorship terms , money will be provided for eight new productions a year to be performed for limited seasons at the Royal Court in central London . Entries are invited from groups representing cabaret , dance , mime and puppet shows . By CHRISTIAN WOLMAR TRANSACTIONS on the money market worth 6bn undertaken by Hammersmith and Fulham Council may have to be honoured , even if ruled unlawful , it was suggested in the High Court yesterday . John Chadwick , QC , counsel for four of the banks which stand to lose millions of pounds should the deals be ruled void , said enforceability depends on how they might be judged unlawful . If the court found the west London council had no powers to undertake them whatsoever , then the banks private rights ' to enforce the deals would go . However , if it were merely the scale of the transactions that was unlawful or that payments had been made out of the wrong fund , it may be the council could be forced to honour the contracts . However , if it were merely the scale of the transactions that was unlawful or that payments had been made out of the wrong fund , it may be the council could be forced to honour the contracts . Using the analogy of company law , Mr Chadwick said there were many examples where contracts had been entered into that were ultra vires from the company 's point of view but enforceable by third parties . That was the position of the banks in this case . He was opening the case for the banks on the sixth day of the application by the district auditor to have the transactions ruled ultra vires beyond the council 's legal powers . Five banks : Midland ; Security Pacific National ; Chemical Bank ; Mitsubishi Finance International and Barclays have been joined as respondents and Mr Chadwick represents all but Barclays . Using the analogy of company law , Mr Chadwick said there were many examples where contracts had been entered into that were ultra vires from the company 's point of view but enforceable by third parties . That was the position of the banks in this case . He was opening the case for the banks on the sixth day of the application by the district auditor to have the transactions ruled ultra vires beyond the council 's legal powers . Five banks : Midland ; Security Pacific National ; Chemical Bank ; Mitsubishi Finance International and Barclays have been joined as respondents and Mr Chadwick represents all but Barclays . He pointed out that when the council was barred from making further payments on the transactions , it had made a profit . That was the position of the banks in this case . He was opening the case for the banks on the sixth day of the application by the district auditor to have the transactions ruled ultra vires beyond the council 's legal powers . Five banks : Midland ; Security Pacific National ; Chemical Bank ; Mitsubishi Finance International and Barclays have been joined as respondents and Mr Chadwick represents all but Barclays . He pointed out that when the council was barred from making further payments on the transactions , it had made a profit . The appeals which Anthony Scrivener ( counsel for Hammersmith ) made to safeguard the interests of the ratepayers are difficult to reconcile with the position actually shown on the accounts . Just a joke Mr Bingley . Red faces all round at Chase Manhattan following a foray into London 's docklands in search of new offices . The leading US bank is leaving its City headquarters in Wolgate House. And according to next week 's edition of International Financing Review , a high powered scouting party was dispatched under the command of Willard Butcher , the chairman . Alas , on boarding the Docklands Light Railway the party was confronted by an inspector only to find that they had purchased childrens ' tickets by mistake . Not so John Emmerson of the National Westminster 's medical unit in London . He travelled to the meeting for observation purposes and cheerfully mopped up all the business . A dejected David Mellor , of the Royal Bank , told the magazine Doctor : I was led to believe it was n't an appropriate venue for a bank representative . Ferranti puts own man in charge at ISC By JEREMY WARNER , Assistant Business Editor At the moment the product is restricted to interest rates and to medium or big corporate clients . But Graham Steward , director of Hambros treasury and capital markets division , said that the principle could be extended to currencies and small companies , and perhaps even to individuals , for example to hedge mortgages . Mr Steward said that the bank charges no fees or premiums for Shire . It makes money from spreads on its hedging operations which fix the interest rate , and on attracting new clients . The product had three elements . That will be a considerable relief to Mr Bond , who could in certain circumstances have seen his entire 35 per cent stake in BSB placed with the other equity participants , which include Granada , Pearson , Reed International and Chargeurs of France . However , it is not yet clear how he will finance the payment , which is believed to be in cash . The rest of his BSB commitment is backed by bank guarantees . The payment will remove another obstacle to BSB 's goal of a spring launch for their five channel subscription TV system , which now depends on solving the technological difficulties involved in the set of chips that scramble and decode the satellite signal . The main problem is understood to be integrating the software and the microchip decoder apparatus in the receiver . By KEVIN HAMLIN NEW YORK ( AP ) Computer users around the world waited nervously to see whether warnings of a rogue virus come true today . Someone tampered with IBM systems by planting a dormant bug due to wipe out whole data banks as soon as the calendar hits Friday 13 October . It has been detected in a dozen systems in the US and yesterday the Swiss government announced that 75 of its computers were infected . Kremlin wars Shakespeare 's Globe unearthed By DAVID KEYS , Archaeology Correspondent THE REMAINS of the Globe Theatre , where Shakespeare acted and at least a dozen of his plays were premiered , have been discovered by archaeologists excavating on the south bank of the Thames in central London . Shakespeare partly - owned the Globe , which was built in 1599 and rebuilt in 1614 after a fire in 1613 started by a cannon used as a prop . It was demolished in 1644 , two years after the Puritans banned theatrical performances in England . Most such attempts , it concluded , are actually perpetrated by authorised users , and can usually be covered by existing law. But there are areas of fraud which still need to be tackled , such as the complicated matter of deceiving a machine . Under the Theft Acts , it is not possible to deceive a machine ( 'hole in the wall ' banks and automated machinery as well as computers ) . Of more urgent concern is the international dimension . Modern technology makes moving funds around the world all too easy . By PATRICK HOSKING , Banking Correspondent KLEINWORT Benson , the merchant bank , has received A10.66m ( 5.3m ) from the sale of its increasingly troubled Australian businesses - just half what it hoped for when it announced the deal in August . It has also had to keep an undisclosed number of doubtful loans before offloading the unit , Kleinwort Benson Australia , to the California - based bank Security Pacific . KBA 's activities include merchant banking , stockbroking , bullion trading and leasing . It fell into the red last year , losing A2.6m . The group now plans to concentrate on Europe , the US and Japan , having already closed offices in Hong Kong and Singapore . Libra Bank , the London - based consortium bank which trades in third world debts , plunged to a pre - tax loss of 174.6m in the first half of 1989 from profits last time of 10.9m . A 191.1m exceptional provision caused the damage , but lifted the bank 's third world cover from 16 to 32 per cent . Operating profits improved strongly from 10.9m to 16.5m . Libra 's largest UK shareholder is NatWest with 5 per cent . One was a 230,000 compensation for loss of office , the bulk of which went to the former chief executive , Emmanuel Olympitis , who suddenly departed last month . The other was a 310,000 provision for the diminution in market value of an undisclosed investment . The bank , which also held its annual meeting yesterday , rejected a shareholders ' demand for it to sell its US - based fund management business , National Securities Research . The group lost 1.368m last year and has since been radically slimmed down to three operating subsidiaries banking , a Channel Islands fiduciary management business and NSR . Caird Group plans a 34.5m pounds rights issue But the Bank had been monitoring the situation closely and there had to be room for debate about whether there would be sufficient demand for office space in the early 1990s for the supply coming on stream . Special attention , he added , had to be paid to highly geared developers , especially those with excessive specialisation in particular markets and localities . Comparison with the early 1970s , when a number of secondary banks nearly failed as a result of their over - exposure to falling property values , were not appropriate , however . The distribution of lending today is very different , he said . It was spread across a wider range of banks , especially the large London branches of strongly capitalised foreign banks . Comparison with the early 1970s , when a number of secondary banks nearly failed as a result of their over - exposure to falling property values , were not appropriate , however . The distribution of lending today is very different , he said . It was spread across a wider range of banks , especially the large London branches of strongly capitalised foreign banks . His comments had an immediate impact on the City , where analysts have grown increasingly anxious in recent weeks about the risk that asset values may fall in the face of oversupply and forced sales of buildings . Shares in development based companies were particularly hard hit . A spokeswoman for Barclays Bank stressed that British banks had already cut back their lending in response to earlier warnings . The growth in lending in the year to August by Committee of Scottish and London Clearing Banks was only 27 per cent , and for Barclays it was only 10 per cent , she said . In 1980 British banks accounted for 80 per cent of company debt . The figure has fallen to less than 60 per cent as overseas banks have become keen lenders . Chrysler in European car plant talks with Mitsubishi The growth in lending in the year to August by Committee of Scottish and London Clearing Banks was only 27 per cent , and for Barclays it was only 10 per cent , she said . In 1980 British banks accounted for 80 per cent of company debt . The figure has fallen to less than 60 per cent as overseas banks have become keen lenders . Chrysler in European car plant talks with Mitsubishi By MICHAEL HARRISON , Industrial Editor However , Wall Street 's collapse raises spectres of a repeat of the 1987 stock market crash , in which lead and sub underwriters were obliged to take up shares at prices well below those quoted in the market . Airline Acquisition Corp , the management and pilot group that had agreed to pay 300 a share for United , announced at 2.54pm New York time that its agent banks , Chase Manhattan and Citibank , had found insufficient interest in the issue because of adverse changes in the market for this transaction . Rumours in the market said that Japanese banks which had initially indicated a willingness to put up some of the necessary funds , were behind the problems . A statement said the group would submit a revised proposal for senior financing for the deal in the near term . UAL said that it had been advised by AAC that syndication of the financing would be possible on revised terms . But the reports still fell short of conclusively identifying the ultimate recipients of the money . Faced with the prospect of a stream of disclosures as the general election approaches , Mr Gandhi 's advisers have apparently concluded that their best defence is also to attack the opposition with the corruption stick . The leader of the Janata Dal party , VP Singh , has found himself and his family under scrutiny in recent weeks over highly suspect allegations that his son controlled a secret bank - account in the Caribbean island of St Kitts . The allegations that Mr Singh , a former Congress ( I ) finance minister , had stashed millions of dollars in a numbered St Kitts account , were made in August in the Arab Times of Kuwait , not previously known for its scoops about India . It said the account was controlled by Mr Singh 's son Ajeya , a New York - based accountant . ET TU , BRUTE . Nigel Lawson awoke at the start of the Conservative Party conference to find himself described as This Bankrupt Chancellor on the front page of the Daily Mail . Would you give this man a job as chairman of a bank ? Or as city editor of a national newspaper ? The Daily Mail certainly would not , its front - page editorial said . It is in discussions with two consortia led by Trafalgar House and the shipping and property group PO . However , environmental improvements demanded by ministers have increased the cost of this route three - fold to 3.5bn . The alternative route , proposed by a consortia led by the American bank Manufacturers Hanover and the construction group Bechtel , would end at a terminal in Stratford , East London . It is claimed this route would cost 1bn less than BR 's . It is understood , however , that PO has now concluded that the link should terminate at Stratford . Regional stockbrokers like Leeds - based Redmayne - Bentley have a low minimum of 10,000 for their management service and report consistent interest in their portfolio management services . The investor who has a few privatisation shares and wants to extend a portfolio without paying for advice does have a cheap alternative to discretionary portfolio management . The banks and building societies , together with specialist execution - only services such as Sharelink and the Debenhams share shops , now offer a range of services to the would - be investor . Sharelink has built up a clientele of about 57,000 in two years . The commission structure is a significant improvement on pre - Big Bang charges at a minimum of 16 and a rate of 1.25 per cent on the first 2,500 of a transaction , falling to 0.75 per cent for the next 2,500 and 0.2 per cent thereafter . Not surprisingly , the 3,000 users of the service average 8,000 when they deal . This compares with an average transaction level of under 1,900 at Sharelink . The leading share service offered by the high street banks is Barclayshare , which offers both an execution - only facility and a portfolio management service . The transaction service costs 20 a year , charged in two instalments . On top of this there is a charge for every transaction of a minimum 16 , with 1.25 per cent on the first 5,000 , 0.75 per cent on the next 10,000 , and 0.5 per cent applying thereafter subject to an overall maximum charge of 250 . The saving on interest rate costs by taking out a foreign currency mortgage is obvious enough about 5 per cent to 6 per cent . The big pitfall is the prospect of a currency loss if sterling declines still further , which can wipe out the benefit of interest rate savings and leave the borrower owing more debt than he borrowed in the first place . Because of this , foreign currency mortgages , which are being sold very heavily at the moment by financial intermediaries ( linked to banks and other financial institutions which are providing the funds ) , are only for the financially sophisticated . There are ways of hedging against the exchange rate risk . One method is to switch the foreign currency loan back into sterling if you think that sterling will weaken significantly more than a possibility . The best known include John Charcol which has Kleinwort Benson , the merchant bank , as its loan provider , and PG Associates , part of the London Manchester Group , which offers Ecu loans . London Capital , which is linked to UCB , the French - owned mortgage company , provides a comprehensive foreign currency mortgage service for UK and overseas properties . Behind the intermediaries are British banks , and British and Scottish insurance companies . Their rationale for entry to this flourishing new market is easy to understand . With the UK housing market flat , and with competition high , business generated by foreign currency mortgages can generate a higher turn for the lender than UK mortgages , and produce extra fees and commissions for the intermediary arranging the facility . IS YOUR name JA Ashton ? If it is you could win 500 . Girobank is looking for JA Ashton , a mythical customer whose name has appears in brochures and leaflets promoting the bank 's services . Real life JA Ashtons who come forward will have their name and address entered in a draw . The first to have his or her details drawn will be given 500 in a Girobank high interest notice account , paying 10.75 per cent net of basic rate tax . But for those with loans over 30,000 where there is no tax relief , it is certainly worth considering paying off some of the mortgage - particularly since there is no clear indication of when rates might come down. But if it is bad news for borrowers , investors have never had it so good . Returns of 12 per cent and more are on offer from banks and building societies while the rate of inflation even taking into account this latest mortgage rate rise is around 7.5 per cent . Investors are getting a real return of 4.5 per cent on their cash . This looks like the best return available on income bonds but investors should move fast as these offers tend to be fully subscribed very quickly . Hedge your bets with a foreign currency fund : Martin Baker reports on the best ways for investors to make the most of a falling pound By MARTIN BAKER IN SPITE of the rise in bank base rates and the Chancellor 's tough defence of his strategy at last week 's Blackpool conference , the pound has continued to decline . From DM3.07 sterling has fallen to DM2.96 . The descent , mirrored by a similar plunge against the dollar , has taken little more than a fortnight . This is a 20 per cent rise on the same period last year but still a tiny 0.7 per cent of the 7.6m mortgage loans . But the BSA counts only repayments more than six months in arrears , compared with one month in the United States . Worse still , the banks refuse to produce any arrears figures at all . Experts estimate that more than 350,000 people or 4 per cent of British borrowers are likely to be a month or more behind with their repayments . Property Update : Franc speaking By MARTIN BAKER A Gloucestershire publican is pinning his hopes for moving on a part - exchange deal . Martin Cocks owns the Red Hart ( right ) at Awre , situated on the banks of the Severn in Gloucestershire . He is so frustrated by the dearth of buyers for his pub , which is partly sixteenth - century with a 26 - seat restaurant , that he has declared he will take a buyer 's property in part - exchange and then rent it out until the market improves . Forward Planning : Enhance your appealing prospects : Ruth Richards on how to object to council decisions About a hundred yards along the path I could see guns that were dug in fairly close together . They looked like 15 pounders . The guns were all along the river bank as far as I could see . The jeep stopped at a caravan that was situated just off the path and under two trees . The caravan was heavily camouflaged with netting and branches from trees . Immediately behind her was a man , probably her husband . They looked at me apprehensively when I asked for a drink of cider or wine . The woman was getting quite agitated , looking along the banks of the canal and exclaiming , Ferm , ferm . The man standing behind her spoke as I was turning to walk away . You are Scottish ? he said , You were playing the cornemuse on the approach to the bridge six days ago. I wondered as I waved , Shall I ever see them again ? I suppose not ! The guns along the banks of the Orne were still firing as I arrived back at the jeep . The Officer was talking to two gunners who appeared to be Polish judging by their accents . The Commando Officer shook hands with the gunners and we waved our farewells as we drove along the narrow path and on to the road . Let 's hope they keep to the field over there , at least until we leave the orchard . Later in the day the shelling ceased so Taff and I were able to get his kit together and make our way through the village to the farm and No. 6 Commando positions . I left Taff at the entrance to the farm and watched him as he continued along the road then , as he clambered up the grass bank and disappeared among the trees , I turned into the farm . There was a lot of activity in the area of the farm buildings , people dashing about even though the farm was being heavily mortared . Wounded were being brought out from the orchard at the back of the farm which was being subjected to unusually heavy mortaring from the German positions just a short distance across the fields . I 'll pick you up on the way back . Gunga drove off over the bridge as I looked around for a suitable spot to get some practice in . The guns a short distance away along the river bank were shelling the German positions as I started up the bagpipes in a fairly secluded thicket , the sound of the drones and the pipe reed easily drowning the noise of the guns . From the thicket I could see the bridge and to my amazement I could see Commandos marching in file across the bridge and coming slowly towards me , a few of them looking and pointing in my direction . Stopping the pipes and stepping out on the footpath at the side of the river I walked towards the Green Berets . We ate the fish and polished off some cider while we watched the bombers blasting Caen , the British guns along the Orne joining in for good measure . Twenty - eighth June this evening I joined the Marine Commandos to take part in a night standing patrol . These patrols had to be very careful owing to the close proximity of the German positions and the difficult countryside of high hedges and tall earth banks with trees on top . The heavily wooded area was criss - crossed with tracks , some leading to farm buildings , others leading to a barn in a clearing of corn , the whole scene , particularly at night , required vigilance as the enemy had mined the well - worn tracks . Many of the German mines were most unusual . No doubt he feels safer in their presence . The sunken road leading into the orchard was full of wounded , mainly German , with a few British and French Commandos being attended to by a French medic . The wounded German Officer was carried up the grassy bank and placed against a tree . He was still conscious and was moaning loudly , his head moving from side to side . I tried to make him as comfortable as possible and with the assistance of a French Commando placed a shell dressing into the large wound in his back . The German Officer was now obviously dead . There was blood pouring down his face from a head wound , he had slipped from his sitting position and was now lying on his side , his knees drawn up. A French medic was climbing the grassy bank from the sunken road to look at the Officer as I got the prisoners out of the dug - out and back to their previous positions in the hollow . I was not surprised to learn that the shelling of our positions was not the German guns but the British guns ( the bastards ) . I assisted the Frenchman who was tending the wounded before they were carried away . The walk from the campsite near Hrabusice gave us a real taste of Paradise . From the camp we followed the path going south - west . The start of the walk is very gentle with a wide dirt track taking you into cool woodland with spring vegetation and all shades of mosses on the banks by the side of the path . There are wood anemones and violets much in evidence in the spring . After an hour or so we reached a Slovak village with houses in the traditional wood construction with wooden roofs . Follow road towards Broadford . Pass first house ; ( bungalow ) then after 50 yds turn right through gate on to track . Where track reaches old crofter 's cottage bear half ( no path ) across stream , up bank , to reach grassy former railway track after 30 yds . Turn right along this . Keep to left fork after 1/4 mile . Head half right ( farmhouse ahead ) to corner of fence , then proceed alongside fence on left to stile . Turn right on farm track . At end cross road , take signposted bridleway via gate opposite and turn left in field ; faint grassy path gradually diverges from hedge on left and where bank of trees immediately on right ends , track becomes very clear and zigzags downhill . Castle Howard Mausoleum ( prominent round classical building ) is visible on skyline with ( smaller ) temple to right of it ( c ) . After 1/2 mile , keep right ( left leads to farm ) . From Hundred House ( a ) cross road to gate by phone box with public footpath signpost . Go through gate then bear right across field heading for stile that can be seen on skyline . Go through gate on to sunken road and over stile on opposite bank . Maintain direction across field to another pair of stiles . Bear left on road beyond for 400 yds , until reaching minor road on left at house called The Old Turnpike . The boots are lined with Cambrelle throughout which effectively wicks away any excessive perspiration . The removable sole is fairly thin and when I took it out I noticed that several small staples protrude quite sharply through the inner lining , which could become a problem after more use . Although these are n't as stylish as more expensive models they are good basic boots which will keep your feet comfortable and dry without breaking the bank . Price : 54 Material : Water resistant leather , techniflex inner sole and Skywalk sole . Cambrelle lining throughout Sizes : 3746 Contact : G T Hawkins Limited , Overstone Road , Northampton NN1 3JJ . Callaghan himself followed a staid and dignified , but uncharismatic , course . The main excitement , apart from the concerns of Ulster , came with disputes between Tony Benn and his NEC colleagues over the future direction to be pursued by a socialist government . In the end , Callaghan managed to remove such policies as unilateralism , abolition of the House of Lords , and nationalizing the big four banks from Labour 's manifesto . The polls showed a drift back towards Labour during the campaign and an NOP poll , extraordinarily , even showed a Labour lead of 0.7 per cent at the end of April , though this was not confirmed elsewhere . Peter Jenkins in The Guardian opined that it would no longer be amazing to see Mr Callaghan win by a whisker . Clearly , a large and growing majority of occupiers owned their own home . Their assets had improved in other ways also . For instance , building - society deposits , bank cash accounts , and National Savings holdings all rose sharply throughout the period , especially with high interest rates prevailing for almost the whole of the 1970s . It was a good decade for the rentier and the small investor . In many ways , then , it seemed that the pressure of welfare policy and social planning had indeed led both to greater equality and to more diffused prosperity as pioneers like Beveridge and theorists like Titmus had long forecast . WHAT IS THE MOTABILITY SCHEME Motability was set up in 1977 on the initiative of the government to help holders of mobility allowance and war pensioners ' mobility supplement use their allowance to obtain a vehicle . Motability Finance Ltd was established with funds from the major banks . The sole qualification for obtaining a vehicle is that you receive mobility supplement for a long enough period to cover the length of the agreement . For new cars the length of the agreement varies according to whether you buy on contract hire ( commonly known as lease ) which is for a period of three years , or on hire purchase which can be between four and five years . It could not have happened unless the Church had helped to pay for the heating . They inherited also a historic butler , of quaint majesty , Ernest Alexander , who governed the castle since near the beginning of the century . When they arrived at Auckland Alexander asked them for the silver and his Presence was such that they did not dare to tell him that they had no silver , so Joan said that it was in the bank . Ramsey loved the many - acred park with its structure to shelter deer , though there were no deer , and its grazing cattle and its river - banks . Since the twelfth century the Bishop of Durham had a manor , and lived here except during the Commonwealth when bishops were in exile and this was the seat of the general who governed the North . I have to allow the songwriting people within this operation to have the time and security of mind to get on with their art . However , it can be dangerous when an artist becomes very established . He or she can go to seed having bought a mansion and put a million pounds in the bank . part of a manager 's responsibility , with new and established acts , is to keep the stimulus going which makes the artist want to write , record and perform . Live Work The hero of Kipling 's story is a London bank clerk who is also an ambitious poet . His name was Charlie Mears ; he was the only son of his mother who was a widow , and he lived in the north of London , coming into the City every day to work in a bank . The widowed mother , the residence in north London , and the daily travel to work in the London bank were all pad of Eliot 's own experience at the time of the composition of most of The Waste Land . Charlie 's Business took him over London Bridge . His poetic efforts are mocked by the narrator of the story , who is none the less fascinated by what stimulates Charlie 's writing . He came to me time after time , as useless as a surcharged phonograph drunk on Byron , Shelley , or Keats . Yet Charlie 's method also hints at the method which Eliot would use in The Waste Land : The plastic mind of the bank - clerk had been overlaid , coloured , and distorted by that which he had read , and the result as delivered was a confused tangle of other voices most like the mutter and hum through a City telephone in the busiest part of the day . It is not only that Charlie 's lives , like those of Tiresias , grow confused ; his expression , speaking out of modern London about remote and contemporary affairs , all in a confused tangle of other voices , like a poetic ventriloquist , points in the direction of London Bridge is falling down falling down falling down Forgot the cry of gulls , and the deep sea swell And the profit and loss . Overwhelmed by water , Charlie Mears , the London bank - clerkcum - Greek - galley - slave met his death by water more than once . I had an awful dream about that galley of ours . I dreamed I was drowned This vision , what Eliot called Kipling 's knowledge of the things which are underneath , and of the things which are beyond the frontier , , was what made some of Kipling 's short stories so important to the writer of The Waste Land . It was like Frazer 's looking into the abysm of time , but it was a vision only imperfectly appreciated by Charlie Mears , as the narrator of The Finest Story in the World emphasizes : Above all , he was absolutely ignorant of the knowledge sold to me for five pounds ; and he would retain that ignorance , for bank - clerks do not understand metempsychosis , and a sound commercial education does not include Greek . To find its most lasting realization , Charlie 's vision would have to wait for a bank clerk who did understand metempsychosis , and who had not only a commercial education gained in an underground room at Lloyds Bank , but also a knowledge of Greek . The Waste Land 's tone would be grimmer , throbbing between two lives . But when such a bank clerk followed Charlie , Rudyard Kipling entered The Waste Land . If there was to be an escape , it was to lie not in the damp gust bringing rain but in Shantih as the Buddhist 's passing beyond the cycles of creation . Eliot was unable to renounce the world he knew . He remained with Vivienne , the bank , and years of exhaustion in which he came close to death . He decided eventually that to embrace Buddhism would be to plunge into a world too culturally alien . In the time following The Waste Land he saw the world despairingly , in terms of inane , savage horror . That same year he worried over Slum Areas concerned about overcrowding and the possible creation of new slums . But it was the city 's spiritual health which most preoccupied him , though he realized spiritual and economic were not always inseparable . In a paragraph whose subtitle , City , City , harks back to The Waste Land , he expressed astonishment that in an economic slump the City was pulling down buildings to erect ever more splendid banks . Eliot was fond of familiar details of a London which , in a sense , he had known all his life , ever since the childhood reading of Sherlock Holmes which he recalled in 1929 . It was his own spiritual change which made possible after the poems of the early twenties a more affectionate view of London , but we should not assume that the owner of Down the Silver Stream of Thames had ever been totally blind to the beauty of the city . Once through , we really cut loose . This bit of park had just enough hint of wilderness to be readily transformed in imagination into prairie , canyon , rain forest , river delta , open sea . Our hinterland of the imaginary actually consisted of grass tussocks , brambles , a grove of willows , some hawthorns , a beech tree or two , drainage ditches , a slow and deep brook with steep banks , a weir , twin tunnels which took the stream beneath the main Derby to Nottingham road and , upstream , a wooden footbridge and wobbly stepping stones . All in all , the perfect showcase for a new identity as hero . I recall imitating a stunt performed by the obscure Buffalo Bill Jnr in a Poverty Kow serial , when he outwitted his pursuers by swinging at speed from saddle into tree . Because a mosque stood next door it was said that the cinema had been rejected by Allah as an unworthy neighbour . Rumour had it the owner of the Gazi burned it down for the insurance money . A bank was built on the site , a much better class of neighbour for the place of prayer . SALAH FAIQ PROTESTORS FAIL AS FILM IS SHOWN When I read Milton 's description in Paradise Lost of Satan , fallen to lie in Hell , a monstrous unimaginable bulk , I was reminded of that Odeon . Roland Miller My father 's nightly trips across the river were usually to the Colbert in Sheffield built around the time of Pearl Harbour , half a block from the Ritz , today a parking lot and the Tuscumbian built in 1950 , a block from the Strand , today part of a bank . But if the daily figures had n't yet been brought over from the Ritz and Strand , he would stop off there too . Sometimes my brothers and I were allowed to get out of the car with him and peek at the movie in progress while he spoke to the manager or cashier . At eight o'clock I get into my car , a Chevy with bench seats in the front and the back , no bucket seats . I drive down the strip past the car dealerships and the drive - in motels with their dusty swimming pools out front . I stop at the drive - in bank then I drive out the highway to the lake to pick up my date . We have a quick swim in the dark , cold water , touching the sandy bottom with our toes as we dive off the raft , the evening still bright , still hot . Then we drive down to the drive - in restaurant where we eat lots of crap including a double order of onion rings . Was he beautiful ? said the river . And who could know better than you ? Each day , leaning over your bank , he beheld his beauty in your water , Wilde paused for a moment If I loved him , replied the river , it was because , when he leaned over my water , I saw the reflection of my waters in his eyes . There is a memorable description of their parting : When , on the third morning I looked for Athman to say goodbye to him , he was nowhere to be found and I had to leave without seeing him again . I could not understand his absence ; but suddenly , as I sat in the speeding train , a long way already from El Katara , I caught sight of his white burnous on the banks of the oued . He was sitting there with his head in his hands ; he did not rise when the train passed ; he made no movement ; he did not give a glance at the signs I made him ; and for a long time as the train was carrying me away , I watched his little motionless , grief - stricken figure , lost in the desert , an image of my own despair . ( If It Die , 296 ) It had many difficulties in controlling M3 , which proved to be an unreliable barometer . An influential report by Professor Jurg Niehans in February 1981 argued that monetary policy was in fact excessively tight because the high interest rates were attracting foreign money to London and maintaining a high pound . Difficulties in exercising control were also increased by the civil service dispute during 1980 and the increase in bank lending for mortgages . Another measure , of narrow money , was Mo , which covered cash , the banks ' till money , and the Bank of England 's operational cash , and the Chancellor set a target for this as well . Table 8.3 shows that the government regularly exceeded its monetary targets . An influential report by Professor Jurg Niehans in February 1981 argued that monetary policy was in fact excessively tight because the high interest rates were attracting foreign money to London and maintaining a high pound . Difficulties in exercising control were also increased by the civil service dispute during 1980 and the increase in bank lending for mortgages . Another measure , of narrow money , was Mo , which covered cash , the banks ' till money , and the Bank of England 's operational cash , and the Chancellor set a target for this as well . Table 8.3 shows that the government regularly exceeded its monetary targets . The growth of M3 for 1980 1 ( 19.5 per cent ) easily exceeded the planned 7 11 per cent , and between March 1980 and March 1984 M3 grew by 70 per cent , against its target 46 per cent . In spite of complaints by business about the pound 's appreciation ( in May 1979 its effective exchange rate was 81.3 per cent and in January 1982 it was 92 per cent of its 1975 rate ) the government came to rely on a strong pound as part of its anti - inflation strategy . Contrary to declarations that there was no government policy for sterling and that it would be left to the markets to decide , by late 1981 the government intervened to reverse a fall in the exchange rate , and raised base rate to 16 per cent . It did the same again in January 1985 ; when the pound fell to 1.12 banks were instructed to raise interest rates by 1.5 per cent . The record high interest rates were attractive to holders of sterling even though they were also damaging to business . The exchange rate policy was highly damaging to manufacturing . He was made a freeman of the City of Birmingham in 1982 . Sir Adrian Cadbury is not one of those who subscribes to the popular theory that a truly professional manager can take over the helm of any type of business with only a superficial knowledge of the nuts and bolts . I 'm very sceptical of the ability to shift from managing a bank to managing a steel mill , for example . I have grave doubts about that . I think it is essential to understand the key factors for success or failure in your type of business and I 'm not convinced you can do that without actually understanding the process in some detail . When you 're in a defence industry that is inevitable . There were fundamental differences between these two government departments between two ministers and Westland was piggy - in - the - middle , which was a very costly and unfortunate experience . The important issue for me as chairman throughout that period was to remember that once the Prime Minister had said that Westland was a private - sector problem which must be solved by private - sector measures and techniques , one 's interests were obviously the shareholders , the employees , the customers and the banks , since the company was heavily indebted . One was not then justified in thinking and functioning in terms of what might be in the national interest , what might ultimately be a desirable development for NATO strategy or defence strategy . It was rather a more specific and harsher problem which , to put it bluntly , was to survive as Westland was drifting on to the rocks of insolvency . What was interesting about that was that at the time John Brown got into financial difficulties the banks and institutional shareholders took a tough but very constructive view that it was worth helping the company through a reconstruction rather than forcing it into liquidation , which had been an attitude prevalent some years earlier . It was in fact my experience of working with the banks and institutions for the recapitalisation and reconstruction of John Brown which led me to think that the City is much maligned over its attitudes to industry and the accusation of short - termism is not justified . The institutions and banks had been immensely supportive in helping save the company . When I was approached over Westland , it was by some of the banks and institutions that had been involved in the John Brown affair . One of my reasons for becoming involved in Westland was that I felt in some respects that I owed them something . The Japanese are coming in through Big Bang . We 're small . If you take the largest ten banks in the world , there 's not a single British bank among them . The first bank that comes into the ratings is NatWest or Barclays at number fifteen . Finniston 's thesis is that the creation of wealth should come before the creation of employment , We 're small . If you take the largest ten banks in the world , there 's not a single British bank among them . The first bank that comes into the ratings is NatWest or Barclays at number fifteen . Finniston 's thesis is that the creation of wealth should come before the creation of employment , because it is the creation of wealth that creates employment , not in the thing that is creating the wealth but in other things . In his Esso days he was invited to join the board of Williams Glyn . He found that it opened a window on the City that he would otherwise never have had . It meant he could go and talk to the governor of the Bank of England and the chairmen of any of the clearing banks whenever he felt the need . When he was approached to run British Aerospace the government insisted he should give up the directorship of WG , but Pearce , displaying his usual resolve , would n't hear of it . He felt the contact was so invaluable that he was prepared to turn down the job at the head of one of the UK 's premier blue - chip companies if it meant making such a sacrifice . The gap between the willingness to lend and the capacity to receive is partly due to the fact that the majority of donors have country lending , or granting , targets . The staff members they deploy in the field to identify projects are under pressure from their senior management to turn such targets into reality . Working within an embassy office or the regional office of a multilateral bank it is not difficult for donors ' staff to come up with a list of potential projects which can be presented to a recipient country 's ministry of finance for discussion . Overworked officials in finance ministries rarely reject a whole list of potential projects ; they are much more likely to identify a few priorities at random , and pass on the donor to the line ministry , hoping for the best if and when the project is financed . Once a project is on a donor 's priority list it takes on a life of its own , and may become unstoppable . Then it began to get easier . We had n't to hide any longer . One hot day I remember leaving guns and clothes along the river bank and swimming without a stitch on . Another Sunday we went trolling , dragging an otter behind the boat . Then they tried to bring in the general . The line of soldiers was still half standing to attention when I went through them . I had n't to use the revolver . As soon as I got to the other side of the bank I threw myself down and started to roll . That 's all I was watching for . As soon as I saw you go down I gave the order to fire , Moran said . This narrow lane was dear to her . Sleepless in Scotland she had walked it many times in her mind . The wild strawberries , the wiry grasses , the black fruit of the vetches on the banks were all dear presences . Out of the many false starts her life had made she felt they were witnessing this pure beginning that she would seize and make true . No longer , exposed and vulnerable , would she have to chase and harry after happiness . An invitation through Moran brought the three girls and the boy to her house for a long Sunday . As it came through Rose he encouraged it as much as he would have discouraged visits to any other neighbouring house . She showed them the small lake in its ring of reeds , took them to the first slopes of the mountain , rigged up a fishing rod for Michael and took him to the part of the lake she used to fish as a girl , and soon he was shouting out in glee as he missed the ravenous little perch or swung them out over his head on to the bank . Rose 's mother showed the girls the house and the fowl and farm animals , including a pet goat who would n't let Rose milk her unless she sprayed herself with a perfume that the mother used . They were given a sumptuous tea and invited back any time they felt like coming . Kenny used a size 8 hook and Mark a size 8 bent pattern . WASTE PLAN SPARKS WORRY FOR THE EDEN An angling club has condemned plans for a hazardous waste storage site on the banks of the River Eden . The treatment station , for Alco Waste Management , is to be built alongside the river on Carlisle 's Willowholme Industrial Estate . It will deal with a range of industrial chemicals and toxic substances from around the county and anglers fear the river could be hit by a major pollution . Some reasonable nets of roach possible along the upper river from Thrapston to Wansford with waggler best . Chub in Peterborough section , fish to 4 lb 8 oz at Alwalton and Milton . Small maggot feeder fished against far bank best . There should be some reasonable roach catches possible from just above Milton Bridge and downstream to Orton Weir , but below the weir poor . Peterborough Embankment roach to 8 oz fair sport around the new road bridge . The big predator snapped up David 's trout bait within seconds of it hitting the water under an over hanging willow tree . The pike slowly took line off the spool , I struck and then a 15 minute fight began , said David , 15 , from Fyfield , near Abingdon . It took me three attempts to land the fish but eventually I managed to bring it in to the bank and my mate Paul scooped the net under it . I was amazed , it 's the biggest pike I 've ever caught , said David who legered his trout bait on a size 8 hook to a 20 lb trace and 10 lb line . James Rainbow fished his first ever pike session last week and caught the fish of a lifetime a beauty of 24 lb 8 oz. For instance , the frost levels are critical . Apart from the brief cold spell in late November , we have had very few hard frosts . This is good news , because now water levels all over the country are rising so fast , it means the banks will be spared from the scouring effects of a hard winter . This is also good for fly life in the coming season , all those eggs are now safely under a protecting layer of water . Prolonged cold spells on reasonably full lakes are not a bad thing . Few lakes or reservoirs start to warm up until late March , and the deeper ones are normally cold well into May . The shallow bays may be a degree or two warmer , and are always the first place to look in the early days , but the deeps will stay cold until real strength returns to the sun . Fish normally seek out the warmer shallows , and if there are a few days of sunshine before opening day then you will know where to choose on the bank . At the moment , most reservoirs are filling fast . In November and December last year the water tables across the land were depleted , but the majority have now been replenished . I predict with some confidence that Chew and Blagdon will be at top levels for the start of the 1991 angling year . The newly - flooded margins will be attractive to the fish in the first few days , until the sudden influx of size ten waders make them wary . The great thing about having the lakes at top level is there is so much bank to choose from , and we are almost spoilt for choice . This is not the case when the level is even just a few feet down. For my money it can rain as much as it likes in the coming weeks . Sean Ashby ( Browning Starlets ) was pegged in the same area and his 3134 catch was made up of gudgeon , roach and perch . Olympic I. Walton skipper Alan Chatfield 's 3130 catch was made up of gudgeon from a peg near the salt works to beat Robin Tooth ( Team Uniprint ) with 354 of gudgeon . Thames frozen bank to bank The Thames at Abingdon was barely fishable for the Mick 's Tackle Open with the bottom areas of the March length frozen over for the full 50 yard width . Pete Brownlow ( Dells ) won with 570 of roach to 12 oz and small skimmers on case feeder and liquidise bread , fishing opposite the Anchor pub . League : Highfield Green 274 ; Tameside Normans Red 267 ; Izaak Walton A 264 ; Highfield Blue 256 ; Elton Tackle Red 239 . York . Roach dominated catches from the snow covered banks of the River Ouse below York . Roger Flude ( Bishopthorpe B ) fished maggot on a slider rig at the bottom of Middlethorpe Ings to take 528 of roach for victory . Phil Blood ( Monroe UK ) legered bread flake from a feeder also at Middlethorpe for 4 - 70 of roach . Yorkshire Access problems caused the cancellation of many matches in Yorkshire and the north east . They included the Ripon event on the Ure , Heacy Woollen winter league on the Brighouse Canal , Three Counties league on Newark Dyke , Idle and Thackley Open on the Swale and the Bradford No. 1 on the Nidd . The Allerton Bywater and Halkon Hunt matches were called off because of the ice as was the Doncaster event on the Idle where the river was frozen bank to bank . The Selby Canal was iced and the Winter Warmers match was switched to the River Aire swhere conditions were so bad only organiser Billy Harrison turned out ! The Ritz winter league and other events on the ice - bound River Ancholme were cancelled . The Bridgwater match on the Taunton - Bridgwater Canal was another casualty . South No major match survived the south 's big freeze including events on the Thames . Cookham cancelled their match on the river because of poor weather and although the waterway at Maidenhead was fishable the match had to be cancelled because of frozen banks . The Shiplake Open on the Thames was a victim because the lock cuts were frozen and the main river was a mass of ice floes . The Basingstoke Canal at Claycart had around three inches of ice which led to the cancellation of the HBCAA Open and there was two and a half inches of ice on the Oxford Canal which led to the scrapping of the Banbury Open . The Shiplake Open on the Thames was a victim because the lock cuts were frozen and the main river was a mass of ice floes . The Basingstoke Canal at Claycart had around three inches of ice which led to the cancellation of the HBCAA Open and there was two and a half inches of ice on the Oxford Canal which led to the scrapping of the Banbury Open . At Woking , snow heaped on the banks of the Wey made the river unfishable for the Open . Matches at Goldsworth Park Lake and Badshot Lea Lakes were also called off becuase of ice . West Midlands The West Midlands week - end match programme collapsed under a carpet of snow and ice . The Daiwa League and Walton Opens on the Trent at Muskham were called off because of dangerous bankside conditions , as was the van den Eynde event at Long Eaton . The Cotmanhay Open on the Erewash Canal had to be called off because of ice . The Witham was frozen from bank to bank from Lincoln to Boston . The only free places were where the swans have been . The Tackle Box league and Boston Open were both scrapped . The glacier beyond was dirty and torturous , but we trekked down it to reach a sandspill outfall . The river we had crossed was to our left and was not , as we first thought , melt water from the spout ; that formed a river to our right . We trekked across the wet sand towards Tony on the far bank ahead of us . By the time we reached Tony it was obvious we would never find a crossing point . He was hugely amused by it , the more so as we paced up and down in exasperation . Well , I explained , the old codger with me is one of the founder members . He 'll be along in a minute . The nearest bank was headed for , and out came their supply of local moonshine . It tasted far worse than I imagine my four - day - old socks would a memorable moment remembered for the wrong reason , not least for the expression of anguish on Pete 's face as the brew hit his tonsils . On the spongs of the Padjelanta National Park , Sweden Most impressive was the number of retired people we met backpacking . They came mainly from Stockholm or , at least , southern Sweden and most had been trudging these paths for decades . They seemed to know everything and anything about the area : the names of butterflies and Arctic flowers flooded out from their memory banks . One fellow told me , apologetically , that he and his wife only did ten to fifteen kilometres daily these days. He added quickly that there was no hurry any more . Campsite , Vengsya I learned to canoe years ago when three of us put borrowed boats in the water at Glasbury and pulled them out , finally , several days later at Tintern , having gone down the Wye . for many hours on day one the river seemed amazingly narrow , one bank of it always being on the front end of my canoe . By the time I reached Tintern I could go in straight lines easily and had a right wrist the size of a tennis ball that was painful to touch and crackled ominously when I flexed it . I hope that it was all good practice for the sea . By the time I reached Tintern I could go in straight lines easily and had a right wrist the size of a tennis ball that was painful to touch and crackled ominously when I flexed it . I hope that it was all good practice for the sea . There is , true enough , no bank to poke into get round the first headland and the next bank is the shore of Svalbard but it would still be a good idea to be able to go in a straight line . How do you do this ? Tony whispered as we carried our boats to the sea . I was tired , very tired . I was also sick and tired . Sick and tired of stopping and starting , of going up banks only to go down them again , of being whacked in the face by the branches of trees that the dogs ran under , and of not knowing where we were going or why . Why were we in this bloody forest anyway ? Why did we not just stop and camp ? The boots are finished with a long , broad ribbon that is wrapped around the ankle , being raised to go over the join of boot and trouser if there is a danger of wet snow going down inside . Nathan asks how many reindeer the Lapp has and is rewarded with a piercing look . Odd - Knut tells us that to ask a Lapp that question is like asking an Englishman how much money he has in the bank . There has been a move by the Norwegian government to try to tax the Lapps on the basis of reindeer numbers , and almost overnight the Arctic was denuded of animals , at least on paper . Our man is not poor though . Perhaps we go and take a look ? Sure , anything is better than manhandling the sledges through waist - deep snow . The lake has been swept clean of snow by the wind , the sweepings making a huge bank on our side that we have to negotiate . It is topped by a wind - blown crust that almost holds our weight as we descend . The ride across the lake gives us our best sledging for days , but the search for the ruin is hopeless , an endless toing and froing among trees and too - deep snow . It 's funny really , now he does n't say a word . Parents confirmed these attitudes . A woman from Nairobi who is a laundry worker in North London but whose husband works in a bank told me about her daughter . She is really intelligent and she is going to make something of her life , I know . She is very good at her studies and we want her to be a teacher . Cricket , The game of the British amateur par excellence , is now sponsored by tobacco firms and insurance companies whilst footballers advertise everything from double - glazing to Guinness on their shirts . The football League was recently sponsored by a Japanese camera manufacturer whose name had to be repeated when publishing or broadcasting results . A newspaper and now a bank have since taken over . In return for media coverage and the clean image of sport , sponsors are prepared to provide big injections of cash . This new rush to make profits from sport provides a contemporary context against which to measure the earlier degree of commercialization . Only six out of sixty - two leading clubs paid their shareholders any dividend in the season 19089 and they were restricted by the FA from paying a dividend of more than 5 per cent . No one who is out for a business return would look at football shares , commented a leading sporting paper . Hundreds of shareholders have for years maintained guarantees at banks , continued the article , and thousands have helped to create clubs by taking shares without hope of seeing their money back or any return on it . The same was broadly true of Scotland . Only Rangers and Celtic made much money hence the original meaning of The term The Old firm and Celtic was pledged To donate to Catholic charities . Are the worried by legal problems Let barrister Fenton Bresler tell you exactly where you stand Can I see the will ? Before my mother died she told me of a letter to me , held in the bank , which I was to receive on her death . Since she died I have tried without success to get this letter . The bank manager says that I cannot have it until the will 's executor , my stepfather , agrees . These , and the many other fine Victorian buildings in the city , were paid for by the fortunes made in the 19th century in the wool manufacturing and tailoring trades . But , outside the city centre , the architecture changes , especially with Kirkstall Abbey , the earliest surviving building in the area . Cistercian monks arrived there in 1152 and built their large abbey in some remote fields close to the banks of the River Aire . Today , the remarkably well - preserved ruins of the church , Abbot 's House and Infirmary are set in an attractive , wooded park though surrounded by an incongruous mass of streets and factories . Adjacent to the monastery , in what used to be the Great Gate - house , is the Abbey House Museum with three reconstructed Victorian streets . Clytemnestra took no notice . She had gained the opposite bank and was poking about in a great drifting mass of torn grass and brushwood . Further upstream a cache of rubbish had been washed against the bank . Wexford , who had been lyrical , felt positively pained by this evidence of man 's indifference to nature 's glories . He could see a bundle of checked cloth , an old blanket perhaps , an oil drum and , a little apart from the rest , a floating shoe . The other two stubs were filled in each with amounts of two pounds . Mrs Hatton , he said , beckoning her into a corner . The purpose of these stubs in a paying - in book is for the holder to have a record of the amount of money he had deposited in his bank . Can you suggest to me why Mr Hatton tore them out ? They must have been filled in at the bank either by Mr Hatton himself or else by the cashier who was attending to him. The purpose of these stubs in a paying - in book is for the holder to have a record of the amount of money he had deposited in his bank . Can you suggest to me why Mr Hatton tore them out ? They must have been filled in at the bank either by Mr Hatton himself or else by the cashier who was attending to him. It 's a mystery to me . Charlie never talked about money to me . Within a few minutes all the rigs had arrived and splashed in , and the earlier arrivals which had formed two - and three - rig rafts were crabbing across the river and pushing upstream to the bridge centreline . The crane ratchets of the later arrivals could still be heard clearly as their crews outramped , and rising bow waves could be spotted as an occasional laggard powered upstream to its proper place in the echelon . Both the two - rig landing bays had moved into the banks on the centreline , and their combined crews , assisted by the ubiquitous bank support section , had connected the anchor ropes and the short ramp sections , Which were added to the main ramps to allow traffic easy access to the bridge . The Troop Staff Sergeant detailed to supervise the construction was insistently calling the rafts into the head of the bridge , where they coupled on with remarkable rapidity . The end of the bridge was clearly visible as it grew out of the far bank , and needed only a couple of rafts to make it complete . The cordon was eventually lifted at 1900 hours and the section flown home , only to prepare for a very full day 's patrolling on the following day . The day 's missed training would have to be fitted in some other time . In Belfast , the day started on a humorous note When , at 0130 hours , the top cover sentry of a mobile patrol from one of the companies of 7th/ 10th ( City of Belfast ) Battalion noticed that the front door of a bank was wide open . The patrol dismounted from their vehicles and , having informed the battalion operations room of their find , deployed around the bank to await the arrival of the RUC . As the patrol commander approached the door of the bank , he spotted a black briefcase leaning against a wall . The day 's missed training would have to be fitted in some other time . In Belfast , the day started on a humorous note When , at 0130 hours , the top cover sentry of a mobile patrol from one of the companies of 7th/ 10th ( City of Belfast ) Battalion noticed that the front door of a bank was wide open . The patrol dismounted from their vehicles and , having informed the battalion operations room of their find , deployed around the bank to await the arrival of the RUC . As the patrol commander approached the door of the bank , he spotted a black briefcase leaning against a wall . He immediately withdrew the patrol to a safe distance and together they began to clear the area for any other suspicious signs . In Belfast , the day started on a humorous note When , at 0130 hours , the top cover sentry of a mobile patrol from one of the companies of 7th/ 10th ( City of Belfast ) Battalion noticed that the front door of a bank was wide open . The patrol dismounted from their vehicles and , having informed the battalion operations room of their find , deployed around the bank to await the arrival of the RUC . As the patrol commander approached the door of the bank , he spotted a black briefcase leaning against a wall . He immediately withdrew the patrol to a safe distance and together they began to clear the area for any other suspicious signs . The street was soon cleared and an incident control point was set up. The patrol gave cover as the police approached the building . Just at that moment a man staggered out of the door of the bank ; when he saw the tableau of police and soldiers in front of him , he threw his arms up in the air . The RUC sergeant went forward and arrested the man , who turned out to be the bank security guard who was rather the worse for drink , and had forgotten to lock the door ! The whole incident was over within an hour and the patrol was able to return to their base . South - east of Belfast lies rural County Down , the tactical area of responsibility of 3 UDR . UK Director and organiser of the Conference , Peter Johnson , said , For many , the day provided a reaffirmation of the vision for ACET and a marvellous sense of unity . It was the first time our national and international network had gathered together in one place and made us all realise just how much the work has grown . Three visitors from Frankfurt , Germany , recently visited ACET 's offices before returning home to begin a similar service , Christian AIDS Help ( CAH ) . Interest was expressed in all of the organisational aspects of home care including nursing , equipment loans and the volunteer programme . Like ACET , CAH will give both medical and practical help to AIDS patients in the home . It 's always on your mind You ca n't look your family in the eye . Your friends begin to wonder what is wrong . You begin to hate yourself for what you 're doing . Things are always on your mind . You ca n't look your family in the eye . Your friends begin to wonder what is wrong . You begin to hate yourself for what you 're doing . Things are always on your mind . Trying to feel better by using more never seems to work for long . on behalf of a client Thank you for all the help you gave to us and to Bob during the last few days of his illness I only wish we 'd been put in touch with ACET sooner . I was particularly impressed by the way you managed to organise all the available services so efficiently just at the time when we were beginning to wonder how we 'd manage . Dr S J Bowcock Former Senior Registrar in Haematology , Hammersmith Hospital I would like to thank you and your Team for all the effort and resources you have put into providing a home care service for our patients . Hundreds of thousands of people have appealed for their freedom . And the prisoners themselves know that they are not alone , that the world has not forgotten them . The 1990s began with a dramatic upturn of the fortunes of thousands of prisoners of conscience across eastern and central Europe . In Czechoslovakia former prisoner of conscience Vaclav Havel became President of his country . In many of these countries the new respect for human rights was embodied in the repeal or revision of laws used to imprison prisoners of conscience . Mohamed Abbad remains in prison with 17 of the original 31 . He was originally held in Safi Prison , where he developed diabetes in 1988 , but was then transferred to Marrakech where his family lives , and so could visit him regularly and provide him with the food necessary for his diabetic diet . On 26 March 1991 he was returned to Safi Prison and in protest he began a hunger - strike which resulted in his falling into a coma , due to his illness , a few days later . He is now held in hospital in Safi . Please send courteous appealing for his release , if possible in French or Arabic to : He asserted that a modern artist should be in tune with his times , careful to avoid hackneyed subjects . Typically , a laudatory essay he wrote was called The Painter of Modern Life on the subject of the illustrator Constantin Guys ; this gifted if minor artist was accurately targeted by Baudelaire as being in the mainstream of contemporary social and political life . Guys ' drawings appeared in such papers as the Illustrated London News , a very successful venture begun in 1842 , the decade which also saw the founding of satirical journals like Punch or Kladderadatsch . The illustrated periodical was a phenomenon of a world which Baudelaire saw as reborn on Guys ' paper : Natural and more than natural , beautiful and more than beautiful , strange and endowed with an impulsive life like the soul of its creator CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEYS The White Rabbit had put on his spectacles , but he did not know where to start . Begin at the beginning , the King said gravely , and go on till you come to the end : then stop . ? Many art books follow this plan , especially those aiming to take in a national culture or a whole civilisation . Art histories often make an attempt to keep to chronology , although the difficulties include the crucial fact that in art there is no clear sequence of events . The best preliminary plan may be for the reader to open the book upright at ( the illustration ) and then go to the other side of the room , to be imposed on from a distance : it is the nearest the book can offer to the proper first encounter with the figure . There is no one way of looking at a sculpture by Leinberger and similarly there is no one angle or distance from which we see it anything like whole , but there is something like a normal sequence of approach . This begins with the figure impinging powerfully from a distance , in this case as one walks into St Martin 's at Landshut , more powerfully than other things in the field of view . What carries most punch here is , of course , the gilt y - shaped motif of the folds offered by the Virgin 's mantle to stretch a phrase , a Leinberger sculpture is a permanent possibility of cumulative sensation . For , once we have made the first approach to the Landshut Virgin and acquired a first set of impressions , the changeableness of the figure begins to work on us further , now less in the dimension of greater or lesser distance and more in the angle of view . This begins with the figure impinging powerfully from a distance , in this case as one walks into St Martin 's at Landshut , more powerfully than other things in the field of view . What carries most punch here is , of course , the gilt y - shaped motif of the folds offered by the Virgin 's mantle to stretch a phrase , a Leinberger sculpture is a permanent possibility of cumulative sensation . For , once we have made the first approach to the Landshut Virgin and acquired a first set of impressions , the changeableness of the figure begins to work on us further , now less in the dimension of greater or lesser distance and more in the angle of view . In comparison , One 's relation to Riemenschneider 's Altar of the Holy Blood is a little passive : one waits and the shift of light will change its mood and meaning . This extended critical evaluation is a rarity in a survey , but very welcome in the way it spells out a connoisseur 's response in formal terms to a work of art . Her supporters included Thomas Hess , Meyer Schapiro , Leo Steinberg , Harold Rosenberg , and Peter Selz , and their intervention , asserting that Canaday had offended Ashton 's rights and responsibilities as a critic , resulted in Canaday 's being censured by the American art critics ' association . A case of unwitting collusion by a critic in a manoeuvre by an art dealer occurred in 1961 , when Leo Steinberg wrote an article about Jasper Johns . Johns was a puzzling phenomenon for Steinberg , as one of the artists of Pop Art , then hardly begun . The article appeared in an Italian magazine Metro , who had intended to pay 300 for an article ; but when Johns ' dealer , Leo Castelli , knew that Steinberg was considering an article , he arranged for the magazine to offer 1,000 , paying the difference of 700 himself . Steinberg knew nothing about it . There may be readers who object that the novel makes a mystique of darkness and futility in the course of saying that the whole island is peripheral , arrested . This is a possibility to which an admirer of the novel keeps having to revert . Times have changed since Naipaul began to write about the societies of the Caribbean : these are now less apt to seem , to the outsider , petty and remote . His early comedies might have been taken to represent an unheard - of civility from the back of beyond . Then , in 1961 , came A House for Mr Biswaf : a rich , spacious novel of emergence from backwardness , indeed from slavery , an emergence which is invested with irony . When the friendship begins to fail , he says : What she drew out of me remained extraordinary to me . The affair seems to him to belong to the town , to have no future , and they are parted when the town comes under fear and hazard . He finds himself considering the idea of flight , and the idea of defeat : 1 suppose that , thinking of my own harassment and Raymond 's defeat , I had begun to consider Yvette a defeated person as well , trapped in the town , as sick of herself and the wasting asset of her body as I was sick of myself and my anxieties . But the fit of jealousy in which he beats her would appear to mean something more than these words of explanation enable one to understand . This jealousy may be felt to be like Othello 's in having more to do with difference of race , and with the jealousies of race , than the jealous man , or than the work he belongs to , seems disposed to state . The Gorbals comes across , in careful descriptions , as a ferocious place . It should be seen for what it was , and especially by those who feel like regretting its erasure , and alleging that its replacement has made an environment which may be even worse of tower blocks filled with heroin and despair . The trouble is that the allegation has begun to seem convincing . The hovels and the vennels of the nineteenth - century Scottish city have been projected into the sky ; the lower depths of the Thirties have not gone from urban Britain . And we have a government which has been slow to worry whether the people there die of Aids . We have liked him for being into free speech and free love , and for what he has to say about convergences of the two , and about the curbs which revolution and its regimes has placed on them . The West has been grateful to Kundera , extravagantly so at times , and has shown an impulse to beat itself with his playful fictions . Heads have been turned , and have begun to swim , amid the flow of invention , delivered in works which have been Englished in rapid succession and which are not always easy to tell apart . Which is the one that has litost a form of self - pity and what does he mean by unbearable lightness of being ? Which of these two conceptions , for that matter , we may even sometimes wonder , is which ? The wrecker explains that , one way or another , it 's not easy to pull down monuments . Kapuscinski then generalises . The Shah 's regime was a transplant that the system had rejected : The rejection of a transplant once it begins , the process is irreversible . All it takes is for society to accept the conviction that the imposed form of existence does more harm than good . I am not sure how much work these last words are doing , and if there is tautology here , it is compounded by what follows . Since then , for the thirteen years since Kapuscinski 's departure , things have gone badly for the Angolans , and they are still suffering terribly . But at last , in the summer of 1988 , negotiations are in hand which may end the war . It is a war which has begun to embarrass the interveners . According to the Guardian , the New Year 's Honours list of 1988 in Britain contained a knighthood for Professor Albert Maillard , the Oxford historian . Two of the several names owned by another recipient had strayed into someone 's word - processor to create a further deserving don , the knowing reference to whom must have ruined the new year for more than one senior scholar . Patrician insolence has quite often appeared to express a perception of the activities of the levelling Labour governments which have come and gone since 1945 . Behrens 's book , however , pays no attention to politics or to public matters . His story begins at a time when , as at other times in this century , the patriciate , and the merely rich , had slipped down into marked collusion with the smart , with upstarts and bohemians . The well - born and the well - off have been apt at such times to turn , for diversion and instruction , to foreigners and to members of the working class . These strangers have been sexual , artistic . Larkin 's poem complains in concert ; it takes up the question of what it is to be sexually debarred . The letter it sends is to an attractive friend who goes about bagging birds , and who belongs to a world in which the beautiful say yes to the beautiful and wildly misbehave , a world which is said to be described on Sundays only , in papers like the News of the World but which is also described in Take a girl like you . The poem begins : After comparing lives with you for years I see how I 've been losing : all the while What should you do if you do n't live in London , and find that it is financially difficult to pay for such courses ? The best way to find out about what is available to you more locally is to contact your County Drama Adviser and also the Regional Arts Association for your area , who will have details about part - time training for young actors ( see Appendix A ) . Amateur theatre flourishes almost everywhere , and when you 're beginning it cannot be stressed too strongly that it is desirable to obtain some actual stage experience before jumping into the big pool of drama school , or even summer school . Once again , the Regional Arts Association will know the leading amateur companies in your area , and this should certainly help you in looking for the kind of group to which you are best suited . The British Theatre Association , mentioned in the first edition of this book , has for decades offered professional and all - embracing training courses for actors , directors , and young people . Eighty years does n't seem a very long time when you consider the art of acting has been prospering in Europe over the last four hundred or so years , quite apart from the great traditions of ancient Greek drama . But it is certainly true that in the last sixty years the various schools and academies of acting have had a significant effect on the climate of acting . It 's significant , too , that while Herbert Tree was laying the foundations of drama training in England , the famous partnership of Stanislavsky and Danchenko in Russia was beginning , and saw the first developments towards the establishment of the Moscow Arts Theatre . Stanislavsky 's ideas on acting became central to modern drama training , and many of the most interesting and powerful concepts in actor training developed from his work . Choosing your course Major roles for older women are not so common in Shakespeare , but I think it is better not to choose a character such as Queen Katherine from Henry VIII , who needs a richness of seniority to convey the dramatic interest . If you do want to portray an older figure , it would be preferable to try Hermione in The Winter 's Tale she is a more fantastical character , without the added complications of historical authenticity , and so allows for greater flexibility of characterisation . Her trial scene ( Act 3 , Scene 2 ) which begins Since what I am to say must be but that Which contradicts my accusation is a familiar but effective choice . Why then I suck my teeth , and catechize My picked man of countries : My dear sir , Thus , leaning on mine elbow , I begin , I shall beseech you , that is Question now ; And then comes Answer like an Absey book : The text for the first term 's production will usually be selected for the purpose of getting a new group to work together rather than trying to go for detailed individual performances . The range is obviously very wide , and you may find yourself in a Greek tragedy , or even a modern exercise play such as Games by James Saunders , where the student may add to the text by research material which can be incorporated in the project . Either way , the main intention will be to establish a way of working , and to begin assessing students ' voice and movement abilities . The language of a classical play is challenging but it does give the student chance to see how early voice training can be used with a very demanding text . Most of these exercises are double cast so that there are good opportunities for several readings of the main characters . They are not artistic philanthropists , but business people who are necessary to the profession . If that makes the agent sound unpleasant it is only because you are still seeing the profession through rose - coloured spectacles . As a student in your last term you will begin to send out letters and photographs of yourself to all possible valuable contacts . Who are these ? Well , the agents and the casting directors are one thing , then there 's an amorphous list of anyone who seems to be connected with theatre , film and television . They voice real criticism of the way things are managed both artistically and in terms of employment . I wish to express my sincerest thanks to all those taking part , and for giving me their time . For fairly obvious reasons the conversations begin with one of the most recent entrants to the profession , and ends with the two most senior actors . Jenny Funnell Trained at Webber Douglas Academy . But the British government was still involved in the reproduction of antagonisms in the Ulster statelet , rather than passively accepting the perpetuation of inequalities and discrimination against the catholic nationalist minority . O'Dowd , Rolston , and Tomlinson ( 1980 ) point out that when the centralized state comes in simply to administer and maintain law and order , it tends to reproduce relationships which pre - exist its intervention . When the British state began its policies of social interventionism from 1945 , it succeeded in fragmenting the local power base of unionism by centralizing the sources of welfare and making them at least in part available across the sectarian divide . There was thus some impact on discrimination . However , when Stormont was abolished in 1972 and central government took over entirely the responsibility for local administration , it adopted the technocratic , non - policy making approach to its new role . For example , in the Northern context , the previous bishop of Down and Connor , Dr Philbin , refused for most of his period of leadership in Belfast to have Jesuits visiting or residing in his diocese . Not that the prohibition always succeeded . It began to be violated in the late 1960s by Fr . Michael Hurley who on one occasion addressed the presbyterian general assembly in Belfast against both the bishop 's private wishes and Ian Paisley 's open and defiant demonstrations . The dual division of ecclesiastical power has also been important because the religious orders have often been the vehicle for innovative theologies differing from the Roman line . They are thus not simply a mentality derived from popular religion but from a traditional Roman catholicism which held sway in catholic Europe from the post - Reformation period and remained unchallenged until the 1960s . As will be seen in Chapter 5 , understanding this religious social consciousness requires some grasp of the traditional catholic teaching on the natural order and the good society , and how the nation is to respect the divine order established by God . An example of this can be taken from the recent contraception controversy in the Republic , which began in the 1960s . At that time , the Roman catholic archbishop of Dublin intervened in a pastoral letter in the following revealing terms : If they who are elected to legislate for our society should unfortunately decide to pass a disastrous measure of legislation that will allow the public promotion of contraception and an access hitherto unlawful to the means of contraception , they ought to know clearly the meaning of their action , when it is judged by the norms of objective morality and the certain consequences of such a law Testing the Alliance 2 : The Mother and Child Scheme Controversy The second case reveals even more the extent to which the legitimation of the state was a Roman catholic affair , at least as one of the two principal sources of power in the alliance . From the early 1940s , the Irish government began to work towards the introduction of a comprehensive health service for mothers and children in line with other legislative developments in Western countries . There can be no doubt that the lack of such a programme bore heavily upon the poor , and that poor health and mortalities were a consequence . In 1946 there were already signs of clerical opposition to any socialization of welfare in queries about Fianna Fil 's proposals from Archbishop McQuaid and the Confederation of Convent Schools . When the next government under de Valera introduced a very limited scheme of public health assistance in 1952 , the hierarchy still opposed its introduction , and by direct methods as well . Only de Valera 's personal intervention convinced them of their lack of perception and judgement . It was the 1960s before the bishops began to distance themselves from direct relationships with the government of the day . It could be argued that such a strategy was in any case unnecessary . However , it was not simply a strategy , but embodied a particular ideology : the belief that the bishops were the church above all , and that they , not the laity , were the ones to communicate with the state . The episode shows , as Whyte says , not a clash between Church and State but a shifting consensus involving them both , ( 1980 : 399 ) . A further significant change in political religious attitudes occurred with the liberalization of legislation prohibiting contraceptives to be bought or sold , or even imported into the state . A campaign begun in 1971 to repeal the ban dating from 1935 culminated in the famous appeal of Mrs McGee to the Supreme Court to declare she had a right to use contraceptives . The supreme court found in her favour in 1973 and declared the relevant section of the 1935 Criminal Law Amendment Act to be unconstitutional . However , a law dealing with the national situation as a whole was only introduced in 1979 . When it fell to Dukes to introduce the second stage of the Bill empowering the referendum , he was forced to address himself specifically to the bishops ' arguments in their letter ( text , Irish Times , 15 May 1986 ) . Similar remarks were made by Senator Mary Robinson , who also challenged the hierarchy 's intent in their statement to the New Ireland Forum that the civil rights of Northerners would not be infringed by any pressure from the Roman catholic church in an eventual united Ireland . TDs who opposed the amendment , such as Oliver J. Flanagan on 13 May and Dr Michael Woods on 14 May , began to call on the silent majority , to make their opposition to divorce known . The speech of Dr Woods of Fianna Fil was a particularly important intervention . It indicated that Charles Haughey in particular , and Fianna Fil in general were moving behind the anti - divorce lobby . Religious education in these schools is officially non - denominational or biblically based and loyalist sentiments are promoted . But religious education has been known to be fundamentalist and in some cases anti - catholic , depending on the teacher . It is important to note that , since the system began in the late 1920s , there has never been a significant move to split up the schools for use by the separate denominations , something which would have been feasible in the larger towns . The Northern public - sector schools come from the partly voluntary system of pre - Partition . In 1928 , these schools entered the system of maintained schools , whereby , in exchange for full payment of current costs and 65 per cent of capital expenditure , the former owners and managers , usually churches , were allowed two - thirds representation on the local board of management , with the other third coming from the local authority . These schools come under the control of the Department of Education , through locally appointed committees . They are organizationally secular schools , though some clergy are members of the local governing committees and this has always been a feature . The community or comprehensive - type schools which are beginning to replace vocational and local church schools have a more religious flavour , as they may include the interests of a former convent , which the new school is in part replacing , a former vocational school , and possibly a former diocesan boys ' school as well . The churches have never objected to the existence of the vocational schools since their establishment in the early 1930s . It must be added that vocational schools have traditionally had low status . Until recently , catholics in the North were practically forbidden by their clergy to attend state schools , exceptions being made in certain outlying areas . Bishop Edward Daly in Derry liberally interpreted the needs of his Roman catholic pupils from the mid - 1970s , allowing greater freedom and seeing to it that some alternative religious education was provided . At the same time , the late Bishop Philbin began to refuse the sacrament of Confirmation to Roman catholic children attending state schools . A number of clergy in his diocese refused religious instruction to these children . The reason given was that children would not be religiously and educationally prepared for the reception of Holy Communion and Confirmation because they had not been educated at a catholic school , irrespective of their parents ' alternative provisions : in one area , parents had set up their own Sunday schools as an alternative . The reason given was that children would not be religiously and educationally prepared for the reception of Holy Communion and Confirmation because they had not been educated at a catholic school , irrespective of their parents ' alternative provisions : in one area , parents had set up their own Sunday schools as an alternative . The measures were felt to be particularly harsh by those catholic parents who were getting involved with the All Children Together movement . Some of its parents had begun sending their children to the less protestant dominated schools within the state system , shortly before the movement was formed . They were doing so on largely political religious grounds . They felt that it was partly their responsibility to bring up their children in an atmosphere of knowledge and understanding of protestants , as they believed part of the difficulties of life in Ulster were caused by this lack of contact . I began work on the big glass on 27 July 1967 , he typed . I had been preparing myself for that moment for a long time , he typed , as Harsnet had written . I had been preparing myself for as long as I can remember , preparing myself ( though I did not always realize it ) from the day that I was born , preparing myself , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , but always aware of the dangers of beginning too soon . For there is nothing worse , he wrote , than beginning too soon . It is much worse to begin too soon , he wrote , than not to begin at all . I had been preparing myself for that moment for a long time , he typed , as Harsnet had written . I had been preparing myself for as long as I can remember , preparing myself ( though I did not always realize it ) from the day that I was born , preparing myself , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , but always aware of the dangers of beginning too soon . For there is nothing worse , he wrote , than beginning too soon . It is much worse to begin too soon , he wrote , than not to begin at all . Much worse to begin too soon than to begin too late . I had been preparing myself for as long as I can remember , preparing myself ( though I did not always realize it ) from the day that I was born , preparing myself , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , but always aware of the dangers of beginning too soon . For there is nothing worse , he wrote , than beginning too soon . It is much worse to begin too soon , he wrote , than not to begin at all . Much worse to begin too soon than to begin too late . Much worse to begin too soon and realize one has begun too soon than to begin too late and realize one has begun too late . It is much worse to begin too soon , he wrote , than not to begin at all . Much worse to begin too soon than to begin too late . Much worse to begin too soon and realize one has begun too soon than to begin too late and realize one has begun too late . Much worse to begin too soon and realize one is inadequately prepared than to begin too late and realize one is over - prepared . Much worse to begin too soon and reach the end too quickly , typed Goldberg , squinting at the manuscript before him , than to begin at the right time and reach the end too quickly . Much worse to begin too soon than to begin too late . Much worse to begin too soon and realize one has begun too soon than to begin too late and realize one has begun too late . Much worse to begin too soon and realize one is inadequately prepared than to begin too late and realize one is over - prepared . Much worse to begin too soon and reach the end too quickly , typed Goldberg , squinting at the manuscript before him , than to begin at the right time and reach the end too quickly . Much worse to begin too soon and feel one has begun too soon than to begin at the right time and discover one has nothing to begin . Much worse to begin too soon and realize one has begun too soon than to begin too late and realize one has begun too late . Much worse to begin too soon and realize one is inadequately prepared than to begin too late and realize one is over - prepared . Much worse to begin too soon and reach the end too quickly , typed Goldberg , squinting at the manuscript before him , than to begin at the right time and reach the end too quickly . Much worse to begin too soon and feel one has begun too soon than to begin at the right time and discover one has nothing to begin . That is why , wrote Harsnet , I have been preparing myself for that moment for a long time , that is why I have cleared the decks and prepared the ground , because unless the decks are cleared and the g round prepared there is little hope of succeeding in what one has planned to do , little hope of achieving anything of lasting value , though lasting is a relative term and so is value and whatever it is one has planned to do is certain to be altered in the process , which does not of course mean , he wrote , that one can start anywhere at any time . It is just because whatever one has planned is bound to change as one proceeds that it is fatal to start too soon or too late , though it may be no less fatal , he wrote ( and Goldberg typed ) , to start at the right time , for then there is no excuse , no excuse whatsoever . I have done with excuses , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , I have done with excuses towards myself and towards others , that is the meaning of the right time , he wrote , that I have done with excuses , that I have used up all the excuses and reached the bottom of excuses , that I have wrung the neck of excuses , that I have settled the hash of excuses . To begin at the right time , he wrote , means to be done with excuses once and for all . Excuses , wrote Goldberg in the margin of his typescript with a felt - tip pen , an end to excuses . There has to be a time , wrote Harsnet , and Goldberg , laying down the pen , began to type again , there has to be a time when excuses are no longer necessary , will never again be necessary , there has to be such a time in everybody 's life , when too soon and too late no longer mean anything , a time , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , when one starts because one starts and for no other reason . But to arrive at that moment , he wrote , it is necessary to be patient , it is necessary to hold back , it is often necessary to do nothing . All my life , he wrote , I have been preparing myself for this moment , but if I have prepared myself correctly then it is so that when the moment came I should not be encumbered with the sensation of having waited for it all my life , for such a sensation , wrote Harsnet , is too heavy a burden for anyone to carry . The right moment to begin , he wrote , is the moment when right and wrong are no longer an issue , it may even be the moment , he wrote , when the realization dawns and is at once accepted that another moment might have been equally valid , and when this no longer matters . This is the moment and that is all . There is also the practical element to be considered , he wrote . There is the clearing of the room , the removal of any trace of what had previously filled it . There is the laying by of all the necessary materials . Not , he wrote ( and Goldberg went on typing ) , that here in London one is cut off from such supplies in the normal course of events , but that work cannot begin until one knows one will not have to bother with such things , for a while at least . It is not a question , he wrote , of drawing up an inventory of all that is required , because that suggests that one can know exactly what will be required . Everything possible must be done , he wrote , and yet it must be as though nothing had been done . And it has to be said , he wrote , that its opposite , a feeling of elation , equally physical , equally extra - physical , has also been a constant feature of my life , manifesting itself regularly though impossible to predict , a reeling in the chest this time , the chest and perhaps the throat , a feeling of the heart leaping and the blood pumping , it came when I first took up a brush and made a mark on paper , it came when I picked up the first readymade and felt it transformed by that very action , it came when Madge rang to say she could not go on , when Annie wrote to say she was not coming back , when the idea of the glass first popped into my head . So , wrote Harsnet , there is continuity as well as discontinuity , but that does not mean , he wrote , that there exists what is called character , personality , character , Goldberg wrote in the margin , personality , as they seem to think , wrote Harsnet ( and Goldberg went on typing ) , when they say you have such a generous character if you would only recognize it , or you have so much to offer , or it is not for myself I speak but for you , not for myself I mourn but for the waste of all that generosity , when they pour those words over you , character , generosity , warmth , looking sad , shedding tears , putting on a brave face , saying do n't pay any attention to me , or , it 's nothing , forget it , I 'm crying for the waste , meaning waste if it 's not directed towards them , but you have only to see what happens when one lets oneself be persuaded by that sort of thing , wrote Harsnet , you have only to see what happened to Hutchinson , MacMahon , Rollins and Goldberg . Taken in by the image of yourself they present you with , wrote Harsnet , instead of waiting in patience for the beginning , instead of waiting and then beginning , though beginning , having begun , he wrote , is not everything , is far from everything . It is quite possible , he wrote , that it will lead nowhere , even when one has begun at the right time in the right spirit , or at least not at the wrong time , in the wrong spirit , with the wrong plans and having made the wrong preparations , with the wrong tools and the wrong principles , on the wrong surface and with the wrong conception . Though it may well be , he wrote , that one actually achieves more working with the wrong plans and in the wrong spirit , with the wrong tools and the wrong principles , on the wrong surface and with the wrong conception , it may well be , he wrote ( and Goldberg typed ) , that one achieves more than working with the right plans and in the right spirit , with the right tools and the right principles , on the right surface and with the right conception , though right and wrong and more and less are relative concepts and what seems right at one moment to one person may seem wrong at the same moment to another Person or at another moment to the same person , and what seems more to one person at one moment may seem less to another person at the same moment or at another moment to the same person , right , wrong , more , less , relative concepts , scribbled Goldberg , in the margin , panting slightly as he bent over his old Olivetti Portable , there is only the beginning , wrote Harsnet , or rather , there is only having begun , beginning , scribbled Goldberg , aware now of the black stains on his hands left by the felt - tip pen , having begun , there is only the feeling in the pit of the stomach or the feeling in the chest , wrote Harsnet , the feeling of sickness or the feeling of elation , those are not relative , he wrote , those are absolute . So , wrote Harsnet , there is continuity as well as discontinuity , but that does not mean , he wrote , that there exists what is called character , personality , character , Goldberg wrote in the margin , personality , as they seem to think , wrote Harsnet ( and Goldberg went on typing ) , when they say you have such a generous character if you would only recognize it , or you have so much to offer , or it is not for myself I speak but for you , not for myself I mourn but for the waste of all that generosity , when they pour those words over you , character , generosity , warmth , looking sad , shedding tears , putting on a brave face , saying do n't pay any attention to me , or , it 's nothing , forget it , I 'm crying for the waste , meaning waste if it 's not directed towards them , but you have only to see what happens when one lets oneself be persuaded by that sort of thing , wrote Harsnet , you have only to see what happened to Hutchinson , MacMahon , Rollins and Goldberg . Taken in by the image of yourself they present you with , wrote Harsnet , instead of waiting in patience for the beginning , instead of waiting and then beginning , though beginning , having begun , he wrote , is not everything , is far from everything . It is quite possible , he wrote , that it will lead nowhere , even when one has begun at the right time in the right spirit , or at least not at the wrong time , in the wrong spirit , with the wrong plans and having made the wrong preparations , with the wrong tools and the wrong principles , on the wrong surface and with the wrong conception . Though it may well be , he wrote , that one actually achieves more working with the wrong plans and in the wrong spirit , with the wrong tools and the wrong principles , on the wrong surface and with the wrong conception , it may well be , he wrote ( and Goldberg typed ) , that one achieves more than working with the right plans and in the right spirit , with the right tools and the right principles , on the right surface and with the right conception , though right and wrong and more and less are relative concepts and what seems right at one moment to one person may seem wrong at the same moment to another Person or at another moment to the same person , and what seems more to one person at one moment may seem less to another person at the same moment or at another moment to the same person , right , wrong , more , less , relative concepts , scribbled Goldberg , in the margin , panting slightly as he bent over his old Olivetti Portable , there is only the beginning , wrote Harsnet , or rather , there is only having begun , beginning , scribbled Goldberg , aware now of the black stains on his hands left by the felt - tip pen , having begun , there is only the feeling in the pit of the stomach or the feeling in the chest , wrote Harsnet , the feeling of sickness or the feeling of elation , those are not relative , he wrote , those are absolute . Yet is it possible to assert , he wrote , that work done with a lifting of the heart is better than work done with a contracting of the stomach ? Never in my life , he wrote , have I known so exactly what step to take after the step I am in the process of taking , and then what step to take after the step I will take after the step I am in the process of taking . Never before , he wrote , have I seen so clearly how to end . Now I have finally begun , he wrote , I have only to go on and the end will arrive . And to think , he wrote , that with all my previous work I barely knew what step to take first , let alone what step to take second , let us not talk about the third . Though it has to be said , he wrote , and Goldberg , his eye racing down the page covered in his friend 's tiny handwriting , paused to sip from the glass of fresh orange - juice at his side , wiped his forehead and went on typing , it has to be said that I have occasionally had the illusion that I knew what step to take first and even , occasionally , what step to take second , I will not talk about a third . Though it has to be said , he wrote , and Goldberg , his eye racing down the page covered in his friend 's tiny handwriting , paused to sip from the glass of fresh orange - juice at his side , wiped his forehead and went on typing , it has to be said that I have occasionally had the illusion that I knew what step to take first and even , occasionally , what step to take second , I will not talk about a third . There is of course no logical reason why things should be different this time , wrote Harsnet , why this too should not be an illusion , the illusion of imagining that I know not only what step to take first but also what step to take second and even what step to take third . No logical reason , he wrote , but that will not make me change my plans once I have begun . Night , he wrote , work on the big glass and on the notes for the big glass , day , sleep and write this freewheeling commentary on the entire project , viz. on the big glass and on the notes for the big glass . Night , scribbled Goldberg in the margin of his typescript , work on glass , day , work on freewheeling commentary . To Pizzetti and Baiocchi . To Moss and McGrindle . Of course , he wrote ( and Goldberg typed ) , there may be nothing to leave , nothing to explain , nothing to understand , even though I have prepared long enough and only started when the time was ripe , even though I began full of confidence and managed to persuade myself , for a while , that I was well under way . But the fact of the matter is , he wrote , that none of it is right , or rather , that what has so far been accomplished is wrong and what has not yet been accomplished is only right because it has not yet had the chance to be proved wrong . 1 lb. tomatoes , he wrote , 1 cauliflower , 2 packs date biscuits , 1 pack butter , 1 lemon , 3 tins sardines , 1 tin tuna . Subject too important for tricks . Magritte like man who learns to somersault backwards from standing position and keeps on doing it . You begin by admiring but it soon grows boring . So Harsnet . And Goldberg , pushing the sweat out of his eyes with the sleeve of his pullover , grabbed the pen and put another question mark in the margin by the whole passage . Do I have to choose between goat 's cheese and chocolate cake ? as Queneau used to ask . It is the right hand side on both panels that is worrying me , he wrote . Nothing has gone right on that side from the moment I began . I need to move slowly across from the left and see where things start to go wrong , he wrote . Except that I cannot work like that . However , he wrote , for that very reason , the right hand side should have been even more solid , even more thought through than the left . But there it is , he wrote . The plans are made , work has begun , there is no going back . Work as the fancy takes me , he wrote . A little bit here , a little bit there . Machine . Remember All - Bran , wrote Harsnet , remember milk . And Goldberg , pulling the pad towards him and seizing his felt - tip pen , began to write . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , you may keep your door closed and not answer when I ring the bell , you may refuse to answer my letters or return my calls when I leave a message on your answering machine , but sooner or later we are bound to meet and this time I will not let you fob me off with a smile . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , you have been seen doing circuit training with Korchnoi and the Brighton and Hove Albion football team . If I am to do what you asked , he wrote , you will have to co - operate . We will have to meet and discuss some of the problems . He pushed the pad aside and began to type again . There are those who imagine , he typed ( as Harsnet had written ) , that because they know the machine will not start they can afford to ignore it . But what if the motorless machine is what it is all about ? I grow bored with the sheer size of the glass and have to force myself to continue , he wrote . And yet , he wrote , if the glass is to be any sort of advance , it will be because of the middle . Because it is nothing but a middle , without beginning or end . The beauty of glass , he wrote , is this , that the surface does not have to be covered . Much of the middle , in fact , he wrote , will depend on where it is set up . American denial of the human spirit , he wrote . Already predicted by Toqueville . Natural end of journey begun by Pilgrim Fathers is Warhol 's Marilyn , he wrote . Had they but known . The real question , he wrote , is how to keep hold of a richer view of the possibilities of life while denying the consolations of an afterlife , denying the special destiny of man , denying the Value of Civilization ( Nietzsche ) . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , this is a message from the past . I just want to tell you . Goldberg , pushing aside pad and pen , drew the little typewriter towards him and began to type again . The procreative metaphor , he typed ( as Harsnet had written ) , has been the bane of art . It is not enough , wrote Harsnet , to deny that one conceives a work of art and brings it forth as a child is conceived and brought forth into the world . Slow , he wrote , but I like it like that . The slower the better , he wrote , since one of the problems is the speed with which it could all be over . It is beginning to transform the rest , he wrote . The contiguous circles to be read as either columnar or flat . Whichever way , a new perspective is introduced into lower panel . They can always start again and it does n't matter . Even Bacon can destroy what he does n't like and start again . But if you can start again it means you have not even begun . I have begun , wrote Harsnet . Time has closed again behind me . Even Bacon can destroy what he does n't like and start again . But if you can start again it means you have not even begun . I have begun , wrote Harsnet . Time has closed again behind me . What is there is there . The glider for instance ? Pleased with the way dust has settled on the sieves . The difficult calculations there beginning to pay off . Though my early dream of cones directly related to moulds and maintained in course of 180 rotation had to be abandoned . But enough survives . Strange how certain areas seem to call out to me , wrote Harsnet , and working on them does n't seem like work at all , more like simply breathing . So tired , he wrote . My plan of writing in here every day after night of work on glass and green box beginning to crumble . Forty months of non - stop work on one project beginning to take its toll . End seems as far away as ever , he wrote , with the whole of the lower right panel still to sort out . So tired , he wrote . My plan of writing in here every day after night of work on glass and green box beginning to crumble . Forty months of non - stop work on one project beginning to take its toll . End seems as far away as ever , he wrote , with the whole of the lower right panel still to sort out . I was never in any hurry though , he wrote . Especially the Royal Academy , he wrote , with its Presidents and its private views and its Signed Goblets and its Concerts of Spanish music to go with the Murillo exhibition and its Concerts of Russian music to go with its Tatlin exhibition and its Concerts of Dutch music to go with its de Hooch exhibition , and its Silk - screened Scarves and its Special Offers and its Jigsaws of the Raft of Medusa and La Grande Jatte and its Good Taste and its Tondo and its Education Department and its Restaurant with its Tasty Snacks and its Cold Buffet and its Glass of Wine and its Napkins Designed by a Living Artist , and its Proximity to Cork Street , with its Galleries and their Private Views and their Favoured Clients and their Phone Calls to New York and their Summer Shows and their Autumn Shows and their Winter Shows and their Embossed Invitations and their Highly Polished Floors . There is no end to it all , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) . When you begin to think about it you grow dizzy , your stomach turns over , not just at the commercialism of it all , but at the aestheticism of it all , not just at the chequebooks but at the Intelligent Conversations , not just at the fifty percent but at the Sensitive Responses , not just at the winks and nods but at the Hushed Silence in the Presence of Art . Our civilization will be destroyed , he wrote , not by the Bomb but by its reverence for the Creative Spirit . Better never enter a church , he wrote , than enter in a spirit of false awe . It was my leg all right , but somehow detached from me . Or I was detached from it . After that , strangely , for the first time began to feel the glow of achievement . Not satisfaction at quality of whatever I had done , but simply at having done it at all . Having stuck at it . I told him the history of the charts , my initial idea for a peephole of some sort . Maybe that 's what you need now , he said , to restore the thrust of the vertical . When he 'd gone , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , I began to try out different possibilities . More and more convinced he 's right , but not quite sure what it needs . Maybe when boxing - match problem solved this will fall into place . Or what ? Goldberg , pushing the typewriter away from him , wiped his face with his handkerchief and took a sip of orange juice . Then , pulling the pad towards him , he began to write . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , my son , who was only a very small boy when you last saw him , happened the other day . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , my son Michael , whom you may not even remember , the fair one with the glasses . What game are you playing ? Dear Harsnet , he wrote , the distance between London and Brighton is not very great , and you have even been seen in the vicinity of Brighton , so why not call in on an old friend ? The circle in place , wrote Harsnet ( and Goldberg began to type again ) . Locks that part of the glass together . And finally gives charts the kind of breathing space they did n't quite have before . There comes a moment when you lose interest so totally that to touch it again would be a physical impossibility . When it is too late to go on and too late to start again . From the beginning it was too late , he wrote . It was too late to begin and too late not to begin . Too late for me and too late for the world . When it is too late to go on and too late to start again . From the beginning it was too late , he wrote . It was too late to begin and too late not to begin . Too late for me and too late for the world . Too late for the Bride and too late for the Bachelors . So got rid of him at last , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , and went in to the glass . Now all these other eyes have looked at it I feel different about it . Now I have definitively abandoned it I begin to wonder . Sat there through the night , closing my eyes at times , then opening them slowly and allowing the glass to impose itself . Still half tempted to restart . The system used in Britain to produce mild , bitter , stout and strong ales is called warm fermentation , using a special type of top fermenting yeast . This means that the yeast , encouraged by the warmth of the wort and the temperature of the brewery , works quickly and vigorously on top of the wort to produce alcohol . After 47 days most of the sugars have been turned into alcohol and the yeast begins to sink to the bottom of the vessel . The excess yeast is saved for future use . So much yeast is produced during fermentation that large amounts are sold to companies such as Marmite to be turned into yeast extract . Inevitably , this will entail losing some of the irreplaceable character of this unique building . The new street elevation proposed by the architects ( Waterhouse Ripley Adie Button ) has been sensitively treated ; however , the extension to the north will necessitate diluting much of the pub 's evocative and cosy proportions , and it remains to be seen whether the design of the newly - created bar areas survives comparison with the adjacent historic interiors . Work on this refurbishment is due to begin in May 1991 . An additional problem faced by many Georgian pubs particularly historic coaching inns is the treatment of re - use of stables and other related outbuildings . As Matthew Saunders noted in the 1983 SAVE/CAMRA Report : Members of the group of hotels , conference centres and stately homes hope to use the bridge as a strong marketing tool . A survey among the group 's 16 founder properties found that 4,000 conferences were booked in 1990 , attracting 90,000 delegates . The group 's first bridge promotion began this week with the launch of M25 Meetings Month . Pictured from left to right are : Felicity Thompson , sales officer at Hever Castle , Kent ; Charles Blowfield , managing director of Down Hall Hotel , Bishop 's Stortford , Herts ; Basil Sanderson , proprietor of Selsdon Park Hotel , Croydon , Surrey ; Jean Glover , business development manager at the Gatwick Hilton ; and Barbara Dadouche , sales manager at Oatlands Park Hotel , Weybridge , Surrey . Financial Qs As Notarbartolo cooked lamb cutlets with pimentos , wild mushrooms and a sharp shallot gravy to take first prize of a 40 - piece Dudson china dinner service . He is currently working at the Three Lions restaurant , Stuckton , Dorset . Bookings are coming into the Academy of Culinary Arts for its course which begin this month . The chefs who have signed on are leading a new golden era of culinary craft , said Peter Taylor , associate director of the academy . Paul Gayler ( left ) with Dean Fearing during his trip to Dallas Wendy Vaughan began cooking professionally six years ago at the Old Rectory in Llansanfraid , North Wales the family home she converted to a small hotel with her husband Michael when he sold his motor parts company . They answered an advertisement to cook lunches for visiting parties of Americans to North Wales and these developed into dinner business too . When they joined Wolsey Lodges a consortium of private houses offering overnight accommodation their transformation to hoteliers had begun . On the catering side , Wendy Vaughan is completely self - taught . She dreamed of becoming a chef at school , but her domestic science teacher hated her and told her that she would never be a cook . That way we can keep smiling at our customers during the rest of the year . But it is difficult to cook for people every day , especially when there are no other kitchen staff to cover . Vaughan 's dinner cooking usually begins just as her two sons return from school in the afternoon . They attend Welsh language schools and Michael Vaughan has very strong roots in Wales , although Wendy Vaughan is originally from Derbyshire . The Old Rectory is quite an isolated establishment and there is little local interest in her excellent food . Opportunities exist to push for new contracts within the same company , so individuals do not always have to leave for a new challenge . Steve Butler joined Compass eight years ago. His training began with Strand Hotels in 1974 and block - release courses at Ealing College . After his apprenticeship , he started work for a contract catering company called Partners at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden . Within a year , he was cooking for the Royal Box and state galas . Miss Abernethie jumped from her chair , scuttled in the direction of the broad flight of steps leading to the road outside , tripped clumsily over Jilly Jonathan 's big crocodile - skin handbag , fell to her feet , scrambled up again , pushed the heavy bag aside with a cry of rage that came oddly from her dumpily respectable self and ran off out of sight . Quick , quick , after her somebody , Arabella Buckley shouted , her prejudice in favour of foreign murderers seemingly suddenly abandoned . Poor overweight Peter Horbury , the new Lord Woodleigh began to heave himself from his deckchair and then sank back into it . Oh , she ca n't get off the island , he said . No need to go chasing about . Why , she exclaimed , your enquiries into the murder of poor Sir Vivien . But Bramble began , but she silenced him with a glare from the astonishing blue eyes . Strange , thought Bramble , that such an apparently dithery old lady should be able to look at you like that . Bloody terrifying . Peggy Mitchell , seated at the rear of the Variety Tent , sighed in sympathy as , one after another , the right card failed to appear from or disappear into the deck . Colonel Feather 's face was getting red , and he was beginning to perspire . The small audience had begun to fidget on their rickety folded chairs . A child 's piping question about the next act a professional juggler currently on the variety bill in a nearby town was hurriedly hushed , as much by the Colonel 's glare as its mother 's whisper . The Great Whirlo and his potential fan would have to wait Colonel Feather was a determined man , and this was his moment . He focused , stared , reached out and picked it up. It was light as filigree in his hand , the heel held to the shoe only by one fragment of cleanly cut leather . He held it in his hands and began to blub . Oh master Conroy , do n't ! Don't upset yourself , lovie , do n't take on so ! That 'd teach him something . Bullies are always cowards . I was beginning to feel quite happy again . I screwed my wet handkerchief into a ball . I was about to throw it at one of the maids as she passed beneath me with a tray of glasses , but just then Claire came out of the reception room . Draw up a list of suspects , said Ethel promptly . Drat that bell . Thomas will see to it , said Mr Eames , who was beginning to enjoy himself . Is lunch under way , Mrs Cornforth ? Everything under control , said Cook , in spite of hinterruptions and hupsets . I think they had their fun , she took the veronal to sleep soundly , then when she was far gone he smothered her . But why ? You said yourself she would n't have begun putting the pressure on yet . Ethel shook her head in puzzlement , but a gleam had been coming into Eames 's eyes . I think , he said , I 've been forgetting something . Margot Iverson had struck him as a very controlled woman . And then Wendy 's voice began to quaver , her breathing got very slow . Brenda says she was in a coma by the time they got her into the hospital . And then she just died oh , is n't it too awful ? The experts assure us that symptoms occur between one and four hours after this particular substance has been ingested . The detective inspector went on , in tones totally devoid of emphasis , Unfortunately Dr Iverson went out after the dinner - party to pay a late visit to a man with pneumonia about whom he was worried an so cannot tell us anything about the time immediately after the guests had left . By the time he got home his wife was already beginning to be unwell . I see . Henry frowned . None , said the inspector stoutly . She was very well - off , was Mrs Iverson . And yet . began Henry . Yes ? The policeman leaned forward . Cook tells me he 'd seen it somewhere and wanted one for his wife . The parlourmaid likes it because it saves her Just a minute , said Henry , a thought beginning to burgeon in his mind . You , Constable , said something about a conjuror 's patter . You do n't get that many silent ones , sir , responded Bewman stolidly . Henry Tyler cast his mind back to the fatal evening . He was carving the fillet of beef . He 'd just begun . He took off the first slice , you know the rather well - done , brown bit at the end , and laid it on one side of the serving dish and then he cut the next slice off for the first lady and so on . We ca n't work out how he could have killed his wife while he was sitting at the opposite end of the table , said Constable Bewman nively . She was rediscovered as a film - maker in the early 80 's , and a series of retrospectives and tributes culminated in 1990 at the International Festival of Women 's Films in Creteil , where a programme of her work was feted by capacity audiences . Her first husband was Sydney Box , the writer - director who became head of production at Gainsborough Studios ; and her sister - in - law was the Miss Box Office who produced the wildly successful DOCTOR IN THE HOUSE films over two decades . But Muriel 's climb to film direction was slow and gradual , and she began her apprenticeship as a typist and then continuity girl , rising throughout the studio hierarchy . She wrote theatre plays , often for all women casts , which anticipated her work on Gainsborough films , with their dominant roles for women stars and strong appeal to women audiences . After directing the Verity films , the company she and Sydney formed during the Second World War , she moved into independent feature production . Brum based Brian Travers , producer and director of musical films for many years , and well known saxophonist in the internationally renowned band , UB40 , has already made his mark on the music industry . Now B.T.A . aim to utilise the wealth of talent in our city in film and video production . Pre - production began whilst UB40 were completing the final leg of their 30 month World Tour , culminating in a twelve camera shoot on Saturday 21 June at Finsbury Park in North London . Director Roger Pomphrey 's documentary crew filmed UB40 at home in Brum and followed them down to London with their families and friends . Once at Finsbury Park , the cameras caught them at the sound check , in interviews , backstage , and relaxing before the gig . By 1946 , Ghatak had become a Marxist activist , this was the year that the communal rioting leading up to Partition began in earnest . In the space of two days in mid August five thousand people were killed in Calcutta . Out of a desire to protest against the oppression and exploitation he saw around him , he began to write short stories , by the time of his death over a hundred had been published . He was drawn to the work of IPTA ( Indian People 's Theatre Association ) , a cultural wing of the Communist Party of India , and worked with it as an actor playwright director till 1954 . In 1953 , he was voted best actor and director for his theatre work , this was also the year in which he directed NAGARIK ( THE CITIZEN ) , the first of the eight feature films that he completed . I was very impressed by them , how to approach them . It was only later that I discovered Ghatak was not only a director , but also , in his own , idiosyncratic way , a teacher and theorist of cinema . As I have read his writings , often in photocopies lent to me by friends , or in the book on his work published in 1982 , in India , I have not only come to appreciate his films in a more informed way , but I have also realized that his outlook on film - making is one which has begun to affect my own thinking . There are three reasons why I think Ghatak 's work is especially valuable . First , there is a mixture of the personal and the political . There are three reasons why I think Ghatak 's work is especially valuable . First , there is a mixture of the personal and the political . Ghatak was a committed Marxist , who began his career working in a political theatre company . But his work is always marked by elements of his own life , culminating in his final film , JUKTKI TAKKO AR GAPPO , which is virtually a self - portrait , depicting his own problems with alcoholism . Ghatak wanted to combine insights from Marxism with elements from India thought , as well as the work of Jung , with which he became increasingly fascinated . The arguments for the development of the media industries of regional cities has always had both economic and cultural aspects . The 1991 Forum will look at Channel 5 both as an opportunity to provide employment and economic growth outside of London and the South East and as a means of making the non - metropolitan voice heard . Despite the minimalist parameters for the new channel set out in the Broadcasting Act , in profound contrast to the remit of Channel Four when it began a decade ago , we want to make an issue of the new Channel . We see the allocation of the scarce resource of our last terrestrial channel as a matter worth serious discussion , and seek in it an answer to the perceived shortcomings of the existing Channels . We will look at the new Channel in relation to existing television whether broadcast , satellite or cable . The city 's two television centres have provided popular and award winning dramas for the network schedules and this success story continues in exemplary fashion under the direction of Ted Childs ( Central Films ) and Barry Hanson ( BBC Drama , Pebble Mill ) . The Festival series of four drama presentations , LOCATION BIRMINGHAM , is an opportunity for the general public to discuss with the producers , directors , writers and performers ( if available ) their series : the origins of the idea for the series , the production background , the writers ' viewpoint , audience reaction , future plans etc. FAMILY PRIDE the UK 's first Asian soap opera began its initial series in June 1991 with transmission on both Central Television and Channel 4 . The creation of Zia Mohyeddin , who handles executive production and a major role in the series , FAMILY PRIDE is filmed on location on the streets of Birmingham . The series follows the lives of rich and successful families in this instance , and surprisingly for television , the families are Asian who run an import/export empire . The producer , Sarah D Wilson comments the public and press reaction was so strong that we developed another seven programmes to conclude the story . We had recently finished with the Douglas car company but wanted to keep the series topical and so developed a new setting in which our hero uses his amoral cunning to preserve part of Britain 's disappearing heritage . A success both in front of the box and on the critics ' pages CHANCER created a vogue out of a rogue the identity of Stephen Crane ( Clive Owen 's role ) catching the attention of the country and reflecting the social changes in the early 90 's as the enterprise culture began to take a tumble . Leading the presentation of CHANCER will be Ted Childs ( Executive Producer , Head of Central Films ) , Sarah D Wilson ( Producer ) , Simon Burke ( writer ) , Alan Grant ( director ) . At the time of printing it is not possible to confirm Clive Owen and Leslie Phillips will be present . From Channel 4 's inception , he has encouraged talents that never previously found a place within the mainstream television , in particular through the workshop movement , but also on an international scale through regular features and documentaries from the Third World . In his position as Commissioning Editor Alan has introduced to Channel 4 's schedule THE ELEVENTH HOUR , PEOPLE TO PEOPLE , CINEMA FROM THREE CONTINENTS , THE MEDIA SHOW , OUT ON TUESDAY and TELEVISION WITH A DIFFERENCE . On October 5 1991 , SOUTH , a new series on Channel 4 begins , originating from Channel 4 's work with film and programme makers in the Southern hemisphere over the last eight years . Alan Fountain 's lecture will in part draw on the philosophy behind this new series . eureka audio visual : A detailed description of that period would be impossible , as nothing of any substance happened . I applied for the occasional post that I thought might be interesting , but never heard anything back . Unemployment had then just begun its big rise but there were still jobs going I was just being silly about which ones to apply for . My resolve not to go back into education hardened , if anything , rather than softened , as I became more and more determined that the sacrifice I had made was not going to be in vain . Then , inexplicably , I had been out of work for over a year and my few friends were drifting away . I was more or less resigned to the way things had turned out and just got on with life . In point of fact , my mind started to wake up a bit during this period . I started to read newspapers and magazines more , and , for just about the first time in my life , I began to take an interest in current affairs . This new hobby developed during an interesting period for the British press . The majority of the newspapers had become woefully compromised in their support for the government and good investigative journalism was one of the casualties . Er , no , I ca n't think of any reason . Hang on , I 'll need another termination form . She pulled out a file from a drawer in her desk , took out a fresh form and began to fill it in . When she had finished , she passed it over so that I could sign it . I read it through , then crossed out where she had written Miss at the top and wrote Dr instead . The house was sold very quickly and the new owner immediately gave us all notice to quit . Many of the residents moved out shortly after Mrs Hill announced her intention to sell , and in fact there were only four of us left when the new landlord took possession . Another two moved on shortly afterwards and it was then that the intimidation began . In cases of harassment , the law seems to be very much on the side of the landlord . Even if you do manage to prove that he has been harassing you , there does n't appear to be much general acceptance of the fact that intimidating someone in this way might actually constitute a serious crime . Tune in to Join Roy Lancaster in the new series of Channel 4 's practical ideas show Garden Club , broadcast on Fridays at 9.30pm ( repeated on Mondays at 2pm ) . The series begins on August 23 Rudbeckia fulgida deamii is better known as black - eyed Susan Leucanthamella serotina has classic sunburst blooms Delicate creamy - yellow E P Bowles stays open just long enough to contrast beautifully with the pale mauve flowers and bright orange stamens of Crocus tommasinianus . Next is Prins Claus , in purple and white . By the time the beech hedge begins to grow and shade the border , the leaves will have refuelled their corms and died down. There is nothing more annoying than unintentionally digging up groups of bulbs when they are dormant . One way of avoiding this is to plant them , not in spaces towards the front of borders , but around the stems of trees and shrubs . Spathiphyllum wallisii , the peace lily , is a most elegant houseplant , with glossy green lance - shaped leaves and fragrant arum lily - like flowers of the purest white , turning to cream then to the palest green with age . Seasonal tips As the days get shorter and light levels start to fade , September is the time to begin the process of easing your houseplants into their winter rest period . Over the next six weeks or so , gradually reduce feeding to the recommended winter rate , and water less frequently , according to each plant 's needs . A common mistake is to try to use lift on the way back instead of gliding on through it at a sensible speed . This nearly always results in drifting further back without much gain of height and ending up in a worse situation than before . If it begins to look doubtful that the site can be reached and the glider is down to 1,000 feet , it is time to select the best possible field within easy reach and to make a safe landing in it . If you glide back any lower , the choice of landing area becomes very limited , until finally there is no choice at all . Be decisive . Snaking Glider trailers can be stable or unstable , depending on the car and the trailer combination . If a trailer begins to snake , the swinging often develops so quickly that within seconds there is no way of stopping it and avoiding going right off the road . Even a fairly stable trailer will start to swing if it overtakes or is overtaken by a large truck . The pressure wave from an overtaking truck strikes the rear of the trailer first , setting up a swing . Accidental stalls seldom happen when the glider is being flown straight , and most result in one wing stalling before the other , causing a wing - drop . Incipient spins Any time that a wing begins to drop at a stall it is the beginning of a possible spin , but the spin can only develop if the wing is kept stalled and the glider is allowed to continue to yaw . In the UK there has been much discussion about teaching stall recoveries with a view to making it all easier for the beginner to understand and remember . It has been suggested that incipient is an unfamiliar word , that associating the stall with a spin might get the student worried , and that to simplify things we should only talk about stalls and spins . Unless this is quickly controlled , in a few seconds the glider can be far too high above the towplane . The effect is accentuated if the c.g . is near the aft limit and , in some cases , it is doubtful whether there is sufficient elevator authority to stop the pitching once it has gone beyond the early stages . The only safeguard is to maintain the correct position carefully and to release at once if the glider is beginning to get too high in relation to the towplane . A number of accidents and incidents have occurred with gliders such as the Olympia 463 , K6 and K18 , flown by relatively inexperienced pilots . These machines have lower stick forces than most training two - seaters and are not generally fitted with a nose hook for aerotowing . So , to be safe it would be wise to use it at any time flying above 10,000 feet . There is a very real risk that even at 15,000 feet the pilot may become unconscious , or at least incapable , from the combination of cold and lack of oxygen . If the flight gets really exciting , there is also the possibility the pilot will become so frightened that he will begin to hyperventilate , and this can bring on hypoxia and unconsciousness very quickly . Landing In ideal weather conditions a field landing should present no difficulties and even in poor visibility , with a known wind direction , the risks are acceptable . Then it is necessary to give up much higher . Checking the compass As you gain experience and begin to think about a first cross - country , local soaring provides a golden opportunity to check the compass for large errors and to get some practice at turning on to definite headings . You will find that the normal aircraft compass is quite useless unless you are flying straight and at a steady speed . Experiment with the various compass errors . Your doctor will tell you if this is necessary . Planning ahead . After the birth , intercourse can begin again as soon as you feel ready and so long as you do n't feel any discomfort . Although your chances of becoming pregnant again may be lessened if you are breast feeding your baby , this is not a reliable method of birth control . So talk to your doctor , midwife or health visitor , or your family planning clinic , about contraception . They are sometimes greyish in colour , sometimes a dull red or brown . The female head louse lays shiny yellow eggs and glues them one by one to individual hairs , close to the scalp . These eggs , or nits , hatch out , start feeding and soon begin to lay more eggs . As the hair grows , the eggs are carried further away from the scalp and become white or grey in colour , because they have hatched out . Can anyone catch head lice ? It is important to agree on , and understand the limit of the works that are being done before work starts . The Environmental Health Officer will however carry out a Financial Test of resources to determine how much , if anything , you are expected to pay towards the reasonable costs . He/she will tell you how much this is at the beginning so you know at the start how much you have to pay . You will then need to gather together the necessary things to make an application . How do I raise the money I am to pay ? If the philosophical discontinuity Foucault describes is truly occurring , then an inside or reflexive exploration of police practice should reveal the strength of these divisive classificatory techniques , for any binary separation of man by his contemporaries into the non - human categories suggested by Leach ( 1982 ) is the very stuff of anthropology . And if such a classificatory system is a major feature of the way the police control their fellow citizens , then it seems essential it should be identified , assessed , and described . Foucault ( 1980 ) , like Thompson ( 1980 ) , asserts that the criminal justice system is increasingly becoming an arm of the state apparatus , with the institution of policing beginning to wield expanding socio - political power . In a liberal democracy this needs to be scrutinized constantly , and herein lies the first problem for the researcher . For how can one really study a system of state control without acknowledging that such an activity itself is antithetical to the direction of power ? It is really one of the foundations of any executive power group that it maintains secrecy about its activities and avoids the possibility for its antagonists to subsume that power . As Arendt ( 1958 ) indicated , the more public a group , the less power it is likely to have . Real power , she clearly demonstrates , begins where secrecy exists . It should come as no surprise , therefore , to find that detailed ethnography of police social practice is antithetical to the philosophies of control by which they operate . Yet in a liberal democracy , such a declaration cannot easily be made ; indeed the opposite must be proclaimed . Sarsby , ( 1984 : 1301 ) echoing Cheater , points out that anthropologists have tended to study people whose values and life - styles are different , even in their own society seeking the unfamiliar at home as well as abroad . An assumption remains inherent in the literature that anthropology is academically based , funded by some research organization , presented in seminar , taught to students , and then written up and published . It exists largely as a product of the institutions of higher education ( Sarsby 1984 : 132 ) and has only recently begun to surface in policy and practice . As Okely ( 1987 : 67 ) observes , the urge to create publications is not always as crucial to others as it is to the academic . Indeed for those insiders living in Cheater 's metaphorical front room such as in the police the need to obscure and seek a degree of anonymity from the analytic gaze can be described as a major principle in the preservation of power , ranking highly in the structures of significance . It is here that an anthropological observing participation comes into its own , for in living with the semantics of the system the analyst has the potential to undertake a rarely used method of social research . This contains the experience and depth of the insider 's knowledge , which Holdaway ( 1979 ) recognizes is unlikely to become readily available , simply because there is a lack of impetus within contemporary sociology to spend lengthy periods of observation in what may be uncomfortable research situations with the police . And here the problem really begins , for the ethnographer must explore beyond the public presentation of self , to seek the underlying discourses of police reality . Inevitably this takes the researcher beyond the press release , the statistical return , or the folk explanation and into an interpretive framework , perhaps to seek how these presentations are used ( often unconsciously ) as part of a well - constructed formula to replicate positions of power and support the ideology and practices of the institution . Immediately the police officer/anthropologist sets out to undertake research or record fieldnotes he is forced to confront a moral dilemma . They get far more than they bargain for . ( Grillo 1980 : 3 ) In effect , the insider who reveals the structural formations of a system of power inverts that power and the revelation creates a situation where elements of anti - structure ( Turner 1969 , 1974 ) now present a version of how things might be constituted ; and what has been seen as solid reality begins to be identified as only one social possibility . In this observing participation , the thick description which Geertz ( 1975 ) argued for comes hurtling at the ethnographer , so that the classic use of an anthropological informant is hardly necessary . Rather it will be a case of the researcher finding a means of recording and sorting the mass of detail which continuously bombards him and presents him with the lateral possibilities which make the discipline potentially dangerous . Silence continues to sustain the hegemony , and social change only occurs when irresistible and more powerful forces are brought to bear from outside ( see Adams 1988 ) . Furthermore , such pressures are limited , thus creating a situation where there has been hardly any research on the police compared with the large output of critical scholarship on industry , commerce , the civil service , the health service and education what little direct research there has been on the police has scarcely begun to ask such fundamental questions as what is the police force and what is it doing . This point ( Wojtas 1982 ) occurs in a description of a new research centre for Police Studies at Strathclyde University , which is to ask whether anyone is doing research on the police , what degree of co - operation they have met and to encourage research by the police themselves . Once again , however , defensiveness won the day and when the Strathclyde Centre circulated forces asking them to co - operate in the venture , a decision was taken to withhold co - operation and a circular went round to this effect , suggesting the existing Home Office funded PRSU ( Police Research Services Unit ) and the Home Office Research and Planning Unit were adequate for the needs of the service . I acted as unofficial welfare officer for others and spent untold hours merely listening as the unworldly struggled to achieve the alternative vision of a new heaven on earth . Our sixty - four arrests included a few for the traditional crimes of burglary ( but now at chemist 's shops ) , forgery ( but of NHS prescriptions , not bank notes ) , as well as the new offences of unlawful possession of amphetamine or LSD . Court cases and the resulting media responses given to these new drug fiends ( to use the phrase coined by Stanley Cohen ( 1973 ) ) verged almost on the hysterical ( see Young 1977 ) , and moral entrepreneurs began to press for more controls and increased action . Questions were raised in the House of Commons about a group of local hippies arrested early in 1967 , and local MPs vied with each other to be in the vanguard of efforts to control the army of secret drug takers in the area ( who need to be ) brought back from the brink of madness ( Newcastle Evening Chronicle : 27 February 1967 ) . Much of this fervour , as Furlong suggests ( 1973 ) , occurred because of social confusion about this new activity . Such material clearly illustrates the new modes of thought we were developing . Our new semantic understanding was therefore linked to the changing epiphenomena of dress , hair , clothing , and the other symbols of the body I have mentioned ; but it was also manifest in an irrepressible need to reinterpret and question the social condition , for I had journeyed beyond the norms of the police system , where action to control is preferably a simple matter of enforcing the rules and regulations as they stand . Yet this move into anti - structure was merely beginning . The unconventional , questioning form I had begun to pursue was rewarded by an invitation in 1972 to attend United Nations European Social Affairs Division in Geneva . Experts from a variety of European agencies were brought together to discuss and report on the various cross - cultural attitudes to drug - taking among young people . Our new semantic understanding was therefore linked to the changing epiphenomena of dress , hair , clothing , and the other symbols of the body I have mentioned ; but it was also manifest in an irrepressible need to reinterpret and question the social condition , for I had journeyed beyond the norms of the police system , where action to control is preferably a simple matter of enforcing the rules and regulations as they stand . Yet this move into anti - structure was merely beginning . The unconventional , questioning form I had begun to pursue was rewarded by an invitation in 1972 to attend United Nations European Social Affairs Division in Geneva . Experts from a variety of European agencies were brought together to discuss and report on the various cross - cultural attitudes to drug - taking among young people . In this setting the qualitative was constantly under evaluation at the expense of the quantitative measure , for the wise amongst us who were present knew that the statistical return often gives a skewed version of complex social events , although it speaks volumes about the way our systems of control are generated and maintained . No words , just the blissful caress of cool cotton sheets as they slid into bed , Jay 's body glowing with desire . And Lucy 's silky warm skin all along her , arms wrapped round each other , so close that nothing could come between . So close that Jay did n't know where she ended and Lucy began . She cupped her hands round Lucy 's sweet fine chin and drew her lips against her own , tongue trembling into the wet hotness of Lucy 's mouth , exploring behind her lips , Lucy 's tongue tentative then sure . She lay safe , held warm , and Jay drew adoring fingertips along her throat , learning her ear lobes by heart , Lucy 's breast was so soft and smooth , Jay dipped her head and sucked her nipple , in ecstasy , in prayer , fingers tracing mystery . When she was ten ? Eleven ? Her mother 's moodswings began to terrify her , and she would slow to a careful frozen walk as she turned into their street . If there was a car outside the house , she relaxed and speeded up : a car meant visitors and her mother charming , not mad and spiteful . She was a teenager in the sixties . Explicit ? she mocked herself , yeah and why ever not ? But a remnant of caution urged that she tone it down , after all , Lucy She began . I first met you Four pages later she lit a cigarette . She is a unicorn , thought Jay , contriving ways to have their paths cross . A hermit crab sticks sand and weed on its shell , and all Jay 's glitz was camouflage . She began to shed the brilliant borrowed chameleon plumage , she wanted to let Lucy in . She started on her flesh . Jay was a solid woman , dressed in dark loose comfortable clothes that hid a multitude of sins . Whether because they had ceased to be pleased about her birthday or simply because they were tired , she did not know . Her sixteenth birthday they had set the dining room table her family usually ate in the kitchen and her mother had imposed a reign of terror in her preparations . They had meant it to be special , but at the time , it had been dreadful , and when they began to sing Happy Birthday , Jay had burst into tears and run out of the room . Happy ? The house was a terrifying tomb . Well , said Dionne , extracting a half - bottle of brandy from her handbag . I take it it 's too late to be sober or sleep ? Good . Then I 'll begin . Dionne arranged herself along the couch . Jay poured brandy and sprawled on the floor . GO ! More froth . Perrier too , esses beginning to go . When I fell in love with you , I say , feeling lyrical I do n't think you are in love with me , you cut in , fixing me with your eyes . Anything for the mother of his son ! All this came from Lucy in a rush , as if she was giving the background to someone else 's story . Don't stop there , said Jay , pouring wine and beginning to understand why Jeremy was so precious , to be redeemed from his traumas and late - night binges even at the age of twenty - five . Well , I decided I wanted a divorce . And I wanted my son . A straight punch into the face disguises your intent Timing Practise timing , always aiming to deliver your response just as your opponent is beginning his : this is a sure way to turn a half - point score into a full point . The earlier you intercept your opponent 's technique , the less power it will have developed , leaving a greater leeway open to you . Alternatively , wait until the opponent 's technique has missed and is being withdrawn . It is useful to know which is the likely response to your committed attack and that is one way of finding out . We will explore this further in the chapter dealing with tactics . Deliver your attack even as the opponent begins his BLOCKS AND DEFLECTIONS In the last chapter I outlined certain similarities between karate competition and boxing . Blocking Kicks Of all the kicks used in competition the high roundhouse kick is perhaps the easiest to see , though there are ways of disguising this . If your opponent attempts a roundhouse kick to one side of your head , thrust forwards off your rear foot as soon as his foot lifts and the hips begin to rotate . Then turn your hips behind a long reverse punch to hit the opponent square in the chest , just as his knee is rising to its full height . The effect of this is generally to knock the opponent over and earn you a full point . However , all the time your shoulder leads , your centre - line is not facing the opponent , so you are vulnerable to a strong counter - attack . Lean in behind the strike in order to get the maximum range , and raise your other hand as a guard . Unfortunately , the cocking action that begins a back fist movement presents an unmistakable cue to the opponent . The punching elbow must be flexed before it can be extended fully , and any attempt to strike with a semi - extended arm is sure to fail because of the obvious weakness of the technique . The question is , how do you disguise the elbow flexion ? Kicks are harder to score with than punches and in recognition of this , a greater latitude in judgement is applied by the refereeing panel . Scoring head kicks , in particular , are likely to merit a full point , even when they are slightly deficient in skill , range , power , control , etc. Before beginning a detailed discussion of kicks , however , I would like to make two important points . The first is , never kick when you are within punching range . A punch travels faster than a kick and you may be stop - punched by an alert opponent . It follows that if you can deliver an effective and continuous attack , your chances of scoring are higher than when you throw a single technique . When putting a combination together , take account of the distance you are from the opponent and whether this will alter as the combination progresses . Thus , if you begin with a kick and land in a forward position , a second kick will be inadvisable unless the opponent has maintained a constant distance from you . Similarly , if you advance with a rapid sequence of punches , there is little point in throwing a kick unless the opponent has back - pedalled faster than you have advanced . You may find that distance closes quickly during a combination sequence and you and your opponent end up facing each other within reverse punch range . Chronic knee injury can be managed by means of leg extension exercises on a multigym . This builds up the muscles which locate the knee joint , helping to stop it moving above and grinding up bits of cartilage . If your training routine has played up a chronic injury , then apply a light pressure bandage to the knee before beginning the day 's competition . Bandage the knee in a slightly flexed position and allow plenty of turns , especially below the kneecap . If the joint begins to give trouble late in the day and you have a chance of a placing , then consider reapplying the bandage , only this time slightly tighter . They knew their business , more or less . They knew the owners , the well - to - do , the grandees back from Jamaica and Bengal who sat here now behind tall walls and drew their rents . Down beyond the fork where the Taly joined the Tummel another world began the world of government . The axis that joined Edinburgh to London that was the lightning - rod of power . Sir John Menzies was part of that , by his marriage to Atholl 's daughter , and Atholl dined and intrigued with the Lord Advocate when he went to Edinburgh for the season . Faces turned as he came out and sleepy people started to get up from the low walls and boulders it the side of the road . James nodded to him as though for confirmation and then said loudly , Let us go to the Castle He became aware that the further reaches of the crowd were out of hearing and shouted at the top of his voice , Let us go along to the Castle and let us see what John Menzies will do about the Act ! Scattered cheers answered him , big Mary gave a Heeuggh ! like a dancer , and the whole throng began to move along the road westwards , past the dark silent faade of the inn , the equally silent church and manse , towards the gates of Castle Menzies . Sir John Menzies had a recurrent dream , especially on the nights when his young wife would not have him in the bed beside her , or he had been drinking late , and he slept in the side bedroom , which was tall and narrow with two pistols perched on nails in the wall . He dreamed , each time , of his plantation in Jamaica banana palms leafed like green fountains , bright orange papaws clustered at the top of their naked stems , a noise of surf quickened the air with its rustling freshness . This is a castle , not a cottage , we could sit here in safety for a year . Glass cracked and splintered in the passage through to the kitchens . A maid jumped and began to scream shrilly on the same note as her mistress . Robert he turned on his factor you should have made it plain Nothing is plain out there , I tell you . It is like hanging day in the Grassmarket . Have we leave to write down what you are all agreed upon ? he shouted in his loudest voice . Can we do that ? There was a roar of assent and the gathering began to stir and kindle into easier feelings neighbours muttered to each other and laughter came from the Grandtully part of the crowd . Cameron was speaking to the people nearest him , gathering suggestions , prompting , trying to draw in James Menzies , who looked sullen after his poor showing . Finally Cameron turned back to the table and said , We have agreed on a text . He put his foot between the two bottom rungs of the ladder and then caught at the upright to save himself from staggering . Carefully he tried again but Cameron took his arm and told him not to hurry unduly , the joists had only been pinned in place and they were still waiting for the long nails from Grandtully . Work slowed to a halt until Donald Steuart clattered up on his cart and began to lift down hefty canvas bags from the tailboard . Sorry , Angus , he was saying , my lad from Ballinluig never turned up , I had to get my father to blow the bellows ouch ! some of them are still hot that bag has charred , spread them out to cool , or keep them for tomorrow . Unless you want to burn down Flemyng 's mill before it is up. But och , who would want to live here , out of it all , and with a weary hill to climb Young folk with a bit of spirit . He turned , beginning to see her meaning . She took him by the hands and said eagerly , Don we could live here it is right for us would you like that , Don ? What ? And I would not have made the war in the first place . Feet sounded on the slope above the field and Donald came into sight , Jean close behind him , her face fiery . Donald grabbed the rake from his mother and began to ply it hard , bouncing its teeth on the parched ground under the stalks . Mary said hullo to Jean and then gave her son a shrewd look . Feeling out of place , Cameron laid his rope on the ground , bundled a mass of hay onto it , and began to make a slip - knot round it . Donald grabbed the rake from his mother and began to ply it hard , bouncing its teeth on the parched ground under the stalks . Mary said hullo to Jean and then gave her son a shrewd look . Feeling out of place , Cameron laid his rope on the ground , bundled a mass of hay onto it , and began to make a slip - knot round it . Dry herb smells filled his nostrils . Now the whole family was here , he must broach the scheme and work out the details of at least one refuge . Tension choked them : they could feel it rising up their throats , threatening to swamp their brains . They wanted to pass it off through words none would come . Outside , shapes began to materialize heads , implements they wanted to recognize friends but they could see nothing but shawls , cloaks , silhouettes . The muzzle of a gun poked up would they be caught in crossfire ? The tines of a fork rattled to the glass of the little window , a face stared in just inches away , they recognized Donald McCulloch before he whisked backwards out of sight . He tried to visualize its brown wooden bottom he could not there must still have been at least one sheet there . Would he ever know which friends and fellows he had delivered over to the government in that one fatally careless moment ? Jamie began to let him out daily , down three flights of stairs to a yard where buckets of water stood beside a drain . He could sluice himself , shuddering , take off his clothes and scrub them on a stone kerb , then hang them one by one out of the window . They dried slowly . He knew that to face their defeat in Strath Tay ( he assumed defeat now ) would be too wounding , too dispiriting : it would bring him near despair . If he was still himself , he should be able to face it . It began to be a test the test of whether he could still live with himself once the months ( but probably it would be years ) of imprisonment were over . Why had they failed ? He found that his feet had cramped in a clench of anguish . The New York stock - market had collapsed but five years previously , ushering in a period of need and anguish not only across America and Canada ( New York is but 400 miles from Montreal ) , but throughout Europe , too . In Canada it came to be known as The 10 Lost Years , which were devastating for those on the prairies and very difficult for those in the cities . To the scourge of this Depression dark voices were being added , and the shadows of armed conflict were beginning to impinge a most unwelcome , even unbelievable thought to those who had , within the last 20 years , already risked their lives for King and country in The War To End All Wars . Nathan Cohen was one of them , and he had just cause to fear the upturn of the events , as did his younger brother , Horace . ( A third brother , Lawrence , was too young to enlist ) . In an interview with Mark Paytress in 1988 Leonard stated that by the age of six he was already acquainted with rudimentary Judaism and recalled being deeply touched by the stirring language and imagery of the Bible - in English and Hebrew . Each day after school he would wend his way to the synagogue for instruction in the sacred scriptures , the stories and history of his people , which reached its climax in 1946 , when Leonard was made A son of the law. All hell rules over the man who is angry , says the Talmud , and by September 1939 , when Leonard was beginning to come to terms with the thresholds of life 's reality , hell was ruling the world , or at least appeared to be . War had been declared , and the fate of Czechoslovakia , Austria and Poland was sealed , as it would be for several other countries . It would be six years before that anger would begin to subside , six years of unspeakable anguish for those of Hebrew persuasion , when unbelievable monstrosities would be inflicted on them , by the end of which half of the world 's Jewry had been murdered . All hell rules over the man who is angry , says the Talmud , and by September 1939 , when Leonard was beginning to come to terms with the thresholds of life 's reality , hell was ruling the world , or at least appeared to be . War had been declared , and the fate of Czechoslovakia , Austria and Poland was sealed , as it would be for several other countries . It would be six years before that anger would begin to subside , six years of unspeakable anguish for those of Hebrew persuasion , when unbelievable monstrosities would be inflicted on them , by the end of which half of the world 's Jewry had been murdered . This was carefully shielded from the growing boy , though horror of a personal , more penetrating sort was to obtrude itself soon enough on him. The genteel and pleasant routine of life which he understood , despite the lengthening shadow of his father 's illness , was convulsed in 1943 , when Nathan Cohen died , and the family was plunged into loss and grief . I 'm going to see you pass , to feel your thighs and begin weeping . Brought up , as Leonard was , to admire the Romantics and their charming , reliable , amiable world - view , their delight in nature , not least man 's own nature which had an organic relationship with the world by which sensibility and feeling frequently emphasised as a pleasure - principle , paved the way for his being catapulted into the surreal world of the Spanish writer . Not that we should over - emphasise Lorca 's surrealism . As Layton emphasised , theirs was the Jewish tradition of the Lehrer : the teacher/learner relationship . In amiable mood one day Leonard remarked of his friend , I taught him how to dress ; he taught me how to live forever . And so began this friendship of 35 years , between the older and the younger man ( Layton is 20 years senior to Leonard ) ; between the master and the apprentice . Whenever Layton had a promotional tour or appearance , a poetry reading or a workshop ( poetry - reading in Canada predated Ginsberg 's sensation with Howl that set in motion the beat - poetry style , despite Scobie arguing it as an influence on Leonard 's background ) , he would take Leonard along , acquaint him with the nuts and bolts of the business and get him to read some of his own poetry . And they had such fun together ! Nightmares and night - time anxiety , are a regular feature of Leonard 's work , though he did remark to us , I do n't think that I was scarred by anything . For someone whose life has been lived in search of the word , who perceived that a scar is what happens when the word is made flesh , who owned that his education began on hearing of the Holocaust , it is not a convincing comment . It may well be that his nocturnal anxieties began on hearing the nightly ministrations by which his father was nursed to a young boy , eerie and mysterious , doubtless at times frenetic ; no doubt they were exacerbated after his death , as sorrow and loss impinged . Night itself occurs several times in his early books of poetry , as it was bound to do , and its references are of an intimidating sort : the night never ending ( in Letter ) , and the clinic of your thighs against the night ( in Let Us Compare Mythologies ; the latter intimating that other experience of the night which such high thinkers as Bertrand Russell found laden with sexual feelings ) . In The Spice - Box Of Earth he has a particularly pointed reference to it : Night , my old night Having registered , he set about ordering his life as he saw it developing , by giving himself over to the muse , by associating with those whose lives found proper space for literary reflection and endeavour , by getting close to that bohemian existence which he loved and from which all modern art seemed to spring . Most of all , by writing poetry and seeking to enhance his skills at it . The Quiet Revolution which was beginning to take place in Canada was now seizing Leonard himself ; he would be a poet - writer , and be would find a place for his music alongside it . And there was much encouragement around him to do so . Layton 's ebullience was on a par with Ezra Pound 's showmanship , and Leonard now found himself not so very far from where the great revolutionary poet ( of Imagism , Vortism etc. ) was actually incarcerated . Like any form of art , music has an intrinsic ability to revitalise itself ; but when this is stimulated by external factors , for example , those that become operative in the wake of the industrial revolution , the Darwinian ferment and the resurgence of nationalism in the 19th century , not least a species of war - mongering , then wholly new genres may emerge . Such had happened in Scotland and Ireland in its employment of folk - themes for late 19th century classical music . And in England in the shape of Cecil Sharp and company it too began to assert its own folk - music ( over Continental , largely Teutonic forms ) in the opening decades of the present century . Many of these had found their way across America and Canada with the early settlers , along with psalm versions and hymnody . The wave of interest in the rediscovery of Celtic music is particularly important , and not merely because of the Celtic - Scottish influence on Leonard 's family ( an aspect that the Montreal Gazette highlighted regarding Lyon Cohen 's Gaelic accent recently ) and American eclecticism often little more than a slavish following of European forms which found itself in the development of pop music , notably of ragtime around 1900 and jazz around 1918 . and they only stopped in the morning , after he had died and I had begun to shout . ( Rites , Let Us Compare Mythologies , pp22 ) He could scarcely help himself in choosing this physical format . Leonard was but 21 when it was first published , though the poems were culled from his output from 15 to 20 years of age , according to an interview he gave to Andrew Tyler of Disc in 1972 . It was not , however , the luxuriance of his style or language which his former mentor , Louis Dudek , focused on in 1958 , but the total negation , the high condition . Professor Dudek , who had begun to express criticism rather than encouragement for the young poet , went on to speak of an intellectual disorder ( not only in politics , but in morality and religion ) which leads to a primitive mythological effort to organise chaos ( it ) proceeds from a state of mind fundamentally disturbed , and bordering on the deeply neurotic or worse . Mythological or not , it has to be emphasised that he was speaking here of a group of poets Ellenborgen , Hine , Mandel , Purdy , Macpherson , Layton and Cohen not just Leonard himself . But he clearly places Leonard within this group which , he held , grasps at a confusion of symbolic images , often a ragbag of classical mythology , in the effort to organise a chaos too large for them to deal with in the light of reason , which in turn causes them to express a sardonic bitterness in their social criticism , a realism without any utopian idealism to support it . ( The reference to one escaping with Bach and the folk - singers is to himself . ) It haunted , it tyrannised their lives , not least his own . As he said ( through the journal of his grandfather ) I will never be free from this old tyranny : I believe with a perfect faith ( which is how the statement of faith called the 13 creeds begins ) . But we should also note ( as the critics largely did not ) the positive values he inculcates in such reflections , with which he concludes his piece : Must we find all work prosaic ? It is typical of him to assert , as Judaism does roundly , that all work is honourable ; and deny that the reliance on special work and destiny ( God 's work ) elevates a man per se . Julia shook her head . I really do have to be going now , she said . She began to dress . I could walk along the beach with you . I 'll put on my shorts if you like . Within days my summary was in demand throughout the Department . I wrote a similar piece entitled The Grievance Procedure , Step by Step which also went down well . I read more widely and , as news of my expertise spread , people began to seek me out for a ruling on a specific industrial relations issue or for an historical precedent . It was all at my fingertips and I was only too pleased to be of some assistance , from whatever quarter the request came . I was straight with all of them , mind you , made it quite clear I had no axe to grind . She had , after all , done her homework as thoroughly if anything more thoroughly than she would have in order to realise either of those goals . Her preparations had taken six weeks . Before she began them she prepared a timetable . ft read : Week One : Join health club . The phone was ringing . It was a man , a new one called Oliver . He began to tell her about himself . I 'm just over six foot , dark - haired , with a beard , medium build , he said . What do you look like ? Now , Trevor , Derek Carlisle confronted his colleague , we know that the President of the World faced a demand for higher salaries from our research workers ; that unless he came up with some incentive we would lose the best of those workers ; and that the increased contribution towards marioc manufacture would compete directly for Exchequer funds . But why the need for the increase in the marioc subsidy in the first place ? A small , fair woman came into the lounge , picked up an embroidery frame from the table , turned a chair away from the television , sat on the chair and began to sew . Put simply , Derek , Trevor replied , the production costs of marioc have risen in excess of the price the Martians can afford . The Uridian economy depends on income from marioc sales and the Martian economy would collapse without regular supplies of the drug . We are now going live to Luctia , said Derek Carlisle . A vast auditorium appeared on the screen ; every seat was filled ; at the far end was a platform . where the formal press conference to mark the end of the Council of the Galaxy is about to begin . The picture changed to a close - up shot of the platform . The table on it held a thicket of microphones , a glass and a jug of water . Bit of crisis on Mars , is n't there ? asked Michael . Now the Uridians ca n't afford to produce enough marioc for the government there to keep the Furus sweet . Next day , behind the summerhouse , the dark man began to colour in his picture he used two colours only , yellow and blue . The picture was of a terraced garden . There were steps from one terrace to another but Susan could not yet see where they would lead in the end . Sara stood in the road and inhaled warm , clean country air in which she could distinguish the smell of the sea from a hint of the gorse on the hills . She set off , passing a field of cows on her left , until she reached a gate to a grassy track . Walks across the moors she thought , beginning to plan her activities for the week . For now she stuck to the road which took her to the right , towards the sea . She walked almost to the edge of the cliff , where the road made a sharp left . One of the rules of the house . Nonsense , Veronica replied , we can give the place a good airing before we go . Sara began to look for a cup . In that case I 'll have one too , Nick took a pack of Silk Cut from his pocket . Sara found a dirty mug on the draining board and washed it . Time to stop and turn back , said the boat owner . She carried her haul up the hill to the cottage where she found the kitchen empty once again , although she could hear people talking in the living room . She tipped the fish into the sink and began to clean them . She planned to grill them until their skins were brown and crackly . She would eat hers with mustard , a green salad and French bread . Luke did n't say anything . But Roger , coming into the kitchen as Godfrey left , said , Might get it out of your system . He picked up a corkscrew and began to open a bottle of wine . You know , you were quite different when you were with Godfrey . Caroline arrived . I love your boots , Simon said . Maggie 's brooch , her dress , her cloche , came in for similar praise . She began to ask Simon her usual questions and found that he drove a Merc , preferred cacti to ferns and voted Labour but only because there was no alternative . Purcell , Vivaldi and Telemann were among his favourite classical composers . William Morris prints , pre - Raphaelite paintings and Romantic poets left him cold , although Keats , especially in The Eve of St Agnes , had some good moments . The dog played with it , as dogs will , nose to the ground between his paws , retreating to full height with a sharp bark , rolling the toad over to expose its horrible pale underside . For other prey , a rat for instance , death would be next . But the dog , toad between teeth , jaws primed to gnash , began to foam , in spurts , like a washing machine , and dropped the beast on its uneven back leaving me to confront the hideous creature putting itself to rights . The dog is long since gone , though not , so far as I know , as a result of its encounter with the toad . My ex is now my ex . He described three levels of representation in the process of vision and three levels of explanation . 5 . Perhaps the best place to begin reading Piaget in the original is Piaget and Inhelder , The Psychology of the Child . Piaget 's The Child 's Construction of Reality ( 1955 ) is probably the best source of the constructivist thesis . Boden has written an excellent shod introduction to the theory . In earlier work , he and others had established that the cortical - evoked potential , and also direct cortical stimulation , had to persist for several hundred milliseconds before subjects reported feeling anything . Then in the 1979 paper he found that subjects placed the time of occurrence of this sensation only a few milliseconds after the peripheral stimulus which evoked it . So although the ERP had to persist for several hundred milliseconds before the subject felt anything , they nevertheless reported that the sensation had occurred at the moment when the ERP was beginning . Libet concluded from this that the subjective experience was occurring before the neural events which bought it about . This apparently backward causality , if true , would cause problems for identity theories of mind and has been used by dualists like John Eccles to support their position , with the backward step in time made by a non - physical mind . This apparently backward causality , if true , would cause problems for identity theories of mind and has been used by dualists like John Eccles to support their position , with the backward step in time made by a non - physical mind . Libet 's second set of experiments , described in 1985 , is even more striking . About a second before a subject moves a part of his body , a slow negative shift in the electrical potential generated by the brain begins . This effect , which is strongest over the frontal lobes , was first observed in 1964 by Grey Walter , who called it the Contingent Negative Variation . More recently , and perhaps begging the question of its mental significance , it has come to be known as the Readiness Potential ( RP ) . At the same time , Libet set up a procedure for allowing subjects to report the time at which they first experienced the conscious intention to act . This was done by asking them to report the position of a dot moving round an oscilloscope screen at the moment of the experience . Knowing the time the dot was in any particular position , Libet was able to calculate that on average the experience of the conscious intention to act was reported as beginning about 200 msec before the movement began . Subtracting these 200 msec from the 550 msec by which the RP preceded the movement , Libet concluded that the neural activity associated with an apparently voluntary act began some 350 msec before the first moment at which the subject was aware of his intention to act . So , he argued , the cerebral initiation of a spontaneous voluntary act begins unconsciously ( Libet , 1985 ) . This was done by asking them to report the position of a dot moving round an oscilloscope screen at the moment of the experience . Knowing the time the dot was in any particular position , Libet was able to calculate that on average the experience of the conscious intention to act was reported as beginning about 200 msec before the movement began . Subtracting these 200 msec from the 550 msec by which the RP preceded the movement , Libet concluded that the neural activity associated with an apparently voluntary act began some 350 msec before the first moment at which the subject was aware of his intention to act . So , he argued , the cerebral initiation of a spontaneous voluntary act begins unconsciously ( Libet , 1985 ) . If accepted , this somewhat paradoxical suggestion leaves the problem of finding a role for consciousness in voluntary acts . Particularly if you 're not feeling confident . I 'm curious People climb mountains because they 're there . They make parachute drops to see what it 's like . Why not drugs ? Because if you want comfort and safety you keep well away from art ? From real art ? You only turn to it as people climb mountains and cross deserts to find out what you are made of by doing what you hardly dare to do . But is that an answer ? And what kind of answer is it ? By the time the boat reached the island Sven Hjerson had still not succeeded in shaking off the ample , daisy - sprinkled form of Arabella Buckley . From the yet more gloomy expression on his normally lugubrious face it was evident that he had resigned himself to her companionship at least as far as his hotel perched up far above the sea . So it was without surprise that he found himself sharing with her one of the tinny , open - sided cars of the creaky old funicular that saved tourists the toil of climbing the seven hundred and more steep stone steps up from the Marina Grande . As soon as the linked train of little open cars began its steeply angled ascent she clutched the Finnish detective by the arm . Mr Hjerson she gasped . Liz had written me off . Oh well ! I climbed the stairs to Charles 's office . There seemed to be people about , but I was n't sure . I knocked on his door . Ciao . G'night . I went over to the bed , climbed on top of it , put my head on the pillow and fell asleep . I slept fitfully but well enough , disturbed only by the comings and goings of my companions . As promised , one of the project workers gave me an early shake and I had time enough for a coffee before I needed to set off to meet Jenny . Prune weeping standard roses by cutting back stems which flowered this year . Tie in the new shoots on climbing roses , bending them over horizontally to encourage flowering side shoots . Prepare the ground now for planting hardy evergreen shrubs . Control mildew with fungicide and regular and regular watering Tie in new shoots of climbing roses horizontally Feed dahlias fortnightly to build up strong tubers Leaf miner grubs are usually found at the end of their meandering tunnels in leaves and can be squeezed between your thumbnails . Crushing batches of eggs on stems or leaves is quicker and more efficient than spraying . Small numbers of aphids and other soft - bodied insects can be quickly rubbed off plants , while a forcible spray from a hose - pipe will disperse larger colonies , few of the insects surviving to climb back up the plant . Spraying with water is particularly effective for discouraging red spider mite , which flourishes in dry conditions . This can also be treated biologically in a greenhouse by deliberately introducing a predator mite , Phytoseiulus persimilis , which feeds on red spider mite . It is also important to be aware of the wind direction and the amount of drift , and to avoid drifting down wind whenever possible . Beginners often continue to struggle with weak lift without realising that they are , in fact , losing height and drifting further away . If the variometer is fluctuating and reading up on one side of the circle and down a little on the other , the probability is that the glider is not climbing at all but is just drifting further down wind . If the glider is down wind of the site , the decision to return must be taken before the glider gets to less than an angle of about 20 to the field in light winds , and 3040 in windy weather . Allowance must always be made for wind strength and the possibility of strong sink , since it can never be known beforehand whether there will be lift or sink on the way back . Thus the pilots who are flying several different types of glider , or a glider which is unfamiliar to them , must ask themselves before each flight , Do I need the stick forward to lift the tail , or back a little to lift the nose ? With gliders which have a front wheel or main skid , a main wheel just behind the c.g . and a tail - wheel or skid like the K13 , Grob 103 , ASK21 , Puchazc , Schweitzer 233 and most of the older single seaters , it may be necessary to ease back a little during the take - off run to raise the front wheel or skid . A few seconds later as the aircraft gains more speed , it will need more forward movement to prevent it from unsticking with the tail - wheel or skid touching the ground , and climbing away too steeply . When the main wheel is ahead of the c.g . so that the glider is sitting tail - down , a forward movement is needed to raise the tail a little for take - off . The exact movements required will vary depending on the amount of acceleration . If the launch is too fast the pilot simply pulls up into a steeper climb . When the driver sees that the load is getting too high , he reduces the power slightly . If the speed is too low , the pilot reduces the climbing angle and the driver , seeing the reduction in load , applies more power . Similarly with the power - limiting device the pilot can control the speed once the optimum power for the type of glider has been set . Obviously , the pilot has to understand which system is being used . The optimum speed for a launch depends on both the type of glider and the wind strength . A minimum safe speed for most gliders is the minimum cruising speed , but this is only safe at height , where there is time for recovery if a stall occurs . In windy conditions , the glider will climb higher if the launching speeds are on the slow side , whereas on a calm day the best speed is closer to the limit shown on the placard . Special care is needed if the wings are wet when extra speed is necessary , because the stalling speed is raised . Often , on a small field the most critical situation will be a stop - go launch . If the glider stalls on the launch it will probably drop a wing and may spin . If the launch seems slow , check the speed every few seconds . Reducing the climbing angle slightly will help the driver to recognise the need for more speed . However , levelling out too much will cause a large amount of slack in the cable and a further loss of speed , often leaving the aircraft in a dangerously nose - high attitude with no pull from the cable to maintain the speed . With a slow launch the pilot must decide if the speed is sufficient to continue climbing . Reducing the climbing angle slightly will help the driver to recognise the need for more speed . However , levelling out too much will cause a large amount of slack in the cable and a further loss of speed , often leaving the aircraft in a dangerously nose - high attitude with no pull from the cable to maintain the speed . With a slow launch the pilot must decide if the speed is sufficient to continue climbing . If it is , he should hold the present attitude and stand by to lower the nose if the speed drops any further . If the launch is much too slow , the nose must be lowered and the launch abandoned immediately . With all the airspace restrictions in operation it is most important to keep track of your location so that the glider does not inadvertently stray into controlled airspace or other restricted areas . This is particularly true for early attempts at flying cross - country , where it is vital to use a priority system for concentrating on the important aspects of the flying . Flying above 1,500 or 2,000 feet on a reasonable day , you should concentrate mainly on climbing efficiently , selecting the next good clouds , and checking and confirming your position and progress on the map between thermals . Below 1,500 feet , the maps should be ignored and priority should be given to checking for suitable fields below while also searching for lift , re - checking on the local wind direction and moving towards a better area of fields if necessary . At about 1,000 feet you should put away the maps , select a good field and check it for slopes and surface etc. After a launch failure of any kind above two or three hundred feet , once the speed has been checked , it is best to turn off 90 or so in order to avoid going further from the field . In this position , the glider is on a base leg for any available field upwind and it is easy to look back and decide whether returning to the field is practical . On a normal tow , except for very low performance machines , the climbing angle of the towplane and glider is much steeper than the glider 's gliding angle when flying downwind . So , in theory , the glider should be within easy reach of the gliding site . However , in turbulent and windy conditions it is always better to play safe and land into wind in another field , rather than to make a downwind landing . It is possible that this has contributed to the risk of the glider zooming too high just after take off . In windy weather , the effects of the wind gradient near the ground accentuate any movement up or down of the towplane and glider . If the towplane gains speed by flying close to the ground , when it noses up to start climbing , the effect of the wind gradient accentuates the climb so that the glider may easily be left flying close to the ground , in or near the wake and below the tug . Then , when the glider pilot recognises he is far too low , any quick movement to regain position takes the glider up through the same wind gradient , causing a sudden surge of speed and producing an unexpected and possibly uncontrollable gain of height . At the same time , the extra load in the tow rope accentuates the nose - up pitching movement on the glider ( as in a winch launch ) . Pilots should also be briefed about the dangers of raising the undercarriage , closing the canopy window or fiddling with anything in the cockpit in case they are momentarily distracted or jerk the stick unintentionally during the initial climb out . From the start , the need to release immediately if for any reason they lose sight of the towplane must be impressed on the students . The tow pilot can help by allowing his aircraft to climb away , gaining speed rather than holding it down close to the ground . Gradual changes of attitude make it easier for the glider pilot to follow in position behind the tow plane . But it is the glider pilot who literally has the life of the tow pilot in his hands . Instructors should test every student before allowing them to go solo to make quite sure that they are not seriously affected by reduced g . This does not mean pitching violently to get weightlessness or negative g . The student can be asked to pitch nose - down gently from level flight and from diving and climbing attitudes . Most pilots who are sensitive find themselves incapable of doing this exercise and their reactions are obvious . In such instances they would need more training until an unexpected sensation does not cause a bad reaction . However , wave flying has its own problems which a pilot must understand and recognise if such flights are to be made safely . Similarly , if you are going to fly in a cloud , it is important to understand the possible hazards in order to avoid them . Cloud flying , particularly in shower clouds , can be quite a dangerous pastime and on many days it would be totally irresponsible to risk losing a club glider by attempting to climb a large cloud . Competence The first essentials for any cloud flying in large cumulus are that the glider must be properly equipped for serious flying , and the pilot must be competent and experienced enough at instrument flying to be able to regain control from any attitude without having to use the airbrakes . Getting lost It is impossible for any glider pilot to make a high cloud climb and to be sure of his position . For this reason it is not acceptable to make climbs where the glider could possibly drift into Controlled Airspace . Unless frequent pin points can be obtained during the descent , errors in position of 20 miles or more can easily occur , and this factor alone limits cloud flying to days on which large clouds are isolated so that there are clear areas between them . Icing In the past it was thought that the chance of having a glider struck by lightning in cloud was negligible . However , there is now ample evidence to show that this was an over - optimistic view . With gliders which climbed above 15,000 feet in cloud in the early 1960s , there was approximately one serious strike or electrical damage for every ten flights . In those days quite a number of Diamond heights were attempted in large shower clouds and cumulo nimbus , whereas very few are flown today because of the unacceptable risks involved . After an accident in which a pilot was killed by a strike , the remains of the aircraft showed the true potential power of nature . Let me show you something . We 'll have to stand . He rose , flung his arms wide , took a deep inhalation of sea air and climbed the few paces to the top of the dune where he would be visible to the clothed . Come and see , he said . She joined him. If you like to get on I 'll fetch my horse . Fay and Sara rode up a steep track . As they climbed higher the air became cooler and a light breeze rustled the gorse beside the track . Pepper lift ed his head , snorted and jogged . They reached the open moors . She filled the kettle and switched it on . She opened the door to the living room ; John was fast asleep . She climbed the stairs and peered into the room she had chosen for Rodney and herself . Nick was in one bed , Carla in the other. She tiptoed past them to the chest of drawers , took out a pair of shorts and a sweatshirt and slipped back downstairs to the kitchen . The first was because I was sure the wasps had returned . The second was when I had mistaken a stag beetle for a cockroach . Rats , I told him , but he opened the cover on the drain outside my back door and showed me the trap to stop rats climbing up. Did that mean they were lurking , massed behind the trap , below the surface , in angry , diseased hordes ? I did n't dare ask . Harriet is smoking again . She thinks , I wish she would n't . But the smoke is fragrant , it curls up into the perfume of jasmine or climbing roses somewhere behind by the cottage door . Which of the two ? Oh Lord , she has forgotten the country . I saw Margaret talking to Saniyya , the daughter of the woman who ran the bathhouse . I saw people springing up from the ground and letting down ropes out of the sky , boarding red buses , jabbering in English . Englishmen climbing the ancient village wall with their bowler hats and black umbrellas . Englishwomen , some pushing their pushchairs along the winding muddy roads , other older ones fanning their faces with trembling hands and still wearing their coloured woolly hats . The television blared , and then I noticed the electricity advertisements : an electric stove , an electric heater , an electric boiler . Tonight it 's the story of his uncle and as he stands around in the hall , he talks about his Uncle Rocco who was stationed in Ipswich . His uncle was fend of French fries and he tells the empty corridor for the hundredth time that they are called chips over there and they are eaten with vinegar . Normandy Beach , he repeats as he climbs the stairs . Normandy Beach . Normandy Beach . The leading vehicle is open brake second ( micro buffet ) No 9107 , one of eight converted from Mk2 BSOs during the 1980s . One of the troublesome Leyland Class 155 units No 155302 forms a Provincial sprinter service , the 15.10 PortsmouthCardiff in July 1988 . It is climbing the 1 in 75 of Ashley Hill Bank Bristol . There is still much evidence of the traditional railway environment in this view of Whitby on 18 August 1982 . A MetroCammel threecar dmu passes Bog Hill signalbox with semaphore signalling , redundant engine and goods sheds and a rather derelict goods yard ( with full coal staiths ) on leaving the station with the 09.15 WhitbyDarlington service . It was good fortune for BR to be able to pick up the 1938 survivors only retained into the 1980s to bail out the Northern Line from a vast increase in traffic . West Coast up to date . Willesdenbased Class 90 No 90006 ( new 9 September 1988 ) climbs Shap at Greenholme with the 14.30 EustonGlasgow service on 10 May 1989 . Later Intercity examples received Mainline livery . Doubleheaded Class 37s Nos 37501 Teeside Steelmaster and 37502 British Steel Teeside haul the 10.47 British Steel Lackenby to Corby coil train through Cargo Fleet , Middlesborough on 15 November 1988 . These two themes illustrate the conflict between life and death , love and hate , youth and age all three topics being an essential part of any Russian fairy tale . In addition to the two leitmotifs , Stravinsky used traditional songs and dances backed by a mysterious rhythmic sound which helps to heighten the tension . It can be said to be the wind rustling through the trees , when first heard as the Tsarevich climbs over the wall to find his Princess . It keeps the tension going until the Tsarevich breaks the egg and thus signifies the death of Kostchei . Whereupon the music solemnly changes to the traditional Easter hymn of rejoicing , At the Gate , as the Tsarevich and his Bride are crowned king and queen . A brilliant example of variations on a hornpipe theme is to be found in Cranko 's Pineapple Poll , which has very strong , even coarse elements when danced by the sailors before it is slightly refined by the gallant Captain Belaye . But when Poll , dressed in her sailor 's uniform , proceeds to dance ship - shape sur les pointes , with the Wives similarly equipped , it is easy to recognise the feminine touch that classical technique can give to their attempts at boat drill . Among the steps they perform are the traditional hauling up the anchor , paying out the rope , hoisting the flag , going on lookout after climbing the rigging and , of course , taking the salute a little haphazardly . Military style Today very little military demi - caractre style exists in Western ballet except in such American works as Balanchine 's Stars and Stripes , but it played a large part during the nineteenth century . FEATURES 8 Quality climbs Gimmer Crack on the Lakes , By Bill Birkett 12 Castaway Climbs Bob Reid visits the small island of Cara off the west coast of Scotland Climbline Weather Forecasting Service Climbline offer up to the minute weather and hill conditions for the major mountain areas of Britain . In addition it offers the latest avalanche conditions in Scotland as supplied by the Scottish Mountain Safety Group , and winter climbing conditions in the major Scottish centres . Calls cost 34p/minute cheap rate and 45p/minute all other times . East Highlands 0898 654 668 The cuts in the hand were superficial and there seemed to be nothing else wrong . We took stock . With four of us , climbing the route in two parties of two , and four 50 metre ropes to play with , retreat would be relatively straightforward to the snow at the foot of the route . My descent could be protected by a safety rope . Two hopping abseils later I 'm an expert at them now and I was on the snow . Ambulance to Raigmore Hospital , Inverness and a few hours later I was talking to the consultant . He would do the operation that night . Full mobility would return to the foot eventually and I 'd be climbing again . And so to sleep perchance not to dream at all . Pain , boredom and badgering of some very kind nurses bring me to a steam - age typewriter in the hospital 's occupational therapy department . Pain , boredom and badgering of some very kind nurses bring me to a steam - age typewriter in the hospital 's occupational therapy department . There really is life outside the ward , and I 'm going home tomorrow , complete with crutches and instructions from a zealous physio on how to use them . Progress over the next two months or so should take me back to climbing . But here 's a toast to all those who played a part in this fall of a climbing journalist : my climbing friends , the helicopter rescue team , the doctors and nurses and our superb National Health Service ( coming from Ebbw Vale I knew one day I 'd have cause to be thankful to Aneurin Bevan ) . My grateful thanks to you all for your kindness and consideration . There really is life outside the ward , and I 'm going home tomorrow , complete with crutches and instructions from a zealous physio on how to use them . Progress over the next two months or so should take me back to climbing . But here 's a toast to all those who played a part in this fall of a climbing journalist : my climbing friends , the helicopter rescue team , the doctors and nurses and our superb National Health Service ( coming from Ebbw Vale I knew one day I 'd have cause to be thankful to Aneurin Bevan ) . My grateful thanks to you all for your kindness and consideration . Now how the hell do you get up the Serendipity Variation ? The matter was due to be reviewed at meetings of the Competition Committee and the Management Committee , where any ban would be ratified . BMC General Secretary Derek Walker would not speculate on the outcome of these meetings , adding : It would be wrong for me to pre - empt any decision of the Management Committee . There will be one group within the BMC and climbing that will say it was n't really a competition and that the rule was invented for television spectaculars . The other view is that we 've got a rule and we 've got to stick to it . Yet the BMC will feel uncomfortable whichever option they follow . Joss covered the route in 11 hours 30 minutes on a day of heavy rain and strong SW winds . Successful challengers should contact Joss Naylor MBE , Bowdendale , Wasdale , Seascale , Cumbria CA20 1ES . Crumbling climbs The following limestone routes have been listed missing in despatches , so do n't come crying to us if you ca n't find them . In Mother Carey 's Kitchen in Pembroke , a large rockfall has demolished the top pitches of Wraith , Nimrod and Necrepolis . But it does open up a vista for the future . Coming soon : the super duper version with a glacier , loose rock , sudden electric storms and sheep with bells round their necks . Quality climbs by Bill Birkett Gimmer crack He was top - roped out to report that the difficulties were considerable . His exposed starting point for the ascent was the strategically positioned rock ledge now named the Bower . Reynolds attempted it next and reached the Bower climbing from the bottom alas only to be benighted and top - rope rescued . Undaunted , he returned a week later and made the first clean ascent . In fact The Crack is a much more interesting climb than the name would suggest . In fact The Crack is a much more interesting climb than the name would suggest . At least a third of the route takes the steep open wall to the left of the corner and the climb as a whole demands a wide range of climbing technique . Even the first pitch , escaping left from the steep corner , demands positive commitment and the ability to confidently tackle technical wall climbing . The next pitch , stepping from the exposed top of the pinnacle block , is again a bold exercise , one immediately followed by a forced mantleshelf move to gain a horizontal weakness in the smooth wall . Above , a steep rib requires a ridiculously long reach before an easy traverse leads back into the corner . Once reached , the Bower forms a solid haven from which to tackle the final , most demanding , section of the crack . Impressively placed and considerably exposed , it hangs on the vertical right wall of the corner with a straight drop to North - West Gully , an uninterrupted 150ft ( 45m ) below . I remember my father giving me specific advice on just how he climbed the crux section of the corner crack above ; When you get to the steep bit you 'll know it when you get there just face right and use the square cut holds on the edge . Like little dominoes they 're small but quite positive . An amazing lead for the 20s . Trudge up this to find a well - defined narrow path which eventually leads to the south - east face of the crag . Alternatively , ascend Middlefell Buttress and continue directly up the hillside above to intercept the level path that originates from the New Dungeon Ghyll Hotel ( 1 hour ) . On reaching the face drop down to the toe of the rocks then climb steeply back up the other side until North West Gully is reached ( 15 minutes ) . Observations : The reddish - grey rock of Gimmer is outstandingly clean , hard and compact . I mention all this because it 's been in my mind a lot recently . The incident made a considerable impression . The route in question was at Swanage and not at all difficult getting its HVS grade for the seriousness of the climbing and not its difficulty and I 've certainly done harder in the last month . But the demands it made upon my timid psyche gave it a quality and significance its components : loose rock , repetitive moves and so forth , would n't immediately suggest . Climbing is really about levels of safety . Climbing is really about levels of safety . Once each of us has progressed beyond the initial terror that being on a vertical plane high above the ground induces , once we feel comfortable above the ground , then a new awareness develops . We learn that climbing is about tenuous niches in the horizontal rather than scaling a sheer cliff , as the journalese has it . It 's about oases of control where there should be none . It should come as no surprise then , that some of those who see bolting as fundamentally reducing the experience I 've outlined above , and which is our common heritage , should cast around for some solid arguments to counter its spread . The monstrous irony is that as long as he does n't place bolts nobody will bother accusing him of environmental vandalism . There are enough access difficulties already in existence for us to worry us . The Peak Park 's restrictions to moorland in the last three years have caused far more disruption to climbing than bolts ever have , and these were bans imposed by people who are sympathetic to our cause . Access problems caused by bolting will be the products of our own paranoia and not because landowners are ethically minded . There are plenty of reasons why they should ban us . That 's why we 'd come , after all . The line I had designs upon looked unlikely . Obvious cracks soared to the left and right , reminiscent of Fairhead in Antrim , but I craved subtlety after the brutal corner we 'd just climbed . Watch me , Graham , I insisted , as I tried the move for the third time . He laughed , because I was still to get off the ground . At first the climb follows grooves with good cracks giving regular nut and Friend protection . Then it breaks out over an overlap onto the characteristic smooth slabs and walls which at the same time tempt and intimidate , attract but repel . It 's brilliant , a Verdon for bumblies I had joyfully called down to Mick , on climbing the first of these pitches during an earlier attempt . This time we knew better . The pockets became smaller and further apart , as did the protection . The wall was relenting now , there was another continuous crack in the corner . Perhaps our predecessors felt like us , as suddenly the pegs multiplied to fill the crack available and it was a simple job to follow the line to easier ground . It had taken us seven hours to climb five pitches . Perhaps the mark of a great climb is its posing of difficult questions right to the end . We were not at the end . Feeling somehow cheated , but also extremely relieved , we carried on along the trail We were in Kenya , and our buffalo encounter was in the Leroghi Hills , a small range to the south of Lake Turkana , the Jade Sea of John Hillaby 's book . The main objective of our visit was to climb Mount Kenya , Africa 's second highest mountain , but walking in the Leroghis formed an important part of our preparation . Before leaving Britain we 'd learnt that the hike up to Mount Kenya 's walkers summit , Point Lenana , was not too demanding , and that the climbing route up to the twin summits of Batian and Nelion was graded mainly Diff , with a few patches of Severe , so we were n't expecting any technical problems . But Mount Kenya is over 17,000ft ( 5100m ) and we 'd also learnt that many walkers and climbers fail to reach the top simply because of altitude sickness . These mountains were not as wild as the area around Maralal . In these pleasant surroundings , we bagged several of the main peaks , but the most interesting and spectacular walk was to the summit of a mountain called Koh , in the far north of the range . The walk began by following a track which climbed steeply up a narrow , twisting valley . On the valley floor was a fast - flowing river and , wherever space could be found , the earth had been levelled to form terraces . The most common crops were maize ( corn on the cob ) , the local staple , and large , bushy plants that looked like spinach . Impressed by their studiousness , we carefully counted out some coins , making sure each boy got the same amount . After thanking the chief , we continued up the mountain with the boys leading the way . As the path climbed higher it got increasingly steep and narrow . In some places the topsoil had been eroded and we had to zigzag up on loose scree . Despite their bare feet , our young guides strolled nonchalantly across these sections , apparently unconcerned that a single slip could send them plummeting down the mountainside . The best way of escaping from the top - ropers is to go on one of the long classics . The longest , and easiest , is La Demande , which climbs the whole 500 metres of the face and gives a unique day 's adventure . You walk to it along the foot of the gorge , through tunnels at one point , and then climb about twelve pitches that are never harder than HVS . The bolts have recently been renewed but traditional protection is also necessary . There can be no other climb at this standard which gives such a big - wall feel . But it was still comforting to have with us little Liena , our 19 - year - old interpreter who was a very competent rock climber and all - round mountaineer , for she had climbed Elbrus in the past and could give assurance that we were on the right course . She held the lead and quietly plodded upward through the crisp snow that covered the long Baskan Glacier . In a way , climbing Elbrus is a bit like climbing Mont Blanc , for you 'll seldom be alone . So I was particularly pleased to find at one point , when I 'd indulged in a lengthy photo session , that the rest of the party had gone over the brow and out of sight and I was left for a while with the world to myself . It was a world of pristine beauty and breathless calm all the wind was beyond the ridge and I revelled in it . Personal reflections My gut reaction has always been against the placing of bolts , and I 've never used them . For the last few years I have sat on the sidelines watching bolt - protected climbing mushrooming throughout the USA , Europe and , not least , Britain : in quarries , but also , let 's be completely truthful , on natural crags . Scotland , Yorkshire , the Peak District , Wales , the South West and so on . But not in the Lake District the last bastion . Many will say About time . My main fear , I think , is that bolt ladders will appear on beautiful , clean stretches of rock . This is precisely what has happened at Malham ( and though I find it visually offensive I still climb there , as do hundreds of others ) . Analysing the situation on Lakeland rhyolite more closely , I think this has probably been a false fear . The placing of bolts should be self - regulating . by Graeme Alderson Cheedale , as ever , still yields a few goodies on its more open crags . On Two Tier , Simon Cundy claimed his Reward by climbing the wall right of The Tier Drop Explodes past the girdle break to a BB . On the same crag Speedmetal Bedmoshin at E1 5c , which takes the wall right of Big Jesus Trashcan , is the work of the Honda works team Tony Coutts and J. Dunlop . Over the river on Riverside Buttress , Chris Wright had his morning cup of Maxwellhouse ( ingredients : flavour enhancer E6 5b and preservative 2BR ) on the wall right of the Max Museum . So why did He make such a pig 's ear of the climate ? Throughout this miserable summer , Scottish climbers have been forced to climb in places like Malham Cove : hardly the place to nourish the soul ( and the routes are a bit hard ! ) . However , some new routes have been climbed by various intrepid amphibians . On the Etive slabs Rab and Chris Anderson climbed three lines on the section of slab some 70m right of the Coffin Stone , and gave them punny names as usual . They are : Seams Blanc E3 5b , Vein Rouge E1 5a and Raspberry Ripple E2 5a . On the Etive slabs Rab and Chris Anderson climbed three lines on the section of slab some 70m right of the Coffin Stone , and gave them punny names as usual . They are : Seams Blanc E3 5b , Vein Rouge E1 5a and Raspberry Ripple E2 5a . In Glen Nevis , Gary Latter climbed the vitrified cornflake wall up left from the George Wall . The grade is E5/b 6a : a fine effort from Gary not 50 yards from where he broke his back last year ! It 's called Carpe Diem . It 's called Carpe Diem . Up above Loch Morar is the craggy hill top by the name of Sgurr Bhuide . Near the summit on a steep , south - facing crag Going for the Jugular , which climbs the left - hand crack up the steep buttress on the left . The grade is E5 6b and is described ( by myself , oops ) as being totally brilliant . The team was Rick Campbell and Gary Latter . One top too many is against tradition The article Snowdon the Hard Way by Jerry Rawson ( June 1991 ) revived many pleasant memories of long days spent over 40 years ago in the mountains of Snowdonia . This was in a period when I was based at Llandudno and every available minute of spare time was spent in climbing and scrambling among those delightful hills . We scaled the 3000'ers many times individually but never completed the walk which incorporated them all , although two unsuccessful attempts were made . On the first occasion , when a clear moonlight night was forecast , the most atrocious storm developed and we were forced to spend an uncomfortable few hours benighted near the summit of Elidir Fawr . In the 80s we fell even further behind . Micro - routes in the Duddon are no match , after all , for a route on any of the limestone crags in Yorkshire or Derbyshire . As for Scafell , well , how often can you climb there ? How often have you climbed there ? I 've forgotten when I was last there . If the military do n't use the area often , they cannot cause as much distress to the natural environment as opening it to the public would . Lastly , I think Jim Perrin is being more than generous to suggest that climbers and walkers have an exemplary record in observing agreements and their respect for the environment . One has only to read recent editions of Climber and Hill Walker to see evidence of atrocious behaviour by climbers and walkers : abuse , noise , breaking down fences , fouling areas with litter and excrement and climbing in areas when specifically requested to desist for good safety reasons at Cheddar and Upper Pentrwyn . The mindless few maybe , but what happens when these people have access to areas like Range West ? Another gate closed for ever , another genuine unspoilt area ruined . Zero credibility Peter Livesey One of the problems with not getting killed climbing while still young is that you reach such a great age that your standard falls mercilessly , and it is only possible to relive great exploits by reading about yourself in guidebooks . I was practising this the other day , in preparation for the time when my climbing standard drops slightly , and was surprised to read some interesting facts about myself . Did you know , for instance , that I led Birdman on Kilnsey Crag , or that I spent several days top - roping and practising Zero on Idwal 's Suicide Wall ? As news of the exodus spread , more East Germans , who were already in Prague , made their way to the embassy yesterday . At one point more than 100 an hour were entering the embassy . Police tried to pull away refugees climbing over the embassy 's back fence last night , but they moved aside when the West German ambassador , Hermann Huber , appeared in the garden and said : Let them go ! Members of a group attempting to reach the embassy the night before said policemen had hit them with rubber truncheons and turned them back . As dawn broke yesterday , the same group , this time led by a mother with a baby in arms , faced down the police patrols and reached the embassy successfully . Who could have resisted Charles Voysey 's design for Oakhurst , Ropes Lane , Fernhurst in Sussex ? A pool of blue scillas lies to the left of an entrance through yew hedges . The house is softened by sprawls of climbing roses . Hollyhocks and wallflowers tower over the gaily filled flower border . His client , Mrs Chester , sensibly did not resist and the house was built in 1901 . As late as the end of the nineteenth century in some Western European states local politics retained their dominance over central concerns , until markets , jobs , and communications like the railways became part of a national whole . Until such a time peasants in a country like France were really only interested in a few restricted matters like land , taxes , and the threat of military service . These remained the concerns of Belorussian peasants in the 1920s , but unlike French peasants there were no small - scale politics for them to latch on to in order to climb slowly out of their deep provincialism . For lack of alternative parties or serious candidates with known individual characters to vote for , a gulf opened up between the isolated villagers on the one hand and the Roslavl ' or Smolensk Party men on the other , intent on modelling themselves strictly on Smolensk or Moscow prototypes and on Moscow 's instructions . When we read in the Roslavl ' files that twenty - three agitator brigades were dispatched to villages in order to celebrate international Women 's Day , it is hard to imagine that they ever came across our peasant woman from Struga , and even more difficult to believe that they would have much impact on her ways of thinking even if they did . However , there is no such dilemma with Climb For The World . Here the organisers have set up an international event where walkers , climbers and people everywhere can do something they enjoy doing and benefit others at the same time . On September 2122 people from all over will join together to walk or climb one of the designated summits . For some it will be a treacherous ascent of a sheer rockface , for others an easy stroll up a small hill . Some will be in far - flung climates , others in their local patch . Red kites had a mixed year Climb for the world Over 25 000 walkers and climbers are expected to climb as many as 600 summits in the UK in a bold initiative to support conservation and human rights around the world . Climb For The World will take place from noon on September 21 to noon on September 22 when participants will climb to one or more of the designated summits . Over 25 000 walkers and climbers are expected to climb as many as 600 summits in the UK in a bold initiative to support conservation and human rights around the world . Climb For The World will take place from noon on September 21 to noon on September 22 when participants will climb to one or more of the designated summits . The official summits will be outlined in an OS publication which will be available in bookshops in August , and through Climb For The World registration packs . Summits include Parliament Hill in London and the Old Man of Coniston in the Lake District National Park . Further information and additional forms are available from Climb For The World , Brincliffe House , 861 Ecclesall Road , Sheffield S11 7AE . Tel : 0742 663869 . We at Outdoor Action will be climbing one of the summits on the day . Hope to see you out there . News from the National Parks Czechoslovak Tatras Few countries can rival Czechoslovakia for mountain scenery . Whether it 's walking , skiing or climbing , the Tatras are definitely the place to go Tourist Offices Cedok is the official Czechoslovak travel agency 17/18 Old Bond Street , London W1X 4RB . Allow a full day or more , if you can spare it there is a wealth of cliff , pinnacle and precipice to explore . The beautiful underfoot carpets of blue gentium delight the eye and , above fly buzzards , eagles , skylarks and wheatears . The farms below become dots as you climb and heather , alpine plants and red deer now mark you progress . Though I have lived a lifetime in Scotland and several years in the Highlands , I never feel I am at home until I see Loyal . It 's that sort of a mountain in a wilderness of splendid proportions . Before us lay Pavey Ark like a vast seacliff and on either side lay several safe , if uninspiring , ascents . But our aim was Jack 's Rake , a tortuous climb running right across the cliff . Jack 's Rake is a difficult scramble and at one or two points positively frightening as we climbed the final yards we felt a great sense of achievement . For many , the ascent of Great Gable on the Thursday was the highlight of the week . We walked along Styhead Gill to follow the south traverse and crabbed our way across scree slopes . The muscular derring - do of our film heroes inspired us to imitative feats of climbing , usually trees ; and their prowess in stalking and sniffing out was echoed in our exploration of sombre , dingy and often damp places . Up into the light , down into the dark . The willows between Essoldo and stream were old , stunted and easy to climb . Some were split and bent almost double by their own mass , which meant you could charge straight up them into the lower branches six feet above ground . All were hollow , and with care , for there were protruding knots to buffet and bruise you , you could lower yourself into their embrace and experience the exquisite anxiety of claustrophobia and entrapment . A night , a nightdream of love . Inseparable . A period of almost literally climbing the walls , turning away from the world and kneeling up , holding the end of the iron hospital bed , and Lisa 's hand firmly on the pain , firmly on the small of her back pressing , pressing , pressing away the pain and the fear , keeping her in contact . A long plateau in which the never - ending surrealism of pain muted down into boredom and there was Jo laughing bravely , veiling her fear and doing great lines from Gone with the Wind in a deplorably bad imitation of a southern black accent . Staying was the point ; they stayed there with her and that enabled her to stay there with them . Please . Of course you can , sweetie . She climbed the stairs to get it , crunched her way across the glass - strewn room , feeling a strong rush of her earlier panic , and unhooked the painting from the wall . It was quite small and she could hold it easily between her hands . It had hung in Maggie 's bedroom for as long as Phoebe could remember : she had not looked at it properly for years . The board meeting was at four o'clock , but she had paperwork to do and she must at least speak to Clare before then . She lumbered out of bed , reached for the too recently removed dressing - gown and took herself off to her bathroom . A little later , neatly dressed in tweed suit and cashmere jersey she climbed the stairs to Phoebe 's flat . She had expected to find them both still in bed , and was surprised by the noises from the kitchen , but she poked her head round the door and saw Maggie sitting at the kitchen table eating Weetabix in a reassuringly healthy way . She could sense the goodwill between the two of them , and it encouraged her . She had not even phoned them that morning to explain her absence . And she did not want to talk to anyone . Quickly she decided not to go into the garden ; instead she would climb the nearby tower block and see her garden from above . And thus it was that she came to be , that February evening , standing at the top of the tower block staircase , leaning against the wall and panting a little from her climb , pausing for a moment and thinking gloomy thoughts about life and death . Meanwhile Maggie stayed sitting at the kitchen table . The car crossed the shallow racing river in Boyle , passed the grey walls of the roofless monastery , and it kept on the main road leading across the Curlews . Rose had n't asked him where they were driving to ; she did n't care anyhow : it was enough to be with him in the day . O'Neill and O'Donnell crossed here with cannon and horses on the way to Kinsale in one night , he told her as the car was climbing into the low mountains . They were able to cross because the black frost made the ground hard as rock that night . He seemed to relax more after he had spoken , to be less fixedly focused on the empty road . I am stopped by an unstable - looking scree slope . When I walk on it the whole thing starts to move and I am soon covered in the grey dust I am stirring up ; it fills my nostrils and triggers a memory that links the smell with rock climbing . I recall a day when I was new to the sport and I recall too the smell when lightning struck the limestone cliff on which I was climbing . Whether it is the memory of ancient insecurities , or the real threat of new ones I do not know , but I decide to go back . Discretion would appear to be the better part ; about fifty to sixty metres down from me on the right are some very steep probably vertical cliffs falling the last thirteen to seventeen metres into the sea and I have no desire to ride an avalanche down. I try for a boat . Fraganes , a good way of getting to the more remote spots it makes an eleven - hour round trip regularly , several times each week has gone , and no one is going my way . I stay local for a night , then climb the ridge above the far side of the fjord , making for Hestfjordur and a view of the big glacier . Snow conditions are perfect , and so is the view to Drangajkull . On Hestfjrdur a diver probably Great Northern sculls away across the water as I approach . Rocks splintered by centuries of cyclic thaws crumbled under my boots . Our way was up to one of the few glacier tongues that was n't too steep and broken up by crevasses . If we climb high on the rock we can then drop to flatter ice . How I longed for this , inspired by the word flatter . I hate steep , relentless climbs , especially at two in the morning in low cloud . Geothermal activities have so increased in recent years that these baths are now closed ; they are too hot , too dangerous . Even access is not encouraged , and the tracks leading to the caverns are also closed . Instead we did the trail just south of Reykjahlid , climbing a lava mound overlooking the great lake . The warmth was stupendous , the east and north of Iceland enjoying some amazing summer temperatures , over 20C and climbing . Mvatn itself is famous for its peculiar lava formations and its birds . Even access is not encouraged , and the tracks leading to the caverns are also closed . Instead we did the trail just south of Reykjahlid , climbing a lava mound overlooking the great lake . The warmth was stupendous , the east and north of Iceland enjoying some amazing summer temperatures , over 20C and climbing . Mvatn itself is famous for its peculiar lava formations and its birds . Only a very disinterested idiot could miss , and be unimpressed by , either . I sat down on its rounded hump . The wind was still banging away , but there was an inner calm that was at variance with the agitation I had felt below . It may not have been sensible to climb alone up here at this time in these conditions , but it was little enough , and that straightforward . In exchange I had a view over the wide , flat - bottomed valley , a view that dissolved into the fish - fin ridge on the far side . To my other side the ridge tumbled away from below my hump . Our bus of the sea was off , skimming the waves and rearranging the dancing patterns of the evening light . We were travelling along the Lofoten Wall , an apt description for the mountains protecting this huge sea fjord . The mountains hang everywhere , big vertical peaks just waiting to be climbed . perhaps next time . Lofoten is a small group of islands sticking out off Arctic Norway rather like the Outer Hebrides do off Scotland . Our sledges were long and sleek , with pine - resined or PTFE runners and compartments of wood and nylon for our kit . First we will learn to harness the dogs , said Odd - Knut . He took off his shoes , climbed into a chair , rolled a cigarette and poured himself a coffee . We waited . And three hours later we were still waiting . Again , when we move off the speed startles me . Apparently , the tow given to old whalers by a harpooned whale was known as the Nantucket Sleighride ; I haul back on the line , release the snow hook and take a similar ride . We move through a band of forest and then start to climb steeply , going up over 300 metres at a good steady speed . Nathan is behind this time which means I can have the occasional shouted conversation with Tony . This is fantastic , he shouts . To save time we hitch Nat 's sledge to a tree , distribute his dogs among the three of us and put Nathan in my sledge . He is not pleased . With Nathan on board my dogs move more slowly , and we trail off from the others as we climb up above the tree line . The clouds clear and the moonlight sparkles on the snow . Ahead , as they swing away from me , the other sledges look like commas on the writing paper of the snow . It 's a good , plumb torque curve , which makes for easy overtaking and fewer gearchanges . Naturally , outright performance is also much improved . To reach 62mph from standstill needs 9.6secs instead of 12 , while the maximum speed climbs from 112mph to 126mph . These figures achieved with a standard fit catalyst , remember make the Volvo one of the quickest cars in its class . But all is not perfect . When you plan a display , include scented flowers , either shop - bought or home - grown , so that your arrangement smells as good as it looks . Simple to grow scented climbers include many lilies , petunias , lily - of - the - valley , tobacco plants , pinks and carnations , honey - scented buddleia , narcissus , sweet peas , freesias and summer jasmine . Add honeysuckle ( not all the varieties smell so check before buying that it is fragrant ) and climbing roses . Many of the older rose varieties also have a strong scent . Contact Roses du temps pass and Harkness for catalogues . Earlier that morning Wexford had quoted Justice Shallow and now , as he contemplated Jolyon Vigo 's house , he thought that this was just the sort of place Shallow might have lived in . It would have been a mature house already in Shakespeare 's time , a black and white house , timbered , solid , so perfect a place to live in that it seemed in advance to confer upon its owner grace and taste and superiority . A climbing rose with yellow satiny flowers spread across the black striped gables and nestled against the tudor roses , carved long ago by some craftsman on every square inch of oak . On either side of the front path a knot garden had been planted with low hedges and tufts of tiny blossom . It was so neat , so unnatural in a way , that Wexford had the notion the flowers had been embroidered on the earth . After all , there is still the threat of enemy anti - aircraft missiles . To cause minimum inconvenience to the locals , the flight commander calls an end to the tactical phase of the exercise and we begin a climb from What is colloquially known as the weedosphere up to the dizzy height of 1,000 feet . As we start to climb we accidentally cut across the bottom of the garden of a large , secluded house . The owner has seen us and is even more surprised than we are ; after all , she was sunbathing nude by the side of the pool ! Back in the office and it 's time for constructive criticism . With its aid , two unexploded mortar bombs are located . Both are embedded in the roof of a nearby school and so the Captain has to make a manual approach , without the benefit of wearing the EOD protective suit . He climbs up a ladder and on to the roof . In the flickering light he appears like a cat moving around cautiously . He is reminded of the Company emblem , Felix the cat , the helmeted feline with nine lives , and once again thinks how highly appropriate it is . They pretend for my sake they do n't worry . I turned the key in the door and crept in . As I climbed the stairs my Dad 's voice called out with relief as he always does , Is that yourself , son ? top cover sentries on a 7/10 UDR mobile patrol A UDR boat patrol passes Enniskillen Castle . Rosa arvensis , which has tiny white flowers , is a British native scrambler and sprawler . There is an unusual small catmint ( Nepeta phylloclamys ) next to some tiny lilies that grow only six inches tall , and a viola on a tall stem that E A Bowles wrote about . There are several clumps of the non - climbing spring sweet pea Lathyrus vernus that hardly anybody grows : it has small purple and blue flowers and helps to fill out the border . Next to a spectacular variegated honesty that has to be sown from seed are a rare Acanthus dioscoridis and a Helleborus abchasicus . But John Drake does n't really want to talk about rare plants . As I rode out of town , past the railway station and its Welcome to Prestatyn message , to alighting holidaymakers , I could not help thinking that they certainly were . The Clwydian Hills , rising to the south and cloaked in cloud , looked wonderfully alluring : so I threw myself into the long climb with far more vigour than I might have done normally . As I climbed , so the cloud lifted and I was soon able to shed my waterproofs . Traffic was practically non - existent . For much of the time the only sounds were the chatter of birds and the humming of my bike 's knobbly tyres , but the wide panoramas changed constantly as the countryside unfolded around me . THE newly - found Aarseth - Brewington comet should brighten rapidly this month as it sweeps southwards through Ophiuchus in our morning sky , perhaps to become a naked eye object before it dips too far south to be seen from Britain . Its path is plotted on our star map , with its position marked every fifth morning . The stars near the middle of the map rise in the east at 05.00 tomorrow and at 04.00 on Christmas Day , climbing to reach the places shown above the ESE to SE horizon at daybreak tomorrow and by 07.00 on Christmas Day . Most of the brighter stars plotted are of the second magnitude , while the fainter ones are of the fourth . The comet was close to the ninth magnitude on November 16 when it was discovered by amateur astronomers in Norway and the United States . THE newly - found Aarseth - Brewington comet should brighten rapidly this month as it sweeps southwards through Ophiuchus in our morning sky , perhaps to become a naked eye object before it dips too far south to be seen from Britain . Its path is plotted on our star map , with its position marked every fifth morning . The stars near the middle of the map rise in the east at 05.00 tomorrow and at 04.00 on Christmas Day , climbing to reach the places shown above the ESE to SE horizon at daybreak tomorrow and by 07.00 on Christmas Day . Most of the brighter stars plotted are of the second magnitude , while the fainter ones are of the fourth . The comet was close to the ninth magnitude on November 16 when it was discovered by amateur astronomers in Norway and the United States . This was not a matter of political convenience . I was drawn to Laurie at first meeting , when the local Co - operative Party nominated him as candidate for the 1959 general election . From the bottom of the list of nominees he climbed to the top . Laurie had a warmth of personality in all his doings with people and politics . For me his was pluralist socialism at its best in the service of the community . This is a person who sees nothing to recommend the Duomo at Siena ( it seems to have been got by outlining ) , nor Sienese painting in general : evidence of love ; but not of art Mercifully for us they had gold leaf in plenty . Perhaps he was looking for a drink by the time he had climbed as far as the Piazza where three renaissance palaces , a town hall and cathedral confront each other across an open space of such lively dignity and harmony as to make the lack of tourist cafes completely forgivable . Certainly you would have to be in pretty desperate case to dismiss the eloquent Michelozzo figures on the cenotaph frieze in the Duomo as wriggling in lines like leeches in a bottle . The best places for bottles in Montepulciano are the cool brick cantine like that of the Contucci Palace , cellars furred with black fungus where Vino Nobile has been produced for a thousand years . It grew colder and began to rain , as the iron bells of churches rolled of a French Sunday over the town . In the morning , spring had returned . The magnificent view to the south , from the Boulevard des Pyrenees , built along the bluff above the fast - running Gave de Pau , displayed an inspiring panorama , thousands of miles of rich valley climbing towards the snowcapped Pyrenees . This was the view that Wellington 's army saw when they broke into France in 1814 , so beginning an extraordinary chapter in the town 's history . After the Peninsular campaigns unravaged southern France must have seemed like Arcady . It was built at the time when local builders possessed that magic formula for rightness of scale . Above Lechlade , nearer Inglesham , the River Thames becomes too narrow and shallow for a rowing boat to navigate . Here at Buscot it has widened out again , the fair Isis , and the walled garden of the Old Parsonage stretches down to meet it , full of box hedged paths , damask and china roses , with clematis climbing everywhere and Kiftsgate roses in the apple trees . Adjacent is the small , thirteenth - century church of St Mary , which has a stained glass window by Sir Edward Burne - Jones . He was Part of that great brotherhood of the nineteenth century whose influence around here was considerable , for William Morris lived just downstream on the Oxfordshire banks of the Thames in beautiful seventeenth - century Kelmscott . They produced a castellated Gothic castle which is unmatched . There are peep - hole quatrefoils in the parapet , ogee mouldings over the windows , and the most wonderful plasterwork imaginable inside . The main stone stair climbs spirally between two towers , and on each floor there are three half rounded rooms , leaving a squarish hall in the centre with landings above . Thomas Stocking produced the rococo plasterwork in all the main rooms , and in the eastern bedroom on the first floor there are plaster birds flying overhead . The effect inside Midford Castle is light , airy , elegant and essentially Georgian . In 1989 , a resident of Penghu , disgusted at the continuing slaughter of dolphins , had purchased some victims of a drive and released them . This year , he had been offered the same opportunity , but at twice the price . By the time that the Earthtrust team arrived , the price had climbed higher still . Earthtrust discovered that many other locals were opposed to the capture and slaughter of dolphins , and had tried for several years to halt the practice . During the week after their arrival , meetings were held with the State Senator , the Mayor of Penghu County , teachers , businessmen , students , and Buddhist priests . Until 1971 , dolphin mortality could be estimated only from analyses of vessels ' logbooks and the figures are probably underestimates . In the worst year , 1961 , more than half a million dolphins were killed . This figure gradually declined to a low of about 25,000 in 1979 but has since climbed again , to around 125,000 in 1986 . Dolphins captured in nets can be freed if skippers and crew are sufficiently compassionate or are legally obliged to do so . One skipper who sought to reduce the carnage discovered that trapped dolphins could be released from nets by the use of a manoeuvre which came to be known as backdown . America 's consumer - price inflation slowed to 5.7 % in the year to January , and Britain 's to 9.0 % . American wholesale prices rose by 3.7 % in the 12 months to January the slowest annual rise for six months . In the same period Japan 's wholesale prices climbed 2.1 % . In the year to December Japanese workers received a wage increase of 6.3 % , equivalent to a real rise of 2.4 % ; British workers ' pay rose by 9.8 % , a real increase of only 0.5 % . ECONOMIC FORECASTS But the big studios ' weakness is the cost of talent . Shortly after each new market is discovered , actors demand more money . Last year costs climbed faster than revenues ; this year they may well do so again . Despite appeals from studio bosses at Disney , Warner and Columbia for restraint , this summer 's line - up shows scant sign of cost - control . Terminator 2 is the most expensive film yet made and has prompted worries about the health of Carolco , even though pre - sales to distributors seemed to have covered all the film 's costs . Compaq 's PCs were more powerful ( and portable ) than IBM 's , but ran all the same software , at the same price . Backed up with lots of advertising aimed at upmarket buyers , the formula worked like magic . Net profits climbed from 3m in 1983 , when the firm was floated on the stockmarket , to 455m in 1990 . As the company grew , smaller clone - makers , also building to IBM 's software standard , started trying the same tactics on Compaq itself . In 1986 , when Compaq launched the first PC using Intel 's powerful new 80386 chip , it was months ahead of its competitors . The Pentagon 's procurement budget has fallen from 97 billion in 1985 to about 67 billion in the current fiscal year and further cuts are in prospect . Grumman cut its capital spending to 50m last year , or under half the 105m it charged to depreciation and amortisation . To try to climb out of the hole it is in , Grumman has come up with a plan to turn its F - 14 fighter into a ground - attack aircraft . The idea is that this aircraft could fill the gap in the navy 's procurement schedule caused by the recent cancellation of the A - 12 stealth machine that the navy was developing . Despite the fact that the navy will now need a new aircraft of some sort to fill the gap until a brand - new attack machine , so far called only the AX , can be produced , the outlook for Grumman is bleak . While other media groups relied on acquisitions for growth , the Tribune Company concentrated on wringing more profits out of existing properties in its newspaper , television and entertainment empire . For the past decade this has worked . Since 1983 , the company 's revenues have climbed from 1.6 billion to 2.5 billion in 1989 , and profits have tripled to 242m . But after the company 's debacle in New York , sweating assets much further may prove impossible . Asked to describe their company , Tribune executives talk soberly about a belief in basic management skills and the heartland virtues of thrift and common sense . COMMODITY PRICE INDEX World sugar prices have fallen 40 % in the past nine months to under 220 a tonne for raw sugar , the lowest since May 1988 . The world sugar surplus is expected to climb to 1.9m tonnes in the current season , putting prices under further pressure . The slowdown in the world economy and higher prices in Eastern Europe because of subsidy cuts have both squeezed demand , and the Gulf crisis accounts for a loss of some 350,000 tonnes of sales to Iraq and Kuwait over the past six months . Sugar production is likely to be a record 110m tonnes in 199091 . Mr Power 's company , J.D. Power and Associates , is the most influential market - research company in the car business . A former financial analyst with Ford , Mr Power set up shop in 1968 . But he climbed to his current pre - eminence only after spotting that the competitive battleground in the car market was shifting from styling and speed to quality . In 1981 he launched the first of a series of closely watched consumer surveys . The best known of the Power surveys is the Customer Satisfaction Index , which asks 30,000 drivers to rate the quality of their vehicles and the standard of service provided by dealers a year after their purchase . Mr Brady does not , in fact , give a fig for global perspective or , for that matter , the dollar 's value on the foreign exchanges ; he wants further cuts in American interest rates . Thanks to the dollar 's recent strength , the Treasury may be granted its wish even if Mr Phl continues to insist on doing his job . From its trough in February the dollar has climbed 21 % against the D - mark . This is as much because the D - mark is weak as because the dollar is strong ; the dollar has gained only 8 % against the yen . This rise against the D - mark is despite a dramatic widening of the interest - rate differential in Germany 's favour over the past six months . Wall Street rose to an all - time high but ended the week 1.9 % down as hopes of a cut in American interest rates faded . Hong Kong fell 4.0 % , Tokyo 1.2 % and London 0.6 % . Singapore was the table 's best performer , climbing 2.7 % . The world index fell 3.1 % . MONEY AND INTEREST RATES Of all these seers , those with access to the greatest mysteries are the cosmologists . Not content with stars and galaxies , they try to understand the whole universe , its provenance and fate . Like Moses , they climb their mountains alone , communing with creation if not the creator . They bring back down the laws of nature , if not of God himself . If all this sounds rather mythic , it is because it is a myth . After almost an hour , the members of Nancy Weber 's group are ready to turn back . Their feet are sore and their bags are empty . Let 's take a look over this one last hill , she pleads , climbing the ridge . The woman leading the group spots a stand of dead apple trees . Letting out a shriek , she races towards them and thumps down on the ground . In such moments he was not himself , for age had quelled the turbulent spirit , and tamed what must have been a fierce temper indeed . But in knowledge of nature beyond that required in poaching which is very considerable Dad was even more erudite . He had climbed trees for the blue hawk 's nest , and knew its eggs and their markings ; the hawfinch , that parrot of the woods with its strange cry and saucer nest , was common in his time . He knew exactly where to look for the nest of any bird we were likely to come across and by certain local circumstances was unerringly guided to a nest hidden deep perhaps in a thorn bush . One failing he had in common with most labourers on the soil , much inaccuracy in bird nomenclature . Being a West Indian spinner in recent years has n't been the safest of occupations , but Roger Harper played throughout the 1984 series . Ian Botham 's 300th Test wicket , the Oval 1984 . Jeff Dujon has tried to take evasive action from a ball that has climbed from just short of a length , but has gloved it . Chris Tavar at first slip gets in on a piece of history . A flicker of hope came when three West Indian wickets went down for 69 , but then it was Haynes ' turn to come good after a disappointing series . They are who they are , and I am who I am the gulf appears unbridgeable . The example may be inspiring , but I need a new me to get to where I want to go . So Abelard 's theory seems to present me with a challenge as formidable as climbing Mount Everest . Some thinkers have gone further and have even said that Abelard 's idea of sin is superficial and inadequate . Perhaps it is . Outside in the yard he reorganized his load , so he had a free hand for the torch . He wondered if he 'd been sensible to bring so much . It would n't be too easy climbing the fence with this lot . By the shed he jumped as he heard what sounded like the dust - bin lid being pushed off . Cats most likely , or maybe the fox . Mark had been twelve at the time and beset by emotional turmoil . His parents had recently parted . Now he recalled how , on the second night after his mother had left home , he had climbed out of bed in the late evening and slipped unnoticed from the house to run over a mile to Bournemouth Central Railway Station to catch a train to nearby Christchurch , where his mother had gone to live with her sister . It was a cold night in late autumn and the rain had lashed down unremittingly . By the time he had reached the shelter of the station he was soaked to the skin . One thing is certain Sanders he had said , you wo n't be coming here . Mark crossed Parliament Square and even the statue of Churchill appeared to be growling at the sorry state of affairs in the land where a pettifogging ex - apprentice was invited to address Right Honourable Members of both Houses . He climbed the steps leading to the central lobby and was stopped by a burly policeman who asked the nature of his business . Name 's Sanders . I am addressing an all - party committee , Mark replied , feeling rather important as he uttered the words . His mind seemed to have gone into a paralysing panic . All he could take in was the muzzle of the gun the silent terror of the girl next to him and the Woman 's stony face . The car climbed the steep , twisting road at brake - squealing speed , until it reached the crest , where the fields stopped and the open moor began . Doyle swerved , running the car on to the right hand verge , and braked hard . Then he snatched the gun from the Woman 's hand , opened the car door and slid out , tilting his seat forward . A crowd of two or three lay down their cloaks And strew palm branches beneath the donkey 's hooves . In a corner by a bridge , Zacchaeus climbs a tree To match the fame of Jesus with his face . Two boys , perched upon a wall , surprise There are huge new blocks of flats , some of them with swimming - pools . The young people now seem much freer , and there are young girls drinking with their boy - friends in the bars of the Plaza Mayor . I went to the university on the Plaza de Anaya and climbed the familiar stairway in the Palacio de Anaya . The bust of Unamuno is still there , and again it looks as if someone has attempted to defile it , perhaps in some would - be funny student jape . I stood in that upper gallery where I first saw Dana and he cast that look upon me which was to make me his slave . Me and my mate , here , we 're just going for a little ride . Tony pulled the lever and the wheel slowed , then jolted to a halt . As they climbed in , the red wooden seat swung suddenly backwards , steadied itself . Tony leaned over him to lock the safety - bar into place and Simon said : Tony , turn the lights out , on the Wheel . What for ? asked Gazzer . I like violence , said Simon , simply , as if no further explanation was needed . Gazzer 's mind unfroze and thoughts seethed round and leapt up at him , like salmon jumping in a fast - running river . For one mad moment he thought of climbing out of the seat and sliding down a girder to safety : No , you berk , they only do that in films ! And then , he made the first of his mistakes . I 'd do it , he said to Simon , honest . These were n't the real reasons . When he was at school , Gazzer 's graffiti had been part of his act : another way of establishing himself as a character , of making his mates laugh . Early this morning , in a raw , grey dawn , he had climbed out of the tunnels and sprayed his name on the pill - box . After a night spent scared , confused , alone in miles of dark desolation , tormented by his imagination , seeing his own name written there had helped him to keep his sanity , to believe in his own existence and identity . Daft thing to do , added Gazzer , lamely . Despite the publicity giving the facts surrounding the transmission of the disease , ignorance was such that they became afraid of normal social contact . It soon became clear that I could no longer rely on friends for help with everyday chores like shopping and housework when I needed it . While deciding to stay as independent as possible , I contacted ACET who I knew provided practical care at home . I had previously spent about two years asking local social services and friends for help and not having it happen , so my flat had become pretty run down. There was also the question of my own exhaustion . I was impressed by the care given to our clients in London and elsewhere , explained Peter , and the lengths to which ACET staff go to try and meet the needs of clients . I feel that working in partnership with the client , and with other agencies , is the most effective way of ensuring the needs of our clients are met . Peter studied astronomy at University College , London , and worked in accountancy for a short spell before deciding upon a career in nursing . He spent three years at Charing Cross Hospital School of Nursing before qualifying as a Registered General Nurse in 1983 . Work on a medical ward and as a health visitor followed until in 1988 he became a Neighbourhood Nurse Manager for Wandsworth Health Authority . Our nurses have been extensively trained in symptom control , home care and HIV/AIDS related issues . If you refer for our service you will be visited by one of the team who will discuss your needs with you . This means that you can decide on your own care support . Practical Support ACET volunteers are available to help whenever you need them , as long as you make arrangements with our volunteer coordinator and give us as much notice as possible . HOW CAN I BENEFIT FROM ACET'S SERVICES To be eligible for ACET Home Care you must be HIV positive and require assistance because of this . Once you have decided you would like practical help from ACET just ring 081 840 7879 and ask for Home Care . If appropriate one of our specialist nurses will then arrange to come and see you to discuss your practical needs and see how ACET can help . CAN I REFER TO ACET EVEN IF I AM USING OTHER SERVICES ? Another new instrument that the Commission will be considering next year is a revised draft of the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture , which would set up an international system of visits to places of detention , aimed at preventing torture and ill - treatment . The Commission kept under review the human rights situation in Afghanistan , Romania , El Salvador and Iran but sent a clear signal that it may terminate special scrutiny of the latter two countries at its next session . It decided to transfer Haiti to the Advisory Services Program and also to keep Guatemala under this program for a further year despite AI 's appeals for stronger measures . Turkey A new Anti - Terror Law , which combines a number of new provisions for the investigation and trial of persons suspected of acts of political violence or association with violent political opposition groups , was approved by President Ozal on 17 April . The Press Code further requires that the first printed copy of each issue be submitted to the Ministry of Interior which can then intervene to stop distribution . The issue of Al - Fajr in which the article appeared was apparently approved by the Ministry of Interior . However , the Ministry of Defence decided to prosecute Hamadi Jebali . The Tunisian authorities ordered the newspaper Al - Fajr to close until further notice on 8 February 1991 . Hamadi Jebali 's sentence was confirmed on 6 March 1991 by the Cassation court . It is not surprising that many inmates want to give up their appeals . The hardest two hours of my life were spent trying to persuade David Nelson to take up his appeals . David had decided to seed voluntary execution to drop all appeals and allow his execution to take place . His attorney had managed to get him to take them up again and I went to the prison to have the necessary papers signed . During the interim period the prison authorities had taken David 's favourite visitor off his visiting list causing him to drift into despair . One of the group of relatives , an old woman who walked very slowly , also had a letter . Her son was very ill . She decided to try and visit him. They had a vague idea where the place was . It was a very long journey right across the Atlas mountains and down to the edge of the desert . 315 OF THESE ARE IN THE UK , WORKING ON BEHALF OF 318 INDIVIDUALS AND RAISING MORE THAN 260,000 A YEAR TO FURTHER AMNESTY'S WORK . How did it all begin ? Peter Benenson , in his original article in the Observer in 1961 , envisaged a central library , providing information on prisoners of conscience to any group , existing or new , in any part of the world , which decides to join in a special effort in favour of freedom of opinion or religion . The response to this call was and has continued to be overwhelming . Perhaps this is because , as a member of the Abingdon Group put it : In a group there is the fun and companionship and the awe at saving a life , supporting a prisoner through years of isolation , getting your prisoner free . So delicately modulated are the forms of the head that the human element appears ephemeral . This tenuous fragility contrasts with the three later busts on a stele , which have substantial anatomical forms . The sculptor had decided that he wanted this bust to confront the observer . In these sculptures I tried to make an eye . I raised the head on a base until the eye is at eye level . When such an article rises above the level of a gossip column , the artist 's profile can be a valuable format . One source of interest can be a description of where the interview has taken place , perhaps a studio , or maybe the artist 's home . After the Second World War , for example , the photographer Alexander Liberman decided to visit the studios of artists who had contributed to a century of painting in France , painters and sculptors closely connected with the School of Paris . He commented on his project : The more I explored , the more I became absorbed with the mystery of the environment . Why should France have become the focal center of painting and sculpture at this particular time ? The critic necessarily has to take a manifesto into account . Indeed , there is an implicit struggle between critic and artist ; an artist 's manifesto can be seen as a deliberate attempt to pre - empt critical comment and evaluation . One puzzling decision for a critic to make is to decide whether to isolate any one artist as the leading figure of the group . When this is done , there is a tendency for other artists to be compared with the leader to their disadvantage . It is a nice matter of judgement to decide how to treat the various personalities with justice . If so , the power of critics may be no more than the listings services offered in the papers or on posters , while real power can be found in the organisation of the art market . A different sort of exhibition which has had some success in attracting attention , and thus newspaper coverage , is the prize competition . Here the critic is absolved from making judgements of his own by the need to report what a jury has decided about prizes . The critic 's standing is thereby reduced , and the description or evaluation of the prize works is less than likely to be uninfluenced by their new position . How then is the reader of art criticism best advised to use criticism to follow the fortunes of artists ? Naipaul may in consequence be open to the charge of trying to diminish both the Michael X murders and the politics of the Caribbean . It can be said in his favour that the Michael X set seemed very like a fraud and a circus , and that these people had no deep connection with the politics of Trinidad . In that last respect , however , they were like practically everyone else on the island , which may in itself be a reason why we should not be quick to decide that their behaviour lacked political significance , and consisted of antics . Guerrillas , then , is shaped in order to accommodate its three zones , and in accordance with a distinction between the political and the phantasmagorical , though there are moments when phantasmagoria , futility , threatens to envelop the island Grange , Ridge , gangs , government , politics and all . It is shaped , besides , in accordance with a dramatic momentum which reaches successive peaks with the two sexual encounters between Jane and Jimmy Ahmed . Fraser observes that analysis is more limiting because it recreates the past only in the forms in which it was internalised or repressed . , Not every reader of his book can have come to it believing the chauvinistic claims that have sometimes been issued on behalf both of psychoanalysis and of oral history , or prepared to believe that these pursuits could be successfully combined . But it does not take long to decide that the experiment is being conducted with skill , and that the pursuits have at least a little in common . A piece of oral history may be meant to do without a presiding historian in much the same way in which an analytic session may be meant to do without a presiding analyst ; theoretical presuppositions are subject in each case to a show of suspension , though it is clear that the theories of Freud and others will be present in the consulting - room , and that oral historians may be sympathetic to socialism and to the methods of Marxist historiography . Fraser 's book is not without its evident presuppositions , and not every reader will feel that this autobiographer , having perused and digested his tape - recordings , talked to his analyst and completed his inner and outer voyages , knew something radically different about his past from what he had known before : that something had been found , or proved . She is rather like a lyric author herself , a bit of a lyre . The last story has to do with the girlfriend of a friend . Literary , second - sighted , sick , she holds out a hand to him : he clasps it , but then decides he ca n't go on . Is Klima , as the angry friend alleges on this occasion , a flirt , who goes from girl to girl ? The stories do well to return an uncertain answer . Kapuscinski generalises : the degree of consciousness that drives one to demand justice or do something about obtaining it has n't yet been reached . From Benguela , Kapuscinski and a film crew travel to a scene of carnage , guided by Carlotta , a heroine of the MPLA . When the Europeans decide to return , their guide decides to stay , and is immediately killed . We are all culpable in Carlotta 's death , since we agreed to let her stay behind ; we could have ordered her to return . A colonial could . The dualistic ambience in literature has long been influential , but has remained controversial , and it is both influential and controversial in these annals of the House of Roth . Zuckerman 's proposal of marriage to Maria in The Counterlife is an indication of its importance , and of the importance of escape both for the tradition and for the unsatisfiable Roth . Because I 've decided to give up the artificial fiction of being myself for the genuine , satisfying falseness of being somebody else . Marry me . Here , it is as if both the single and the plural accounts of human nature were specious . No one would lightly believe that either of them has ever found it hard to tell the difference between himself and somebody else . Dualistic explanations are moving , and intriguing : but they are often thought , even by proponents , to be far - fetched , fictional , theoretical , counter - intuitive . That Bellow , this participant in Roth 's inner life , can also be said to be out there in the world as his friend , and perhaps his rival , is a fact which does not help one to decide whether or not to trust the reports of literary duality what comes in has to have been out but it is very much in the tradition . The tradition gives many convincing pictures of the inwardness and invasiveness of friends and rivals . Brothers may be rivals , and they may be internalised . The absence of punctuation is also a part of the style - but in spite of this you can sense the character struggling to articulate her thoughts clearly . Educating Rita by Willy Russell Rita is a young , married , working - class hairdresser , who rebels against her circumstances , and decides to acquire a higher education . She 's talking to Frank , her university tutor . RITA Also played Anna in Self - inflicted Wounds by Tom Kempinski . A.R. Although you won the BBC radio competition for a place in the BBC Repertory company straight from drama school , you decided to start your career by playing Ophelia in Hamlet at Theatr Clwyd . Do you feel that was the right way round for you ? J.F. At this level , the power of the Roman catholic church bore directly on the institutions of government . Dil members would act on a decision of the hierarchy once that hierarchy had said the teaching of the church was at issue , providing of course that the area in question was a grey one , a new territory not previously covered by the generally accepted sacred - profane spheres . In such an unclear area , it was not to be left to Dil members to decide , irrespective of whether it still remained an appropriate public measure . Even if Dil members had thought otherwise , it must by now be clear that the ethos of the Irish Republic was still one in which it was impolitic to be in conflict with the church . Reasons for the Political Religious Synthesis : Second Reflections The beauty of glass , he wrote , is this , that the surface does not have to be covered . Much of the middle , in fact , he wrote , will depend on where it is set up . If I could only resolve that lower right hand panel though , he wrote , or even decide once and for all to leave it empty , then perhaps the boredom would disappear . Boredom a sign of failure , he wrote . If I am bored then I have not found the way to do what I wanted to do . Letter from her later about possible purchase . Long way to go , I wrote back . Told her I might decide to scrap the whole thing . But I no longer believe that myself . Know it 's too far advanced , must make its own way from now on . No solution . Reverted to boxing - match . As so often , first idea best , though you only discover that when you 've decided to discard it and try something else . But tension starting to drain out of whole thing . As though now I know it will get done it is already in the past . I told him I was cutting down on lunch . What 's the point of having a phone if you never answer ? he said . But then decided to ignore my actions , started telling me about himself , his latest article , latest book , latest catalogue introduction , latest love . He tried before leaving , as he was looking at his watch , to press me about the glass , but we know each other too well . I merely smiled and he got up , patting his face with his handkerchief , talking about the pollution of the water in London , about tests carried out and how soon everyone would have to boil drinking water first , it 's turning into a third - world city , he said , a third - world country , no one will admit it but England is turning into a third - world country . Last Sunday the belated Lord Woodleigh and Miss Jilly Jonathan could not see the famous Blue Grotto on this island because Lord Woodleigh insisted to go to Mass in a church here . It was this , I am thinking , that made Miss Jonathan realize that if the marriage she was about to enter into with a man much different from herself , and older also , would not go well , she would never from a Catholic be obtaining a divorce . So she decided to make away with him. But that 's ridiculous , Arabella Buckley bounced out . I mean , the girl was n't even married to him yet . Bramble spotted his quarry entering the post office some ten minutes later . The small foreign person was walking as jauntily as ever , though Bramble realized that he did so with a pronounced limp . Bramble decided to follow , and when he entered the office , which was also the village shop , he found the stranger in earnest colloquy with the postmaster , one Algy Brind . It is , ma foi , a matter only of the little grey cells , m 'sieur , he was saying . Your baronet is kidnapped . DATE : Tuesday 24 September TIME : 0035 SCREENING : TAKE THIS JOB AND SHOVE IT ( 1973 ) Robert Hayes Barbara Hershey David Keith . Workers at an old fashioned brewery , upset by a take - over , decide to start their own employee - owned brewery . Comedy . Directed by Gus Trikonis . Will do . I had gone for coffee in the student room in order to avoid my colleagues . However , my presence was clearly unsettling its regular inhabitants so I decided it was time to make a move and time to confront Charles Howard . I remember how leaden - footed I felt , climbing the two flights of stairs to Charles 's office . I knew that , in the cold light of day , he held all the aces . Look , do you really think that the Senate of the University of London is going to care two hoots about a footling little first - year lecture ? You 're making a mountain out of a molehill , Dorothy . All that 's happened is I decided I was going to give the Bernini lecture this year . If you 've got some new material on him that you want to share with us , I 'm more than happy to arrange another lecture for you later in the term , but frankly , as you 've apparently given the same lecture on him for the past ten years , I can hardly be accused of interfering with academic freedom , can I ? Who on earth told you that ? No I do n't . I 'm sorry , Carla , I really do n't . This time I decided to have my coffee in a little cafe not far from SIS . I can still remember how good that coffee tasted , and how different it tasted from the common - room coffee I was used to . I can still see myself sitting there , relaxed and comforted by the warm drink , and then there was that moment when I decided I would resign . This time I decided to have my coffee in a little cafe not far from SIS . I can still remember how good that coffee tasted , and how different it tasted from the common - room coffee I was used to . I can still see myself sitting there , relaxed and comforted by the warm drink , and then there was that moment when I decided I would resign . A mixed feeling of excitement and fear flowed through me as the idea took control . Nothing much had happened in my life since the publication of my Carlo Fontana book nearly twenty years earlier ( though even that , as only three hundred copies were sold , was hardly a riot ) . At last people were going to see the real Dorothy , the real live woman behind that starchy old madam who 'd sat in the corner for all those years , hiding from the world in general . I look back on those emotions with wry amusement but also with a certain amount of self - respect . We are , after all , allowed only one life in this world and I 'm glad I 'd decided not to let mine just drift away . When that first cup of coffee was finished , a ball of fear nestled in the pit of my stomach . I quickly ordered a second cup and the dreams returned . I kept asking myself . Had it all come down to this ? I decided that the best thing to do was to go home . I returned the book to the place on the shelf where I had found it and walked quietly out of the room . I had just about reached the stairs , when suddenly a white door to my right burst open and a group of students tumbled out , shrieking with laughter . I 'm just in everybody 's way . When I arrived home , I sat down at my desk and wrote a letter . Dear Charles , I have decided to resign from my post at the School for Italian Studies . My intention is that I should leave at the end of the year . I wish you and everyone else at the school every success in the future . I invited Paul Spence . At the party , I was presented with a gold wristwatch in a cobalt - blue presentation case a wonderfully absurd gesture which nearly had me in tears . To my considerable surprise , nearly everyone decided to come . In my mind , I had pictured Charles , Anne and myself standing in the middle of an otherwise empty common room , sherry glass in hand , desperately trying to think of something to say to each other. Not so , though . Then , as now while I write this , tears were running down my face . I knew she was n't coming back . When she first arrived at SIS as a student , Anne had an affair with some chap in her year and when it broke up , she decided she wanted to leave . It was me , her personal tutor at that time , who persuaded her to stay . Over the years , Anne had put up with an awful lot from me and she had now finally decided she could n't take it any more . Over the summer I did read a few books and tentatively prepare a few classes , but it was indisputably a pretty lacklustre performance on my part . I had managed to convince myself that , after a lifetime of teaching at university level , this was all going to be painfully easy . I decided to keep up my flat in London and find fairly basic lodgings locally . The idea of leaving London for good with its galleries , the opera and everything was just too much for me . I would go home for weekends , if I felt like it , and during the holidays . We laughed and he left . I did resign . I thought long and hard about it but in the end I decided it would be for the best . Although Jeff making me laugh at myself was the beginning of the end of my depression , it was n't enough to persuade me to stay . What tipped the balance against that was my continuing dreadful performance in the classroom . In times past , I had tried to get across to the continent as much as possible , but now , while other people were going abroad for the first time because of all the cheap travel around , I was ( without intending to be anti - social ) doing exactly the opposite and taking a look around the British Isles . All this did , of course , cost money , but if you 've had even a comparatively small amount of that and then lost it , you do tend to realize how transient the whole thing is and not worry so much about getting it back again . Besides , I did n't think I could now save enough to make a significant difference to my standard of living when I retired , so I decided I might as well enjoy it while I had the chance . In retrospect , I would probably have saved a little bit more , but there it is I did manage to save a little bit anyway . I had been employed at Jersey House for about two and a half years when I was approached to see if I might like to do a little cleaning work to earn some overtime . I went to see them about this but they told me it was up to the social security people to make up the difference . I went to see them as well and they told me to fill in another form . All this begging for money was time - consuming and degrading so I decided to concentrate on finding work . Then I received another blow . They stopped my unemployment benefit . After returning the van to the hire company , I went for a long walk in Hyde Park . It started to rain so I went down to Apsley House at the bottom right - hand corner of the park with the intention of having a look at the paintings there . However , there was an entrance fee and I was beyond the stage of paying those so I decided to try and shelter somewhere else . The question was where ? I could n't afford anywhere to hide what was happening to me ? All my efforts were concentrated on keeping up appearances during those two hours of the day when I was with them . I never overstayed my welcome and always dreamed up some excuse if any of them suggested meeting me outside working hours . It was n't that I was being purposely unfriendly , it was just that I had decided that my best chance of survival lay in my being as unobtrusive as possible . Then , one day in May , Kathleen dropped a bombshell . We had agreed at the start of this thing that pressing the Harwich local council for housing would probably be more trouble than it was worth : if one of their inspectors had decided to check my circumstances with the port authorities , the customs people would inevitably have found out about the way in which I had been using their cupboard ( and would have had a pink fit , probably ) . These machines are designed to make you lose , you twit , I said to myself . I went back outside again . I kept just killing time until it had gone eleven o'clock and all the cinema - goers had gone in for the late shows , at which point I decided to call it a day . When I got down to the park , the combination of the cold and my long sleep that afternoon made me feel too restless to contemplate actually going to sleep again , so I just sat there on one of the benches , thinking . What would everyone back at the cafe have thought when , for the first time in eight months , I had n't shown up for work ? I thought back over all the good times all the laughs we had shared and all the wonderful things they had done to try to build me up and keep me going . Why could n't I let these people help me ? I resolved to go back and then decided I could n't . I had let them down and was no longer worthy of their friendship . I decided that they simply would n't have understood why I 'd done this and would now feel too hurt and abused ever to want to see me again . I did n't know what to say , so I just held out my hand and she heaved me up. There are some benches there . Why do n't we go and sit down for a few minutes and then you can decide what you want to do next ? What got me was the way she made this rather bizarre suggestion seem so utterly reasonable . All right , I said . If used strictly according to recommendations , chemical treatments have their place , if only as a last resort for serious threats . Asparagus beetles , for example , can dramatically reduce crop yields and , although often controlled naturally by ground beetles , need to be sprayed if they get out of hand . If you decide to use an insecticide , choose the most appropriate one for the affected plant and the pest concerned to avoid injuring beneficial insects . A guide from the British Agrochemicals Association , Garden chemicals : a guide to their safe and effective use , is available for 1.50 . Write to the association , at 4 Lincoln Court , Lincoln Road , Peterborough PE1 2RP , or telephone : ( 0733 ) 349225 . It is generally agreed that only one wing - tip should be held while the glider is being moved about . This is because if there is a person on both wing - tips , neither may have a good grip . Furthermore , it is all too easy for both people to decide to let go at the same moment , so that no one is left holding a wing - tip . Traditionally , it was usual to take the upwind wing - tip and to hold it slightly below the horizontal . This was because with the older gliders like the T21 or T31 , the wings were very high and they could not be held securely except by keeping one wing low . With a trailer that you have not towed before , your first priority should be to explore its stability carefully . You can do this by driving on a quiet , wide road with no traffic about , gradually increasing your speed and moving the steering slightly to produce a very slight weave . As the speed is increased , the damping becomes less and you will be able to decide on a reasonable limit to keep to for the first half hour . By then you will have become tuned in to the driving and will be better able to judge if it is safe to go a little faster . Remember to reduce speed on downhill stretches and to watch in the mirror for traffic which may be about to overtake , and which could therefore set up a swing . Reducing the climbing angle slightly will help the driver to recognise the need for more speed . However , levelling out too much will cause a large amount of slack in the cable and a further loss of speed , often leaving the aircraft in a dangerously nose - high attitude with no pull from the cable to maintain the speed . With a slow launch the pilot must decide if the speed is sufficient to continue climbing . If it is , he should hold the present attitude and stand by to lower the nose if the speed drops any further . If the launch is much too slow , the nose must be lowered and the launch abandoned immediately . You will discover large errors flying near north or south with even small amounts of bank , and large errors on east and west if you vary the speed . Compass errors are an awful nuisance and it is well worth finding out a little about them . You also need to become accustomed to thinking and using degrees , and deciding whether you need to turn left or right to change the heading . The easy way to remember it is that for a lesser number of degrees , you turn left , e.g. turning from 350 to 320 is turning to a lesser number and therefore you turn left . Turning point photography Give them the confidence that comes from knowing that you care , and will help if they have problems of any sort . All this is important , because young people who have good relationships with their parents are less likely to feel the need to try drugs . Do decide whether it 's a good idea to bring up the subject of drugs yourself . This depends entirely on you and your children and there is no simple answer . You must avoid making drug - taking seem acceptable without making the subject a no - go area . to look such truths in the eye is a test of courage . It demands insight into the necessity of growing old , and the courage to renounce what is no longer compatible with it . For only when one is able to discriminate between what must be discarded and what still remains as valuable for the future will one also be able to decide whether one is ready to strike out in the new direction consciously and positively . With benefit of the hindsight - ometer , it can be argued that my own movement into a structural limbo contained aspects of the unconscious journey towards a new self - knowledge , when the old values were able to be adjusted if not discarded ; so that it was possible to break through the constraints imposed by the inculcated patterns of police culture , albeit in something of an unprogrammatic and fragmented manner . Through the daily use of our special knowledge of the counter - culture , we were forced to acknowledge and come to grips with many of the complex social factors surrounding some drug use , which a legal framework could never adequately encompass . Her dreams were so vivid while the poem shimmered on her desk signed , sealed , undelivered that she had to catch herself from grabbing Lucy 's hands , kissing her right out in the street , holding her close at the end of each day , saying , come home , darling ; grabbing her and flinging her to the floor , ripping her clothes off , sinking into her breasts , fucking her like a sheet of flame . There was time enough for that later . And then she decided , one Lucyless evening of Marvin Gaye and Millie Jackson , Come Live With Me Angel , I wanna kiss you all over she decided to send the poem . This was year one , everything was a world premiere . Voil , she thought , tossing the letter into the postbox , Ma vie est faite . Can't you ever WAIT ? Why do you always demand ? She decided to do nothing else by way of wooing Lucy until there was real time , time for them to be alone . Together . She set her things round the monastic student bedroom . She rose early , determined to walk the day away , give the woman her space . They had both clearly come here to be alone . Let it be so , she decided , as she went into the empty dining room . CHAPTER THIRTY - THREE A mile or so along the sand , she sat on a rock , looking at the grey/indigo streak of Italian coastline . There would be no more In Love redemption , thought Jay , in fact all she knew was that she did n't know what Love was . Some conclusion , Baby Jay ! She decided to treat herself as good as she would if she was In Love with Jay . For example , now , she would be gathering shells to show to The Beloved , searching for ways to describe the perfect Disney sky . She felt like a total loony doing these things for herself . OK. You 're just an animal ! Jay decided to gamble with this thing inside her , deep as her blood and bones . Gambling to lose her demons . She had felt so free and lithe along the beach . Though this stance protects the groin , it leaves the front foot susceptible to a front sweep . Groin kicks are not now allowed , so the old requirement of a narrow stance has relaxed somewhat . When deciding how wide to make your stance , look at yourself in a full length mirror to see what kind of a target you present for the opponent . Narrow your stance and pull your rear hip back to try and reduce this profile , but notice also how this makes you gradually more and more susceptible to a foot sweep . so , your rear hand has to be drawn further and further back from where it should be in order to remain immediately effective . Cameron now expected a glancing reference to Exodus 32 and a figuring of Aaron the idolator as the rebel and troublemaker who seduced the honest Israelites with the golden calf of dangerous principles . But if Mr Menzies had thought of this he must have been keeping it for another Sunday . Evidently he had decided to finish on a note of grave and reproachful dignity . For those were troublous times , he said on a downward - curving cadence , and such times have come again , but take heart : for when Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted , he said unto Moses , There is a noise of war in the camp . And he said , It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery , neither is it the voice of them that cry for being overcome : but the noise of them that sing do I hear . Nathan Cohen himself was the eldest son of Lyon Cohen , one of the really influential men of early Canadian consolidation over five decades , not least among his own Jewish people . His father , Lazarus Cohen ( known as Reb Leizer ) , was formerly a bochur ( teacher ) in the rabbinical college of Wolozhin , near Wilkovislak in Lithuania . Born in 1844 to a family noted for its piety and scholarship , Lazarus had decided to emigrate to Canada in 1869 , having heard reports of the young country 's potential : its federation was then but two years old . The writing was already on the wall for those willing to read it in his own country . Within two years he had so firmly established himself that he was able to bring to Canada his wife and young son , Lyon , where they settled happily , first at Maberly , Ontario , then in Montreal , a home with more than a touch of aristocratic manners and style . She was only too well aware of the fragility of the undertaking , and had little confidence in his making it . She exhorted him to follow your little heart ; it was much more difficult for her to do so , and it showed . He still saw Irving Layton , and they decided to put their hands to playwriting ; which reinforced his mother 's concern ! ( It will be remembered that he had studied drama at McGill , and the plays of Britain 's angry young men had made waves in Canada . ) They settled on a series of four or five plays which are notable for anticipating subjects destined to become central issues in the sixties : student revolt , the hippie movement , violence and so on . The fact was that she had achieved something . Won a national competition well a competition in a national magazine by imagining how to put together three exceptional outfits for three occasions : a job interview , meeting a partner 's parents for the first time , and addressing a conference . The competition set a fairly tight budget so Julia decided to mix second - hand clothes with new ones . For the interview she opted for a cream silk shirt , and a tailored black skirt . That would show she could fit in neatly anywhere . But unfortunately it was misspelt far more often than peas or spring greens or even aubergine , although that , too , was a difficult word . On other occasions Rita found , as she did with the children , that a certain sharp authority was more effective . Today she decided that house clearences lettered on a junk shop window was intolerable . She went into the shop . For a moment she stood in the doorway , allowing her eyes to adjust to the gloomy interior . But you can take it as read that you have the contract . Gillian returned to her office on a high . This evening , she decided , she would tell the man she met a thing or two . At seven p.m. she entered the wine bar where she had arranged to rendezvous . She recognised Peter because he was carrying a rolled - up copy of the Standard and because his eyes lit with appreciation as she walked in . I 'll let you know , and got into bed . This Friday Geraldine settled down to wait for Newsnight . She decided to sleep on the sofa so as not to miss anything . No one had mentioned how fast the trains were going : nor the precise time of impact , not down to the minute . She wanted to hear interviews with other survivors and to know what the emergency services had to say the fire fighters who rushed to the scene , the doctors who performed the operations . It was close enough to the cottage for her to take an early morning dip or a quick swim before dinner . At the far end a rocky promontory extended into deep water a promising place for snorkelling . She turned to walk back , then decided to jog . A second car was parked outside the cottage . In the kitchen she found Rodney stirring the contents of two saucepans and Veronica , John and a young man she did not know sitting at the table drinking wine . Sara asked , Where did you get to last night ? One or two of these mushrooms are deliquescing already , Rodney picked out a couple and put them in a plastic bag . We decided to have a rota for the beds as well , he went on , still inspecting the mushrooms . Otherwise the same two people have to sleep on the floor all week . I thought of making soup with these , but we 'd lose the delicacy of the flavour . Sara felt better after a cup of tea . She went upstairs , changed into her swimsuit and set off , on foot , for the cove . She plunged into the sea , grateful for the buoyancy of the salt water , then decided to push herself , swam the width of the cove six times and stumbled out onto the sand , shivering . Back in the cottage she found everyone in the kitchen . Rodney was standing at one end of the table , a turquoise can in his hand . She went faster and faster , swinging round corners , bumping over uneven patches in the lane . At the junction with the road she braked just long enough to see that nothing was coming then turned right and careered wildly down the long hill into the village . She decided to take a look at the harbour . She pushed the bike along the quay , sniffing the tarry , fishy air . The tide was in ; water lapped against the harbour wall . Crisp hair curling on his collar , Levi 501s and a taupe cotton shirt . By the look of him he might well have left a genuine World War Two leather bomber jacket in the bedroom . But did he like hats ? she decided to ask . Forties cloches like yours , yes . I ca n't abide those Afghan caps everyone is wearing now . I loved him too , with reservations . While he was out I had rewritten my will so that I left nothing to my ex . I had decided to leave everything in trust to the cat . Tomorrow I would take my new will to my solicitor . Not that I planned on dying . You 'll find some listed under Useful addresses . Monitoring Once you have decided your policy and put it in place , keep an eye on how well it 's working . Have regular reviews . Ask the staff if the policy has had any effect on their attitudes to drinking , or on their awareness of their drinking habits . All of these observations of correlations between ERPs and different kinds of behaviour , including phenomenological reports , may tell us something about mental representations and the cognitive processes generating them , but they can tell us nothing about whether these representations and processes are conscious or unconscious . It is the essential but usually overlooked fact that in any psychophysical experiment when , for example , subjects are asked whether or not they perceive a stimulus , their responses , verbal or otherwise , cannot be relied on as accurate accounts of their conscious experiences . So , in a near - threshold task the subject may be accurately identifying the presence of a stimulus which tells the experimenter that there is some kind of mental representation of the stimulus , but there is no way the experimenter can decide whether or not the subject is consciously aware of the stimulus . Indeed , it is a common observation in experiments of this kind that subjects themselves often express confusion about what they are conscious of . The problem arises whenever we try to use conscious awareness as a dependent variable : for example , when we want to decide whether or not a particular external event leads to a phenomenal event . And can you honestly say you are unaffected ? Obviously there is some problem which I shall attempt to diagnose . Location , Sensation , Modalities , Concomitants I repeated , having decided to walk to my class in town . Location , Sensation , Modalities , Concomitants , That 's what one needs for diagnosis ! I remembered my homeopathy seminars I got some paper and wrote : Englishness and its effect on I stopped to find her a name . I decided on an anagram , Neela . Neela is a woman in her 4Os , living in London . She left India , the land of her birth when she was a small child . Well bloody go then , but you 're mad Catherine , bloody crazy . Catherine moved to Sheila and Bob 's , and Duncan was left alone . One Saturday night he 'd been drinking in front of the telly when he decided to phone Sheila 's place . Hullo , is that you Sheila ? he asked . Aye , came the answer . I picked up the Evening News from one of the street sellers and looked through its entertainment pages . In times of disorientation , intellectual or otherwise , it is sometimes best to stick to the familiar , cling to the known . I decided to go and see one of the Bond films which was on in a cinema at Leicester Square . I did n't know exactly where Leicester Square was , but 1 did know it was n't far from Piccadilly , I had seen it in one of those tourist maps I had in my hand a short while ago , did n't know where it went , probably left it in the cinema showing the explicit sex film which was n't . Even if I might have wandered away from Piccadilly , I could n't have gone far , and anyway I did n't mind walking . I had nowhere I could go . But to Leicester Square . This time I decided I would try a child . For unto such belongs the Kingdom of Heaven . Leicester Square should n't be much of a problem . His tie was muddy green with flowers which once must have been yellow . Sorry , no know , new sorry sorry new , no know I decided to make one last attempt after which I would start looking for a place from where I could obtain a map of the city . I tried a pink old lady with the future of the universe mapped on her face with linear symbols just waiting to be decoded by anyone who had the wisdom and the patience to want to do so . It took her a while to understand what I wanted and where I wanted to go . I managed to keep boys away from him , but in one alley he disappeared . It was the worst of all Coney Island 's dark corners , and I ventured down it , calling his name and looking in dirty windows . It occurred to me that he might well have heard me and decided not to answer . I still had his jacket , but he had taken his wallet out at one of the bars and had that with him. It was growing dark as I walked down the pier alone , his jacket draped over my shoulders , and I wondered if I should really look for Wilde at all . Solving solitaire centres I have always envied John and Barbara 's solitaire board . Last Christmas , having loads of time on my hands over the holidays , I decided to take the plunge and make one at least as nice theirs . I found a piece of quarter - sawn oak in my wood store , which would do perfectly for the job . Solitaire boards are normally circular and have 33 circular depressions or sockets for the playing pieces ( marbles ) arranged on six lines in a cross configuration . Certainly it is essential to use some form of eye protection . Work was carried on around the lump in a fairly ordered pattern helping to keep everything in proportion . It was easy to stand back and view what had been accomplished , decide what had to be done and move straight in again with the view fresh in memory . It became self evident when it was time to stop as the depth of cut ran out , though this was not a problem as I wanted the effect of closely surrounding foliage . The foliage was achieved by allowing the cutter to run up and down in the timber . Arbortech did so by developing a stamped disc with a tooth shape that differs from the chainsaw , to make sweeping cuts possible . Its inventor Kevin Inkster started with a loose chain on a disc , and it is this formation that Toolbox have chosen . This move has been promoted as a safety measure , permitting slip when the tool bites , but the legalities of patent law were doubtless considered when Toolbox decided to manufacture their version . Kevin Inkster discarded the loose chain when he was dissatisfied with the cut it gave , but it made him realise that he was certainly on the right lines . To that extent the SuperCut is also on the right lines , and has some benefits , but for the serious woodcutter it is limiting . Sun Seeking seats David Solman builds a special garden bench , inspired by a sunnier summer than 1991 , and makes a simple dowelling jig Having spent much of the glorious summer last year sitting in the shade of the apple tree I decided that if such summers were to continue it would be a good idea to build a permanent seat around the tree . The ideal should be a circular seat but I felt it would take a considerable amount of timber with a lot of waster so I opted for an hexagonal shape . The tree was 360mm in diameter and to enable me to get the correct clearance around the tree and the seat width I drew a rough development on the patio with chalk . If there is no Will , the next of kin should decide . It is important to check whether the deceased has already made arrangements for their own funeral , or carried funeral insurance ( see Section 6 ) . Funeral directors accept that relatives will seek quotations before they decide which company to use information can be found in Yellow Pages Directories under the heading funeral directors . If relatives cannot afford to pay for the funeral they should seek assistance from the Department of Social Security ( DSS ) ( see Section 4 ) . The National Association of Funeral Directors ( 618 Warwick Road , Solihull , West Midlands B91 1AA . Details from Dignity in Destiny Ltd. , Freepost , Manchester M1 8DJ or telephone , free of charge on ( 0800 ) 269318 . A Funeral Bond may be purchased from the Co - operative Wholesale Society through its Co - operative Funeral Services on payment by cash , credit card , or by instalments . This scheme does not offer set funerals but customers decide on the details of a specific funeral paying in advance at current local prices . Further information may be obtained from the Co - operative Funeral and Memorial Service , 2 Commonwealth Buildings , Woolwich Church Street , SE18 5NW , Tel 081 317 7317 . Most co - operative societies have some form of funeral prepayment plan which may involve vouchers for goods in their stores . What can the social services department do to help ? All local authority social services departments offer different kinds of help and support . Each authority has its own ways of deciding how much , if anything , you will have to pay . This factsheet can only suggest some of the ways in which they may help you . Many areas have special schemes which fit in with the particular needs of individual people at home . Although the curvature and track geometry precludes speeds much in excess of 100mph ( except by upgrading at unacceptable costs ) the power : weight ratio , acceleration and braking of the HSTs immediately demonstrated their worth and have made it possible to introduce some very useful cuts in journey times . A package of accelerations , improved peak - hour services and upgrading of the Master Cutler to Pullman status has generated new business . To provide some much - needed improvement the InterCity director decided to transfer ten HSTs to the Midland five from the Great Western , two from the East Coast main line plus three which were part of the build for the Cross Country ( North East - South West ) routes . A completely new Midland timetable was introduced in two stages in October 1982 and May 1983 . By the end of the decade , the Midland 's outlook had been transformed . BALLETIC MATERIALS Having been inspired to create a ballet by any one of the sources mentioned , choreographers have to decide upon the appropriate materials with which to work . The most important are music and the type of dancer . Music To do so , both verbs and nouns need to be qualified by adjectives and/or adverbs determined by the choreographers during the making of the design . Firstly , they can give them physical shape by referring to Noverre 's seven movements of dance , viz. to bend , stretch , rise , jump , glide , dart and turn . Secondly , they should decide in what manner and why they are so performed to give appropriate expression and sustain a style throughout the whole design . Choreographers today also need to understand what can be called a Grammar of Choreography if their work is to emerge as a valid stage presentation . They can no longer concern themselves only with the technical aspect of class - room steps and poses . A similar description can be given to various parts of A Month in the Country , such as the scne d'action where the entire cast tries to find the lost key , the exquisite pas d'action of Vera and the Tutor , and Kolia 's excited variation playing with a ball . 3 Once an outline of the story and a general layout of the plot have been decided , they should be discussed with the composer or arranger of music whose first task may be to create a proper beginning with the overture . Is it to set the general atmosphere and mood as Stravinsky did for The Firebird Mysterious sounds of the wind whispering in the trees , the soaring flight of a bird and the heavy tread of an unseen foot are still a wonderful introduction to this magic tale . On the other hand , Prokofiev used his overture to Romeo and Juliet to introduce the leitmotifs which will help both dancers and audience to follow the unfolding of the plot . For example , there is a very great deal of difference between sawing a large log by hand and stitching , or between playing a game of tennis and a game of cards . Embroidery requires a specialised technique , so does ice skating . In deciding to use a particular occupational process in his design a choreographer has four considerations : 1 He must decide the general outline of the process as he sees it in terms of movement . In deciding to use a particular occupational process in his design a choreographer has four considerations : 1 He must decide the general outline of the process as he sees it in terms of movement . Traditionally every hornpipe begins as the sailors come on deck and dance figures - of - eight round the bollards before setting to work . Every harvest dance begins with the workers circling the field before moving into a straight line and beginning to reap . Keg was given massive promotion and the success of such brands as Double Diamond and Worthington E was forcing independent brewers to switch to keg production too . There was a real fear that cask ale , Britain 's unique contribution to the world of beer , could be drowned in a rising tide of cold , fizzy keg . Michael Hardman , Graham Lees , Bill Mellor and Jim Makin decided to launch CAMRA , which stood at first for the Campaign for the Revitalisation of Ale . Hardman , Lees and Mellor were professional journalists . They were able to drum up a great deal of press and radio material on the sorry plight of British beer . Holyrood ( closed 1986 ) ; Home Ales of Nottingham ( taken over 1986 ) ; Matthew Brown , Blackburn ( taken over 1987 ) , future uncertain . GREENALL WHITLEY , having closed their subsidiary in Wem , taken over and closed Simpkiss ( West Midlands ) and Davenports in Birmingham , have now decided to opt out of brewing altogether . Brewing at Warrington ( Greenalls ) and Nottingham ( Shipstones ) is scheduled to cease in 1991 . We name but a few will your local brewery be next ? BUT even in 1963 the brewery still had 25 heavy horses delivering beer in London . Before that , however , in 1958 , the year the Albion brewery celebrated its 150th anniversary , Mann Crossman and Paulin had been taken over by Watney 's . The Red Barrell company was losing its own Stag brewery , near Victoria Station , to redevelopment , and decided it was easier to buy another London brewery than build one . It did keep the Albion brewery open for another 20 years , but brewing finally stopped in Mild End in 1978 . There was still one more big brewery left in the East End , however , the biggest the East End ever saw Truman Hanbury and Buxton of Brick Lane . Without a pinstripe , you 'd be underdressed . Of what interest to CAMRA members , I hear you cry , are pubs that cater for GT swilling executives ? Has CAMRA somewhat belatedly decided to join the yuppie set ? Maybe the mobile phones at the Docklands beer festival were no mere accident . The answer is that the City gents are surprisingly fond of their beer . I was not prepared to use my own savings to pay for that , John said . It would have been a different story if the brewery had done the earlier repairs . John and Maureen decided to call it a day . John admits they are in a better position than most tenants , for they have their own house to move in to and are not dependent on the pub 's accommodation . He fears for the future of the pub if leases become widespread . Could we climb that fast , even allowing for the more modest grading of most of it ? And what if we were caught in the exit chimneys in a storm like the one the day before , stranded without head torches ? The 20 foot roof above our heads provided perfect shelter for all eventualities , so we decided to share our last scraps of food in another bivouac after fixing the ropes on the first two pitches above the terrace . I slept . I lay out , warm in the cloudy air , oblivious to the rain and hail which lashed the mountain and left its edges white . Before leaving Britain we 'd learnt that the hike up to Mount Kenya 's walkers summit , Point Lenana , was not too demanding , and that the climbing route up to the twin summits of Batian and Nelion was graded mainly Diff , with a few patches of Severe , so we were n't expecting any technical problems . But Mount Kenya is over 17,000ft ( 5100m ) and we 'd also learnt that many walkers and climbers fail to reach the top simply because of altitude sickness . So , instead of going straight for the big one , we decided to build up our acclimatisation by first visiting some of Kenya 's other mountains . The Leroghi Hills are near the town of Maralal , about 250 miles north of Nairobi , part of the homeland of the Samburu , a semi - nomadic , cattle - rearing people . As we walked through the hills we saw several large herds of long - horned cattle , guarded by warriors called morani who were stern but not unfriendly , and brightly decorated , like our guide , with their faces painted and hair thick with ochre . Like Mount Kenya , Elgon is the remains of an ancient volcano , and rises as a gigantic dome high above the surrounding plains . At the crest of the dome is a large crater ( more correctly called caldera ) , with its rim surmounted by a circle of large , steep - sided , flat - topped peaks . The highest of these peaks , Wagagai ( 14,177ft/4321m ) , is in Ugandan territory and officially out of bounds , but our map showed the international boundary passing through the summit of the second highest peak ( just 20 metres lower than Wagagai ) , called Lower Elgon , so we decided to stay legal and aim for that instead . Part of Mount Elgon is a national park , a protected area for several species of animals , including elephant and buffalo . Remembering the close encounter near Maralal , we arranged for an armed park ranger to accompany us , so that we would also be protected in case of emergency . They said it could n't be done . They said the head would be so big it would be unwieldy . In fact they said a lot of things when Wild Country decided to make a Flexible Friend 3 . Most of it has been proved wrong . On the face of it , the Friend 3 seems the model least likely to benefit from flexibility the thick stem interferes little with the working of the cams , both designs have the same strength rating and there 's only a few grams difference in weight between them . Something has obviously got to be done to make sure that these simple shelters , which are there to offer overnight shelter for anyone in need of it , are not used for holiday centres and the like . It would also appear that many of the people who abuse the code of these shelters are not members of the MBA , so contribute nothing to their maintenance . If the current trend continues , the landowners to whom the bothies belong , could decide that enough is enough and withdraw their permission for usage . Mike Wilson - Roberts , Christchurch , Dorset . Two fine hills , but they are not Corbetts PATIO DOORS Patio doors are big business these days. There 's a wide range of products at a wide range of prices , and deciding which to go for can be a difficult decision and an expensive one to get wrong . So if you 're in the market for some new doors , here are some of the things you need to know . If you are replacing existing patio doors , you have two options . When corrosion really takes a hold , the radiators themselves may start to leak , and the overall effect is to reduce the system 's efficiency . Corrosion can be avoided in central heating systems if an inhibitor is added to the feed - and expansion cistern . Choosing the right inhibitor ( which may need to include anti - freeze ) and deciding on the correct procedure ( which may involve cleansing the system first ) is not always easy . ELECTRICITY Bell push Des was one of a litter of seven pups found at the EFI compound at Jubail . Most of the other pups were shipped out to other units and their respective fates are unknown , but Dave and his mates two others based with Dave at RAOC/EFI Headquarters at Claygate , Surrey , and five more still stationed in Germany were determined to hand onto their new recruit . At the end of the Gulf War , British Army authorities announced they would have to destroy all dogs which had been picked up and kept by British units in the war zone , but Dave and his colleagues decided they were n't going to let this cruel fate befall Des . Letters were written ; faxes were sent ; phones rang hot as Dave set the wheels in motion on the mission to rescue Des . That 's where Dogs Today was able to take a hand . Company policy is to prohibit dogs from entering the store . The staff were polite but when asked why there was no sign on the shop door , we got a rather unsatisfactory answer . We were told that previously , when dogs were allowed , there 'd been problems , so they decided to stop letting them in . We do not have a sign on the door . We usually have a sign near the main till but it 's not here today . He 's had dogs from as far afield as London and Liverpool . Branston came from Birmingham . A couple with two children , expecting a third , decided their house was getting too crowded so the dog had to go . Thankfully , as many people ring up wanting Rotties . People who 've lost a Rottweiler often want another adult dog , rather than encourage the puppy market . While on holiday in Scotland , Andrew and Wendy met a Christian group . Those people just had something special and we got to know them well , Andrew said . We decided to make a commitment and moved down to Malton in North Yorkshire so we could go to Bible College . As part of the college course we took a trip to Bristol to help with an evangelistic outreach . As I was blind , it was arranged for me to stay at the organiser 's house . He 'd never given the impression of being a dog lover . To her amazement , Bill was keen , so they immediately began their search . Impressed by her friend 's Retriever 's good nature , Marjorie decided on a Labrador . She and Bill went to see a litter of pale , yellow puppies and Marjorie fell in love with the smallest bitch . Marjorie named her Lizzie ( she 'd always intended to call a daughter Lizzie but had produced only sons ! ) and the two forged a strong bond . Unfortunately , I completely forgot I was attached to the table all the lunch things fell off , the wine spilt and the glasses shattered . The man spoke gently and patted my head . I thought how nice he was and decided to give him a treat and sit on his lap . I climbed up but his seat collapsed and , as he fell , he knocked his table over . What a clumsy person . Automatic prescan of data follows for the summary screen , and calculations can be made on a range . If the range maximum is 40 but 100 is preferable , then Y=Y*100/40 could be entered to transpose the range before plotting . TableCurve can calculate the data 's best fit to one of its equations , or the plot of the data can be previewed to decide whether any data needs to be edited or excluded , or weighting factors applied prior to processing . Weighting allows pre - judging of the relevance of any points and so reduces emphasis on suspect data . The weighting screen presents twenty options including on - line help , and saving of changes , while others allow sorting of data , changing of titles , reversing of the XY ranges and so on . The more feasible alternative is to dismember his plays between the history of his own day and the ideologies of ours . Marxists invoke History as a transcendent signified , the ultimate in terms of which everything else is to be explained ; but there are many histories , not one , and we choose those which suit us . As Edward Pechter puts it , History does not tell us what the text is , because we decide what history is , and then put history into the text , rather than the other way round . Something similar is true of politics , another transcendent signified and argument - stopper . Since politics is traditionally one of the major defining activities of a rational humanity , the discussion of literature in political terms is not only possible but desirable , as the major critics of the past have shown . The line in Provenal is from Bertran de Born 's Planh for the Young English King , which Pound had translated splendidly as early as 1909 . The leopards and broom plants , Plantagenet emblems , signify the dynastic reasons for which Henry the young king was killed , as were Rizzio and Mary 's husband Darnley centuries later . Anyone is free to decide that life is too short for such unriddlings ; others ( I speak from experience ) may develop a taste for them . A more important point is that passages of this sort , spliced as they are with images like the lizard from the immediate foreground of Pound 's tent inside the wire - mesh cage of the prison camp , do not come into being out of the free associations of idle reverie , though in these Pisan cantos Pound exploits the illusion of that , as Joyce did in Ulysses when he pretended to transport himself and us into the mind of Leopold Bloom . The reason we are reminded of these historical episodes , rather than any of a hundred others , comes clear only with the surprising and congested line that closes the quatrains about the Wars of the Roses : But oblivion , not thy forgiveness , FRANCE . Isn't that the giveaway ? It will certainly seem so to the Englishman ( as I take him to be ) , who found in the Envoi to Hugh Selwyn Mauberley Pound 's most explicit farewell to England , as he prepared to leave her in 1918 externality : an externality which , considering what Mauberley attempts , is utterly disabling . This is the same reader who , having decided that the Envoi is literary , in a limiting sense , is provoked by the word magic in the middle stanza into deciding that the term literary becomes a good deal more limiting , for the term aesthetic rises to our lips , and so , perhaps , does American ' And there we have it ! For this sort of Englishman , externality , to things English is what any American is condemned to ; and per contra inwardness with things English is what an Englishman quite simply has , painlessly , as a birthright . From this point of view , the only good American is one who stays shamefacedly mute about his English cousins , however many years he may have lived among them . However , Pound 's diagnosis of Williams 's condition was surely perceptive : Williams could abide American reality ( where Pound and Eliot had to flee from it ) because , as in the admirable To Elsie ( The pure products of America / go crazy ' , he remained the immigrant , the outsider looking in on the behaviour of the nation that he had been , by the sheerest accident , born to . Yvor Winters , eschewing lurid and unstable metaphors of bloodpoisoning and leukaemia , applied the discipline of intellectual history to isolate the virus that for him too disabled American literature of the north - east . It was , he decided , Emersonianism a disease ( if that is what it is ) which is certainly no less rife now than it was when Winters made his diagnosis fifty years ago. This investigation was part of the wholesale scrutiny and revaluation that Winters was shocked into by the suicide of Hart Crane in 1932 . In that revaluation , whereas Pound held his modest but respectable place , Williams was drastically denoted with Eliot rising in the scale against him. The scale on which Pound was working was not clear even to the poet himself ; so that the eleven cantos which he originally designated as preparation of the palette are now by responsible commentators considerably extended to the extent that the first thirty cantos , which are all that the twenties knew of the poem ( A Draft of XVI Cantos ( Paris , June 1925 ) ; A Draft often Cantos 1727 ( 100 copies , September 1928 ) ; and A Draft of XXX Cantos ( 210 copies , August 1930 ) ) , are now often regarded as laying out no the painter 's palette the hues that only in subsequent cantos would be combined to polemical and imaginative purpose . Certainly only in the next batch of cantos ( post - 1930 ) , which began with extended excerpts from the founding fathers of the Republic , would the scale of magnitude of the poem become apparent , also its topicality and its Americanness . Of the first thirty cantos by themselves , no account is more plausible than that of a writer in the New York Herald Tribune Books for 9 January 1927 , who decided : Mr Pound is avowedly writing a history of the Mediterranean basin ' The writer was Ford Madox Ford , who was among the most loyal as he had been among the first of Pound 's friends ; in the twenties he was as penurious and as out of fashion as Pound . It is easy to cheat when quoting from these early cantos : either by imposing a seeming self - closure on passages that are in fact open at both ends , or ( and as well ) by presenting a lyrically appealing passage as typical of the whole . Ferranti is now convinced that it was the victim of fraud perpetrated by International Signal and Control which it took over two years ago. A report by Coopers Lybrand into suspect ISC contracts and the nature and extent of any fraud is expected to be delivered to Ferranti today or tomorrow . Ferranti then hopes to decide on a course of action and in particular on how to restructure its capital base . It has already undertaken to sell off 100m worth of businesses and to raise 150m through a rights issue or by attracting a suitor . Sir Derek said last night that he had glanced at the Hill Samuel plan and was interested to see how it works out . Last month Pearl announced pre - tax profits for the six months ending 30 June of 31.1m , an increase of 8 per cent on the previous year . The directors recommended that the dividend payout to shareholders should be increased by 25 per cent to 7.5p a share which was widely regarded as a move designed to ward off a takeover bid . If Pearl decided to resist the overtures of AMP it will be the second major takeover battle in the British life assurance sector in barely two years . In 1987 the Compagnie du Midi , the French financial and insurance group , moved to acquire British life insurer Equity Law , which was also under siege from the New Zealand entrepreneur Sir Ron Brierley , whose interests owned 29.6 per cent of Equity Law . Equity Law finally recommended acceptance of the 448m takeover by the French group . All it needs is to promise a high - powered investigation , such as a Royal Commission , into the practicalities of an alternative voting system ( surely justified by the intense public interest now abounding ) . Such a promise would be the only hope of a breakthrough for the disenfranchised voters and would have them flocking to the polls for Mr Kinnock . His problem will be that Mrs Thatcher might decide to do it first , and then she will garner the votes . Letter : Policy and politics at the Labour Party Conference From MR DENIS MacSHANE The Flesh It Out Theatre Company from East London are doing a show at the Edinburgh Festival on behalf of Amnesty . MA in human rights A new MA degree in human rights is being offered by the University of Essex . Unique in the UK , and probably in the world , the MA is a one - year course beginning in October 1991 . It is intended both for those who want to do practical or legal work for human rights organizations , and for those who would find it an outstanding preparation for research degrees in Law , Philosophy and Politics . A new MA degree in human rights is being offered by the University of Essex . Unique in the UK , and probably in the world , the MA is a one - year course beginning in October 1991 . It is intended both for those who want to do practical or legal work for human rights organizations , and for those who would find it an outstanding preparation for research degrees in Law , Philosophy and Politics . Best Cards in the Biz Amnesty has been given Greetings Magazine 's Best Charity Card of the Year award . Academies of art , whether in the West or in the Orient , have had lists of priorities in themes of art , in which there are many similarities . For example , in twelfth - century China , a catalogue of the Imperial collection had ten headings : Taoist and Buddhist subjects , human affairs , palaces and other buildings , foreign tribes , dragons and fishes , landscapes , animals , flowers and birds , ink bamboos , and finally vegetables and fruit . This sort of listing is worth knowing by a reader , who may occasionally notice that it underlies the degree of attention being paid to a theme by a critic . THE SURVEY WITH A THEORY The last type of survey to be considered has a basis in theory . Commemorative figures in city squares , portrait busts , tomb or cemetery furniture have also been traditionally restricted by the terms of commissions . A consequence of this tradition is that the sculptor 's own personality may receive less prominence in a monograph than a painter 's , as the effect of patronage given or withheld can be decisive in a sculptor 's career . The other major role of the sculptor is in the service of religion , where a high degree of interplay between artist and patron is not necessarily so important , making the sculptor 's situation into one which is more like the painter 's . Writing on Auguste Rodin can make the point . According to George Heard Hamilton , Rodin became a figure of international significance , the most admired , prolific , and influential sculptor since Bernini . Part of the reason for this is that the American professoriat is the largest in the world , while the American market for current art is unprecedented ; it is evident that the turnover of the American art market as a whole is the largest in the world . The persuasive tax advantages for the rich to contribute works of art to public collections also play a part , contributing a measure of prestige shared between artists and the powerful in society . Critics can also be invested with a degree of respect deriving partly from their academic connections . Another sort of authority derives from money , which a reader of art criticism may find it difficult to dissociate from an object . Historical knowledge is the surest cure for this damaged intellectual condition , as the history of taste will show many examples of the irrelevance of monetary value to artistic quality . These Africans have not moved into the houses of the Portuguese . They are passive , we are told ; moral scruples do n't come into it . Kapuscinski generalises : the degree of consciousness that drives one to demand justice or do something about obtaining it has n't yet been reached . From Benguela , Kapuscinski and a film crew travel to a scene of carnage , guided by Carlotta , a heroine of the MPLA . When the Europeans decide to return , their guide decides to stay , and is immediately killed . Remember that there may be some twelve to eighteen places at any one of the drama schools , and the number of auditions may number up to fifteen hundred for the leading schools . Don't be daunted by that , but recognise that like everything else in the acting business , it is highly competitive . No drama school panel is looking for the ultimate in audition technique but candidates should possess a noticeable degree of competence and self - awareness . Not all auditions have just two speeches , classical and modern . You may well be asked to sing something unaccompanied , or do a short improvisation and you may well be asked to perform one of the speeches in a different way . If you have done any class work before attempting the drama school audition , most of the teachers will at some point in their sessions have talked about relaxation . A lot has to do with how you breathe and how you react physically to moments of tension . You will be tense at the audition because a lot is at stake , but if you trust to your own natural resources , the degree of panic can be reduced . I would suggest that if you are sure of your pieces , do n't read them over and over again on the way to the audition once will be quite enough . Nerves afflict everyone in some way , and without them acting would be the poorer . Press notices are , however , exceptionally rare these days. Once The Stage covered all finals productions from the drama schools , but now they may write up a play perhaps once a year . This is a pity , as it means that students find it harder to get their names known , and it means they lose out on a degree of publicity . The private tutorial In the last terms of the diploma course students often find tutorials , where they are given opportunity to talk about work in progress , enormously valuable . In the South , the marginality of the third main political party , the Irish Labour Party , is an indication of just how successful the articulation of capitalism to religious and national beliefs is . The South is not a classless society , but its class nature has been well hidden in consciousness and dominated by the procedures of the capitalist - democratic process . Despite the principal duality of Irish party political power , the bourgeois structure of the state has rarely been questioned , only the degree of state intervention in the bourgeois economy . Also , the clerical church has been particularly antipathetic to socialism in any form . It showed itself to have a horror of socialism already in the nineteenth century . The Religious Component of Catholic Nationalism There is nothing theoretically which hinders religion being an ingredient , or even predominating in the nationalist mix . Roman catholicism and protestantism constitute , in different ways and to varying degrees , nationalist and loyalist beliefs in Ireland . This is even official in the case of loyalism . In the case of Irish nationalism a specific relationship with catholicism has been formulated . Catholic morality approves of the view that to repel an aggressor is to engage in a just war . It just so happens that Irish national popular consciousness interprets the presence of the British state in Ireland as a form of aggression and hence feel justified in repelling the British from Ireland . Catholic morality also approves of a proportionate degree of violence to overthrow tyranny . Many Irish catholic nationalists also consider the British and their Orange allies to have established tyrannical government in a part of Ireland . Therefore they find it just to overthrow the Northern statelet by whatever degree of force proves necessary . Catholic morality also approves of a proportionate degree of violence to overthrow tyranny . Many Irish catholic nationalists also consider the British and their Orange allies to have established tyrannical government in a part of Ireland . Therefore they find it just to overthrow the Northern statelet by whatever degree of force proves necessary . Of course , some beliefs in violence are unrelated to catholic moral teaching . Some Irish nationalists hold that it is just to unite the nation by force a typical view of secular nationalism throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Europe . A dislike by Irish clerics for such an explicit and direct church state relationship has a long tradition and comes out best in De Tocqueville 's ( 1957 ) conversations with Irish clergy on his visit to Ireland in 1834 . When asked if they would like subventions from the state to aid their stipends and church buildings , a move which was being seriously considered by the British government at the time , priests and bishops were united in rejecting the idea on the grounds that it would drive a wedge between clergy and people , identifying clergy with the principal enemies of the people . De Tocqueville 's notes reveal not only the conscious opposition to such a mode of religious power but also how deep the solidarity between clergy and people was , the degree to which the poor , half the catholic population at the time , looked to the clergy for material and spiritual leadership , guidance , and assistance , and how much they trusted them . However , with the emergence of the Southern Irish state , it soon became clear that this secularization of the state form was not to signify an absence of Roman catholic power in the construction of public morality , but rather an indirect recognition of the sovereignty of the church in most areas of moral concern besides education . In fact , precisely because Roman catholic power was to be accepted as normative in an entirely natural way by the catholic nationalist population , the church 's part - active and part - passive acceptance of the capitalist system of government and thorough opposition to socialism had a significant legitimating function for the Irish state - form . This monopoly position is therefore totally beyond criticism . One might speculate that an impending solution to the Northern Ireland problem would split off from the clerical leadership those groups for whom the present position is only accepted on pragmatic grounds . Hence the traditional alliance between catholicism and nationalism might be split at the popular basis with the ensuing growth of a degree of anti - clericalism . However , as the very existence of the catholic nationalist alliance impedes progress towards such a solution , one should perhaps view such a possibility as unreal . The Roman catholic leadership in Ireland has first to change and radically evaluate its monopoly beliefs , thus permitting the dissolution of one of the most antagonistic aspects of catholic nationalist hegemony . Some catholic nationalists in the South mix with a proportionally much larger number of Southern protestants who , however , are loyal to the Southern state . Part of the reason why Roman catholics go to their own schools is because they believe they are obliged to do so . The belief is to some degree affected by being told so by their authoritative pastors . It has even been described as a fundamental moral precept by more than one Irish catholic cleric : The law of the Church is quite definite , quite universal in this matter . It is that there is an obligation to go to Catholic school The pressure to remodel old pubs is of course nothing new . The Victorian and Edwardian eras witnessed many wholesale rebuildings of modest Georgian drinking - houses ; during the Interwar period even more money was pumped into enlarging and rebuilding old pubs , as well as in creating large new ones ( see Alan Powers ' essay below ) . However , alterations were more often than not effected with some degree of sympathy for the existing fabric and atmosphere . With the advent of postwar Modernism much of this sympathy evaporated . The ascetic modernists ' rejection of history in order to create a visionary brave New World was clearly incompatible with the historic pub . Both these establishments seem to have had an architectural form very similar to the ordinary domestic buildings of their area , and the hall provided the communal eating and drinking space . The tavern was a meeting place , usually in the centre of the town or village , where wine was normally served . According to John Earle , writing in 1628 , the inn was a superior establishment to the alehouses and was a degree or ( if you will ) a pair of stairs above an alehouse , where men are drunk with more credit and apology . The alehouse in its most basic form was simply a domestic building where ale was sold to generate additional income for the household , although David Lupton observed in 1632 that the alehouse keeper defies a wine tavern as an upstart outlandish fellow , and suspects the wine to be poisoned . Her ale , if new , looks like a misty morning , all thick . Arguably brewers are still as constrained by the profit motive as ever before . This may lead to the destruction of further historic pubs which are considered redundant ; conversely , this may well lead to the further restoration and conservation of the best historic sites . It may be an unpalatable thought , but we suspect that to an increasing degree throughout the 1990s brewers and conservationists will find themselves standing on the same side of the fence . The Antelope pub in London 's Belgravia ; Langford and Williams ' refurbishment of the exterior . ( Rebecca Katkin ) . About 4,600 people in Britain have contracted AIDS , of whom half have died , compared with about 600 four years ago. In addition , there are 15,000 people known to be HIV - positive and twice as many believed to be carrying the virus without requesting medical help . But Mr Davies said : We have had cases of people who we have suspected of being infected and the degree of compassion and humanity among other staff has been remarkable . Phil Philips , deputy secretary of the British Hotels , Restaurants and Caterers Association , said : People in the industry are much better educated about AIDS than they were in 1987 . Many within the industry admit privately , however , that they may be less inclined to appoint someone who declares their infection at their interview . It should make a lovely display against Black Beauty , another very distinctive pansy . Double daisies are often overlooked , but we 're planning for a really fresh new look from mixed Bellis habenera . Its flowers have needle - thin petals in differing degrees of white , rose , pink and carmine . Wallflowers , particularly blood - red or the salmon - red of Eastern Queen , are favourites in the north . We always tell folk to watch out for clubroot , because the wallflower is actually a member of the cabbage family . Light in some form is absolutely essential for the healthy development of green plants . All the complex chemical changes that take place within every leaf are fuelled by the energy in light , and regulated by the intensity and duration of the light available . But some plants actually prefer varying degrees of shade , which is fortunate for gardeners choosing plants for gloomy corners or the dappled shade beneath trees . Gardeners occasionally regard shade as an evil to be avoided at all costs . It can certainly cause problems with a wide range of plants , but there are many others that suffer from high intensity of sunlight . You will discover large errors flying near north or south with even small amounts of bank , and large errors on east and west if you vary the speed . Compass errors are an awful nuisance and it is well worth finding out a little about them . You also need to become accustomed to thinking and using degrees , and deciding whether you need to turn left or right to change the heading . The easy way to remember it is that for a lesser number of degrees , you turn left , e.g. turning from 350 to 320 is turning to a lesser number and therefore you turn left . Turning point photography It exists largely as a product of the institutions of higher education ( Sarsby 1984 : 132 ) and has only recently begun to surface in policy and practice . As Okely ( 1987 : 67 ) observes , the urge to create publications is not always as crucial to others as it is to the academic . Indeed for those insiders living in Cheater 's metaphorical front room such as in the police the need to obscure and seek a degree of anonymity from the analytic gaze can be described as a major principle in the preservation of power , ranking highly in the structures of significance . Yet there are those of us who , although firmly based inside such an institution , have undertaken anthropological training and have subsequently developed the academic wish to be discursive . Our interpretation of the field situation therefore becomes a specific and unusual type of anthropology at home , for it is not out there in the exotic or even in the backyard . S.U . was to be encouraged , eliminating chains of assessment and decision making which had lain within the purview of the superintendent . A central decision making process involving Inspectors and civilian decision makers was established and developed . Its early implementation met with a degree of resistance , for the new system fundamentally dislocates the well established and cultural preferences of the service . Inspectors can no longer hide behind a paper managing a desk ( quote from a Chief Superintendent ) . Then again for reasons of established cultural preference we had to go back to the Audit Commission and ask them to translate 6.358 million into real men , for we had difficulty in trying to sell such an alien concept to the police mind . He described the study of precedent and case law as being real academic activity for police officers , thus supporting my contention that research into the philosophy of control is unreal or polluting . He spoke revealingly about the problems he had had with jurisprudence , bemoaning the fact that it was ambivalent and undefined , concerned primarily with the ambiguity which sustains the anthropologist by revealing the centralities of a system : it was all grey areas ; no black and white certainties or decisions ; no precedent or case law giving the definitive interpretation . At the Police Staff College shortly before I was offered the scholarship to university , I had listened as lists of degrees obtained by previous scholars were read out . The majority were for law and were greeted by applause in an assembly of the staff and students . Later on , however , the names of those who had graduated in the social sciences and especially sociology were greeted with hissing disparagement and barely concealed denigration . He must come to terms with living with this consciousness and with the inherent problems he will face in revealing this knowledge to the outside in an ethnographic account . Moreover , he must come to terms with a new awareness of what he has previously accepted , perhaps without thinking , which under the intense microscope of social enquiry may well seem to verge on the ludicrous or to be morally indefensible . And having long been supported by the institution he will be crucially aware that it expects a degree of loyalty verging on deference or acquiescence . In such an archetypal world , where good is constantly and insecurely balanced in an eternal struggle against evil , the objective explication of the rituals and symbols which surround and mystify police work can seem tantamount to a treasonable act . In 1979 , James Anderton , the Christian moralist chief constable of Greater Manchester , described the greatest threat to law and order as stemming from seditionist interested groups who do not have the well - being of this country at heart and who mean to undermine democracy ( Thompson 1979 : 380 ) . It would be paradoxical for them to be in the vanguard of social change , for as Templeton ( 1980 ) points out , they are there to preserve the structure ; to uphold the state of play . But there are a few who are questioning the state of play , and who agree with Ben Whitaker ( 1979 : 312 ) when he urged that police thinking would profit if it more often came out of its shell and concerned itself with wider questions about the role of the police and human relations . However , this is not always easy to achieve , as I found out when I first returned to work in 1977 after my degree course . In order to continue postgraduate studies I had applied for some financial assistance for part - time fees , under a scheme created by the Home Office and set up specifically in recognition of a lack of higher educational qualifications in the police service ( HO Circular 29/74 ) . This directive encourages officers to research and study in their own time and lists suitable subjects , which include public administration , management studies , economics , law , criminology , social sciences , youth work , English language and literature and relevant modern languages . This directive encourages officers to research and study in their own time and lists suitable subjects , which include public administration , management studies , economics , law , criminology , social sciences , youth work , English language and literature and relevant modern languages . The circular goes on to point out that the list is not exhaustive and suggests other courses may be appropriate . I had applied to continue full - time research following my degree course , but this had been turned down by my chief officers ; however , I had been told that assistance for part - time study would almost certainly be approved in view of the national policy of encouraging officers to extend their educational qualifications . I then found my application for financial assistance for part - time study had been rejected because anthropology is not on the approved list of subjects ( in the Circular ) ( Memo from HQ 1977 ) . Eventually I was able to convince my senior officers that anthropology was one of the social sciences , perhaps only because I somewhat sardonically returned a memo which asked why , if anthropology is not approved , have I just been allowed to read the subject on a Bramshill Scholarship , on full pay and allowances ? Another inspector from Merseyside , reading social studies at Liverpool , said : I felt isolated , not just ignored , but socially dead ( personal communication ) . Smith ( ibid . 157 ) also touches on the crucial feeling of potentiality which the university experience can produce in the individual , but which the police are generally unable to incorporate . Yet another inspector returning to Leicester with a degree in psychology was set to work in the force vehicle store counting tyres . Like many graduates stimulated by their experiences , he discovered that although he had been of sufficient calibre to acquire the offer of the scholarship in the first place , he now faced the inevitable service obsession with a rejection of academic prowess in preference for practical skills in the real world ( ibid . 157 ) : the greatest problem with the current working of the scheme appears to relate to re - entry into the Service It would , of course , have revealed some aspects of the variable world of police culture to the outside and this was unacceptable . Another writer on the police met similar problems when he wished to write and publish . I had discussed the problems of insider analysis with him at a 1988 Police Conference , where he described how , on return to his force after his undergraduate degree , he had asked for permission to publish research material . His request was refused in a written memo from HQ , but no reason was given . Unwilling to accept this constraint , he went on to ask why not ? ( again in written report ) and was informed reasons were never given ; the official line was simply to refuse all such requests . Indeed , the fact that he had apparently used an editor from a Manchester newspaper for some of his purposes was latched onto and quoted as a sign that he was suspect and disloyal . One consequence of these modes of thought is that the service has to live out a continuous and enormous paradox . Even at the same time as it publicly commends higher education , seeking out the graduate entrant , spending large sums on publicity to this end , and funding access to degree courses on scholarships , it also holds to a central ethic of distrust of the academic . Whitaker ( 1979 : 229 ) clearly understands the way this rejection of training and education operates within the service : at present good recruits often have to be chased to Bramshill on the lengthy command courses , because chief constables are not anxious to spare able men , and officers themselves are reluctant to be separated from their families and homes , as well as having a fear that they might lose from being out of sight , out of mind for promotion . Furthermore , such pressures are limited , thus creating a situation where there has been hardly any research on the police compared with the large output of critical scholarship on industry , commerce , the civil service , the health service and education what little direct research there has been on the police has scarcely begun to ask such fundamental questions as what is the police force and what is it doing . This point ( Wojtas 1982 ) occurs in a description of a new research centre for Police Studies at Strathclyde University , which is to ask whether anyone is doing research on the police , what degree of co - operation they have met and to encourage research by the police themselves . Once again , however , defensiveness won the day and when the Strathclyde Centre circulated forces asking them to co - operate in the venture , a decision was taken to withhold co - operation and a circular went round to this effect , suggesting the existing Home Office funded PRSU ( Police Research Services Unit ) and the Home Office Research and Planning Unit were adequate for the needs of the service . This latter unit ( formerly the HO Research Unit ) does provide some research material for those who seek it out and its bulletin is a reference source to recent government funded research , which is largely concerned with operational systems and the tools of policing . The conference was also told that as an alternative to the expense of sending officers to university , it was proposed to direct officers to research a particular problem and give them a short period to carry out intensive research . The emphasis on directed research is mine and indicates the reduced potential for any ethnographic sedition , for which force would seek to direct officers to the critical analysis of its subcultural idiosyncrasies ? Furthermore , such short periods of directed research can be shown favourably as a saving over any extended degree course in the budgets . The emphasis of this directed ( or controlled ? ) research , it was announced , is to be on pragmatic , problem - solving enquiries ( i.e. policy - orientated research ) , which , it was explained , would be of cost - effective advantage to the force . There seems to be little chance of any philosophical , unprogrammatic enquiry here which might be critical of the system ; and no espionage from within ! It is the marker of force and hence continues to sustain the continuing paradox of police force police service which remains unresolved , on which I will say more later in relation to the role of women police officers . The dark uniform we wore had a military cap with polished brim , and in our fashioned tunics of soft serge and shiny boots we presented an avenging image , clothed in the symbolic colour of death and darkness . Black is a light absorbent , non - reflective colour and most suitable for controllers who operate with a degree of social anonymity , upholding the rule of law and the abstractions of the legal system . In such a world , individuality is never a prized characteristic , and an attempt in the early 1980s to remove the one remaining individualizing feature the shoulder numeral or collar number was correctly rejected by civilians as a structural move towards an even greater anonymity . As Reiner ( 1980 ) suggested , the riot gear in which the police are increasingly seen , with shields , visored helmets , knee - length boots , and flame - proof overalls , enhances their avenging appearance . The detective on the other hand , immediately sets out to reduce these culturally created separations , for he needs to negotiate a statistical reality with the dirty prig opposition . The real polis is programmed to maintain a conceptual purity by maintaining structural distance , while the detective , of necessity , is forced to reduce this to carry out his deal with the dirt . By reducing the social space between the dichotomies of ordered law enforcers and uncontrolled prigs , the detective necessarily returns a degree of humanity to the prig which the uniform collar feeler is always structured to deny . The lowly polis , with little or no power in the system , deplores this situation and complains of its escalation , while the detectives moan about the incompetence of the uniform wollies who never get close enough to their prisoners to extract their own coughs or admissions and who fail to understand that the system largely depends on the ability of the department to manipulate a statistical norm in detected crimes . Stead ( 1980 : 305 ) , like Mervyn Jones ( 1980 ) , has also pointed out how police organization attributes low status to beat work , and asks the service to reconsider the value of the patrol officer : It lay along the lines of Layton 's understanding of the poetic function which exists somewhere between fact and imagination , as Eli Mandel said of him. Not pure fact , not meretricious research , which observes and tames the insightful - prophetic thrust ; not mere imagination or mental excitement but the fruitful intercourse between the two , in an artistic equilibrium . Leonard could be fastidious to the nth degree in completing his own work he has always said that he works one word at a time , and can spend months , even years , in adding finesse to it ; he is nevertheless dismissive of anything approaching scholarly exactitude , still more so pedantry . It is not clear where this comes from . There is certainly an element which highly values the proprieties of artistic freedom : a work of art must be a work of free spirit , untrammelled by rules and regulations , wherein absolute consistency or conformity of any sort is out of place . It is doubtful if Leonard learned much law from Scott . Even when in lectures , which was not often , his mind was elsewhere . But there was a degree of comprehension , if not agreement , from the professor . Scott was in fact a poet of considerable skill himself a founding father , no less , of Canada 's emerging poetry movement , and the doyen of poetry in Montreal , which has produced so many excellent poets . An odd diversion , perhaps , from one of the country 's leading constitutional lawyers , but he was seized of the gift , and so the poetry became assertive . Leonard was actually looking in a shop window when he first saw them , noticing Marianne naturally first ! She took his breath away , as she did most men 's . He never realised , on that eventful day , that she would come into my arms ( as he put it ) and stay there for so many years , adding in no small degree to the legends of love which keep the world sane and hopeful . There was serious work , however , at hand for Leonard . His writing , prose and poetry demanded rigorous attention , and received it with the same daily routine that he had established earlier : three pages a day , writing and rewriting , creative and self - critical . To describe self - governed perceptual sequences , Kant gave the example of scanning the front elevation of a building ; in doing which we determine what we see and the order in which we see it roof , front - door , top - left - hand window , and so forth . Obviously , each kind of experience necessarily contains elements of the other. Thus , there is some degree of selfdetermination in the ship case because we are free to shut our eyes , to cross the river and see it move from right to left , free to jump into the water and watch it coming towards us , free to determine the speed with which it passes across our visual field by moving our eyes with or against its movement . In the house example , we can choose the order in which we see the parts of the building but we surely cannot see occluded portions , and we surely cannot look up to see a thatched roof because that 's the kind of roof we want to see when the roof is tiled . In fact , in every microsecond of perceptual experience there is a tension between the real as refractory , as something we cannot choose or will , and the subjective as chosen and willed . Scientific measurements may correct , reform or at least question individual unaided observations but there cannot be a systematic , universal discrepancy . The cash value of scientific observations in this context must therefore be based upon subjective experience and cannot be greater than the cash value of the latter ; for it is subjective experience that , ultimately , validates our objective scales of energy intensity . We may use physical methods of measuring light intensity that are apparently independent of our subjective experience for instance photosensitive cells but these are accepted because they correlate to a greater or lesser degree , under normal circumstances , with subjective experiences of brightness . If there were simply no correlation whatsoever between the electrical output of a photo - electric cell and some other measure of light intensity directly or indirectly related to experience , it would not have been accepted as a way of measuring light intensity . However indirectly related to sensory experience a laboratory quantification of a particular form of energy may be , in the end the rate of exchange between one form of energy and another the way in which we compare the quantity of one with the quantity of another - reposes upon the gold standard of subjectivity . In another context , Picasso once turned a bicycle saddle and some handlebars into a bull 's head ; transformation through the eye of a genius ! Use of line Designs composed of small masses of veneer forming a readable picture , correspond roughly in looks , if not in colour , to subjects as they actually appear to the eye ; they seem to be in 3D even though they are flat , and to a degree they are naturalistic . There is another branch of graphics , however , in which an image is produced by the use of line rather than mass . In its most basic form the technique involves merely an outline , or when it is filled in , a silhouette ; but of course it can be much more elaborate than that . Despite the immediate success of the new fleet of 125mph trains which brought new standards of safety and on - board comfort firstly on the Western Region services out of London ( Paddington ) and then on the East Coast main line from London ( King 's Cross ) , so much of what had been gained in the late 1970s was lost as the economic recession started to bite . The impact was twofold . The sharp decline in business activity severely reduced the volume of full - fare first - class ticket sales while the increase in unemployment and interest rates curtailed to a drastic degree levels of disposable income available for leisure purposes such as optional standard - class rail journeys . This loss of optional travel was also exacerbated by the intensified competition from longdistance coaches following the liberalisation of route licensing in the 1980 Transport Act . Given the choice in such circumstances , many of InterCity 's customers on low or fixed incomes in particular students and senior citizens preferred the cheaper but slower coach option . An important feature of the 1980s which has contributed to InterCity 's financial turnround is market segmentation and pricing or the shaping of products to meet the needs of customer groupings . Essentially this concept is not new from the early days our railways were providing first - , secondand even third - class accommodation and the excursion ticket was quickly used to sell spare capacity . What is new is the much greater degree of sophistication which is now necessary to produce the maximum revenue yield from each and every InterCity journey . Today 's equipment trains and track is very expensive to provide and maintain ; to cover its basic costs it has to be in service providing revenue for up to say sixteen hours per day . But , as we know , demand for seats is not evenly spread . BR could not avoid passing its dramatically increased costs following the oil crisis on to its customers , especially London commuters , and as they reduced in number ( demand falling at 1 per cent a year ) services , stock and facilities were reduced to match demand , inevitably causing poor morale . Even the ever - ebullient Sir Peter Parker saw parts of the commuter system rattling into decline , and nobody was surprised when in 1979 the government referred the services to the Monopolies Mergers Commission. The Commission 's report was perhaps the turning point , for while it paid respect to the management it found to be totally dedicated to the railway with a high degree of pride in the service which came before financial reward in importance , it made thought - provoking recommendations about management style and the need to set clearer financial objectives . In particular BR were advised to create a new senior post at headquarters with special responsibility for London and the South East . How did the transformation come about ? Through the late 1980s another force was at work which turned the Provincial sector 's fortunes further round . Increasing prosperity in the United Kingdom meant that people had more spare cash , and much of this was spent on an increase in personal travel . The new trains on the Provincial routes therefore had a market with a degree of positive elasticity not previously enjoyed . Inevitably the services which had been planned on the basis of high seat - load factors quickly became overcrowded . Provincial had been bitten by its own success . It is free from many of the constraints of timetabling , shared usage of stations and so on which limit the extent of true independence amongst the passenger and parcels sectors . It has been able to shed its loss - making operations without the need for lengthy legal procedures such as those which normally accompany the proposal to close a branch passenger service . The further division of Railfreight into five subsectors , namely Coal , Construction , Petroleum , Metals and Distribution , has exposed the strengths and weaknesses of individual traffic flows and kept the degree of cross - subsidy within the sector to a minimum . All the way through Railfreight 's emergence as a viable , forward - looking concern , the emphasis was on improving the service to the customer . A bad reputation had resulted from years of unwieldy and sometimes inefficient management , coupled with the inherent un - reliability of the old wagonload system . Few would deny that the railway is admirably suited to carrying this type of traffic . So as the 1980s drew to a close , the sub - sectors dubbed Coal , Construction , Petroleum and Metals were all in fine shape , and their outlook for the 1990s is promising . Not that the eighties were without their problems : quite apart from the industrial recession of the early years , which affected all Railfreight 's bulk traffics to some degree or other , there was the historic miners ' strike of 19845 , taking heavy toll of steel as well as coal carryings . Happily the coal traffic was revived to the point where pre - strike tonnages were exceeded , although the number of individual collieries served was vastly reduced . The merry - go - round system which allows loading and discharge to take place while an entire train remains in motion has continued to form the mainstay of Railfreight Coal 's operations , and it is difficult to imagine a more efficient alternative . These dances mattered very much to Petipa and all nineteenthcentury balletmasters because they were expected to show off the wealth of talent found in the many imperial , Royal and State theatres , e.g. all the characters from other fairy tales who came to Aurora 's wedding and the character dances in Swan Lake . Mimed dance and danced mime However , the strict division of a ballet into four distinct kinds was eliminated by Fokine when he totally cut the scne d'action from his first ballets and never replaced them . Instead , he used what he called mimed dance or danced mime , insisting , when asked fur an explanation , that there was a subtle difference between them , only one of degree . To Fokine , Les Sylphides was mimed dance because he had incorporated a few conventional gestures into his choreography . Fokine said that every phrase of his dance was a gesture , and explained : Undoubtedly an arabesque has many meanings but only when it appears as an idealised gesture . Choreographers can also take a more subjective view of their work . This is equally important and has so proved throughout ballet history . The choreographer seizes on the personality of a particular dancer and creates ballets through which the dancer gradually develops and discloses unique talent and qualities to such a degree that audiences soon recognise a star . The names of four choreographers immediately stand out . Taglioni recognised his daughter Marie 's quality of other worldliness in La Sylphide ; Perrot discovered Carlotta Grisi 's unique qualities as an actress - dancer in Giselle ; Fokine exposed Tamara Karsavina 's many - sided brilliance in such works as The Firebird , Le Carnaval and Petrushka ; Ashton fostered Margot Fonteyn 's varied personality . Moreover whole hops used for dry hopping take seven to 10 days for the character to be extracted and then slowly decline . Dry hop extract provides immediate character which lasts longer and reduces the possibility of infection being added from whole hops or , more likely , from a dirty hand . Because of the degree of processing involved , hop extracts are not necessarily cheaper than using whole hops . Per unit of bitterness they are roughly as costly . Instead their attraction lies in their flexibility to ensure greater consistency in both bitterness and flavour , in avoiding the effects of oxidation and in being easier to handle and more suitable for bulk brewing procedures . Many of the peaks have routes on them that can be described as forming a midway point between hard Alpine and Himalayan standard long ridge routes that take several days to accomplish ; big face routes on rock and ice . Others , like Schkelda and Ushba , have been partially developed but still have plenty of scope for new routes . Yet the highest of them all , Elbrus , has a route that would be accessible to many a mountaineer with only one of two alpine seasons behind him ; a route that demands no real technical expertise , but an ability to adapt to altitude , and a fair degree of stamina . It 's a long day out , but a most rewarding one , as I was to discover . I began by taking the cable - car and the chairlift beyond it , then wandered up the lower glacier to the hut . Stanley Powerlock rules have chromium - plated cases for strength and durability . The steel blades are protected by a Mylar coating for wear resistance , giving protection up to 10 times longer than the blade 's normal life . Clear graduations are printed in black and red , whilst true - zero sliding hooks maintain a high degree of accuracy . CONSIDER WINDOWS IF YOU ARE REPLACING AN OLD GARAGE DOOR If you are thinking of replacing an old garage door , consider all the options which have opened up since you last fitted one , say specialists Cardale Doors . This is what most owners say when confronted by cherished furnishings , door frames or personal items , such as books or the remote control for the TV , that have been torn to shreds by beloved Rover in their absence , or nearly as distressing the evidence of his lack of toilet control . Their assumption that he knows what he has done wrong is based on the fact that Rover is slinking along the floor with its head and tail down looking for all the world like a naughty school boy who 's just broken the headmaster 's window . On the basis of this evidence they proceed to chastise Rover to a degree consistent with their temperament . They are always surprised , however , that Rover never seems to learn , whatever tactics they employ . This is not surprising as the dog 's capacity to associate a form of behaviour and the consequences of it are limited to less than two seconds . It will cost you an estimated 10 per week to feed one dog . And what of the aggression aspect the media has made so much of ? All dogs , of any breed , have a degree of aggression , Graham said . This is how they establish their pecking order in the pack . It is a trait which is essential to any canine 's make - up. You should not tolerate your dog doing something you feel strongly against . Also , if you allow the dog to sit on your settee , then replace that settee with a new one you do n't want the dog to sit on , you must not expect it to suddenly understand why it cannot sit there . If your dog shows a marked degree of aggression with which you cannot cope , you must get it to someone who understands the breed and can help . If , after that , you ca n't get it to live amicably in a domestic situation , there is not much hope left , although Graham stressed he has had some success with temperament improvements by castrating the males . True Case Histories Below that , different approaches are necessary , until recently involving extracting energy from atoms using magnetic fields . Heat is nothing more than energy of atoms in motion , so if you can slow down atoms , you are in effect cooling them . Within the last few years , physicists have come within a few thousandths of a degree of absolute zero using a new technique called laser entrapment . The idea is to hit atoms head - on with laser beams , slowing them down. Laser beams consist of photons which , though small by atomic standards , have a cumulative inertial effect , Dr Carl Wieman of the University of Colorado , who heads one research group , says that cooling an atom with a laser beam is like trying to slow down movement of a heavy object by bombarding it with ping - pong balls . Most exciting is creation of a Bose - Einstein condensate a weird state of matter , predicted by Einstein and the Indian physicist Satyendranath Bose , where individual atoms lose their identity and merge into a kind of atomic soup . When asked what temperature at which this transformation would occur , Wieman commented : It depends on the density and the number of atoms in your trap , the more atoms you 've got , the higher the temperature . We 're at one millionth of a degree above absolute zero . We need to get between ten and a hundred times lower . Design opens up fast SiGe devices This problem can be eliminated by , for instance , producing a bus bar with a range of slot spacings or doping the fibre to produce a slight spread of magnetic field period . This effectively spreads out the resonance peak ( which at a steady temperature is very sharp ) , and produces strong coupling at a range of temperatures . Measuring current with light : Danny McStay ( left ) and Welland Chu harness Faraday rotation to vary the degree of coupling between a pair of optical fibres carrying polarised light . This has obvious implications for making floating current measurements in high voltage distribution systems . The inset picture shows a slotted bus - bar for use with the optical sensor . Bakhtin is unusual among literary critics in making the focus of his activity the novel rather than lyric poetry or drama . In practice , binary oppositions are very liable to favour one term at the expense of the other , and there can be no doubt that Bakhtin preferred the dialogic to the monologic ( a bias that is evident in everyday English , where to engage in dialogue is good , and to utter a monologue is rather bad ) . This emphasis made the so - called monologic forms of literature problematical , and Lodge quotes from an interesting late essay by Bakhtin which seems to suggest that all literary discourse is to some degree dialogic . To remove the distinction completely would seem to undermine the insights that had given force to Bakhtin 's earlier criticism . Lodge suggests that this need not happen , if one sees the monologic and dialogic as dominant tendencies rather than mutually exclusive terms . That shared culture has gone , though its traces have persisted for a long time , at least among those unworldly older academics who assume that students of English will have read the whole of Shakespeare in the sixth form , or that they can readily identify classical or biblical references . The belated realization that these things are no longer so leads to the embittered and baffled reaction that they ought to be so . However , that is a declining reaction ; the experience of regularly interviewing would - be entrants to an English degree course soon induces a sense of realism . In the state of affairs that still obtained when I entered the profession in 1959 the grammar school teacher and the university teacher of English were not radically different kinds of person ; indeed , contingent or accidental factors might have determined which career path was followed . Since then there has been a marked divergence between school and university ; students have become less well equipped , and academics , particularly young ones , have become more high - powered , ambitious , and professionalised . In the 1980s , following on government cuts in finance , British universities have been engaged in a desperate scramble for overseas students and the more - or - less economic fees they are required to pay . It is an undignified business , but survival demands it . Higher degrees in English are an obvious target for foreign students who have been trained in the subject in their own country , and who wish to obtain a doctoral qualification in an anglophone university before themselves becoming teachers . The university welcomes them as a source of income ; some students are funded by their own governments to obtain a doctorate and enter public service . There is , in one way , an admirable balance of supply and demand , and some applicants are good by any standards . In such cases failure is even more painful than with a home student , and one has heard rumours of failed candidates having to return several years of fees to their government , and suffering even worse penalties . The problems are not universal , one must emphasize . Some students , particularly those from the Indian subcontinent who have been selected for Commonwealth Scholarships , are capable of performing very well at higher degree level , and then returning to an academic career in their own countries . When overseas students do present difficulties and I am sure many academics will be familiar with distressing or scandalous cases it is not because they are lacking in industry or intellectual ability . Many of them would do perfectly well in disciplines which are less idiosyncratic than English and have a more obvious international currency , like linguistics or economics or marketing . Many of them would do perfectly well in disciplines which are less idiosyncratic than English and have a more obvious international currency , like linguistics or economics or marketing . But in this respect , at least , English in the English academy , as Leavis liked to emphasize , is not just another subject . It expresses a mystique , is to a high degree culture - specific , can seem elusive , and is not easily reduced to the rules and agreed procedures of other disciplines . It is not just overseas graduate students who have problems . We must all have known home undergraduates who have worked very hard on an English course , who may be ambitious to do well , and who still , to their intense disappointment , end up doing badly . I like Graff 's proposals , but they seem to me utopian . They might work in the graduate school of a good American university , where a variety of methods already abounds . I cannot see how they could be established in British literary education , where there are no graduate schools as such , and the narrow , uphill tunnel of A - level work leads on to the rocky , cloudy uplands of the undergraduate degree , with its confused mixture of practical criticism and thematic study , analysis and literary history , coverage and special subjects . Undergraduates of moderate ability do not much like being asked to choose between differing judgements on the same text ; I can imagine them becoming confused and resentful if they were asked to choose between different critical approaches and all their attendant ideological baggage . Certainly , I have known some undergraduates who would rise brilliantly to such a challenge ; but they are an exception , and one cannot base a course on what would suit the exceptional student , much as one would like to . There would be no fixed canon , and no coverage . Such a degree course would not suit everyone , but it might well be attractive to the late entrants and mature students who are increasingly common participants in higher education , particularly in the humanities , and who bring valuable experience of life and work to their study , but may have rather little formal preparation . It would also be more appropriate for the unambitious students of moderate talents who currently apply for an English degree , but would be more at home in a less intensive programme of liberal study . Cultural Studies would provide a more productive environment for the radical aca - English Departments , who have conspicuous energy and intelligence , but little literary sensibility or aesthetic interests . Literature , when taught in such a context , would , no doubt , be given a culturalist and contextualist treatment , and I believe that there is nothing inherently objectionable about this . The other part of my proposal will probably prove annoying to radicals , thereby ensuring a proper balance . If Cultural Studies goes its own way , what happens to what is left ? I would certainly not favour a rump version of one of the current forms of English degree , with their recurring arguments about canons and coverage , the definition of literature , and the place of theory . Instead , I propose taking the logic of generic concentration as far as it can go , with a degree which would study , in detail , a single genre , poetry . There are certain academic precedents , particularly the uncontroversial establishment in a number of universities of degrees in drama , which do work previously thought of as belonging to an English degree . If Cultural Studies goes its own way , what happens to what is left ? I would certainly not favour a rump version of one of the current forms of English degree , with their recurring arguments about canons and coverage , the definition of literature , and the place of theory . Instead , I propose taking the logic of generic concentration as far as it can go , with a degree which would study , in detail , a single genre , poetry . There are certain academic precedents , particularly the uncontroversial establishment in a number of universities of degrees in drama , which do work previously thought of as belonging to an English degree . The other model I have in mind is the degree in music , which is intensive , technical , and demanding , and attracts a small number of well - qualified entrants . Instead , I propose taking the logic of generic concentration as far as it can go , with a degree which would study , in detail , a single genre , poetry . There are certain academic precedents , particularly the uncontroversial establishment in a number of universities of degrees in drama , which do work previously thought of as belonging to an English degree . The other model I have in mind is the degree in music , which is intensive , technical , and demanding , and attracts a small number of well - qualified entrants . A degree of a comparable kind , directed at poetry , is , I think , feasible , and would be more coherent and rewarding than existing degrees in English Literature . It would attract the automatic charge of litist , but so , potentially , do many worthwhile kinds of intellectual activity . There are certain academic precedents , particularly the uncontroversial establishment in a number of universities of degrees in drama , which do work previously thought of as belonging to an English degree . The other model I have in mind is the degree in music , which is intensive , technical , and demanding , and attracts a small number of well - qualified entrants . A degree of a comparable kind , directed at poetry , is , I think , feasible , and would be more coherent and rewarding than existing degrees in English Literature . It would attract the automatic charge of litist , but so , potentially , do many worthwhile kinds of intellectual activity . The reason for concentrating on poetry is that it is the most visibly literary , formal , and conventional of the major genres , and would provide the best scope for study within an aesthetic frame of reference . Such a statement implies that there are aspects of poetry which may not be so easily teachable . Indeed , Hopkins distinguished between rhetoric and poetical insight and inspiration . The model , as I have said , would be a degree in music , and would include history and theory as well as analysis . Most importantly , it would also include exercises in composition , of the kind once common in the study of classics . I prefer not to call this creative writing , since the late - Romantic ideological implications of creative are irrelevant , even undesirable . I prefer not to call this creative writing , since the late - Romantic ideological implications of creative are irrelevant , even undesirable . The intention is that students of elaborate structures in language should be able to construct them as well as receive and consume them , if only to achieve a better understanding of how poems are made . Something of the sort has already been introduced into some English degrees , under the aegis of the Verbal Arts Association , who have made a welcome start with such work . The reading of English poetry would be accompanied by a consideration of historical as well as current theories of poetry . These would include the arguments of the major poet - critics of the past : Sidney , Jonson , Dryden , Johnson , and on to the Romantics , Victorians , and modernists . There is an element of utopianism in drafting such proposals , though I believe these ideas are worth pursuing . The student intake would be limited to those who have a genuine literary sensibility , who are interested in poetry , and are already in the habit of reading it . This might exclude many students who are currently enrolled in English degrees , even those with good A - levels which can now be obtained very largely by studying drama and fiction . Indeed , I am not sure what the correlation would be between formal attainments and the right qualities needed to take a degree in poetry . Some students entering it could have quite other claims and qualifications than A - level English . The student intake would be limited to those who have a genuine literary sensibility , who are interested in poetry , and are already in the habit of reading it . This might exclude many students who are currently enrolled in English degrees , even those with good A - levels which can now be obtained very largely by studying drama and fiction . Indeed , I am not sure what the correlation would be between formal attainments and the right qualities needed to take a degree in poetry . Some students entering it could have quite other claims and qualifications than A - level English . It might well appeal to poets or would - be poets , who , contrary to popular myths about inspiration , are usually keenly interested in the technical aspects of composition . Some students entering it could have quite other claims and qualifications than A - level English . It might well appeal to poets or would - be poets , who , contrary to popular myths about inspiration , are usually keenly interested in the technical aspects of composition . What I have proposed in the foregoing pages is a conscious surrender to the culturalists of much of the activity that now goes on in English degrees , in order to retain something more coherent , defensible , and inherently valuable . Culturalists will point out as C. S. Lewis once did that much poetry of the past was not written for aesthetic ends , but for religious , political , or other social purposes . This is true ; but such poems have outlived their original purposes and now survive as aesthetic entities . But a restatement of that ancient affinity should strengthen poetry against political and culturalist claims . The academic study of music may be a specialist field , but music , of every kind , is widely diffused and performed ; only a small percentage of those attending concerts or recitals will have taken degrees in music . Similarly , one would like to see a state of affairs in which many more people read and enjoyed poetry than had taken a degree in it . The degree in poetry I have outlined would attempt to be open about its theoretical assumptions . I do not believe there is any absolute virtue in such openness , in fact , I think that education is ideally carried on in a shared form of life where there is agreement about fundamentals and attention can be concentrated on the task in hand . In the 1950s , it seemed as if there might be a place for literature in the academy , so that the writing of fiction or poetry , of criticism , and the teaching of literature would become a unified form of life . As we know , it did not happen . Thirty years on , English is a large and entrenched subject , and there is no likelihood of putting the clock back , and starting again in some other way : my proposal for a division between Cultural Studies and a degree in poetry is a pragmatic proposal for a way out of current difficulties . Other factors , like the institutional need to advance knowledge , to publish , to engage in research , and generate performanceindicators , would remain , whatever new academic structures emerged . There is , however , another way in which a useful advance might be made . Naked emotion grants the work an uneasy power but at times it feels like special pleading . After all this , the plot of La Bayadere comes as outrageously irresponsible nonsense . Yet during his Saturday night guest appearance Julio Bocca danced the ballet with a heroic degree of conviction . As the warrior Solor he possessed neither the exotic glamour of Ruzimatov nor the romantic height of Cope and a dispassionate viewer would admit that his turban gave him an unfortunately gnome - like appearance . But he is not only a fine actor and an even finer dancer he is also uncommonly and unabashedly sexy . Extra appointments could be financed by the court 's customers paying higher charges when cases were set down for trial . A more difficult problem was ensuring the extra judges were of a sufficiently high calibre . If more judges are required because of the greater degree of litigious activity it is logical to assume that those successful counsel of high calibre who would be candidates for judge 's office would find it economically more gratifying to remain as advocates , he said . Bearing in mind the commercial raison d'etre of the court , there was a case for paying its judges more than those in other divisions . There could also be a Commercial Court of Appeal with its own , higher paid , judges . Perhaps , though , Wilson was merely distracted by the fact that , during his first appearance , he briefly disappeared before returning partially superimposed on a map . His eyebrows floated over Glasgow and his mouth seemed to toy with eating Leeds . The debut of Breakfast News was technically imperfect to a surprisingly high degree . Apparently uncertain as to camera angles , Witchell and the others frequently gave the impression of having spotted a lesbian stalking across the floor . But it is better , with a relaunch , to have technical rather than conceptual failings and Breakfast News should yet become a decently serious morning service . Pope John Paul , in his encyclical Sollicitudo Rei Socialis , has repudiated not only Marxism but the so - called civilisation of consumerism as destructive of true humanity , substituting having for being , and rooted in structural oppression of the poor . This is not to propose Christianity as a counter - ideology . There can be no Christian blueprint for the final form of society , since it is part of its perception of the human condition that all forms of society are provisional , reflecting human sinfulness , though not always to an equal degree . It does , however , have a missionary vision of what it means to be truly human , derived partly from rational reflection on human capacities and desires , but supremely from its conviction that we glimpse true humanity in the life , death and teaching of Jesus . Both Liberation theologians and the policy - makers of the Vatican are agreed that , measured by the pattern of self - giving love revealed in that life , Western consumerism offers a perverted account of humanity . Perhaps because to think about reform is to think about its purposes , Mr Honecker and his colleagues keep their minds closed to such challenges . Yet the West Germans , too , may be underestimating the pace at which history is moving today in central Europe : too fast , in all probability , for the smooth transitional arrangements which the Kohl government in Bonn likes to think will one day lead to a painless form of reunification . Letter : Anticipating a degree of elitism From Dr ERWIN KRONHEIMER Sir : Has anyone a suggestion about how , once we have made all our graduates pay for their own education through some sort of lifelong surtax , we should set about stopping those with any marketable skills and sense leaving the country as soon as they possibly can ? Sir : Has anyone a suggestion about how , once we have made all our graduates pay for their own education through some sort of lifelong surtax , we should set about stopping those with any marketable skills and sense leaving the country as soon as they possibly can ? Would it be a good idea , perhaps , to introduce exit visas ? Letter : Anticipating a degree of elitism From Ms ALICE GOLDIE Sir : I am studying for A - levels at the moment and have just sent off my application form to study medicine at university . From Ms ALICE GOLDIE Sir : I am studying for A - levels at the moment and have just sent off my application form to study medicine at university . I realise that , if I am accepted , once I have completed my degree I may often have to work for over 80 hours at a stretch during a weekend on call . But I read in an article this morning ( 'Students set to pay full fees ' , 29 September ) that if I were applying in a few years ' time , I would have to ask my parents to pay the full cost of my tuition . I have calculated that my tuition , rent and equipment for the five years of my degree would cost at least 54,500 . I realise that , if I am accepted , once I have completed my degree I may often have to work for over 80 hours at a stretch during a weekend on call . But I read in an article this morning ( 'Students set to pay full fees ' , 29 September ) that if I were applying in a few years ' time , I would have to ask my parents to pay the full cost of my tuition . I have calculated that my tuition , rent and equipment for the five years of my degree would cost at least 54,500 . My parents both have well - paid jobs but without selling their house they could not afford such a sum , and I doubt if many people could . The Government says that many scholarships will be on offer to make up for the charges , but surely this means that only rich people and the very brightest of the less well - off will be able to afford a degree . I have calculated that my tuition , rent and equipment for the five years of my degree would cost at least 54,500 . My parents both have well - paid jobs but without selling their house they could not afford such a sum , and I doubt if many people could . The Government says that many scholarships will be on offer to make up for the charges , but surely this means that only rich people and the very brightest of the less well - off will be able to afford a degree . According to another article ( 'Hospital closes beds as cash crisis bites ' , 28 September ) , Barts hospital in London , one of the best teaching hospitals in England , is having to close 75 beds . The Government seems to be trying to destroy the education and health services in Britain and to set up an alternative system in which wealth rules . There , too , under China 's post - 1997 regime , Peking would be free to declare Martial Law ; and there , too , a garrison of the People 's Liberation Army would stand ready to suppress opposition or criticism by whatever means Deng and his successors deemed appropriate . More grist has filled the pessimists ' mill in the years since the Joint Declaration , as Peking has grown more assertive and London more timid . Within months of the signing ceremony , China was objecting vigorously to British proposals for introducing a meaningful degree of democracy to Hong Kong 's political structure . Britain bowed limply to China 's demands even though this meant weaseling - out of previous pledges to put a representative elected government into Hong Kong before 1997 , and even though Peking itself had promised a Hong Kong run by Hong Kong people . The Foreign Office and the Hong Kong government tried to camouflage their retreat with windy evasion , talking piously of the need to create convergence between what Hong Kong wanted for its future , and what China was prepared to permit . Members of the Institute are known as ACIS ( associate ) and can ultimately become an FCIS ( fellow ) . A recent survey conducted by ICSA of its members in management roles , showed that a high proportion served at or near board level . Mr Sheppard , who is now a fellow of ICSA , began his career with an economics degree specialising in business administration from the London School of Economics . He wanted job - related , professional qualifications as well as a degree , though did not want to enter articles to become a lawyer or accountant . Grand Met employs 25 qualified chartered secretaries throughout the company , said Mr Sheppard . A recent survey conducted by ICSA of its members in management roles , showed that a high proportion served at or near board level . Mr Sheppard , who is now a fellow of ICSA , began his career with an economics degree specialising in business administration from the London School of Economics . He wanted job - related , professional qualifications as well as a degree , though did not want to enter articles to become a lawyer or accountant . Grand Met employs 25 qualified chartered secretaries throughout the company , said Mr Sheppard . Many of those are in line management . However , a widening of access requires that the universities attract and support under - represented groups , such as working - class school - leavers , black and Asian students , parents and mature workers . Simply increasing the number of university places will not in itself increase access . Without a major programme of affirmative action in recruitment , admission , teaching , and assessment , any expansion of higher education will result in more privileged middle - class young people gaining degrees . The majority of British people do not find universities attractive or accessible . If the current proposals are not informed by an accurate assessment of the attitudes of a representative sample for working - class school leavers and their families , then their relevance to the issue of access is unproven . There is a crack group like Nexus here , for heaven 's sake , and nobody knows . Two of the Nexus percussionists played on Monday , along with another musician who is one of the finest current exponents of her instrument , the violist Rivka Golani . Considered purely as a recital by Golani , this was a riveting evening : in such a degree of intimacy her restless prowling , crouching , rising to full height , even stamping , combines with the intense commitment of her playing not to impede the music but to dramatise it , to add a further dimension to its urgency . The page - turner wisely sat far back , following his own score . Most of the pieces , certainly , needed all the dramatising they could get . The political consequences are first increasing loss of control and crumbling of the party apparatus , next the state 's need to fall back on the army and police to preserve its own existence , public order and , it claims , the chance of imposing painful economic reforms . Martial law , capable of preserving order but not reversing economic decline , in turn yields to semi - pluralism as the principle of the party 's monopoly of power is jettisoned to create a national consensus behind measures to salvage the country 's economy . Army rule and multi - party democracy are , to an almost equal degree , anathema to the Soviet party leadership , Mikhail Gorbachev included . Moreover the Politburo can argue both that political pluralism is no panacea for economic problems , and that it is much easier to apply in Poland than in the vast multi - ethnic Soviet empire . In proposing a ban on strikes , the Soviet leadership therefore wished to nip the incipient labour movement in the bud . But nor is it fair that with 6 or 7 per cent of the vote , the West German liberals should be the sole arbiters of who rules in Bonn . The case for electoral reform is best discussed in terms of the question : what kind of political system do we want ? Our electoral system strongly favours two - party government ; other people 's systems , in varying degree proportionate , result in coalitions of a usually centrist tinge . The difference goes far deeper than the political complexion of the government . The strong tendency of pluralistic systems of Europe is consensual and , in some cases , quasi - corporatist ; on the other side of the coin , they enable extremist minorities to thrive . Whitehall officials have encountered difficulties in deciding which essential services to include . The favoured strategy so far has been to introduce a cooling - off period before industrial action could be taken . Mrs Thatcher has been advised that a complete ban on strikes is not a practical proposition and may entail a high degree of political risk . The Government , however , is likely to press ahead with legislation this autumn which will tighten up the law on secondary action . The new statute will stop trade unionists trying to persuade workers in unconnected companies to take sympathy action . If you rely to your detriment on a misleading reference which was given negligently , you should be able to sue the referee . The subject of a bad reference can sue the referee for libel but has to show the referee was up to no good : spite , ill - will or some improper motive will do . Take along a prosperous adviser on all shopping sprees , demonstrate a high degree of trust and strong reliance in what they say and you may have unexpected protection should the seller go out of business and the goods fall to pieces . A 26 - year - old woman accountant who knew nothing about the mechanical side of vehicles asked her more knowledgeable friend to find a car for her . She stipulated that it must never have been involved in an accident . Alberto Mancini , of Argentina , takes his place against Lendl in the semi - finals , which also features Miloslav Mecir against the local Carl - Uwe Steeb . Last night Lendl had little difficulty in defeating John McEnroe 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 at the conclusion of the round robin phase . A degree of surprise was expressed when McEnroe showed up here after a knee injury had forced his withdrawal from last month 's grand prix event in San Francisco . It 's tendinitis , basically ; nothing real serious , it just hurts , he reassured us . McEnroe 's autumn slog through Europe , which will include a trip to Wembley for next month 's Silk Cut Championships , is designed for one purpose : I 'm trying to get myself prepared for the Masters , hopefully to do well . Correspondence was mountainously adverse . Anti - drugs tsar ( suppressor of those latter - day boyars , the drug lords ) William Bennett thundered before Congress that the New Republic 's article was not very helpful . To say that if all you have in life is bad choices , crack may not be the most unpleasant of them is irresponsible to an astonishing degree . Nor was he alone . On CNN 's chat show , Morley was accused of peddling garbage , of disgraceful journalism and worse . He renegotiated the agreement over tunnel usage by the railways and succeeded in presenting it as a breakthrough . And he made a number of management changes which reinforced the impression that Eurotunnel had become a company capable of acting in the best interests of bankers and shareholders and standing up to the demands of the Anglo - French contracting consortium . Yet , despite numerous rows with the contractors , he has failed so far to tinker with the construction contract to any meaningful degree . It is this contract , which Mr Morton inherited when he joined Eurotunnel , that lies at the heart of present difficulties . Mr Morton needs to bring the contractors down from their revised cost forecast of 7.5bn . In its day it built the world 's first by - pass and dug the world 's first underground railway . It invented the suburb the most successful invention in the history of human habitation . It is time to match again that degree of ingenuity . This will not be done just by saying No to things . It means deciding where , when and why to say Yes . Yet these , by a process of negotiation and experience , have been regulated and brought within the compass of what is socially acceptable without the passage of unnecessary laws such as the anti - hippy sections of the Public Order Act . Regulation should not attempt to suppress the phenomenon altogether , but ensure , with appropriate penalties for failure , that acid house parties and whatever succeeds them cause minimal disturbance to the non - dancing majority , and that they do not become occasions of profit for professional criminals . A higher degree of espionage By MILES KINGTON FIFTY million freshmen ca n't be wrong , thought Boris . For Milton Goldman was truly one of those people who , for their friends , make the world go round . Nothing was too much trouble , no call left unanswered . Bringing people together , tirelessly fixing up dates and appointments , putting in just the right word at the crucial moment , helping to forge new partnerships , Milton conducted both his life and his business with an extraordinary degree of caring . Not long ago at the theatre in New York he stood beaming with understandably possessive pride between Jacqueline Onassis and Edna O'Brien . Early the next morning he would probably be back in his office thinking of ways to help an unsuccessful actor . READING Barrie Clement 's diatribe ( 6 October ) under the heading Union law policy remains unclear , I wondered if he had attended the same Labour Party Conference as I did . The party now has a clearer , more comprehensive and more explicit statement covering the whole range of industrial relations policy than in the past . It is a firm and robust statement which we believe will command a very high degree of public support as being balanced , fair and even - handed . In addition , the unions unanimously support it . That gives us a far stronger base from which to campaign on trade union law than we have had before . The suggestion was supported both by companies involved in biotechnology and by environmental groups . The NCC meeting provided an unprecedented forum for all sides representatives of consumer interests , environmental groups such as the Green Alliance , and commercial firms such as ICI to come together to discuss the implications of the new biotechnology . They exhibited a surprising degree of consensus and common interest throughout the meeting . The only persistent jarring note came from civil servants responsible for framing safety regulations and administering the various safety committees . As if they were stuck in the 1950s , the civil servants could see no way in which consumer , environmentalist or the broader public interest could be represented . Why , we enquired of Wilkinson , had his team found it necessary to pass the ball back so often even from the half - way line ? Maybe they ca n't pass it forward , he said . Maybe it 's like diving , and the degree of difficulty is too great for them to pass it forward . Had Wilkinson enjoyed the match ? I do n't enjoy watching my own team . He became deputy prime minister and minister for foreign affairs after 1975 , and was known as Brother Number Two . He is thought to be Pol Pot 's effective deputy . Son Sen , 59 , has a degree in philosophy from the Sorbonne . In the fight for Phnom Penh , he was chief of staff of the Khmer Rouge forces , and was made defence minister in the 1975 government . Today he is commander in chief of the Khmer Rouge guerrilla army . He was head of the state presidium under Pol Pot , and after the Vietnamese invasion became the official head of the Khmer Rouge . He leads Khmer Rouge delegations at international conferences , and has been promoted as the moderate face of the Khmer Rouge . Ieng Thairith is married to Ieng Sary , and has a degree in English Literature . She was minister for social action in the Pol Pot era and is regarded as one of the main theoreticians of the party . Her sister , Khieu Ponnary , is married to Pol Pot , and was influential in the 1975 government , but is now understood to be confined to hospital because of mental illness . That last phrase would seem to indicate employment of the military to ensure safe and regular transit over Azerbaijan , through which 85 per cent of the rail freight reaching Armenia must pass . But at a rally in Baku on Sunday , the Azerbaijani Popular Front , prime mover in the blockade , indicated it was continuing its campaign , which is aimed at forcing Armenia to drop its demand for reunification with Nagorny Karabakh . Estonia gets ready for a three - letter miracle : Rupert Cornwell traces the Baltic republic 's rapid move to remarkable degree of economic and political autonomy By RUPERT CORNWELL REIN OTSASON , at least , has no doubts . The position is further clouded by the curious share structure of Racal Telecom where most of the free floating shares are US held . The US investors ' enthusiasm for cellular radio , therefore , has a strong bearing on Racal Telecom 's price performance . The cellular business remains complex and uncertain and investors should continue to view it with a healthly degree of caution . View from City Road : Murdoch loses Midas touch By SIMON PINCOMBE It has identified a 295 - acre site of mainly coniferous woodland managed by the Forestry Commission , and is discussing acquisition with landowners and local authorities . Professor Gordon Higginson , university vice - chancellor , said yesterday : I am not assuming students would be fully - funded by government . The professor said the idea of a two - year degree was under consideration . He pointed to a desperate need to educate the population better and said that in the first half of the Eighties the engineering workforce fell by a third and the number of graduates employed increased by half . The additional campus , 2 ½ ; miles from the present site , would make Southampton one of Britain 's largest universities . Predictably , it shot to the top of the dinner party list of mandatory topics and was talked relentlessly into the ground on every conceivable broadcasting medium . Never has so much explicit description of the mechanics of intercourse been rivetingly televised with such unimpeachable justification . Six months or so of this produced not only a degree of understandable tedium - even the most terrifying things can become boring if lived with long enough but what I would call an inverse effect . Out of sheer perversity , the thinking human seems impelled to say something contrary to whatever received opinion has been yelling at him. Hence , the spate of was - the - risk - exaggerated , debunking stories . Universities and colleges are looking to expand their intakes , but are drawing on a shrinking population of 18 - year - olds . Increasingly , they are taking students with non A - level qualifications and finding that many of them perform superbly . The glitter of A - levels in today 's broader , more diverse , degree market is starting to tarnish , and is unlikely ever to be restored to its former glory . A further problem with A - levels is the narrowness they impose on students . Our high - flying 18 - year - olds are superbly grounded in their specialist areas , compared to their counterparts in other Western countries , but we seem incapable of producing engineers with a fluent second language , or historians who understand information technology . This has spawned and sustained a shop stewards ' movement reminiscent of the 1970s . The far left is also being blamed for taking advantage of grievances . Steve Hart , of the Transport and General Workers Union at Dagenham , believes the degree of unrest can be exaggerated . There is a better atmosphere now than for many years fewer stoppages , better relationships . But we acknowledge that things are n't perfect and we are seeking to improve the situation . Mr Hart believes there should be a more structured approach to problem - solving as there is at the Halewood plant . Efforts are being made to improve the relationship between frontline managers and shop stewards and to evolve a system for dealing with disputes as and when they occur . Nationally , the company has been attempting to win a higher degree of commitment from the workforce . One such attempt is the 1.5m personal training and development scheme . The programme offers evening classes in courses not related to the job and a range of health services . The late Hans Keller , the most peppery and venerable writer on music since George Bernard Shaw , dearly wished that this were still the case . He dismissed conducting as a phoney profession , responsible for turning players into mindless dependents , powerless without the hypnotic beat of a little white stick in front of them . ( 'You have to attain a high degree of musical stupidity in order to find watching the beat , or the conductor 's inane face for that matter , easier for the purpose of knowing how or when to play than simply listening to the music , he argued . ) But in the twentieth century , conductors have replaced composers as the most influential people in musical life . They determine repertoire , secure multi - million - pound recording contracts , hire and fire players . The two men were born in the same region , the Transkei , but whereas Mr Mandela was a distinguished personage of royal blood , Mr Sisulu came from an impoverished peasant family and engaged in politics as a consequence of his exposure to the daily indignities of life for blacks through his work in a dairy , a bakery , in mines and factories . But Mr Mandela arrived in Johannesburg penniless , while Mr Sisulu was already in the ANC , gaining prominence through his work in the unions . Mr Mandela sought out Mr Sisulu and was rewarded with a loan to buy a suit and money to start a degree course in law. Mr Sisulu 's generosity and warmth did not waver during his time in the maximum security prison of Robben Island , where other inmates deferred to him as a charismatic senior statesman of what has been called the government - in - exile . One trait that former Robben Islanders recall is his remarkable , almost photographic , memory a quality that served him well in his ascent through the ANC hierarchy . NOW THAT President F W de Klerk has announced the release of eight of the nine most prominent political prisoners in South Africa , the question is when not if the ninth , Nelson Mandela , will be freed . And it is looking increasingly as if the date will be as much Mr Mandela 's own decision as the government 's . For the most remarkable thing to have emerged from Mr de Klerk 's decision is the degree to which Mr Mandela and the exiled African National Congress have become participants in government decision - making . He has acquired an autonomy and influence staggering even by the standards of a country where anomalies are institutionalised . Indications of Mr Mandela 's growing political stature in the eyes of the government have been accumulating for some time . And should we introduce a common core as in American universities ? As the educators of a larger student body , we should expect to ensure that arts graduates are numerate , scientists literate , and both fluent in a foreign language . One option is to have basic degree courses , followed by an extra year which would be taken by those wishing ultimately to pursue a career related to their chosen subject . The teaching of specialist options is relatively expensive ; this might enable universities to maintain intellectual standards at a lower unit cost for the majority of undergraduates while still serving those who need more advanced knowledge . The debate should not , however , centre on cost , but should hinge on the ultimate benefit to the nation . The old man and the sea : more than 50 windsurfers in the Pripps Energy Tiree Wave Classic in the Hebrides hold the attention of an island crofter . Britain 's leading wave - jumping event , in its fourth year , is staged in Tiree because the swells most resemble Hawaii 's . The event , which awards points for style , degree of difficulty and bravery , reaches its acrobatic climax todayPhotograph : Keith Dobney Rugby Union : How club colours the issue By ALAN WATKINS That it does so , so profoundly , is a vital part of what it is for . There is spiritual value in the very handling of its primary elements to write a little song or dance , even an exercise ; even , as Bruckner used to show his classes , in a fifth or octave struck at a piano . The essence of music 's higher flights is transcendental in the highest degree imaginable , in ways that are manifestly intelligible and effectual , and quite insusceptible to verbal accounting . Debussy 's answer to a journalist who asked if he was familiar with heaven yes , but I do n't natter about it with strangers - is not so silly as it sounds . Evasive certainly , but only to acknowledge what cannot be uttered . The good composer expresses what he feels and makes what he is making , from an essentially musical motivation , by essentially musical means , with all the skill and experience he can command . The ends are various : here a visionary oratorio , there an opera buffa ; here a craggy piano etude , there a melting morceau de salon . The degree of craft , the degree of inspiration , are the measure whereby they can be valued ; through these are achieved , consciously or inadvertently , the heights and depths of spiritual expression whereby they are a joy for ever . Music can only be judged on the basis of an attentiveness to its musical essence as sensitive and discriminating as possible . Above all , as specific - an undogmatic reaction to the details in style and technique of the particular composer , piece , or passage . BOOK REVIEW / The Alsatian sensation : Ackerley Peter Parker : Constable , 16.95 pounds By D J TAYLOR FOR SOMEONE who wrote so little and whose chief recreation picking up men - involved a high degree of furtiveness , J R Ackerley 's life is surprisingly well - documented . The selected letters make a stout volume . There are the end - of - tether diaries published as My Sister and Myself by his literary executor , Francis King , and any number of references in the voluminous literature that has grown up around the figure of E M Forster , whose acolyte Ackerley became between their first meeting in 1922 and his death , aged 71 , in 1967 . In Blackpool the strongest feeling among representatives has been one of relief that the party sang in harmony under stress . But the Tory anthem is loyalty , not joy . The most striking aspect of the past week is the degree to which the Government is underestimating Labour 's post - conference political strength . Among Tory MPs there is calm trepidation . Among ministers the mood seems unbelievably complacent . While Beck 's adventures were cut short , Nick Faldo , beaten by Lyle in last year 's final , went into overtime against David Frost of South Africa before coming through on the 38th hole . In a match made in heaven , if not the sponsors ' dreams , Faldo will play Ballesteros in the semi - finals today and Rafferty will meet Ian Woosnam . On the prospect of facing Ballesteros , Faldo , who did not get a degree in journalism , remarked : With all the time he 's had off this afternoon I hope Carmen will have worn him out . I hope she gives him a right going over . Carmen Ballesteros , for one , would probably love to know exactly what he meant by that . While there are studies of the RUC 's role in security and public - order issues ( Brewer et al . 1988 : 4784 ; Enloe 1978 ; Pockrass 1986 ; Weitzer 1985 , 1986 , 1987 a , b ) , this forms only part of RUC duties , given the special position of Northern Ireland among divided societies . Primarily , however , an empirically based study of public order policing is impossible to undertake in the midst of the province 's continuing violent conflict , and certainly could not be done with the degree of depth , empirical focus , familiarity , and , frankly , personal safety which an ethnographic study of routine policing allows . Nor would such a study have been given permission by the RUC , for it is utopian to expect police authorities in divided societies to open up these sections of their force to scrutiny and observation by outsiders . An analysis of routine policing at least allows the possibility of empirical research being undertaken on police forces operating in divided societies , which is itself important because studies in the sociology of policing focus almost exclusively on police forces in stable liberal democracies . And , further , in areas like Easton , where there is very little crime related to the troubles , the police do not on the whole develop the attitude that law and order is a battle between the RUC and Catholics . This encourages a balanced view of Catholics , something which , as we shall emphasize in later chapters , can be absent amongst some policemen beleaguered behind their reinforced stations in areas of high tension and conflict . A final point worth making in defence of the data is that the observational material cannot be impugned to the same degree , because in the flow of action during an incident the exigencies of the situation usually take over , making it difficult for policemen and women to act in ways contrary to what the situation requires or their colleagues demand . Hence many extracts from the data used in this volume are near - verbatim records of natural conversations in reallife settings . While on the whole we feel knowledge of the field - worker 's religion was not detrimental to the research , we believe it also had positive effects , in that it immediately forced respondents to confront their attitudes towards Catholics , as did the field - worker 's gender in relation to sex roles in the force , placing both issues high on the research agenda . That 's true . There used to be a woman sergeant in place who used to refer to the reserve men as dick - head reserve men , fucking idiots , till one day this reserve man says to her , See that man over there , before he came to this job he was a aircraft technician , name used to be a chief mechanic . Name there used to be a architect and name has a degree in law. And he says to her , What did you do before you joined the police ? and she ran off . She used to be a check - out girl in name of supermarket . Being the observer in the Land Rover on patrol is unpopular because observers do the paperwork on incidents ; those who cannot drive are thus left with a great deal of boring work . It also affects the evaluations of incidents and what counts as a good turn . Incidents are categorized by the degree of paperwork involved , and the best shifts are those where you 're kept busy but with stuff you can clear up on the spot ( FN 26/5/87 , p. 34 ) . Great pleasure is therefore taken when the buck is passed and the paperwork is handed to someone else . And there were occasions when banter and humour were used by low - ranking officers to convey the impression to the section police that they should go easy on the number of skulls ( prisoners ) they accrued because of the excessive paperwork it was causing . ( b ) Less Developed Incomes here are between 401 and 1,635 , with a degree of industrialisation in the economy , supplying cars , trucks , building materials etc. Some exports are seen , and the pool of cheap labour and resources means that they may begin to pose a competitive threat . ( c ) ( e ) Control of the company There is often political pressure on a company from the country in which it operates to allow a greater degree of control to be exercised by the country concerned . Although a transfer of the ownership of a company is unlikely to be well received by the board , care should be taken before making the decision on how to react ; agreeing to increase national control can be less harmful than ( for instance ) withdrawing from the country altogether . The ultimate sanction a country can levy nationalisation ( expropriation ) of operations is not unknown , but is less frequent than is sometimes believed . group countries into clusters identify different sub - groupings within all the countries researched . Typically , countries are clustered on the basis of macroeconomic data such as GNP per head of the population degree of urbanisation , population size or density , between levels and so on . Who should control international marketing research ? It might be apparent to you from a description of marketing research techniques that many of these techniques depend on comparisons between different countries . ln addition we used voters ' degree of preference for their first - choice party ( over their second choice ) as yet another potential influence upon their ratings of the media 's usefulness . The main influences on usefulness - ratings were people 's interest in politics and their motivations for following the campaign . Their degree of preference for one party Over others had an important influence upon the usefulness - ratings they gave the media for helping them decide how to Vote ( those with clear preferences found the media less useful for that purpose ) but had little or no influence on other aspects of usefulness - ratings . Surprisingly , perceptions of bias never had a significant impact on usefulness - ratings . The factors influencing ratings given to television for providing information on personalities and issues were almost identical to each other. But the factors influencing ratings given to television for helping people decide how to Vote were different . Once again , motivations were a key factor but it was vote - guidance seekers , not information seekers , who now rated television most highly . Since that showed a degree of consistency in attitudes , it was not entirely unexpected . More surprising was the relationship with political interest . Television scored best on helping people decide how to Vote if they found politics interesting during the campaign but had lacked a general interest in politics in the mid - term . Television scored best on helping people decide how to Vote if they found politics interesting during the campaign but had lacked a general interest in politics in the mid - term . Television therefore helped make up the minds of those who were newly interested in politics , or unusually interested in politics , interested in the election campaign but not very interested in politics more generally . Ratings of radio news were less predictable than ratings of television but they too were influenced by recent political interest , motivations for following the campaign , and degree of party preference . Once again , perceptions of bias had no influence . Similar factors explain newspaper ratings also . Third , the press is partisan , biased , and proud of it . The press always has been a medium of propaganda as well as a medium of information . Particular papers vary in the degree to which they emphasize propaganda rather than information , and this emphasis also varies through time . In the final 1987 election campaign the press became more partisan and its emphasis on propaganda increased . The tabloids in particular carried relatively little in - depth information but a lot of propaganda . This time sequence is conclusive . Television bias was not the cause of declining expectations of Alliance success : it was a consequence of declining expectations amongst both journalists and the public at large ( Table 7.3 ) . Relative coverage of Labour and Conservative was always biased towards the Conservative government but the degree of bias increased sharply ( it tripled ) in the fourth week of the campaign . Yet public perceptions of Conservative chances of victory sank to a minimum in that fourth week and assessments of Labour chances reached a peak then . ( Though Conservative chances were always rated much higher than Labour 's . ) By those measures of visibility , national politicians were much more visible than local candidates from the start . Indeed , Kinnock and Thatcher were more visible in our pre - campaign week , when both were on highly publicized foreign tours , than they were during the campaign itself . Their degree of visibility was also more predictable than the visibility of local candidates , though their visibility became less predictable as the election approached . Before the campaign opened those who were particularly interested in politics were very much more aware of Thatcher 's and Kinnock 's recent activities . By the end of the campaign that was no longer so true . The conceptual distinction between perceptions and attitudes is clear ; but perceptions of party chances or the state of the economy imply an element of approval or disapproval when articulated by the electorate . ( They are purely objective perceptions when articulated by political scientists or professional economists , of course . ) These perceptions were influenced in varying degrees , though not completely determined , by partisan loyalties . As the election approached , perceptions about party chances of victory became more homogeneous : most voters thought Conservative chances were good and Alliance chances were poor . Perceptions of Labour chances remained more predictable , though they too became rather more homogeneous as the campaign came to an end . Overall television fulfilled its public service role of informing the electorate , and did so particularly well as the election drew closer ; while the press fulfilled its self - assigned role as pamphleteers within a libertarian system , and did so with increasing effect as the election drew closer . PRESCRIPTIONS Supporters of the Libertarian Ideal must be pleased by the degree of public satisfaction with the press despite public perceptions of press bias . Indeed they must be pleased by the traces of evidence that suggest that bias in a freely chosen medium such as a newspaper is actually popular with the electorate rather than resented . Similarly they must be pleased by the traces of evidence that suggest partisan voters find the relative impartiality of television news somewhat irritating . The concept of a national centre has been a hierarchical mental device used by historians since the Reformation to over - simplify the chaos of diverse local stimuli . In primitive societies with small , self - sufficient units there was no differentiation between centre and periphery , and it could be argued that many peasants in Russia remained at this level of perception during NEP . Yet urban , industrial polarization had already developed to a considerable degree before 1917 , creating awareness of the political centre among the more sophisticated peasant strata such as village teachers , zemstvo clerks , bookkeepers , doctors ' and veterinarians ' assistants . E. D. Vinogradoff has shown how local agrarian social and economic conditions shaped the collective political behaviour of peasants elected to the Fourth State Duma . This was clearly the case in the Central Agricultural Region , which we shall consider in Chapter 2 . Price : 6.3 oz/180g tin 2.37 ; 7.04fl . oz/125ml aerosol 2.45 ; 4.4fl oz/200ml 2.50 . Granger 's Mapdry A spray - on treatment which makes paper and cloth maps water - repellent and to some degree oil - repellent . Available in aerosol and non - aerosol sprays . Price : 7.04fl . oz/200ml aerosol 3.08 ; 4.4fl oz/125ml non - aerosol 2.96 . The government 's hard - won economic plateau seemed unlikely to last . Len Murray of the TUC worked hard but was unable to exert power that he did not possess . A major factor was that the two famous left - wing union leaders , both to some degree poachers turned gamekeepers , Hugh Scanlon and Jack Jones , were now removed from the scene through retirement . Scanlon 's successor as President of the Engineers ' Union , Terry Duffy , was , in fact , a strongly right - wing figure anxious to reach an accommodation with the government , but naturally it would take him time to build up his authority . Jack Jones 's successor was Moss Evans , a Welshman who had worked in the car industry as TGWU National Organizer . The partial compensation found in the fertility of the black and brown immigrants of the Commonwealth countries who had sent over 3 million people into Britain since 1962 did not meet with universal enthusiasm , as the evidence from the Race Relations Board frequently suggested . Afro - Caribbeans huddled in ghetto areas like Brixton or Southall . Non - white Britons were having a growing impact , notably in mass sport and entertainment ; commercial advertisements to an increasing degree focused on a poly - ethnic consumer market . But only an enlightened few saw this as a symbol of national renewal . In the face of this varied sense of internal malaise , the return of the Thatcher government , with its young - Turk generation of monetarists and entrepreneurs , marked at least a change of gear , even if the privatization of publicly - owned enterprises was a very minor feature of the Conservative manifesto in 1979 . The real essence of Thatcherism , indeed , lay not so much in its ideas , which proved to be increasingly malleable as the years went by , and especially when Nigel Lawson took over the Treasury in 1984 . It lay rather in the company it kept , the classes with which it was associated . As noted , Mrs Thatcher came from a relatively humble , unprivileged background , though a degree at Oxford and later marriage to a millionaire businessman gave her a distinctly haut bourgeois status in time . But her outlook was subtly different , say from that of Edward Heath , whose father was a carpenter in a small town in Kent and who , like Mrs Thatcher , went to a local grammar school rather than the private boarding schools favoured by most Tory leaders . The Heath background was one of constructive , but deferential , working - class Toryism . He was replaced by the safe , if decidedly dull , figure of Sir Geoffrey Howe , a diplomat not a policy - maker . In his place at the Treasury came the younger , almost reckless , figure of Nigel Lawson , an able former financial journalist and apparently still a nominal enthusiast for monetarism . To an increasing degree , the government and its outlying establishments bore the Prime Minister 's stamp ; her press secretary , Bernard Ingham , seemed more powerful than most Cabinet ministers , somewhat on the pattern of Lloyd George 's use of Bronco Bill Sutherland in 191822 . There were personal setbacks , as when her close political confidant , Cecil Parkinson , had to resign from the government in October 1983 after a sex scandal involving his former secretary . But this caused little permanent difficulty for the government . Indeed , Fleet Street itself was a misnomer from 1985 onwards , as modern technology and high unit costs led major newspapers to move out of central London to the eastern inner suburbs , to avoid the unions ' stranglehold . The long , sometimes violent , dispute with the print unions over the relocation of The Times plant at Wapping marked a notable step both in the new financial and technological independence of the press and its ideological separateness from the union - corporate approach of the past . The Church of England was also , to some degree , a victim of the Thatcherite attempt at hegemony . The Church had continued to lose members in the 1970s and 1980s , yet it remained a powerful source of social criticism . Its 1985 report on the inner cities , Faith in the City , was attacked by government ministers for its allegedly Marxist inspiration . For decades , as the Royal Commission on Wealth and Income demonstrated in the late 1970s , those disparities were modified by the social benefits available under the welfare state . By the end of the 1980s , partly as a result of deliberate government action , more perhaps because the unduly optimistic assumptions of Beveridge and other founders of the British welfare system were being falsified by financial and cultural factors ( such as the breakdown of the old nuclear family of fabled tradition ) , the welfare state was far less able to temper the asperities of a harsh and divided society . The beleaguered ranks of social workers and investigators of the 1980s documented a society more unsettled , more helpless , and to some degree more violent than at any period since the century began . Finally , there was constant angst about Britain 's world role . The direction of Britain 's post - imperial policy was unclear after 1945 . Apart from working closely with the Benevolent Fund , The Association is contributing to the work of The Council of British Service and Ex - Service Organisations . Already we are providing , through the Association 's War Pensions Officer and Area Welfare Officers , support to our sister charities , and in turn we have benefited from co - operation in the design of training courses . We have made a sound start in 1990 to achieving the degree of co - operation and mutual aid that we know the Government and Public expect to see more in evidence throughout this decade . As the year ended the events in the Gulf reminded us sharply that we cannot take peach and freedom for granted , and that substantial risks continue to be faced by those serving in the Royal Air Force . In turn these may lead to welfare needs extending well beyond the year 2000 . He worked hard , which was rare among the undergraduates of Magdalene College in those days , and came out with a high degree in mathematics . Though the college was very Anglican , he retained all his family 's loyalty to the Congregationalist tradition and way of worship . After a time teaching in a Scottish school , Fettes , the degree got him a fellowship in mathematics at his own college of Magdalene ; where he remained the rest of his long life teaching mathematics , holding various college offices , going every week to Emmanuel Congregational chapel , and becoming after a time one of its deacons or church officers . He was a good mathematical teacher and he wrote a number of text - books , some of which went on selling into the 198os . To the outward eye he was austere , even bleak . When a considerable proportion of the industry is working competitively for the market , the inducement to employees and employers to introduce and operate incentive schemes will be greatly strengthened . Experience in the past two and a half years has shown both the general effectiveness of such schemes and the need for a much wider extension of them . Finally , in location , size and amenities , the private builder ( including to a large degree the housing association ) necessarily builds to suit his customers and thus provides an index of demand . The distortions which occur under a system of all but exclusively local authority house - building the tendency to conform to the past rather than the future location of population ( with consequent immobilisation of labour ) , the wrong proportion of houses of different sizes , and the provision of more amenities than those for which tenants are prepared to pay the economic price these will naturally correct themselves when private building is restored . To combat the opposite extreme of jerry - building , we would make membership of the Housebuilders ' Registration Council 's register compulsory upon all contractors for local authority houses , with a view to rendering the building industry eventually an industry subject throughout to publicly - approved standards . ( It is a standard procedure of politicians , when embarking upon a course which lacks logical coherence , to disarm critics and criticism by describing what they do or commend as only a first step ; for who can demand logic from a first step ? ) Unlike the mother - country and its dependencies , above all India , the self - governing colonies were protectionist ; but they were now prepared , and indeed in some cases were anxious , to afford the mother - country preferential treatment within their tariff system if the mother - country would reciprocate . In order to do this , however , Britain must herself become in some degree protectionist and place tariffs on foreign imports of at least the things which the Dominions had to sell to her above all , food , if not also raw materials . It was thus a revolution in British fiscal policy which Chamberlain advocated in the name of Empire ; and from his Birmingham speech in May 1903 until he was struck down three years later his advocacy of tariff reform and his Imperial theme dominated British policies . Yet the Imperial side of the argument whatever view may be taken of the fiscal , economic and domestic would not stand up to examination . Aspiring rock artists should remember one golden rule when dealing with the press : there are no rules . Winning the favour of this curious breed is largely a lottery . Those with any degree of power and influence are already deluged with promotional material , atrocious records and pre - release cassettes , the vast majority supplied by the generously resourced press offices of major record companies . only the most conscientious ( and , frankly , those with nothing better to do ) dutifully plough through everything that flops out of a jiffy bag and on to their desk . The few communications which do receive full attention normally achieve this through a combination of chance , inside information and relentless harrassment . Self - Reliant Acts Independent companies are often the setting for bands who already have an idea of the sort of music they want to make , and where they want to end up. More importantly , independents can be the right place for artists who want to keep a degree of creative control . Radio STUART GRUNDY is an executive producer at BBC Radio 1 , with direct responsibility for evening and weekend programmes as well as special events . Booking agency agreements All of these are for a personal service . As such , they involve a high degree of trust , good will , confidence and faith in all parties ' ability to do the job in hand . Musicians must seek legal advice if they are offered any of these agreements , and their legal adviser should be a specialist in the music business . A solicitor in divorce law or conveyancing will not deal with the music business on a day - to - day basis and he or she will not be able to advise you fully on the terms of a music industry agreement . The first issue is when a formal agreement should be made between the members of a band . Ideally , some sort of agreement should be worked out fairly early on . This gives each band member a degree of security . If there is no formal agreement between the band members , and if the band has been working in practice as a partnership , I have always viewed the band as operating as if there were a formal partnership agreement . In that case , the following rules normally apply . In the UK in 1983 there was a by - election in Bermondsey , London . Its run - up included a homophobic attack on one of the candidates , Peter Tatchell , whose political extremism was regarded as inseparable from his sexual deviance . It was largely mobilized by sections of the press , to a degree then unprecedented , but which heralded the onset of the intensified homophobia which has characterized that country ever since . Taking only the period in which this book has been written , and limiting the location to the UK , there have been numerous similar press - provoked scandals in which the homosexual has kept turning up where he or she should not , especially at the respectable centre of things : in MI5 , the Houses of Parliament , as parliamentary candidate , schoolteacher , council employee , prison chaplain , vicar , guard to the Queen Mother , film star , circuit judge , to cite only some ( and some whose lives have been destroyed by homophobic media harassment ) . The same press represents homosexuals as the corrupters of public morals , of children , the family , and even the armed forces ; or as deviants conveying to other aliens ( their external counterpart ) the state 's innermost secrets . William Perkins sets out the conventional position vis - - vis class . Dress , he says , must be answerable to our estate and dignitie , for distinction of order and degree in the societies of men . This use of attire , stands by the very ordinance of God ; who , as he hath not sorted all men to all places , so he will have men to fitte themselves and their attire , to the qualitie of their proper places , to put a difference betweene themselves and others By which it appeares , that many in these daies do greatly offend Later , in December 1985 , the Archbishop of Canterbury 's committee on the inner cities presented its report , Life in the City . This contained many proposals for the regeneration of these areas , including greater central government expenditure , which ran counter to the government 's ideas . The report was immediately dismissed as Marxist by a government spokesman and criticized with varying degrees of vigour by many Conservatives . These attacks in turn have been met by forceful rebuttals from Conservative back - benchers and from the Prime Minister herself . The Tory critics object that the Church is peddling left - wing politics as a religious message , while failing to assert moral values . Mrs Thatcher has been fortunate in that retirements of several senior personnel in the early 1980s gave her the opportunity to influence promotions ; there were thirteen appointments as Permanent Secretary in 1982 alone and she has had a hand in appointing the great majority of Permanent and Assistant Permanent Secretaries since 1979 . The traditional trade - off for the secure tenure of senior British civil servants has been that they are anonymous and politically impartial . To some degree the impartiality has depended on there being a large measure of policy agreement and continuity between the parties in government . The doubts of some pre - war Labour leaders that the civil service would actually co - operate with a radical Labour government were largely laid to rest by the experience of the Attlee government . But radicals in both parties who favoured radical changes , either to the left or to the right , have frequently condemned the civil service as the embodiment of an above - party consensus favouring continuity of policy . They also embarked on an ambitious national scheme that was designed to place Britain at the forefront of the postwar civil aviation market . British air travel before the war had largely been in the hands of two companies , British Airways for European services and Imperial Airways for services further afield . Both functioned with a degree of official support , especially in the form of mail contracts , but proved themselves to be unprofitable in the face of subsidized foreign competition . In 1939 , after several years of study , the Conservative government attempted to reorganize the rather inefficient operation of the two airlines and to encourage more competition . The result was a single national airline that was to be the so - called chosen instrument for British air services : British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC ) . In the immediate postwar period Germany constituted the single most important drain on the dollar . This was an unintended consequence of Britain 's successful attempt to occupy the most industrialized and populous part of Germany . In other words , to a degree the burden of Germany on the balance of payments was in part the result of Britain 's great power posture , and not just the consequence of the military pattern that emerged in the conquest of Germany . Unfortunately for the British government , this occupation zone was unexpectedly severed from its traditional sources of food in the east , and being unable to feed itself became reliant on supplies of food from dollar areas . The position was rectified only slowly , the USA taking on first part and then , by the end of 1947 , the whole of the burden . In the 1910 general election the Conservatives main gains had been in the counties generally and the southern counties in particular . The Land Campaign , or so it seemed to the Conservatives , threatened to wipe out those gains at a time when the party showed no signs of an electoral recovery elsewhere . The Conservatives ' desperation to devise a counter - programme for the land , and the disagreements it provoked , demonstrate the degree of confusion which still existed in the Conservative ranks and the immense problems they still faced before the rampant omnibus of the Great War rescued them by running down their opponents . It is a pity that Fforde 's determination to present the Conservative party as decided individualists prevented him from exploring the confusion in the Conservative ranks indicated by his evidence . If disputes within the party over policy and doctrine were one symptom of Conservative confusion , another was the legion of leagues which appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , when it seemed that hardly a year went by without the founding of some new right - wing association . The Labour government , then , was not wholly the prisoner of dogma . ( It may still have been the prisoner of vested interests , but that is another matter . ) As long as Keynes pitched his arguments for credit expansion within the bounds of orthodoxy , he dominated the proceedings of the Committee and achieved a degree of consensus . Stamp , for example , was sympathetic . Pigou shared Keynes 's analysis of the disequilibrium between savings and investment , and was prepared to endorse public works . In concentrating all matrimonial legislation in a new secular High Court in London , the Act also represented the success of common and equity lawyers in capturing full control of matrimonial litigation . To explain the nature of legal change Stone offers a model that suggests first , that clients revealed the gap between current values and the law ; second , that this was followed by the attempt of lawyers and judges to narrow the gap , often by inventing legal fictions or effectively changing the law by judicial re - interpretation ( the changing definition of legal cruelty provides one example of this ) ; and third , that all this culminated eventually in legal change when the level of duplicity and hypocrisy became intolerable to law lords and legislators alike ( pp. 1920 ) . This model , which echoes that used by Oliver MacDonagh to explain the growth in nineteenth century government , relies on a high degree of consonance in the wishes of lawyers and their clients , a not unreasonable assumption given the limited access to divorce in Stone 's period . But it is not a model that holds up for the twentieth century , when liberalization of the divorce law was not a matter of last resort but was rather always proposed as a means of strengthening the institution of marriage ( by permitting those living in sin to remarry ) ; when opinion shifted with dramatic speed , for example between the conservative recommendations of the 1956 Royal Commission on Divorce and the endorsement of profound liberalization given a mere ten years later by both the Law Commission and the Church of England ; and when the change in views of key institutions such as the Church of England were as important as those of lawyers . The permission given by the 1969 Act for no - fault divorce was driven as much by a profound rethinking of the sources of morality by clerical and academic opinion as by the determined pursuit of individual self - interest on the part of either the population at large or lawyers in particular . There have been some rather unrealistic valuations being put on businesses . But I think the critical issue of Black Monday and what 's happened since is that this is a very major change in the nature of the market place , but not in the underlying economies of countries , especially the UK . I think we will continue to have a degree of volatility in markets we 've not experienced previously and I think the way the market maker has to interpret his role now is such that we will never get the sort of fine tuning that the old jobbing system could provide . With so much more volatility in markets , it is perhaps inevitable that greater stress will be put on senior executives as they strive to adapt to , and cope with , ever faster changes . The ability to deal with crisis is something Cuckney has cultivated over the years . Finniston firmly believes that a lack of training and inadequate educational facilities are two of the major stumbling blocks to industrial efficiency in Britain . He cites some statistics from two recent reports to support his argument : Of all the people who call themselves managers or are designated managers in Japan or the US , eighty - five per cent have a degree qualification . The figure in this country is twenty - four per cent . In the US , West Germany and Japan five full days every year are devoted to off - the job training for every manager . I worked in the coal mines for three years to obtain my colliery manager 's certificate . As part of the training programme , you had to spend this period underground , of which eighteen months had to be spent on the coal face and during that time you did lots of jobs that mineworkers did . At times it seemed a bit strange to have a university degree and be working so physically hard but in many ways those three years were a very good period . In particular , Haslam found the camaraderie he experienced working alongside mineworkers extremely rewarding . It was rather like being in the army on active service . You are not conscious of them weighing you up , but they do . The chances are that during the first eight or nine years you may appear to be treading water in the process of proving yourself . You can have the finest degree in the world , but at the end of the day you are judged as an individual and on your performance and them things begin to happen . Some people in ICI still come up by one functional channel and reach the top , but most emerging people get the management development treatment rather like I did . Running the film group for ICI gave Haslam particular pleasure because it was the first time he had ever been fully in charge of a business , which he found very challenging . Another looked after the monthly staff employees . A third was entirely concerned with management development and career planning and the fourth acted as a one - man think - tank , whose task was to advise on how ICI 's personnel policies should evolve in future . It did not bother Haslam that he had to rely to a large degree on the expertise of others to perform his own job well . I think the art of moving around as I have done in my career into different products and functions and into various industries is the ability to sum up quickly your close colleagues . You can never hope to achieve the professionalism of those who have been in a single business all their lives and hence you need quickly to get to know those whose opinions you can trust . When only five years old , he used to go into the bakery with his father before school just for fun . He and his brother would take delight in cutting out oat cakes . At school he did extraordinarily badly by his own admission and he also failed to obtain a degree in agriculture at Cambridge University , but with his sights firmly fixed on a career in the family business , such academic shortcomings represented no real handicap . He served with the 3rd Battalion of the Scots Guards during the war , but finally , in 1947 , he was able to fulfil his long - cherished ambition to savour company life . From the very first day I enjoyed it . This is true even though the ruling party initially the Tanganyika African National Union ( TANU ) and since 1972 the Chama Cha Mapunduzi ( CCM ) has always accepted a system of primary elections to select parliamentary candidates . In the four general elections held since independence the turnover of MPs has been as much as 50 per cent . In contrast the authoritarian nature of Tanzanian politics can more usefully be measured by the number of political detainees which exceeded several hundred in the mid 1970s or in terms of the degree of pressure brought to bear on the rural population from 1974 to 1978 . It is also true at a more subtle level in that Nyerere , perhaps the finest political debater in Africa land responsible for the first translation of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar into kiSwahili ) , left himself with no - one to debate with , at least until he left the presidency to be party chairman in 1985 . His survival over the years since independence in 1961 does not alter the fact that the discussion of real policy choices in a public manner has hardly ever occurred . A survey of the 1320 companies registered in Nigeria in 1970 indicated that 400 were wholly foreign - owned , including nearly all of the largest . In the same year in Kenya it has been estimated that African citizens and government institutions owned only about 5 per cent of corporate assets . Consequently , relations between African countries and international companies were for twenty years characterized by a battle to take some degree of national control . Strategies for control have included the compulsory sale of 51 per cent of the share capital in the businesses nationalized by Tanzania 's Arusha Declaration in 1967 , the compulsory sale of the majority of share capital by all large companies in Nigeria from 1974 to 1977 , and the creeping sale of 20 per cent of issued share capital in the Ivory Coast required from 1975 onwards ( achieved by issuing new equity ) . In Tanzania , Julius Nyerere commented , Our purpose was primarily a political purpose ; it was an extension of the political control which the Tanzanian people secured in 1961 . It was recognized that the integration of some kind of livestock farming with crops would ultimately be desirable . It was strongly supported in the 1950s by the companies who purchased the cotton grown as a cash crop in the savannah , because it appeared to be the most effective way to reverse the declining fertility and falling yields which had become apparent by that time . The development of the system spanned more than twenty years and achieved a degree of success in terms of its defined objectives . It was unpopular politically , as it involved a good deal of compulsion , and did not survive the chaos of independence . However , it was probably the most serious attempt made in colonial Africa to adapt the traditional bush/fallow system to changing economic circumstances and , if sustained , might have provided technical answers to problems which still prove elusive . He sees the range of legal and bureaucratic constraints upon them as being the main limitation on their developing into self - sustaining businesses . This argument is partly valid in the African context : Mutang'ang'i was periodically obliged to remove his metal cutting machines from his worksite in Nairobi . On the other hand , a systematic survey by the International Labour Organization has shown that , in a sample of ten African countries , 40 per cent of informal sector enterprises pay some form of tax or registration fee , implying a degree of recognition by government . By the late 1980s no African government could afford to neglect the significance of the sector for the employment of the hundreds of thousands of primary and secondary school leavers who were joining the labour market each year , and most were making policy statements which indicated some support for it . However , it was also proving difficult to discard old attitudes . Alhaji Abbo is a former truck driver who has successfully developed a 3,000 hectare maize farm and oil extraction plant in northern Cameroun . In 1989 he was obliged to move out of his house to live on the farm in order to avoid the pressure to entertain visiting dignitaries on behalf of local politicians . Thus whether the would - be efficient entrepreneur rises from the informal sector or parachutes into a larger - scale enterprise with a degree from an international business school , he will frequently be trapped into the same style of running a business as the Nigerian enterpreneurs described above . SMALL IS STILL BEAUTIFUL Entrepreneurs in pre - colonial Africa were effective in articulating trading relationships between Africa and the rest of the world , and in developing the productive activities which generated the trade . There is good reason to ask to whom can the assets of the grain marketing board be sold ? Yet the World Bank has continued to press this issue , at one stage moving the permanent secretary in the president 's office to angrily rebuke the young leader of the Bank 's team , and to the president himself being moved to recount to the team the Biblical story of the seven fat and seven lean years . There are no easy answers to African development , and an appropriate degree of humility on the part of donors is a necessary condition for developing a serious dialogue with recipient governments . PUMP PRIMER OR DRIP FEED ? The confidence displayed by the World Bank men and other donors in the early 1970s has clearly not fulfilled its promise . He is merrily accumulating a large bag of smaller fish when Fred Smith comes along with inadequate tackle , throws a lump of luncheon meat in the margins and lands the largest fish in the lake . I am afraid this will always happen . On some waters you can gain a degree of selectability by using harder and larger diameter baits . For instance it could be a good idea to introduce your free boilies at 12 mm or 15 mm and use hook baits of 18 mm , 20 mm or maybe even 22 mm. This will not stop you catching the smaller fish but it may swing the odds in your favour of selecting one or two of the larger fish . The problem is I do n't know where he has been placing these shot . The first adjustment I would make would be to try positioning the three to six No. 6 shot at one inch gaps , starting ten inches from the hook as in diagram A. This loses a slight degree of sensitivity by not having a dropper shot but usually does the trick of holding the float stationary . Several shot lying on the bottom act better as a brake if set slightly apart from each other. This strung shotting technique often requires you to fish two or three feet overdepth . He was later to become suspicious of Maine 's motives , however , as he was to see in the glorification of contract a subtle justification of the legal institutions of capitalism , and he was to seen in Maine 's insistence on the primacy of the monogamous family an attempt to prove that this institution was beyond historical change . In the same year the Swiss scholar , J. J. Bachofen , published Das Mutterrecht , ( Mother Right ) , a book showing that matriliny , the tracing of descent through women , and matriarchy , the dominance of women in society , as well as the cult of female goddesses , preceded the patriarchy and the patriliny we find in Biblical and Classical societies . This idea was accepted with varying degrees of caution by many nineteenth - century anthropologists and ultimately was wholly endorsed by Engels , who , in the preface to the fourth edition of The Origin of the Family , Private Property and the State , gave warm praise to Bachofen . Bachofen and Maine were soon followed by J. F. McLennan , a Scotsman whose work in part coincided with that of Bachofen and Maine but which developed much more the study of kinship systems . This focus on kinship had an influence on both Marx and Engels which culminated in their enthusiasm for Lewis Henry Morgan whose two principal books had a decisive effect on their later work . He does note , in the letter to Zasulich , Morgan 's hope for a future society , which would abandon the obsession with private property , but at the same time he makes it clear that he rightly does not consider Morgan a socialist or a revolutionary . Engels , on the other hand , states in the preface to the first edition of The Origin that Morgan in his own way had discovered afresh in America the materialistic conception of history , discovered by Marx forty years ago , and in his comparison of barbarism and civilization it had led him , in the main points , to the same conclusions as Marx ' p. 71 . This is high praise indeed from Engels but there is no hint in any of Marx 's own writing of that degree of endorsement for Morgan 's theoretical position . The Origin falls into three parts . The first , represented by Chapter 1 , deals with technological evolution . Tony and I get up as quickly as we can , brushing the snow free from clothes before putting them on so that it will not melt with the heat from our bodies . We tell Nat to stay where he is , brushing the snow from his bag to try to minimize how wet it will be . The advantage of the temperature being so low although it has risen several degrees with the cloud over is that the snow is like dry flour and brushes off easily . It was late when we woke , and by the time we have cleared up the mess it is later still . Working outside is difficult in the fresh snow and when the wind picks up again we admit defeat and agree that we will stay another night . They are not merely documentation . They are in fact significant elements in the story of Situationism which is the subtext of the book . The political reticence evident in these volumes is indicated by a degree of randomness in the choice of materials and by implication a commitment to the more expressive or irrationalist side of their work . It is , for example , revealing that there is no indication in either book of the Situationist commitment to political struggles in the Third World and their critique of imperialism . The introductions in both books are anodyne and brief . He regarded himself as a liberal and a friend of black people . If representations were made to him , by , for example , MPs , about specific cases , Lyon often intervened to help the people involved . In his own words he was seeking to get immigration control on a basis where it was firm but where it was administered with some degree of compassion for the individual case . But if you want to be humane you do n't last long as Minister with Special Responsibility for Immigration because the policies you have to carry out are so inhumane . Lyon was sacked soon after Callaghan became Prime Minister . The 2.5 - litre 90deg six , which was recently shown at Detroit 's Society of Engineers show , produces a hefty 7500rpm and 184lb ft of torque at 5000rpm . The all - alloy 24 - valve twin - cam engine is described by Cosworth as being of the high - efficiency type , and follows the modular theory meaning that the basic design could suit anything from the three - cylinder unit to a V12 . Using its patented Low Pressure Casting technique , Cosworth has been able to incorporate a high degree of stiffness in the compact unit . As a result , it will be suitable for both longitudinal or transverse settings , and can sit low in a chassis . No manufacturer has yet committed itself to using the Cosworth engine , which is expected to be fully ready for production by June. As before , the 325i 's front suspension is by struts , coil - springs and an anti - roll bar . At the back , however , the old semi - trailing arm set - up is replaced with what BMW calls a central pull - rod axle essentially the multi - link arrangement with centrally mounted longitudinal link used to great effect on BMW 's now - defunct Z1 sports car . BMW claims that this far more sophisticated ( and , no doubt , expensive ) rear suspension finally lays to rest the spectre of lift - off oversteer which has so bedevilled the 3 - series over the years albeit to a much lesser degree with the outgoing model which , in Sport form at least , we found to be well balanced and responsive rather than inherently tail happy . Indeed , first impression tells you that the new car 's chassis feels a little less sharp and agile than its predecessor 's . Subtle , wrist - generated steering inputs do n't do as much . Grip is n't merely better than the old car 's , it 's of a different order . But , and it 's a big but , what the enthusiastic driver would once have interpreted as an enjoyable adjustable cornering balance has been squeezed out of existence . This one understeers by degrees in direct ratio to speed . Mostly the understeer is mild but , in the dry at least , it seldom gives way to a genuinely neutral stance . Even in the wet , quelling the chassis ' instinct to run wide requires concertedly judicious throttle juggling . I also checked that the electrically powered bits and pieces were operating properly . The central locking did n't secure or unlock the front passenger door and all the locks felt rather stiff and gritty . Both electric front windows worked , albeit with a degree of sloth and a slight graunching . Similarly , the door mirrors worked but not with any great precision . Tributes were largely unknown to Ford 's injected Cologne V6 , but it is a worthy enough trooper . If my heart was set on buying a Sierra XR4x4 , 5000 for the Ritchie Motors offering would be sorely tempting . The car was pretty sound in most respects well used but not abused and the existing faults would , the dealership assured me , be rectified before it found a new owner . However , the lack of any service history is a major drawback when buying a six - year - old car with a greater than average degree of mechanical complexity . In the end , I would have to move on from this example to examine other XRs on offer around Glasgow . But it would be possible that I might end up back at Ritchie Motors . Even against the estate , the ride/handling/steering/braking package is by far the most convincing , as you would expect given SVE 's involvement . It 's not an easy one to get right either , with the greatly different torsional character of a convertible . Certainly here is the only Escort variant with a degree of throttle steering available ; a responsive chassis . And this , along with a firm , well - damped ride and hooray hooray ! properly shaped seats , means a driving experience of vastly different character from the others . It 's far from fast and there is some body shake over very rough roads . Publicans were still the most important occupational group , holding between them almost a third ( 31.2 per cent ) of all shares . Perhaps a stake in a popular club would give profitable returns indirectly through the sale of drink . The degree to which publicans invested for this reason in football is unknown but the pecuniary advantage at first sight seems doubtful . There was all the difference in the world between meeting a retired sporting hero behind the bar and meeting a shareholder or even a director . Probably publicans were just carrying on an old tradition of involvement in popular sports . Peter McIntosh , the co - author of this report and a pioneer in the historical study of sport in modern Britain , concludes that the state via the Sports Council should base both research and promotion on enjoyment rather than social function . Commitment to sport has to be freely given ; it has to be fun ; it cannot be foisted on to the poor or the wayward from above because it is good for them . This brings us back to a central theme of Sport and the British : the extraordinary degree to which it has been promoted privately without politicians , employers , or trade unionists taking a significant part except as enthusiastic individual sportsmen . People have created their own kinds of pleasure through sport and there has been no powerful institutional push of the kind that came , for example , from the French Church after 1905 or the German Social Democratic Party of the Wilhelmine era . Britain even lagged behind the United States in the provision of industrial recreation facilities . Better leave it , the look said . Maybe it 's more merciful this way . Let her learn about it by degrees . The mind had its own way of softening blows , he thought sententiously . Now back to the - er , accident , he said . He wanted my mother to stay because she was a good hostess and kept house well . When I was eighteen I went up to Oxford . After I got my degree I told my mother I could keep her now and she should leave my father . Her response was to deny everything and to tell my father to stop my allowance . He refused to stop it mainly because my mother had asked him to , I suppose . Many animals are diurnal that is they are active in the daytime and inactive at night whereas nocturnal creatures show the opposite orientation . In addition , particularly in hotter regions , there are animals that are active about the times of dawn and dusk when it is not too hot or cold . We are all aware to some degree of the daily rhythms of nature around us . Few people have not woken to the sounds of the dawn chorus nor seen moths drawn to artificial lights as daylight fades . Birds become quieter in the afternoon , while butterflies and other insects are more active , feeding on the opened flowers . There are , however , some problems with this theory . It is not clear how the duration of sleep could be controlled as regularly as is observed to be the case . Even though it might be argued that a regular life - style implies a regular degree of fatigue and so will require a regular amount of sleep , in practice , such a degree of regularity is not achieved . Individuals go to bed later or earlier than average on certain occasions , as can be seen by close inspection of Fig. 2.2 . For example , an individual might go to bed later than usual on one occasion because a piece of work or some leisure time activity took longer than normal . for alertness ( or fatigue ) the evidence must be based upon subjective measurements , but , for body temperature , objective measurements are possible . It will have been noted that the rhythms of body temperature and alertness are timed very similarly with higher values in the daytime and lower values at night ( compare figs 1.2 and 1.3 ) . This means that a higher body temperature is associated with a higher degree of alertness or a smaller amount of fatigue . The detailed explanation of what makes us feel alert is not known , but it is certain to be some function of brain activity , and brain activity increases with body temperature . This is because enzymes ( proteins that are responsible for carrying out the chemical processes within the body ) act more quickly as the temperature is raised . Such a test combines elements of Groups 13 . As another example , subjects have to draw an irregular shape the shape being seen as a reflection in a mirror . This combines elements of Groups 13 and 5 with a fair degree of exasperation ! Several tasks are required to be performed simultaneously and the subject is required to distribute his time between them as efficiently as possible . This is supposed to mimic the stress of the decision - making process . particularly for old people this , coupled with a tendency to have a weak bladder , can have distressing consequences . A knowledge of the rhythms in urine formation can be important when treatment with drugs is concerned since they are removed from the body in the urine . The degree of acidity of the urine shows a daily variation , nocturnal urine being most acidic . Many drugs are acidic or alkaline and this affects their removal in the urine ; acidic drugs are excreted more easily in the daytime and alkaline ones at night . Since drugs are costly , it might be desirable to give the drug when it is less readily removed by the kidneys . One company starts the day with a military history lecture on the Second World War , another is being taught the skills of interviewing , both by the Academy 's own academic staff . For the senior intakes and the Women 's Standard Course , breakfast is followed by Military Technology . The lecture team comes from the Royal Military College of Science , Where Army undergraduates read science degrees . They will give presentations on those aspects of engineering and science that are having an impact on the development of military equipment and systems . After the lecture the cadets are divided into groups of about twenty - five to discuss the implications of all that they have heard . The TA course 's patrolling is coming on well and the visitor has moved on to see What the junior intake is doing . These officer cadets have been at the Academy since early May and are now well into their fourteen - week first term . Like the other intakes they are a mixture of schoolboy entrants , overseas cadets and ex - soldiers with varying degrees of experience and proficiency in the ranks . So far today they have been studying how orders for an operation are given and the particular way in which the Army goes about explaining a complex undertaking . When giving orders , much of the impact of What is said is derived from the stage management of the Whole procedure . The rest of me is just catching up. The PT instructor barks out his orders with an enthusiasm that is unnatural for this time of the morning . Members of Headquarters Battery follow them with varying degrees of success . In the case of the postal orderly , his sixty situps must be on a cumulative basis . We have been here five months and he has one month left to complete his sixty . There are two possible strategies for the treatment of an attack of dry rot . The building owner may either employ a builder to carry out the work or opening up and eradication , or he may call in one of the numerous specialist firms to deal with the attack . If a builder is entrusted with the work , it must be ensured through a full briefing and careful supervision that only conscientious , knowledgeable and skilled tradesmen are employed who are able to give rational advice on the proper nature and extent of the remedial treatment if the initial assessment of the degree of damage proves to be inaccurate . The advantage of employing a specialist firm is that its tradesmen are more likely to be well trained and experienced in this field of building preservation , with a thorough and successful job being a more certain result . However , it should be clear that any firm which issues a guarantee must inevitably err on the side of over - zealousness , which will add to expense . Of course , it was not just the atheists who disliked him. It was a Christian colleague in the English Faculty who said , The problem of pain is quite bad enough without Lewis making it worse . Even those one would expect to have rejoiced at the religious revival which Lewis 's popularity heralded and to a certain degree inspired could only bring themselves to sneer . R. H. Lightfoot , for example , the chaplain of New College , and author of a learned commentary on St John 's Gospel , remarked to a young colleague of Lewis 's : His defection to the area of theology is a sad loss to the English Faculty . I wish it could be said to be a gain to the Faculty of Theology . Ingrid 's machine is a smaller and much - adapted version of the industrial , multi - needled monsters used in the Yorkshire weaving and woollen mills to make insulating material and upholstery fabric . She 'd been using these for years , ever since a practical demonstration by an art - school technician fired her to experiment with felting techniques . While studying spinning in Huddersfield ( as part of her degree course in textile design at Middlesex Polytechnic ) there had been no time for her to try out the machine , so the then sceptical technician told her to come back later . I wandered down to Huddersfield market and found some woollen scarves for 1 each . They made me wonder if I could use pure woven wool as a base for my own technique with the machine . Arty was sitting up in bed , his hair shining from a liberal application of something that looked and smelled like perfumed vaseline and came from a jar labelled Easi - Gro . Over his pyjamas he had put on a new Fair Isle pullover which had been his mother 's Christmas present . He was busily pruning his nails with a pair of scissors and trying to make up his mind about the proper degree of flippancy to adopt for his conversation with Madeleine , when the romance of his afternoon was suddenly eclipsed by the strident voice of his father , grating like a rusty wheel on a dry axle . I was looking for you all over . Since when did they move you down here ? Cinema developed alongside the wireless and the telephone as communications media that would change the way people perceived the world around them . It is doubtful , however , whether these filmmaking pioneers had any sense at all of the new invention 's potential significance . They may have felt a degree of excitement as they turned their cameras on a train arriving at a station , waves crashing on the beach , or a group of workers emerging from their daily grind in the factory , but these early pieces of reportage were seen as nothing more than animated photographs , a further step in the development of photography . A little later , as filmmakers began to expend the medium 's storytelling capacities , they drew from the techniques developed for the magic lantern or diorama and audiences saw a woman interrupting her husband in the act of kissing the maid , or a miller grappling with chimney sweeps in front of a windmill . It was natural to see these moving pictures as nothing more than a novelty , perhaps merely a passing gimmick ; they were , after all , only shown as an additional turn on the music - hall programme . Its release had , however , been held up for some time on instructions from C. M. Woolf , a shrewd film salesman who had played a key role in financing the first projects of both Balcon and Wilcox . The re - editing he demanded has generally been taken as evidence of just that Wardour Street backwardness to which Kine Weekly alluded . But while it 's true that Woolf 's disapproval of the film 's distinctive angles and extreme lighting contrasts does betray a degree of conservatism and , in his later campaign against The Man who Knew Too Much ( 1934 ) , he was clearly the enemy of anything even moderately original , Woolf was not a simple philistine . Brunel , no less committed than Hitchcock to an artistic direction for British films , was later unstinting in his praise of a man who by his faith and support set the pace at a time when we most needed it and credited him with contributing very considerably to the renaissance of the British film production industry . Given that the re - editing of the film reduced the number of title cards from 300 to 80 , it is reasonable to assume that Woolf 's intervention considerably improved the film , and that Woolf 's commercial experience provided a valuable lesson both for Hitchcock and Balcon . You need 5 GCSE O Levels ( including Art ) as well as an A Level pass in English ( or a relevant BTEC diploma ) . For further information write to Maria Holmes , Fashion Career Promoter , London College of Fashion , 20 John Princes Street , London W1M 0BJ ( 071 629 9401 ) . Central St Martin 's College has a wide variety of BA degree courses . Contact Wendy Dagworthy , Course Director , Central St Martin 's College of Art and Design , Southampton Row , WC1B 4AP ( 071 753 9090 ) . LIFELESS LOCKS Geoffrey Bailey , head of Southern Region Testing Team : utterly and completely failed to raise standards or curb excessive overtime . John Deane : Knew how much overtime needed for resignalling programme , but failed to ask for it to be extended . Roger Penny , Deane 's immediate superior : Admitted out of touch with what was going on , and frankly accepted a degree of responsibility . Robert Davies , signal works engineer : failed completely to get on with the testing instruction . Graham Brown , signals engineer : an example of management by inactivity and inertia . The other work in this boldly planned programme was Stravinsky 's Rite of Spring , in an interpretation which is surely the product of much thought on Rattle 's part . It is as though he had analysed the failings in most other accounts of the work and had deliberately devised the means to obviate them . The very evident tendency of the end of the first part to overshadow the final Sacrificial Dance is one problem he convincingly solved , partly by restraining the former but mainly by injecting an extraordinary degree of ferocity into the fragmented rhythms of the latter . Sadler 's Wells . By Mary Clarke LCDT . The other work in this boldly planned programme was Stravinsky 's Rite of Spring , in an interpretation which is surely the product of much thought on Rattle 's part . It is as though he had analysed the failings in most other accounts of the work and had deliberately devised the means to obviate them . The very evident tendency of the end of the first part to overshadow the final Sacrificial Dance is one problem he very firmly and convincingly solved , partly by restraining the former but mainly by injecting an extraordinary degree of ferocity into the fragmented rhythms of the latter . It was not a motor - driven electronically tuned performance ( like a recent one by Salonen and the Philharmonia ) but one which attempted to penetrate the mysteries of the slower sections , above all those at the beginning of the second part , and one which was thoughtful enough to seem to come to its violent conclusion in spite of itself . Bury St Edmunds . Writing in Pravda at the end of August , he added : Over the last 11 years , reforms have substantively changed the situation of the country 's political life . Those comments prompted Mr Slovo to reply six weeks later that Mr Asoyan had characterised the African National Congress in terms in which Pretoria might sketch one of its propaganda pieces . For example , an equal degree of responsibility was levelled at extreme radicalism in the black community as at white extremism . In an exclusive interview , however , Mr Asoyan dismissed suggestions that the debate with Mr Slovo was evidence of a difference of views . Generally we agree on how the situation in South Africa looks today . He said the NRA wanted to talk to the commission to simplify the EC quality standards to make them more meaningful and achievable . He claimed scientific evidence had shown low levels of salmonella in water were not a risk to health . In 1988 , 123 out of 364 bathing beaches failed to reach European standards , but the NRA said the present compliance figures almost certainly gave an unrealistic optimistic view of the degree of compliance of bathing waters . The commission wants Britain to build sewage works at the seaside to treat bacteria before it is pumped into the sea . The chairman of the committee , Mr Hugh Rossi , was concerned about the Government 's alternative plans to pump the sewage into the sea through long pipelines without treating the bacteria . Crossley had to move quickly to save a glancing header from Sharp and just when it looked as if Forest might be more grateful for a replay Chapman won the tie . Just what constitutes time - wasting is a matter for the referee 's discretion , and if Tyson felt that Southall was deliberately using up precious seconds he was entitled to award Forest that crucial free - kick . But everybody knows that , in other games at other times with oter referees , goalkeepers will dally and dawdle to a greater degree and get away with it . To be effective this kind of refereeing has to be consistent . Otherwise the letter of the law is an ass . The shortage had been worsened by lack of staff at hospitals because of flu , Mr Graham Hayter , of the Emergency Bed Service , said . Miss Christine Murphy , a spokeswoman for the Public Health Laboratory Service - a Government - funded but independent organisation which also monitors levels of illness said : This year 's virus is a sub - type of a strain we have seen before and many of the cases are not severe . Children and young people are at greatest risk as the older element of the population who have experienced this before will have a degree of resistance . Vaccinations were recommended only for people at special risk . The Queen was forced to cancel two engagements yesterday and another today because she has flu . Picture , page 7 Gobbledegook betrayed cheat . ASTUDENT accused of cheating in his degree exam wrote complete gobbledegook which matched the examiners ' draft solution to maths problems in the paper , an inquiry was told yesterday . The case of Mr Francis Foecke , aged 31 , began in June 1986 , when the board of examiners alleged dishonest conduct in his maths and computer studies finals . Mr Ian Karsten , for the board , told a Bristol University appeal committee hearing that there were passages in his script which were bizarre and remarkable and which require explanation . The directive is simply another obstacle which has to be taken account of by broadcasting authorities when giving effect to their duty to preserve due impartiality . Second , the duty is to preserve due impartiality . It is for broadcasting authorities to determine what constitutes the appropriate degree of impartiality , and they must not lose sight of their obligation not to include in their programmes matter which is likely to encourage or incite crime or be offensive to public feeling . It was not self - evident that any impartiality was due to those who supported or excused attempts to achieve political change by terrorism . The decision whether or not to give directives involves the Home Secretary in making a delicate and difficult political judgment . I am frequently amazed at the change in them . Experience from a two - year TC scheme could equal 10 or 15 years on the conventional industrial ladder . Mal Gibb joined a Lancaster scheme after a degree in systems modelling at Sheffield Polytechnic and is now helping to develop computerised production at Nairn Kingfisher , a wallpaper plant on the Lancaster quayside . He has appreciated the freedom to develop his work , the experience of dealing with everything from factory floor practicalities to board - room presentations , and the additional training which is 10 per cent of any scheme programme . The main benefit is that I 've enjoyed it ; that 's my yardstick . But loyalty and prudence will require him to do good by stealth this weekend if he is to restore Britain 's tarnished European image . Apart from last month 's Elysee supper - summit , this is his first outing with Mrs Thatcher . Tensions over the degree of British commitment to eventually joining the Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) during the Madrid summit in June contributed to Sir Geoffrey Howe 's removal from the Foreign Office in July . During Mr John Major 's brief tenure he was made to look foolish on his one co - starring trip the Commonwealth conference in Kuala Lumpur by the Prime Minister 's repudiation of the South African statement he had negotiated . Unlike Mr Major , Mr Hurd is an experienced former diplomat and a Foreign Office Minister of State who has sounded made - for - the - job since day one , which is why he would probably not have got it but for the Lawson affair . Mr Justice Simon Brown said he greatly preferred the approach adopted by Professor Jackson 's tribunal . It accorded with good sense and justice , and also properly reflected the important impact of the House of Lords ' decision in Shah v Barnet Borough Council 1983 2 AC 309 upon the statutory definition of settlement for Immigration Act purposes . In Shah 's case Lord Scarman said , All that is necessary is that the purpose of living where one does eg , for education , employment , health , family or merely love of the place has a sufficient degree of continuity to be properly described as settled . Why should an applicant , who must in any event be prepared to satisfy the primary purpose test , be worse off because he contemplates the possibility of a relatively short stay in the UK than one who had the fixed intention of permanent UK residence ? It was logical to construe the phrase intending to settle in rule 41 differently from the contrasting phrase admitted for settlement which appears elsewhere . SPANNING four continents and 70 countries , it is hardly surprising that the causes , and hence solutions to tropical forest destruction shift from region to region . Common threads nonetheless emerge . Tropical forests are almost always in developing countries suffering from varying degrees of poverty and debt . Economic pressures on forests are immense , placing them on the cutting - edge of the reconciliation between environment and development . So , how do we save them ? I am frequently amazed at the change in them . Experience from a two - year TC scheme could equal 10 or 15 years on the conventional industrial ladder . Mal Gibb joined a Lancaster scheme after a degree in systems modelling at Sheffield Polytechnic and is now helping to develop computerised production at Nairn Kingfisher , a wallpaper plant on the Lancaster quayside . He has appreciated the freedom to develop his work , the experience of dealing with everything from factory floor practicalities to board - room presentations , and the additional training which is 10 per cent of any scheme programme . The main benefit is that I 've enjoyed it ; that 's my yardstick . But loyalty and prudence will require him to do good by stealth this weekend if he is to restore Britain 's tarnished European image . Apart from last month 's Elysee supper - summit , this is his first outing with Mrs Thatcher . Tensions over the degree of British commitment to eventually joining the Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) during the Madrid summit in June contributed to Sir Geoffrey Howe 's removal from the Foreign Office in July . During Mr John Major 's brief tenure he was made to look foolish on his one co - starring trip the Commonwealth conference in Kuala Lumpur by the Prime Minister 's repudiation of the South African statement he had negotiated . Unlike Mr Major , Mr Hurd is an experienced former diplomat and a Foreign Office Minister of State who has sounded made - for - the - job since day one , which is why he would probably not have got it but for the Lawson affair . It 's nice to have the same players available from last season , but I think it will be a lot harder this time because the other home countries have got to know us better . Sole , of course , came to the attention of leading English players some time before he won his first cap against France ( an 18 - 17 win ) at Murrayfield in January 1986 . In his final year at Exeter , where he took a degree in economics and agriculture economics , he joined Bath just as the Avon club started to take off on its four - year domination of the John Player Cup . It 's a good place to learn your rugby , recalls Sole . Everyone wanted to beat Bath , and the games were always hard . Within a week she was living with a black foster parent , in the area in which she had grown up , and was able to resume contact with her sister . The second social consequence of care that emerges from Carlen 's work is that not only is the education of the young person seriously neglected , but so , too , is the emotional development . Cecilia has done well she is now on a polytechnic degree course but nothing in her years in care prepared her for independent living . And for other girls in Carlen 's study , the scars of having been in care are more vivid . Many have been psychologically damaged , like Yasmin , whose continuous self - injury meant that she was moved into a more punitive environment . Excellent sound on the mid - price IMP label . EMI Eminence is also promoting completely new orchestral recordings for its mid - price label , and Sian Edwards in her first major recording draws brilliant performances from the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra of the three most popular Tchaikovsky overtures , Romeo and Juliet , Francesca da Rimini and 1812 plus Marche Slave . The vivid recording helps to bring out the degree of refinement that Miss Edwards finds even in 1812 , without losing anything in dramatic bite . These are performances to make you forget these are pieces usually treated as potboilers . Horowitz At Home is the master 's very last recording , capturing him at his most relaxed , when here he is playing in his drawing - room on his own favourite Steinway . circa 1710 COMPTON BEAUCHAMP Shrivenham BERKSHIRE COMPTON BEAUCHAMP house is a gem privily set in a bosky lap of the bare chalk downs where they meet the fertile flats of the White Horse Vale . It is a pearl of price combining in high degree amenity of position and charm of layout . So wrote Mr Avray Tipping in 1918 , persuading the traveller to take the winding road from Shrivenham ( pronounced Shrinam by the locals ) and to glimpse down its fine avenue of limes heralding what for all the world could be the Petit Trianon plucked from Versailles and set down here in Berkshire . At the beginning of the eighteenth century Edward Richards set about remodelling his modest moated manor in the very latest Palladian style . David asked if I could jive and at this particular time I always dressed as a man , which was probably another reason Calvin and I got along very well because Calvin wore velvet suits and I wore velvet suits so that was one area we got on very well . But anyway , we jumped to it and started to jive and I decided that we were quite sympathetic and we got along quite well a similar sense of humour , and lewd attitude towards women we just basically got along well . At the time I could n't work legally in England and I had about two or three months to deliver my thesis for my degree . I was going out with this guy called John Colley whose relations were sort of minor gangsters in London and I went to work for them because they did n't mind my not being English . David and I went to the travel agency where I was working a couple of times and kept saying , What are you doing here ? Budyko thinks climate change is the best thing since sliced bread , said a US scientist at the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva in 1989 in a conversation with the author . He is greatly respected , but I do n't think the Soviet - led impacts group ( of the IPCC ) will reflect his views . Others echoed his opinion , with differing degrees of confidence . The belief in a scientifically - controlled world runs deep in Soviet society . If you ca n't escape your climate , change it . He has tried unsuccessfully to persuade government that it should devote a fixed proportion of either GDP or the defence budget ( which has some logic as an idea , since the Meteorological Office is funded through the Ministry of Defence ) to research into global warming ; and failure in that respect has reinforced his view that governments across the world find inexpensive words preferable to expensive actions . He continued : Although the political will has been expressed in vigorous , interesting and dramatic terms at international conferences , in my judgement the political will to follow through that policy right across the globe to a degree that will be effective does not exist . That political will does not exist because public opinion has not yet begun to be aware of the scale of possible changes that governments will ask their publics to accept . ( And even if the political will did exist , he doubted whether the institutions which would have to translate it into collective action were strong enough to do so . ) He put down the phone , rattled . With his much - loved Francesca came her four younger brothers for whom , as the eldest child of a widow , she had always considered herself responsible . All four were talented musicians and difficult people , in varying degrees ; Tristram . one of the twenty - four - year - old twins , had proved the most difficult , perhaps because he was not the most talented . McLeish gritted his teeth , and , trying not to consider the implications of what he had been told . By that time there were three supersonic contenders for the medium term : the English Electric Company 's P - 1 , which later became the Lightning , the Saunders Roe P - 177 , which combined jet with rocket propulsion ; and the Fairey delta - winged PD - 2 , in which Peter Twiss wrested the air speed record from the Americans in 1956 with a speed of 1,132 m.p.h. Concurrent with these military developments the British aircraft industry was waging a losing battle with the Americans for a large share of the civilian passenger and freight markets . The health of the industry in the longer term , and hence the degree of independence Britain would attain in military aircraft production , would depend on the outcome . It was not a happy saga . Commercial , political and military misjudgments played significant parts in Britain 's defeat . Moreover , he did not cancel the development of the naval strike aircraft , the NA 39 , which eventually became the highly successful Buccaneer . The Navy can be said to have won the first round of the long - running carrier battle , which was to bedevil Naval - Air relations for the next decade . The Naval shift of emphasis to limited war capabilities was strongly supported by the General Staff , who doubted whether the degree of strategic mobility , upon which Sandys was banking to reduce overseas garrisons , would be practicable with the transport aircraft likely to be available in the foreseeable future . Quick air - reinforcement with infantry was one thing , but any serious fighting or prolonged operations would need far heavier loads and greater tonnages of ammunition and supplies than the RAF could lift in the required time scale . The gap would have to be bridged with supply by sea . Although the boto is a powerful animal , and can sometimes tear its way out of nets , more often it becomes entangled and drowns . The boto has also reportedly become adept at stealing fish from this type of net , and may cause considerable damage to the fishing gear in the process . According to Best and da Silva , the degree of hostility from commercial fishermen towards the boto is unquestionably growing . In the past this has been countered by the numerous superstitions of the indigenous peoples towards the river dolphins , but as the economic pressures of the commercial fishery become greater , these superstitions are likely to become less respected , especially by the younger fishermen . Development pressures in the Amazon basin , such as the construction of hydro - electric dams , deforestation , and commercial fishing , have brought a flood of new settlers to the area . The numbers of cetaceans caught in gill - nets through incidental catch need not be large to severely affect some species , nor are catches confined to developing countries . Many of the species involved are listed internationally as endangered . The Convention of Trade in Endangered Species ( CITES ) has since 1973 aimed to protect species threatened by international trade , and lists endangered animals in three appendices according to the degree of threat they face . Appendix 1 is the most endangered list , and animals on it may not be traded for commercial purposes . In the Gulf of California , the use of gill - nets may have pushed the vaquita or Gulf of California porpoise to the edge of extinction . And new structure is always being found . The size of the largest known structure in the universe seems to increase hand in hand with the scale of the largest maps . Although inflation was invoked to make the universe smooth , it can provide a certain degree of clumpiness . There will be fluctuations in the density of an inflationary universe . They alone would not be enough to account for the clumpiness on intermediate scales that studies of the sky reveal ; but there is a way to amplify their effects . One was to be with Western Europe , led ( pretty explicitly ) by a united Germany . State Department planners saw neither of these partnerships as necessarily limited geographically . The Americans have long been eager for the Japanese to help Latin America 's economies , and mused that the Europeans might want to shoulder a degree of responsibility for Africa . When Mr Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev met in Washington in June 1990 , a third partnership seemed possible . Once the Soviet Union allowed pluralism in Eastern Europe , America was prepared to look for areas where Soviet help could come in handy . The EC has had little to say about the Gulf , and to that few have listened . This bothers the commission 's president , Jacques Delors , who thinks the Community has a part to play in the Middle East . So , in varying degrees , do the 12 foreign ministers . They have now decided , at a meeting in Luxembourg , that there is one thing the EC cannot do and three things it can . It cannot offer the territorial guarantees or military equipment that provide hard security . In England , therefore , university starts at the age of 16 and lasts for five years . At the end of the second year there is a stiff examination that knocks out about a quarter of the students . The others move to different premises , where nearly all of them are given degrees three years later . Your suggestion for A - levels , to keep one in - depth subject and cover five or six others at a lower level , will not work ( April 27th ) . Universities will accept applications mostly from youngsters who have done well in their in - depth subject , so 16 - year - olds will still have to make the decision about their careers at an age when many are not ready , and two years before most other Europeans . Post - war America was in favour of a united Europe to stand more firmly against the Soviet Union , and successive American administrations grew irritable with the Europeans for failing to believe that unity in Europe could be as simple as it was in America . Mr Duroselle is cataloguing , first , a tendency for Europeans to be more similar than they are different , although their very diversity is what marks them out ; and second , the various aspirations if not actual attempts to bring Europeans into conscious , and voluntary , union . He makes a convincing case for links of various sorts and degrees between West European countries going back as much as 5,000 years , but his thesis has one weakness . The book calls itself a history of the European peoples . All the European peoples . The Patriot missile system is a good example . At its heart is a sophisticated phased - array radar , a stationary gridwork of tiny radar transmitters controlled by computer . By putting the elements in the radar out - of - step with each other to various degrees , the computer can use the array to make a radar beam that can flit across the sky and track a number of targets almost simultaneously . When the system picks up an enemy , alerted by a DSP early - warning satellite ( see box ) or an AWACS aeroplane , the radar starts tracking it . When it comes into range , the system launches an interceptor . In large sections of Punjab they extort money ( calling it taxation ) , hold courts , decree what local newspapers should print and even decide what dress schoolchildren should wear . Hindus have long fled the rural parts of Punjab ; now some Sikhs are joining the exodus , disgusted by terrorist excesses that led to 3,787 deaths last year and about 1,500 so far this year . The militants are split between degrees of intransigence , which could make them vulnerable at the polls . Some have called for a boycott of the elections , but most are likely to back the faction of the Akali Dal , the Sikh political party , led by a former police officer , Simranjit Singh Mann . Mr Mann insists that Punjab must be a homeland for the Sikhs , brought into being by a UN - supervised plebiscite . Blacks need to realise that affirmative action cannot solve their most serious problems , whites need to remember that affirmative action does not make it an advantage to be born black . Two bad ideas clutter the debate . The first is black separatism , in vogue in universities ( racially separate degree - ceremonies and fraternities are popular with the people most angry at apartheid ) and with extreme black activists . But who can doubt that , if the two races were to separate , the blacks would be the poorer ? They live in a mainly white country , just as South African whites live in a mainly black one . Mortgages . Common Law treated the mortgagee as the owner of the land in case of the ordinary legal mortgage ; Equity treated the mortgagor as still being in a sense owner . It is true that it would not prevent the mortgagee taking possession , though it made his position in some degree uncomfortable if he did take possession . But suppose that , as usually happens , the mortgagor is left in possession , and that a stranger turns him out , or tries to do so . Common Law found a difficulty in protecting him against the stranger . Under the Common Law , proof that the plaintiff had been guilty of contributory negligence , and that he had the last opportunity of avoiding the accident , entirely deprived him of his remedy . ( This rule has , as we shall see , been altered by the Law Reform ( Contributory Negligence ) Act 1945 ; see p. 138 . ) Maritime Law divided the loss , at first equally , but now , under the Maritime Conventions Acts 1911 , in proportion , as far as possible , to the degree of fault . The Admiralty had from the first a prize jurisdiction , i.e. a jurisdiction to determine all questions as to the ownership of ships and goods captured at sea by a belligerent . The leading principles of prize law were settled by Lord Stowell during the Napoleonic wars ; and they were the basis of the prize law which was applied in the 191418 and 193945 wars . During this interval any person may intervene to show cause , on the ground of , e.g. , the suppression of material facts , why the decree should not be made absolute , and a public officer , the Queen 's Proctor , is especially charged with the duty of intervening . Insanity The nature and degree of insanity which will afford a defence to a criminal charge has from time to time been a matter of considerable discussion . Where the defence arises our courts will act upon the so - called M'Naghten rules , propounded by the judges in response to questions addressed to them by the House of Lords . An accused person is presumed to be sane , until he can prove the contrary . Moreover , there seems to be nothing artificial in principle in holding the acts of an employee done in the course of his employment as equivalent to the acts of the employer . These principles , are , however , applied in different degrees in the respective spheres of Criminal and Civil Law . A man is not punishable for a serious crime committed by another unless he has actually instigated the commission of a crime , and then he will be punishable though the crime committed may differ in some degree from that which he instigated . It may be noted that in Criminal Law anyone who aids , counsels , or procures the commission of an offence is liable to be tried and punished in the same way as if he were a principal offender . But in the case of minor offences , and especially statutory offences , which are anti - social rather than immoral , a man may be punished even for the unauthorized act or default of one in his employment . He was only twenty when he made his debut in England in 1963 , promptly setting a West Indian record with 24 dismissals in the series . If he did not touch such heights again , he remained a thoroughly reliable keeper right to the end , small , neat and quiet , and rarely given to histrionics . He interrupted his cricketing career to go to Cambridge , whom he captained , and then Nottingham University to take a degree in business studies , playing for the county from 1966 to Deryck Murray , fresh from the shower , celebrates his seven victims in the Headingley Test of 1976 . 1969 while he was there . According to his professor , he was thorough and conscientious rather than brilliant , taking his studies very seriously since he wanted both to improve himself and gain a qualification for when he finished playing . It was during his second year at Manchester that he was offered the West Indies captaincy for the visit by Pakistan , but decided that his studies had to come first ; he had a strong sense of predestination and apparently felt that the leadership would be his eventually . Completing his degree would ensure that he was better equipped to do the job , especially as by studying social anthropology he would be better able to understand his players . Yet had the visitors been England or Australia he may well not have been able to resist the temptation , and this was only partly because they were the leading lights in world cricket ; there was also the racial aspect , in that he passionately wanted to prove that a team of black players led by a black captain was the equal of , if not better than , the white teams . No doubt it is difficult for young people now to appreciate the complexities and the rigidities of the social structure in colonial days. Brown , tan and olive are the original , classic corduroy colours , and when I say classic I mean specifically trousers , not jackets and certainly not suits . A corduroy suit is a contradiction : suits are dressy ; corduroy is not. The width of the wale ( ridging ) determines the degree of informality . Wide wales ( up to nine ribs an inch ) are the most casual ; midwales and pinwales ( ten to eighteen ribs an inch ) are slightly more formal , but it depends on your point of view . The head of a smart high - street men 's shop attempted to tell me why corduroys are superior to blue jeans . We just flies in a room , he liked to say , moving quickly across the ruins of daily life , plane crashes , train wrecks , matricide , infanticide ; then , after swatting half of humanity , he 'd lower his voice and whisper , as if imparting a secret , We just flies , that 's all . Got nowhere to fly , do we ? Images and echoes fill the room , diffuse and speeding , the glass darkened to a degree no one thought possible ; his immense talent , his ring wisdom , his antipathy for chemicals , argued against destructibility ; all he would ever do is grow old . For twenty years , while he turned the porn shop of sports into international theatre , attention was paid in a way it never was before or has been since . The crowds were a wonder to behold . Lonnie is Ali 's fourth wife . She was a little girl who lived across from Ali 's old Louisville home when he was at the top . She is a woman of wit and intelligence , with a master 's degree in business administration . She plans his trips , is the tough cop with him and his medicine and generally seems to brighten his life . Ice - cream dribbles down Ali 's chin . As I left the railway station , the police warned me that there was a small demonstration against Norman Tebbit 's recent industrial relations reforms . That was the plan , but the morning 's press was full of extravagant reports of the cuts I intended to make in health service manpower . Fowler was inserted for Tebbit on the placards and the demonstration went ahead with a degree of intimidation that made the front page of every national newspaper the next day . It was not just street demonstrators who were assembled against us . The nastiest little attack we endured at this time came from , of all papers , the Lancet . I opened the conference to the press and the large room was packed . When I spoke I made it clear that I intended to do something about the position of the early leavers and that I thought it right that people should not suffer if they transferred their pension from one job to another . Some of the industry recognized that change was due and with various degrees of enthusiasm were prepared to go along with such proposals . What , however , caused almost universal consternation was my suggestion that we should go a stage further and see whether it was possible to introduce portable pensions pensions which you could take from one job to another . The industry was horrified . Yet he had never been further from his native village than the horse and carriage festival forty miles away , where he competed every year . After all , Bach never set a foot outside Germany , but he has the universe in his music . The difference is in kind , but not in degree . Having drawn a blank with the local councils , and having been used instead of helped by nearby conservationists , Jane now wrote dozens of letters to banks , charities , environmental societies , corporations , official bodies , in search of sponsorship , or even a loan . But there was no money in conservation as far as the business people were concerned and the charities and voluntary bodies were well - meaning but lacked resources . Many are bronze mirrors with a normal tin content of approximately 10 per cent , which have been tinned to produce a silvery reflecting surface . The second type has no separately applied coating ; instead the whole mirror is cast in a high - tin bronze alloy containing about 25 per cent tin . This alloy is naturally silvery in colour and is much more hard - wearing than a thin layer of tinning , but it requires a high degree of skill to control the casting conditions . The two types of mirror look much the same after being buried for centuries , but when the microstructure is examined at high magnification , as in Figures 5.15e and f , it is possible to distinguish between tinned bronze and the high - tin alloy . Niello inlay The former will cling rigidly to formulae regardless of the situation , nit - picking over tiny detail but sometimes unwittingly missing the larger issues . The pragmatist is more flexible , recognising that exceptions do arise and must be practically catered for . Both attitudes have a valuable role to play when considering an issue such as how to computerise a major corpus of information which exists in a variety of document types of varying degrees of complexity and intelligibility . The British Museum has a sound history in the field of documentation , even if our predecessors were on occasions less rigorous in their practices than are current staff . In 1756 the Museum was compiling records of its acquisitions in bound ledgers called The Book of Presents and in 1836 the then single Department of Antiquities began to complete bound Acquisition Registers of a type still in use today ( fig. 10.1 ) . Designed originally with the needs of the elderly in mind , those ill with HIV/AIDS at home are also finding them enormously valuable . Help can be summoned from ACET or other services merely by pressing a button on a pendant worn around the neck . This can make all the difference to someone who feels unsafe alone at home or to partners or friends . Referrals to ACET for Home Care in the London area have increased in the last six months by 50 . At the present rate of referral , numbers are more than set to double during the year . In 1991/92 we shall need support even more . Every donation does help . That help makes all the difference to people sick with AIDS who want to stay at home , rather than spend time unnecessarily in hospital . Please help ! SIR JOHN FORD KCMG MG CHAIRMAN OF TRUSTEES A RULE OF THUMB It will by now have become evident that this book takes an unorthodox approach to art criticism . There will be no attempt to define exactly what art criticism is , or to set out a theory of criticism , beyond the suggestions of some differences in writings on art which have already been made . Nor will a history of art criticism be attempted . The stress of the book falls on a viewer 's encounter with a work of art , and how a prior reading of a piece of art criticism can improve that encounter . The decorative flatness and the higher colour of Japanese art also follow as products of the same climatic necessity . Similar passages of critical reflection or speculation can be found in many books . Formal differences in art have been linked to places in varied ways , one of the best - known Renaissance contrasts being the stress on line evident in Florentine art as against the colourist approach of the Venetians , a city on water . Does an English liking for watercolour spring from the country 's climate ? Does the flat landscape of the Netherlands impose a special sort of vision on Dutch artists ? Does an English liking for watercolour spring from the country 's climate ? Does the flat landscape of the Netherlands impose a special sort of vision on Dutch artists ? The reverse of the coin is internationalism , a feature , some might say , of twentieth - century art ; not so uncommon either in other periods , where art historians struggle heroically to identify differences between the art of one country and another . Some of these struggles have been inspired by base motives desires to appropriate art to a national or a political cause . But some such efforts can have sympathy , as in those stirrings of national spirit in central Europe before 1914 , when literature , language and music were fuel for Czech , Polish or Hungarian aspirations . Dictionaries describe a monograph as an account of a single subject ; by this definition monographs make up one of the most common categories of art publishing . A book on a single painter , for example , is a monograph . There is some doubt in a grey area of differences between monographs on the one hand , and catalogues or biographies on the other. For convenience , biographies will be included in the present chapter , while catalogues will be treated in the next . There is a boom in publishing books about individual artists , especially those who are already well known . Max Friedlander , an outstanding scholar of Northern European art , took the view that accepting a work into an artist 's oeuvre was like recognising a friend , not a matter of measurement or detailed scrutiny . The reader is thus relying on Friedlander 's eye . A difference between Morelli and Friedlander is that the former explains his method , while the latter does not. More than a hundred years have passed since Morelli started writing ; in that time many problems of authorship have been solved , while about others tacit agreement has been reached . The results of this process can be read in detail in catalogues raisonns , which often give a blow - by - blow account of the arguments of scholars over the years . A case of unwitting collusion by a critic in a manoeuvre by an art dealer occurred in 1961 , when Leo Steinberg wrote an article about Jasper Johns . Johns was a puzzling phenomenon for Steinberg , as one of the artists of Pop Art , then hardly begun . The article appeared in an Italian magazine Metro , who had intended to pay 300 for an article ; but when Johns ' dealer , Leo Castelli , knew that Steinberg was considering an article , he arranged for the magazine to offer 1,000 , paying the difference of 700 himself . Steinberg knew nothing about it . The underlying question for a reader of criticism is what influences are exerted on the critic ; but as in this instance , for long it may be impossible to know the truth . It is not altogether satisfactory to call a print by an artist on the same theme as one of his paintings a description . After all , it is an original work in itself . Nevertheless , the differences between painting and print may be instructive , and help the interpretation of both . By other forms of reproduction an image may be more or less degraded , so that nothing can be learnt from them . There remains the courtesy paid by one art to another , as in the poem which Baudelaire suggested might be a high form of critical writing . Hardship and discontent may declare themselves there , in a victim 's revenge . In addressing itself to such possibilities , however , A Bend in the River , for all its air of simplicity , is never simple . Its narrator and chief human presence is by no means straightforwardly a victim , and the difference between oppressor and oppressed can be hard to identify . The novel is narrated by a Moslem of Indian origin , whose family has been settled on the east coast of Africa , as traders . Salim leaves them , takes off on the first of a series of flights , and treks to the interior , to a country which appears to be compounded of the Congo and of Uganda , in order to earn a living from a store which he has acquired from a man whose daughter he is expected to marry one day . He finds himself considering the idea of flight , and the idea of defeat : 1 suppose that , thinking of my own harassment and Raymond 's defeat , I had begun to consider Yvette a defeated person as well , trapped in the town , as sick of herself and the wasting asset of her body as I was sick of myself and my anxieties . But the fit of jealousy in which he beats her would appear to mean something more than these words of explanation enable one to understand . This jealousy may be felt to be like Othello 's in having more to do with difference of race , and with the jealousies of race , than the jealous man , or than the work he belongs to , seems disposed to state . Three of literature 's myths underlie the narrative . They are myths of the foreign woman , which bring together achievement and betrayal , achievement and desertion . But being consoled by another mother who seems unfrustrating makes it harder to reconcile the two . This appears to be a key point , but it is one that is left controversial . It is possible to imagine that for some people such consolation might make it easier to reconcile the two , and to wonder what it was that made the difference in Fraser 's case . There were other things that had to be reconciled , and we hear presently of a role of inherent superiority which came to me from outside , from the servants among others . Inside , however , I felt inherently inferior , inadequate to fill the role . Kapuscinski is a seeker of general truths who is sparing with his generalisations , and who likes certain kinds of particularity but not others . The kind he likes he calls detail , as opposed to long shots the equivalent , that is , of the long shots over - used by cameramen of the Iranian Revolution : it is through details that everything can be shown that truth can be shown . But in The Emperor no detail is adduced that might bring out what differences there could have been between the courtiers and petitioners of Ethiopia and their counterparts elsewhere in the world . Kapuscinski 's courtiers and petitioners are about as black as Johnson 's Prince Rasselas , who is about as black as he is white . In the second book , a photograph is spoken of which shows the pulling down of a monument to one of the Shahs ( father or son ) in Teheran or some other Iranian city . True art , or the best art , has a dialogic structure , many voices , and so has the good society . This is an author who has contributed to the Russia which has come after him to the emergence there , at the present time , of the demand for a lawful Opposition , for the duality of democracy . The difference yields a political meaning , in other words , and it would also appear to relate to the old theory of the difference between an author who tells and an author who shows , and who employs a medley of voices in order to do so . It is a distinction which may in the end prove more suggestive than serviceable : the author who tells , and who can be accounted something of a ventriloquist , may well , for instance , be more than capable of carnival , and may even be every bit as plural in his works as his dialogic counterpart . But it is possible to believe that the idea of ventriloquism which lies at the heart of it may be successfully applied both to some sorts of contemporary author and to some of what went before . Nathan Zuckerman is a persona 's persona : Roth begat Peter Tarnopol who begat Nathan Zuckerman in the novel of 1974 , My Life as a Man . Zuckerman has enabled Roth to deal with the question of the offence he has given to righteous Jews , and to come to terms with the rebellious , psychedelic , philo - Semitic Sixties , when Roth 's writing went , with the times , derisive and fantastic . The Zuckerman books are a medley of differences and affinities between what we are able to infer about Roth 's life and what he has made of it in art . In propria persona , Roth discourses in The Facts about his relationship with his younger brother , Sandy . The tone is judicious and kind . And in what Roth writes Roth and Bellow meet . But neither of them is incapable of pursuing the artificial fiction of being himself . No one would lightly believe that either of them has ever found it hard to tell the difference between himself and somebody else . Dualistic explanations are moving , and intriguing : but they are often thought , even by proponents , to be far - fetched , fictional , theoretical , counter - intuitive . That Bellow , this participant in Roth 's inner life , can also be said to be out there in the world as his friend , and perhaps his rival , is a fact which does not help one to decide whether or not to trust the reports of literary duality what comes in has to have been out but it is very much in the tradition . She displays more sympathy for this anti - Semitic Moses , for this religious man who is against Jews and against the Soviet system , than she does for Jews who are not religious . Whether or not she has talked to God , she has certainly been reviewing for him. Levi , the expert on metals , would have had no difficulty in telling the difference between gold and tin . I have heard that he was saddened by these writings of Fernanda Eberstadt 's , in which his own writings are faulted . Two months after the Herling piece was published Levi committed suicide , throwing himself down the staircase of the house in Turin where he was born and grew up , where he wrote about his life in the camp at a desk which stood where his cradle had stood , a house he shared with his wife and mother . Levi 's double life as chemist and writer suggests that if art and work need to be separated , according to a certain sense of what it is to be a Jew , art and work are nevertheless very often the same . I like to think that he would have accepted that art is work , that the work that frees us , and is not just punishment , is art , and that anyone who uses his imagination is an artist . The categorical difference of the modern world , between artists and others , does not come well out of his reports . His chemistry is intriguing from this point of view . Here was a second double life that of a scientist who was also an artist , a chemist who was also an alchemist , a businessman who was also a magician . Ronnie , I think , could be held to be a precursor of P for Patrick Doyle in Kelman 's novel of 1989 , A Disaffection . Both works end on a possible return , on what might look like a bleak diminuendo but is really an anxiety state . There are important differences , though . Kelman stands much closer to the new hero , and more is made of what happens in that hero 's head . The new book is funny and depressing at considerable length , and there are moments when a wee terror comes of its expanded universe . Everyone who wants to act professionally should try to see as much drama as they possibly can and this means in the broadest sense , watching television , cinema , visiting the theatre and looking at the actor 's work carefully and analytically . It is also important that you try and evaluate the dramatic experience of these different forms of presentation this is worthwhile , because it will make you think about the different ways in which an actor can work and the various ways in which his skills are used . Clearly , there is a difference in scale and dimension between the stage , the television screen and the cinema screen , which demand changes in direction and in acting technique . One of the things you will notice when watching the television is that close - ups are used very effectively , and so it is of vital importance that the actor has absolute control over his/her face and expression . You should also look at the ways in which the physical movements of the actor are organised to suit the restraints of the small screen . Are you saying that this combination of vocal and physical training stems from the demands of the classical play , like Richard III , or do you think a different approach is needed for the modern writer ? A S. No , I do n't think so . The big difference is the dimension of verse , obviously , and you have to live through that differently . Classical acting is really quite a recent thing for me so it 's a case of speaking the verse as naturally as possible but observing it s rhythms and structure . A.R. This is not unnatural , as in the 1970s and early 1980s Spencer was at the Queen 's University , Belfast , and an active member of the All Children Together Movement . Support for this line of approach has been found in Greeley and Rossi 's ( 1966 ) survey in the USA on the effectiveness of catholic schools . Based on statistical data for Roman catholics educated in both Roman catholic and other schools , Greeley and Rossi noted as one of their findings that there was little difference in adult religious practice between the two groups . There was a group among former Roman catholic school pupils who exhibited a more intense level of practice , but these were also children of fervent Roman catholics . The causal inference adopted by Greeley and Rossi was that Roman catholic schools only had a clearly identifiable and reinforcing effect on the belief and practice of this group . This is something for which surveys , including that of Greeley and Rossi , are not and cannot be intended . Another point worth bearing in mind is the very generalizing character of Greeley and Rossi 's studies . There was nothing in the studies on the differences between individual catholic schools , either in terms of pupil experiences or the varieties of educational practice and personnel in each school . A black - box approach to the schooling process was used with no direct investigation of processes within the schools . Finally , while it could be argued that Greeley and Rossi tell us something of catholic versus state schooling in the US , they have nothing to tell us about catholic versus Christian , multi - denominational schools , which is what most of the argument in Ireland is about . And Goldberg in the margin : Compendium of old themes . As though in every life , wrote Harsnet ( and Goldberg returned to his typing ) , if enough work has been done , enough determination shown , there is one final large summary , and that should be enough . Perhaps that is the difference , wrote Harsnet , between me and someone like Goldberg , for all his energy and ambition . He floats with the tide . There can be no summation for him because there is nothing there to sum up. Excuses not to do the work we think we might or should do , excuses not to be kind or considerate or whatever it is we feel we should be ? What he wanted , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) and what I wanted . The difference is that I knew what I wanted and he did not . Though , wrote Harsnet , that difference may not be as great as I sometimes imagine . For what does know mean in such cases ? What he wanted , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) and what I wanted . The difference is that I knew what I wanted and he did not . Though , wrote Harsnet , that difference may not be as great as I sometimes imagine . For what does know mean in such cases ? What does want mean ? Doubts now only the result of panic , he wrote . Of the sense that perhaps everything needs rethinking , that perhaps next time I might get it right . That is the difference , he wrote , between me and Goldberg , me and McGrindle and the rest . They can always start again and it does n't matter . Even Bacon can destroy what he does n't like and start again . The maximum of movement , he wrote , with the maximum of stillness . The maximum of passivity with the maximum of energy . The maximum of sameness with the maximum of difference . The maximum of silence with the maximum of noise . The maximum of significance with the maximum of insignificance . CAMRA FACT SHEET No2 Unreal beer There is a vital difference between real ale and keg beer . Keg , which includes lager , is known in the industry as brewery conditioned beer . Instead of a secondary fermentation in the cask to add a full , mature palate , keg beers are killed off in the brewery by a number of unnatural processes that affect the taste and quality of the product . I WOULD like to respond to James Stewart 's letter ( Caterer , 2228 August ) . I , too , have been employed in the catering industry for approximately eight years and hold similar qualifications to those of Mr Stewart . The difference being that I have been fortunate to find a career that I love and , what is more , get paid reasonably for it . I have always had reasonable live - in accommodation ( having inspected it before accepting a position ) and , although on certain days I have worked non - stop , on others I have been very quiet and still received the same salary . I think this is a fair balance . There are tens of thousands of Chinese recipes and shades of flavour . We talk about sweet and sour but they may have five different sweets and five different sours . Another key difference between styles is in heat control , inextricably tied in with the equipment used . Any standard piece of Western catering equipment simply cannot produce the heat needed . That 's the crucial difference in keeping the flavour , says Jermey , for whom an important concern has been authenticity . Another key difference between styles is in heat control , inextricably tied in with the equipment used . Any standard piece of Western catering equipment simply cannot produce the heat needed . That 's the crucial difference in keeping the flavour , says Jermey , for whom an important concern has been authenticity . The main differences between the two styles of cuisine is in the way the Chinese blend ingredients , how they introduce colour into the food , and that up to 90 % of the work is done prior to cooking . Importing the ingredients through wholesalers has not been a problem . Any standard piece of Western catering equipment simply cannot produce the heat needed . That 's the crucial difference in keeping the flavour , says Jermey , for whom an important concern has been authenticity . The main differences between the two styles of cuisine is in the way the Chinese blend ingredients , how they introduce colour into the food , and that up to 90 % of the work is done prior to cooking . Importing the ingredients through wholesalers has not been a problem . The lotus leaf needed to line the bamboo steamer for the Szechwan dish of steamed beef and rice flour was examined with interest , as were the ingredients used to make the rice flour short grain rice , cinnamon bark , star anise and special wild pepper which were then sauted dry for 15 minutes and ground into a semolina - type texture after the removal of the bark and anise . It 's the same with 18/8 . It is n't a standard product . He also says that the nickel content does not , for all practical purposes , make any difference to the hardness , but that it does make it more stain resistant . So if the numbers are not an infallible guide to good stainless steel cutlery , what is ? Medlock gives the following advice : Examine the finish very carefully , particularly the forks . The fact that a wide number of manufacturers work to the same pattern means that the caterer who is topping up need not return to the same source for the top - up. Identify a selection of cutlery distributors , send them one of your pieces of cutlery and ask them to match it and send their sample and yours back . There will be some differences , but they may be too slight to be noticed by the customers , who would normally see only one piece of each item in any case . Shopping around for a top - up will allow the best price while still keeping the cutlery service in the same style . One way of putting off the day of replacement is to take more care of existing cutlery . The fact that it is over a hundred years old does not detract from its impact . Just for once , a Frenchie has conceded that the Brits do something better . The difference between the French and English approaches to making mustard , technology apart , has not changed for a century . In France , mustard seeds are soaked and then ground to a paste . On this side of the Channel , we mill them to obtain a flour . Angel Aye , that villain malign I will catch and confound With my little grey cells ! The next unarguable literary reference which Agatha Christie must have responded to is found in John Skelton 's Speke , Parrot . This poem is generally agreed to be made up of material from different dates and there are considerable textual differences between manuscript versions . The most telling one , from the point of view of this study , was found only as recently as 1893 in the Brestimont Collection . It is actually entitled Speke , Porot and contains the following significant variants of the first three stanzas : Her novel writing ( THE LEGACY and BELLA MAFIA ) has also been acclaimed . The success in 1991 of PRIME SUSPECT ( for Granada , and starring Helen Mirren ) again brought Lynda La Plante 's writing talent on to the screens of 17 million viewers . A police thriller with a difference . Helen Mirren plays the role of Detective Chief Inspector Jane Tennison who for years has been the victim of sexual discrimination in the police force . Heading a homicide enquiry is a prize which has always eluded her , until against all the odds she is appointed to head a case . Screenings are scheduled as follows : films on central For the whole of the festival period Central Television will be joining in and adding a new screen with a difference . From Saturday 21 September to Saturday October 5th , in its late night/early morning slot , Central will be screening movies with connections to the festival . For the first week the FILMS FROM THE URBAN JUNGLE series echoes the city themes of the festival , from the Cities and Media conference to the presentation of Tavernier films which celebrate the city of Lyon , Tavernier 's birthplace , and Birmingham 's twin town . Screen and Television Writing Talks at the Birmingham International Film and Television Festival Sept 20Oct 5 , 1991 Wednesday , 25 September , 7pm : Lynda La Plante , writer of the successful and popular series Widows , and this year 's major police drama with a difference , Prime Suspect , talks to BBC Television script executive , Beth Porter . Thursday , 26 September , 7PM : John McGrath , founder member of 7 : 84 theatre company and writer of Blood Red Roses , The Dress - maker and Robin Hood , talks to Archers ' script writer and screenwriter for Zone Productions , Mary Cutler . In times past , I had tried to get across to the continent as much as possible , but now , while other people were going abroad for the first time because of all the cheap travel around , I was ( without intending to be anti - social ) doing exactly the opposite and taking a look around the British Isles . All this did , of course , cost money , but if you 've had even a comparatively small amount of that and then lost it , you do tend to realize how transient the whole thing is and not worry so much about getting it back again . Besides , I did n't think I could now save enough to make a significant difference to my standard of living when I retired , so I decided I might as well enjoy it while I had the chance . In retrospect , I would probably have saved a little bit more , but there it is I did manage to save a little bit anyway . I had been employed at Jersey House for about two and a half years when I was approached to see if I might like to do a little cleaning work to earn some overtime . It took six weeks for the first amount of money to arrive . The rent cheque was , to my surprise , a few pounds short of the amount I was actually paying certain deductions had been made for lighting and other odd things that were technically included in my monthly rent . I went to see them about this but they told me it was up to the social security people to make up the difference . I went to see them as well and they told me to fill in another form . All this begging for money was time - consuming and degrading so I decided to concentrate on finding work . I did all the usual stuff I gave her some money and stuck her on a tube train to a night shelter , but while I was walking out of the tube station , I thought to myself , you complacent bitch you know . It reminded me of when I used to give people money just to make them go away again . There is n't an enormous difference , let 's face it . It 's grounded in something more now . What should I have done ? Up in cooler Scottish climes it 's time to start planning for winter and laying good foundations for next year 's displays , says Sid Robertson Our mountains can be very cold in late September . Even in the first week of June , when potatoes were a foot high and oilseed rape was in glower , snow fell on high ground , and this makes a difference to what you can grow successfully . Last September I visited a garden which was nearly a thousand feet up , and I could see that the gladioli , planted as dormant corms in early May , were n't going to flower . What a contrast to the beautiful gladioli grown by Carole in pots . This would certainly be hazard in a cross wind and , to an inexperienced pilot , in any wind direction . In these cases the student probably relies on the instructor to make the decision and knows that he is there and can save the situation if things go wrong . It is important to make the student aware of the subtle difference between being safe at all times and being safe in particular conditions . Above all it is vital for every pilot to have the old adage safety first indelibly imprinted on their mind . In other words , if in doubt , do n't take a chance . This means concentrating on the tow and only taking your eyes off the towplane for a brief moment . Rope breaks usually occur through inattention and getting badly out of position . They are probably almost as rare as engine failures , but there is one important difference . With a rope break , the climb out is at the normal towing speed when the rope breaks , whereas when engine problems occur the tow is usually slow and the climb is far worse than normal . If the rope breaks , the take off field should be within easy reach for a downwind landing , whereas a problem with the towplane 's engine usually means a field landing is almost inevitable . Stairlifts normally have a weight limit of 20 stone . What if I have a curved staircase or a platform landing ? Some companies make lifts that fit on to curved stairways or have automatic platforms that bridge the difference between the two steps at a platform landing . Ask the advice of the Occupational Therapist ; Social Services will also arrange for someone to give further advice . Will a stairlift obstruct the stairs ? The correct equipment is equally important when you are adapting your property , make sure that the bath or shaver , and w.c . that you install are suitable for you to use . This is particularly relevant if you have limited movement in your hips , shoulders or problems with your hands . A simple grab rail placed in the correct place can make a considerable difference to how you cope , especially with the bath or toilet . Remember rails in bathrooms could be plastic coated or bonded to prevent conduction . If you are replacing existing fitments to redecorate or improve your bathroom it is advisable to consider what equipment suits you best , particularly if you are less mobile , have a disability or are elderly . the report is certainly not a definitive and unchallengeable portrait of the Metropolitan police . In later , calmer moments , those conclusions which are not based on published research material need to be contested . There is a world of difference between research findings based on safe academic principles and methodology , and those produced with graphic literary phrases , but based upon anecdotal heresay , recorded by listeners blessed with total recall . This attack was repeated again in 1987 in the Federation magazine , for the report had obviously hit a very raw nerve . Its frenzied rejection was very different to that of the many projects listed in the Police Foundation or Home Office Registers of Research mentioned above , most of which are simply ignored and never ever receive any review . Barrie Irving , the Police Foundation director has presented a paper today outlining research into the Police and Criminal Evidence Act ( PACE ) . Having some 1979 data on custody practices and prisoner interviews he sought to replicate the study in 1986/7 to assess the influence of the legislation on police practice . Claiming significant differences in post - PACE activities he suggested these showed the need for legal measures to impact upon police practice and influence change . His observational sample of prisoner interviews , although small , had found the PACE codes of practice were followed to the letter and he argued this showed that it required the sanction of the law to effect changes in interview and interrogation techniques . A detective inspector shrugged this off , arguing from practical mastery and insider 's knowledge , that the practices of doing the business remained undisturbed outside of the PACE interview . Just over a year later , at a Career Appraisal Interview with the chief constable , I was asked : tell me , how did you find the law course at the polytechnic ? I pointed out that I had not been to the polytechnic , but had been to Durham University on a scholarship only the second the force had been awarded . I was then asked : what 's the difference between a law course at polytechnic and at the university ? This assumption that policemen study law becomes axiomatic . As Smith ( ibid . ) indicates , the cost of one scholarship ( when he was writing in 1978 ) was about 30,000 and by the late 1980s this had risen to well over 100,000 . We could purchase our own houses while they lived in police colonies , denied the privilege of house purchase until they had fifteen years ' service ; this classified them as peasants , serfs , living in the feudal world of tithed cottages . After an eight - hour shift we went home off duty free men , while they in contrast went to their police houses and were available for discretional duty , at the call of the system twenty - four hours a day ; proving we were independent free men and they were slaves ! All of these social differences were em - bodied in the symbol of uniform . Our expensive , good - quality tunics were well cut and belted , while our guard style cap , set up at the front to emulate the officer class , made us different . Helmets and unbelted tunics were for the despised county men , those sheep - dippers up the road in the sticks whom we continually used to reassert our own status by looking on them as hicksville country cousins and definitely not real polises . I would enter a plea that I have often made that the street officer 's authority and discretion should be given better recognition . It has always seemed to me rather sad that almost any move from beat duty is regarded as a promotion . Such a plea , although laudable , has little chance of becoming reality in the present organizational set - up , for it ignores the semantic difference in the uniformed polis 's role and that of the 1015 per cent of the institution who form the lite in the CID . For the uniformed wollies at the bottom of the hierarchical pile , any move into detective work can have parallels with a marginal movement . It becomes a rite of separation into an area where the detective 's need to juggle with statistics and detection rates is diametrically opposed to the constantly voiced uniform preference for action which is simply programmed to nail the prig down. It is the world of ESSO men ( Every Saturday and Sunday Off ) , and the real polis 's scorn is reflected in some of the language of definition which I have outlined here . Now , as a consequence of my eight marginal years on a drug squad , visits to the United Nations , and the three years at university reading a subject which few knew anything about , but would be willing to dismiss along with all of the social sciences , I was in danger of being irrevocably cast into the mould of being a college man or academic . I was close to being one of them and definitely not one of us because of an acquired list of significant differences . Given that the police are essentially an organization constrained by an ingrained respect for the pragmatism of action regardless of the lip - service paid to the police college , the special course , or the university scholarship it was inevitable that the hierarchy would follow the dictates of institutional philosophy and pull the marginal mover in from the periphery ; for there is a boundary beyond which the pilgrim cannot be allowed to stray . In all the legends or tales of the journey to individuation and knowledge , the liminal mover always returns to the centre and is reconstituted into structure . I know you 're in love with me , said Lucy , making a neat mound of cigarette ash , firming her hand against shaking , and I said it before , and I 'll say it here and now . I do love you . I 'm not in love with you there 's a difference . Yeah , thought Jay , as if wading through cement , let 's be semantic , let 's forget the way our eyes met , the way our bodies clung so hungrily together . Lucy said : The hook At this point it is necessary to distinguish between foot sweeps and hooks . In fact , there is n't a great deal of difference between the two and the one merges into the other. However , we can see a difference when we compare the two extreme forms . The hook ( a ) Slide back to avoid the opponent 's front kick , then hook his foot as it lands At this point it is necessary to distinguish between foot sweeps and hooks . In fact , there is n't a great deal of difference between the two and the one merges into the other. However , we can see a difference when we compare the two extreme forms . The hook ( a ) Slide back to avoid the opponent 's front kick , then hook his foot as it lands Consider the following scenario . This jars the opponent off balance and brings the head forwards and into range of a following punch . Notice that in this example of the foot sweep , the opponent 's ankle is actually struck with the flat of your foot and is knocked , rather than drawn , to one side . That is the basic difference between the hook and the sweep though , as I said , the two do blur into one . The sweep ( a ) Throw a long - ranging reverse punch to the opponent 's face . Use this to set your hips up ( Professor Dudek has demonstrated that from a base of only 1.7 per cent of the population , the input in terms of literature and art amounts to a staggering 25 per cent . ) Montreal is an unusual city , made up of 50 villages which have grown and merged together over the years to form the modern conurbation : about 100 square kilometres in size ( 60 square miles ) , encircled by the St. Lawrence River . The various groups keep a fairly sharp difference between them , centering their activities , not least through the exigencies of the two languages , in their own areas : essentially in the East ( French ) and West ( English which includes the large Scottish and other cultural elements ) . So it was that the Cohens ' life was very largely circumscribed by the Montreal riding , which had as its most prestigious centre Westmount , where they lived . Here this very affluent neighbourhood spreads out southwards and westwards from the Mont Royale , after which the city is named . But it is very clear that it is present , though at times its influence waxed and waned . It is surely part of the ambiguity of his person , as well as of his work , whether priestly or prophetic . What , after all , is the difference between a priest acting in the highest sense of his vocation , or a prophet compelled into declamation , or such a saint ( even unknowing ) , opening himself up to the mercies of God , becoming a channel for them to the world ? One thing is certain , that those of them priests , prophets or saints who did so respond , were usually rejected . Not made outsiders as Scobie argues , but marginalised , neutered : precisely because they were too near the centre of things ; dangerous catalysts . Imagine a scientist in the distant future who knows everything about the mechanism and neurology of vision , but who is blind from birth . That there is something he does not know is shown by the fact that if he were to gain his sight , he would come to know something that he previously had not known . This might be characterized as what it is like to see or what things look like or , most especially , what colours are like ( that is , what they look like there is no difference in their case ) . No amount of unsighted knowledge of neuronal activity or light wave - lengths could amount to this . The same point can be made in a slightly different way . We cannot , therefore , leave it as an irreducible fact about different physical processes that they feel different . In fact , the mode of access argument is ambiguous . It might be interpreted as saying that V has a mode of access to his own brain different from any modes of access to V 's brain available to BS ; or that V has a different mode of access to the external world , and that this constitutes the difference between him and BS . It is impossible to deny that V has a different mode of access to the external world from BS , for V can see and BS cannot . But the question is how this constitutes a subjective difference . It is impossible to deny that V has a different mode of access to the external world from BS , for V can see and BS cannot . But the question is how this constitutes a subjective difference . One can then choose to say either that it constitutes the difference by virtue of having a particular internal feel associated with it , or that it is itself the difference , simpliciter . The former simply reinstates the problem of the inner feel . Within the mode of knowledge framework , the feel will be explained by the special mode of access to one 's own brain . Within the mode of knowledge framework , the feel will be explained by the special mode of access to one 's own brain . That this will not do is what I have just argued . The second response , that the difference consists solely and simply in a mode of knowledge of the external world , without invoking any internal and introspectible feel , requires one to explain perceptual experiences with different modes of access without reference to a subjective component . As far as I can see , the only way to do this is to adopt a behaviouristic approach to this knowledge and characterize it as an ability to discriminate visual objects . To take this road is to resort to what I earlier described as the most primitive physicalist response to the problem , which involves denying that there is anything about the nature of experience that BS does not know . It is the content specifically of sense - perception that must be taken non - reductively , if the contrast required by our concept of disposition is to be maintained . Some philosophers might suspect that I have not considered the behaviouristic theories in their most sophisticated form . Would it not make a difference if one identified experience , not with some disposition to overt behaviour , but with the behaviour of the brain as it discriminates the various sorts of stimuli within the nervous system ? This is a version of the supposedly post - behaviourist theory called functionalism , which treats mental states as responding to other internal and mental states as well as to external stimuli . The first thing to notice about functionalism is that it does not fare any better than behaviourism in providing an account of what it is that V knows and BS does not , for BS could know all about V 's functional or covertly behavioural states ; so there is no lack of knowledge that his deficit could consist in . Thoughts will be referred to as cognisant acts . The simplest and most fundamental aspect of cognisance ( fundamental philosophically and developmentally ) is what is usually referred to as self - world dualism : the knowledge that there is a physical world out there of which I am an experiencer and that is distinct from me . Mental development , on the constructivist view , consists in the elaboration of this knowledge ; so that if there is one central difference between the mental processes of the baby , the child , and of the adult it is in terms of how self - world dualism is manifest in ( and to ) the subject . The representational theory of mind treats the explanation of mental life as a kind of engineering problem ; it starts from the inside , from the representational state , and asks how mental states interact with one another to produce something that we would call knowledge ; the representational theorist proceeds like a sceptical philosopher who thinks that what figures in our mental life is not reality but our mental representations of it ( recall my saying the Fodor described his position as methodological solipsism ) . The constructivist starting - point could not be more different , and might be said to be biological where the representational theory is engineering or machinological . Consider then , an organism in a world of inanimate objects . ( There is a lot to be said about the role of other persons too , but I am leaving that out for the time being . ) There are three crucial differences between the organism and the objects . ( 1 ) It can move itself and has biological needs ( not just for food and warmth and the like , but the need to use its faculties Functionlust as it was once called by a German psychologist ) . ( 2 ) It has input systems . It means that we can think about things that are not present . Sure enough , we would expect the input systems to ensure that the right kinds of distinctions are drawn between contour changes that define occlusion and those which define disappearance , for example but this surely does not mean that the possessor of these input systems is capable of thinking about unperceived entities . What this adds up to , then , is the claim that if there existed an organism which either could not act or whose actions made no difference to its perceptions then not only would that organism not be cognisant , it could never become cognisant . ( It is not clear to me whether this is some kind of philosophical claim or an hypothesis . You may say that it is refutable and so it is empirical ; but then see below our criteria for cognisance are so much bound up with what the subject can do that it is difficult to see how we could assess the cognisance of a totally passive creature . ) The point of the experiments was this : strong social pressure was being put on these children to agree to a realist answer ( they were not allowed out of the room until they had an answer ! ) and if their usual tendency to interpret questions phenomenally is a trivial and weak effect then this social pressure should obliterate it . The result was that the social pressure had no effect at all . In children between four and eight years of age there was absolutely no difference between the number of realist answers produced by the pairs and by the control , solo children . They knew the realist option but did not take it as a way out of a social impasse , because , I would argue , the phenomenalist tendency of thought is too strong . What dominated their judgements was the salience of the illusion that was most up front in consciousness . Where will the child now point ? If he points to the empty box then it is probably fair to regard this as deliberate misinforming , as the implanting of a false belief in another 's mind . In fact we did find a clear difference between the three - and the four - year - olds : the younger ones typically pointed to the box with the chocolate and the older children to the empty box . But what was striking about the three - year - old 's behaviour here was that they did this for twenty trials . They could see that the competitor 's pile of chocolate growing ever higher and that they were winning nothing , and yet they were powerless to do anything about it ! Initially the subject will attend to a new stimulus but will then gradually lose interest and start to look away ( habituation ) ; if the stimulus is then changed in some way and if this causes a re - awakening of interest ( dishabituation ) then we can assume that the baby has detected the change . Another technique is preferential looking . If the subject prefers to look at one stimulus rather than another we can assume that he has detected a difference between them . 8 . This idea had a great influence upon the thinking of Schopenhauer who followed up its implications more thoroughly than did Kant . 9 . The problem is that it is highly improbable that a group of patients with brain injury constitute a natural kind , even when they display similar symptoms on some test or other. This is because no two patients are likely to have identical injuries , and large groups of patients are even less likely to be homogenous . In fact , if you probe deeper , vitally important functional differences between patients will emerge . In amnesia , as in many other so called neuropsychological syndromes ( developmental dyslexia , schizophrenia , Wemicke 's aphasia etcetera ) there is probably no uniform pattern in nature waiting to reveal itself . What you have are groups of people who display superficially similar symptoms for a variety of different reasons . It is known as a speech output system because there is evidence that a quite separate lexicon is involved in speech perception . A pronunciation is addressed either with or without the mediation of the semantic system our store of word meanings . The fundamental difference between the two routes , then , is that a pronunciation is either built up from sublexical components ( assembled phonology ) or looked up as a whole ( addressed phonology ) . This model has been extremely successful in enabling us to understand acquired dyslexia . Acquired dyslexia involves a loss of reading ability as a result of brain injury . Moreover , a closer look at individual patients provides support for what was said about the heterogeneity of groups at the start of this section . So , the more that surface dyslexics are studied , the more it becomes obvious that the condition fractionates ; there are important differences between individual surface dyslexics . These differences can also be accommodated by the dual route model . For example , one surface dyslexic can accurately define the irregular words that he regularizes in pronunciation tasks ( for instance , pronouncing colonel as COL - OH - NELL ) . His problem is therefore at the level of the speech output lexicon . I have gone into such detail about individual patients to try to convince you first , that it can be misleading to categorize patients too narrowly into groups , and second , that the dual - route model I described can accommodate a wide variety of data from different individual cases . There is an equally important additional point that I want to make . Since brain damage can produce these very precise differences between patients , it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that there is one part of the brain that has the precise function of carrying out each piece of information processing that is specified within the cognitive model . It seems to me to be perverse in the extreme to attempt to resist the claim that the brain is literally carrying out these functions . Cognitive neuropsychology thus provides powerful evidence that the level of analysis which functionalists use to describe brain processes is the correct one . Although neither have been cited directly in the text , the philosophical ideas in this chapter have been heavily influenced by the work of Jerry Fodor and Zenon Pylyshyn . Fodor ( 1981 ) provides a very clear description of functionalism , and his book The Modularity of Mind discusses some of the philosophical issues surrounding cognitive neuropsychology . Pylyshyn ( 1984 ) contains an important account of the relationship between cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence , and Pylyshyn ( 1973 ) contains an interesting discussion of the differences between cognitive science and phenomenology . A very clear introduction to current work in cognitive neuropsychology is provided by Ellis and Young ( 1988 ) . Churchland 's Matter and Consciousness is an equally lucid introduction to the philosophy of mind . The lack of explanatory force of neurophysiological and psychophysical observations is explicitly admitted by some scientists . It has been well expressed by the biologist Richard Dawkins : The sensation of seeing is for us very different from the sensation of hearing , but this cannot be directly due to the physical differences between light and sound . Both light and sound are , after all , translated by the respective sense organs into the same kind of nerve impulse . It is impossible to tell , from the physical attributes of a nerve impulse , whether it is conveying information about light , about sound or about smell . He asserts , rather cryptically , that It is because we internally use our visual information and our sound information in different ways and for different purposes that the sensations of seeing and hearing are so different . It is not directly because of the physical differences between light and sound This is not a very convincing escape from the circularity of the psychophysical laws . On the contrary , it exposes the explanatory weakness of the Muller Doctrine , if it is offered as an advance in our understanding of the origin of different modalities of sensation , of why the world feels as it does ; and , even more , if it is offered as an account of our being able to feel the world at all . If it ever did , it was always as a part which was apart , separate , a precious stone set in the silver sea . A sceptered Isle ! Neela was aware of this difference . But what did this difference mean to Neela ? Or rather how did it feel ? By that time I was hopelessly lost and hopelessly bored . Perhaps because this was the first time I was all alone in a big city in a new country . I had always had someone to go round with , while in Europe , or in America ; and good company , any company , can make an enormous difference to one 's perception of whatever one happens to be perceiving . And London was different . I had got so used to the straight criss - crossing North - South , East - West roads of most American cities that I would have to acquire a taste for the more complex and possibly much more fascinating spread of London lanes . Whose blood do you think it is really ? Maybe it 's a recent murder after all . It was a stupid idea but nothing she said seemed to make any difference . She wanted to say screw the colonialist blood but did n't . She kept waiting for him to do something , but he hesitated , as if he were waiting for her . Engels also believed in the myth of a new society which could be moulded in a sensible modern way , without feudal traditions or appendages . The Buddekes , however , were to win . Eleanor made notes on the differences between English and American workplaces and unions . Corporations , banks and trusts controlled a great deal and , although machines replaced workers more frequently in America , certain trades , Eleanor wrote , were 50 per cent more labour intensive than in England . American labour politics were complicated and deemed a slippery business by Engels . Some mimed dances and twirled around him , humming popular songs . Little did they know this was the fellow for whom The Flippity Flop Young Man was written , and I was n't about to tell them . Would it have made any difference if I had ? Did he enjoy being a temporarily anonymous spectacle , or did he believe these seamstresses and pipe fitters knew who he was ? I could n't quite tell , and as a sort of curator of the afternoon , it made me nervous . For me it was like an Aladdin 's Cave , and one could not help but notice the often ridiculously low prices being asked . Much of this was own label merchandise of course , but occasionally one would come across a familiar branded item , at about half the price of those at home . The difference was compounded even further with the consideration that American pay - rates were two or three times ours . If we cannot beat the system , how can we get it to work for us ? I have had some modest success in this regard , and pass on here some tips I have used . The thickness would suit a guitar but are unnecessarily heavy for a dulcimer less than half its width . Soundposts are an important feature of bowed instruments but are unsuitable for plucked instruments and will deaden the sound of a dulcimer . Try comparing a plucked note on a violin and on a mandolin and you will certainly notice the difference . If the posts are only intended to curve the back , this can be better achieved by planing a curve on to the struts before they are glued to the back . It is possible to make dulcimers of different sizes and shapes but this does affect the sound produced . They are to help pay for something you need but cannot afford at the time you need it . You must have been receiving or entitled to income support or supplementary benefit for a continuous period of 26 weeks ( but one break of 14 days or less will not matter ) . Savings over 1000 will make a difference to the amount you can get as will your ability to repay the loan . Budgeting loans are not available for gas and electricity bills . If you have a large bill which you cannot pay you may be able to go on the fuel direct scheme and deductions will be made from your benefit each week to pay for your current fuel consumption and any arrears . 5 . Their income is higher than their applicable amount . The difference is 40.00 ( 128.45 - 88.45 = 40.00 ) 15 % of this difference = 6.00 Community Charge benefit = 8.00 ( 80 % of charge ) 6.00 ( 15 % of difference ) = 2.00 = 1.00 each Mr. Mrs. Seymour each receive a rebate of 1.00 a week so they will have to pay the remaining 4.00 . 5 . His income is higher than his applicable amount . The difference is 10.00 ( 63.40 - 53.40 ) 15 % of this difference = 1.50 Community charge benefit = 3.20 - 1.50 ( 15 % of difference ) = 1.70 ( 80 % of the charge ) Mr. Patel will receive a rebate of 1.70 per week and will have to pay the remaining 2.30 a week . How to claim benefit One memory will certainly be of the running of far more steam trains than seemed possible in the seventies , not all of them successful The GWR 150 specials , the Blackmore Vales , Cambrian Coasts , Cumbrian Mountains and regulars for some seasons into Scarborough and over the West Highland . While ordinary motive power generally became more standardised , and again as told later in these pages the difference between locomotive - hauled and multiple - unit stock less marked , the variety still remains impressive and just as many notebooks and cameras record the passage of trains at the end as at the beginning of the eighties . Liveries have of course proliferated ; not since pre - 1923 days have so many different colour schemes been seen , the only snag being that often two or more liveries are included in the same train where for example the PTE 's dedicated stock gets diverted . Most of the semaphores of 1980 have gone , virtually no large gantries remaining in total use . The locomotive is seen here passing Stonebridge , Durham working the 17.29 Heaton carriage sidings in York , with the stock for the YorkCardiff postal service , on 10 June 1988 . GWRliveried Class 50 No 50007 Sir Edward Elgar originally Hercules , renamed in 1984 ) hauls a NSE service , near Pirbright Junction on 29 July 1989 . The 14.20 King 's CrossLeeds InterCity service pulls away from Wakefield Westgate on 25 April 1989 powered by a Class 91 No 91008 Note the difference in profile between the Mk3 stock and the Mk4styled locomotive . MEMORIES OF THE 1950s CHAIRMAN Sir Peter Parker was doing his best , but the 1980s opened with much the same worries of insecurity over government policy , lack of investment , and working practices which harked back to the old company rules . Under the chairmanship of Sir Peter Parker the concept of the commercial railway and the social railway was developed at the end of the 1970s and the start of the 1980s . The first was to be run on strictly business lines , while the second needed financial support . This emphasised not only the importance of the distinct types of business but the difference between the businesses and the operations . So on 4 January 1982 the railway 's commercial undertaking was divided into its separate elements . Freight and parcels had always been seen as distinct entities , and these naturally formed two of the new sectors . The best example of this has been the deployment of the HST fleet . This was first bought in the 1970s by the regions , but it has been deployed under sectorisation with singleminded determination to maximise earnings . Yet while InterCity is supposed to be one business , offering consistent standards throughout Britain , many regional differences in what the traveller actually experiences die slowly . It is now the sectors which sponsor investment in track and signalling as well as rolling stock , that must deal with the modernisation of stations , and so on . The decisions are commercial : what will earn the best return on the investment ? The extension of electrification from Bournemouth to Weymouth , completed in 1988 , saw the arrival of the new streamlined 100mph Class W2 , fivecar buffet units with power - operated sliding doors , air conditioning , and the return of compartments for first - class travellers . The traditional Southernwaste not , want not policy was perpetuated in the reuse of traction equipment from the Class 432 4 - REPS they replaced . InterCity 's dedicated Victoria - Gatwick Express push - pull service launched in 1984 made little difference to domestic services , employing ex - LMR Mark 2f coaches formed into trailer sets with a 1959 - type 2 - HAP driving trailer converted to a driving van at one end , and a Class 73 locomotive at the other. More thorough stock control completed the changed Southern scene as virtually all EMU units were renumbered to allow the first two digits to match their fleet status . The London Midland Region , the only operator of wholly DC units , cut its varieties to just three . The examples are not always abstract ballets , because the three aspects described above are applicable to most choreography if music and dance are to be equal partners in a ballet . How Ashton reflects the period and quality of the music A study of five Ashton ballets shows that all are based on classical technique , despite their apparent differences . Each reflects something of the period and quality of the music , the period being of the time when written by the composer or when presented as a ballet and the quality being that inspired in the choreographer by the composer . Symphonic Variations ( 1947 ) This is something that Ashton emphasises when Natalia , Kolia , Vera and the Tutor dance to Chopin 's Grande Polonaise and Fantasy on Polish Airs in A Month in the Country . It is this careful attention to traditional dance rhythms which is so important to the style of both ballets , although neither can be called a character or national work ( see page 28 ) . Choreographers can make subtle differences between dancing to a waltz , mazurka or polonaise and there are contrasting rhythms to be found in a ¾ ; time signature . Another way of accenting it is the so - called six temps , that is , two bars with six strong beats . This was a favourite rhythm fur male solos used particularly by nineteenth - century balletmasters . These dances mattered very much to Petipa and all nineteenthcentury balletmasters because they were expected to show off the wealth of talent found in the many imperial , Royal and State theatres , e.g. all the characters from other fairy tales who came to Aurora 's wedding and the character dances in Swan Lake . Mimed dance and danced mime However , the strict division of a ballet into four distinct kinds was eliminated by Fokine when he totally cut the scne d'action from his first ballets and never replaced them . Instead , he used what he called mimed dance or danced mime , insisting , when asked fur an explanation , that there was a subtle difference between them , only one of degree . To Fokine , Les Sylphides was mimed dance because he had incorporated a few conventional gestures into his choreography . Fokine said that every phrase of his dance was a gesture , and explained : Undoubtedly an arabesque has many meanings but only when it appears as an idealised gesture . The scenes between Hilarion , Giselle , Albrecht and Bathilde are reminiscent of the scenes that develop Tybalt 's hatred of Romeo from the first fight between Montague and Capulet to his discovery of Romeo with Juliet after their first meeting at the ball , and finally to the fight that ends in Tybalt 's death . These scenes heighten the tension and suggest that all will end in tragedy . Despite the great differences in style between the above three ballets and despite their different libretti the three choreographers perrot ( with Saint - Georges ) , MacMillan and Ashton give valid reasons why the tragic deaths of Giselle , Romeo and Juliet , and Natalia 's lost love are the inevitable result of what has gone before . In other words , what happens at the beginning of the story states why the relationships between two or more characters lead to confrontations which continue onwards to a climax and finally draw the ballet to a suitable conclusion . This last task is possibly the most difficult because the audience must be convinced that the ending chosen is the only possible outcome of everything that has gone before . The cold air is made even more apparent by the swift footwork when the entire cast jump lightly upwards away from the ground . Admittedly the dcor and lighting help to create the illusion of changing seasons . But if Ashton had not made these very distinctive changes in his ports de bras , the seasonal differences would not have been so notable . The above examples are only a few of those showing how conventional ports de bras can be changed . A study of Ashton 's ways of using them , or of MacMillan 's , reveal how unnecessary it is to keep passing the arms through 1st position . The hornpipe is not exclusive to England , which many seem to think , even though Petipa in his ballet The Daughter of Pharaoh included a hornpipe to represent the Thames in a spectacular scene where the four greatest rivers of the world met under the sea . Each country with a sailing history has its own version which differs only slightly from that of others . The difference lies in the rhythm of the pipe tune to which it is danced . But much more can be made out of its well - recognised movements . A particularly fine example is that designed by de Valois for the Sailor in The Rake 's Progress . These can roughly be classified as coming from work , hobbies and pastimes . The activity involved may be heavy or light or something with a specialised technique . For example , there is a very great deal of difference between sawing a large log by hand and stitching , or between playing a game of tennis and a game of cards . Embroidery requires a specialised technique , so does ice skating . In deciding to use a particular occupational process in his design a choreographer has four considerations : The events and circumstances surrounding such plots are difficult to control and organise because the characters are supposedly living in the real world . So the choreographer cannot make strong contrasts between the style usually used for the other - worldly spirits and that used for the characters living in the particular setting . He can only highlight the atmosphere supporting the plot , especially those circumstances where he has to portray differences between classes and thus general behaviour , idiosyncrasies , etc. , for example the contrast that must be made between the dances for all and sundry in the town square and those for the aristocrats in the ballroom of Romeo and Juliet . Nevertheless every choreographer creating this kind of romantic ballet today has to spend much time creating the proper gestures to replace the words , which in such ballets are never spoken but must be understood . If the dancers perform those gestures with feeling and understanding they will express the moods , emotions and actions of the characters they play . Natural emotional expression Because the characters of A Month in the Country , Enigma Variations , Romeo and Juliet , The Invitation and Mayerling are supposedly living in a real world , the choreographers have no need to make many deliberate contrasts in the style of dance . Certainly there is a difference between classes when , fur example , the Tutor dances first with Katia the servant , and then with Natalia in A Month in the Country or when townspeople dance in the street and nobles in the ballroom in Romeo and Juliet . Nevertheless much more attention has to be given to the ports de bras of all types of character in such ballets because these supply the words not spoken in dance . lf the ports de bras are to be convincing , choreographers need to study Natural Emotional Expression . They had to be more specific about the traditionally accepted forms of behaviour , customs , occupations and particular national characteristics . It was the impact of the Polovtsian Warriors and their dances from Prince Igor ( 1910 ) that startled Parisian and other audiences into recognition that even the most barbaric dance had a rightful place in the theatre . The differences between character dance and dances of character A distinction must be made between character dance and dances of character . It was first made by Dauberval when staging La Fille Mal Garde . In thoroughly systematised form it now applies throughout the USSR . Much of the syllabus has become part of the training of dancers all over the world . Its features are very much the same as those described earlier in connection with demi - caractre style ( see page 93 ) but with a very strong difference . The steps are always performed in boots or heeled shoes so ali the movements look stronger and often heavier . They require accurate timing and neat footwork of the accents are to be heard and seen . In some older dances they each hold a corner of a handkerchief to form a link and in some areas they link little fingers . Italian There is little to distinguish between the Italian character dance and its demi - caractre form save only that heeled shoes are worn and thus from time to time take on a slightly Spanish flavour , the only difference perhaps being the more fluid way of phrasing and less rigidly accurate timing of the steps . For all their liveliness of style any of the above national dances seen in one ballet resemble those in another because choreographers such as Petipa , Bournonville and Saint - Lon utilised the same steps and ports de bras again and again . Only the music created slight differences and this not markedly because the composers used the best of commonly recognised traditional musical idioms . There is little to distinguish between the Italian character dance and its demi - caractre form save only that heeled shoes are worn and thus from time to time take on a slightly Spanish flavour , the only difference perhaps being the more fluid way of phrasing and less rigidly accurate timing of the steps . For all their liveliness of style any of the above national dances seen in one ballet resemble those in another because choreographers such as Petipa , Bournonville and Saint - Lon utilised the same steps and ports de bras again and again . Only the music created slight differences and this not markedly because the composers used the best of commonly recognised traditional musical idioms . Possibly the best of commonly recognised character dance styles are found in Copplia , Swan Lake ( Old and Soviet versions ) and La Boutique Fantasque . Even Massine 's choreographic genius realised that the old stylised forms were the best way to portray the national dolls sold in the shop . The authors of the report , John Spicer and Philip Morrisey , say the result is that customers perceive beer prices as rising continuously , Beer is no longer considered good value for money . The price freezes introduced by many regional brewers further damaged the reputation of the big brewers , they add . Tesco 's , with its recent price promotion , has highlighted the price difference between home consumption and that in a pub , state the report . It also warns that the legislation that followed the Monopolies and Mergers Commission report in 1989 has been a flop . There is now no more choice , competition or lower prices . Most of it has been proved wrong . On the face of it , the Friend 3 seems the model least likely to benefit from flexibility the thick stem interferes little with the working of the cams , both designs have the same strength rating and there 's only a few grams difference in weight between them . Yet a flexible stem makes such a difference ; horizontal placements , angled placements , pockets , all gobbled up by its voracious cams . Certainly my wire is yet to get bent and distorted with use the real durability test of any flexible camming device . But , having used a number of different twin stem units I 've found the single wire stem much more versatile , although sometimes a little harder to remove from stubborn placements . One of my sisters got quite hysterical when I did it to her , so Mum had to give her a good shaking ! One day they came to take us away , saying it would be better for us what do they know ? We hid but it made no difference , they still found us . We were taken to this orphanage kind of place , separated , and put into little rooms . We did n't like the food , we preferred Mum 's . Nature had followed art . Danilov , The Voice observed , had probably not even begun to contemplate his murder when Dostoevsky was shaping Raskolnikov 's . The two cases were laid side by side , and likenesses and differences were solemnly analysed as if we had here before us two real , directly comparable objects . All this brought joy to the novelist . He often spoke to Strakhov of his pride as an author in his creative foreshadowing of facts , and to A. N. Maikov he enlarged : For he is an eternal traveller . As well as a rug he takes a book , author and title unspecified ; the eternal traveller is also the eternal student , and it is as the student that Verkhovensky first appears in the manuscript drafts . From the start , as in Crime and Punishment , Dostoevsky is projecting a theoretical murderer , the difference being that Raskolnikov was an ex - student , only potentially an eternal student , because in the event he got pulled back out of theory into living life . Murder brought Raskolnikov to see that he did n't believe his reasons for committing it . Now the other young man never believed any of his professed and contradictory reasons in the first place . The epileptic makes a neat reply , again touching life and art simultaneously : the author and hero of The Idiot . I have in mind the experience of being suddenly thrust outside time , which constitutes in The Idiot and elsewhere the epileptic aura . When this and the regeneration/resurrection theme are brought to bear upon the remark about Bazarov and the 1840s , what seemed a difference of degree turns out to be one of a kind . The criticism of Turgenev is only incidentally that he is stuck in the 1840s and not far - sighted enough . New - sightedness , the timeless standpoint , hitherto unknown reality these have an air of mystical hubris when dragged into the open , but they are what Dostoevsky is really talking about . As an additional benefit , the closed magnetic circuit of a toroidal core greatly reduces the drive requirements to produce saturation levels , simplifying the circuitry need by the system . It may be felt that replacing two straight cores with a ring structure is too drastic a change to gloss over , but the mechanism is not too different in the two cases . Figure 9 represents the way in which the lines of force are concentrated from the immediate vicinity and makes plausible the idea that an overwound coil would not see much difference in the flux changes it experiences from either system . An additional advantage of the ring core is that it will accept more than one overwound pickup coil and they have different orientations to the external magnetic field . For example while the coil orientation shown in Fig. 10a produces the largest output , that 10b links none of the changing flux and has a null output . Page description languages A more advanced approach to page description is to design a software language which can be used to control the processor of a display device . It may be difficult to define a formal distinction between this and the page description formats described above , but a glance at the results makes the difference obvious . Compare the set of escape sequences in the previous section with Fig. 7 , which shows a fragment of the Postscript language . The difference is clear . It may be difficult to define a formal distinction between this and the page description formats described above , but a glance at the results makes the difference obvious . Compare the set of escape sequences in the previous section with Fig. 7 , which shows a fragment of the Postscript language . The difference is clear . Postscript is recognisable as something which can be written and read by us humans . It is not the easiest language to learn , but it has structure and legibility . Input Z can be used as a summing input . When used as a squarer , X and Y are in parallel , the differential inputs giving polarity information ( negative output if either of the inputs is reversed ) . For low inputs , a feedback attenuator compensates for the reduced output ; the difference - of - squares circuit in Fig. 3 , for example , used the attenuator to cancel the factor of 2 loss in gain caused by the sum term generation . Figure 4 , an RMS - to - DC converter , also used the difference - of - squares function . The filter is an integrator , its input being zeroed by the feedback loop when ( formula provided ) . When used as a squarer , X and Y are in parallel , the differential inputs giving polarity information ( negative output if either of the inputs is reversed ) . For low inputs , a feedback attenuator compensates for the reduced output ; the difference - of - squares circuit in Fig. 3 , for example , used the attenuator to cancel the factor of 2 loss in gain caused by the sum term generation . Figure 4 , an RMS - to - DC converter , also used the difference - of - squares function . The filter is an integrator , its input being zeroed by the feedback loop when ( formula provided ) . As a divider ( Fig.5 ) , the Z input becomes the numerator , the denominator being at X. Gain is , again , adjustable by the use of an attenuator between output and Y2 , a technique that is used to advantage in the percentage computer in Fig. 6 , which gives the percentage deviation of A against B on a scale of 1 V per 1 % . In certain respects , what Hawkes calls the New New Criticism had what looked like connections with the older version . Both were directed towards the formalist reading of literary texts , and some anglophone academics tried to minimize the strangeness of French imports by saying that la nouvelle critique was only offering a new version of what had long been familiar in the Anglo - American academy . This assumption ignored great differences in contextual forms of life and conceptual foundation . Nevertheless , Lodge was able to use classical structuralism and aspects of Russian Formalism to refine and extend the existing approaches of formalist criticism . Resemblances were apparent between Northrop Frye 's system of archetypes and structuralism ; indeed , Hawkes refers , without qualification , to Frye 's Anatomy of Criticism as a classic of North American structuralism . Hawkes , in turn , gave the book a mockingly dismissive review in the TLS , without mentioning Nuttall 's accusation against him. Nuttall , like Thurley , writes with a polemical edge , but both of them present their cases in a seriously philosophical fashion . What emerges from recent counter - theory is that French - inspired theory tends to destroy straw men in its attack on reference , insisting that the relation between words and meaning is entirely arbitrary , a matter of difference only . The point has been frequently made that there is no necessary reason why dog should mean the familiar , faithful , barking , domestic quadruped , which in other languages , gets referred to as chien , Hund , cane , etc. And within the language - system of English , the sounds and letters of d - o - g are recognizable as such simply because they are not d - i - g , or d - o - n , or l - o - g . He did not intend to exclude reality . The error lies with Saussure 's expositors . Scholes , however , believes that Saussure is himself inconsistent , and responsible for later confusion , but the thrust of his argument is very close to Tallis 's , and both of them are concerned as were Thurley and Nuttall to reinstate the validity of reference and to deny that language is a system of pure differences , without relation to reality . Scholes provides a useful table , divided into three columns , showing how linguists and philosophers have agreed in making a tripartite division between signifier , signified , and reference , though they present it in a variety of terminologies . For Frege , it was Expression , Sense , Reference ( Ausdruck , Sinn , Bedeutung ) . In principle it would be quite possible for the study of English poetry to begin in a similar ab initio fashion , except that it would be fruitless for someone to embark on it who did not have at least some familiarity with poetry and a wish to read more . This is because the study of poetry as poetry rather than as historical or cultural material is a matter of intuitive and affective response , not just of willingness to accept an intellectual discipline , as might be the case with philosophy , economics , and so forth . ( I grant that the difference is not absolute , and there may be elements of the affective and the intuitive in the pursuit of any intellectual discipline , but they are likely to be marginal . ) It could be a rewarding form of teaching to help an uninformed but well - motivated student to come to terms with poetry , but it would involve time and leisure . The student would need to read as widely as possible in different kinds of poetry , to learn something about literary history , genre , and convention , and to acquire the practical - critical skills of close reading . To see these activities as representing the apotheosis of Morris Zapp and the eclipse of Phillip Swallow is tempting but too simple . British versions of Zapp are probably now in America anyway , finding a proper market - based reward for their talents and energy . American professionalism may be the ideal , but differences between the British and American academic systems are noticeable . The greater spread of American higher education means that , proportionate to population , there are far more universities , all with English departments ; if they were as proportionately numerous in Britain , we would have about 1,000 universities . Hence the wide and generally understood variations in academic calibre between American universities . And , least definably , there is the cultural nationalism , the concept of Englishness that , from the beginning , has been a major element in the subject . It produces a mystique which obstructs total professionalism and separates British from American attitudes . Yet despite these differences , English English has gone quite a long way down the road of a more - or - less Americanized professionalism , as identified and rejected in the 1960s by Leavis , Lewis , and Gardner . From the point of view of those who are currently in charge of higher education , English must be an awkward subject . It is popular , in demand , and cheap . Raymond Williams came to think that a splitting of the discipline was increasingly likely , since cultural materialism and radical semiotics were not compatible with the dominant paradigm of literary study : For these necessarily include the paradigm itself as a matter for analysis , rather than as a governing definition of the object of knowledge . In this situation , the question had to be raised : can a radically different work still be carried on under a single heading or department when there is not just diversity of approach but more serious and fundamental differences about the object of knowledge ( despite overlapping of the actual material of study ) ? For reasons which are much more pragmatic than ideological , I have come to think that a separation of Cultural Studies from English , though not easy , would be the least damaging way forward for both parties . It would represent a realignment within the humanities , not a diminution of them . Newbolt 's attitude is still very common not only among the British ( especially those who have come under the influence of F. R. Leavis ) , but also among American free versifiers who think they are an avantgarde and who are muddled enough to think that they have Pound 's authority to back them . Whether they know it or not , they are in fact endorsing Henry Newbolt against Pound ! All the same , there is by and large a crucial difference here between British and American attitudes , and one that is today every bit as marked as it was in 1912 . For on nearly every American campus there is an atelier in the shape of a Creative Writing programme , whereas on no British campus is there any such thing , and indeed the British scoff at the mere possibility on precisely the grounds that Newbolt here puts forward . Pound 's exasperated bewilderment before the spectacle of British loyalty to the amateur , and British readiness to pay the price in tolerance of the amateurish , is nowhere so evident as in his lifelong esteem for Laurence Binyon , the editor of the Hewlett Letters . Fire has to consume to give off its light . But light gets its knowledge and has its intelligence and its being by going over things without the necessity of eating the substance of things in the process of purchasing its truth . Maybe this is the difference , the different base of not just these two poets , Bill and E.P. , but something more , two contrary conceptions of love . Anyway , in the present context , it serves to characterize two different personal via : one achieves its clarities by way of charitas , the other goes about its business blind , achieves its clarities by way of what you might call confusio . And this would be the point from which to look back at Olson , as Catherine Seelye wants us to , and to regard The Maximus Poems as embodying the way of confusio . This is what Pound could never have said . When , infrequently , he wanted to write in some simple metre , he did so ; but when more often he wanted to get away from standard metres , he left them behind altogether , no ghost of them lurking behind his arras . The difference between the two poets corresponds ( not quite exactly , because the nature and history of French verse differs so greatly from English ) to the distinction that the French make between vers libre and vers libr ; between , we may say , free verse and freed verse . Eliot 's practice , as his remarks just quoted make clear , was always freed verse : verse freed indeed from the constraints of traditional prosody , yet rather constantly recalling to the reader 's ear one of the traditional patterns it was departing from . ( Hence , notably in Gerontion , Eliot 's ability to approximate and even conform to Jacobean blank verse , yet to depart from it smoothly when he pleased . ) Pound 's verse on the contrary was , at least after Homage to Sextus Propertius , free , not freed : the rhythms that he sought and attained either had never appeared before in the language , or else had not appeared there for many centuries . Thus Pound was quite ready , and became eager , to deliver a message , though with more obliquities and delays than the impatiently moralistic reader could see reason for ; whereas Eliot , true to his inheritance from French symbolisme , was sceptical and chary of conveying in poetry any message at all . ( Pound had studied some of the same French poets , notably Laforgue and Rimbaud , but he had profited by them in a quite different way from Eliot , and he was averse to the central thrust of the symboliste endeavour , to which indeed the imagist or imagiste movement which he had sponsored had been intended as a challenging alternative . ) The difference between the two of them showed up in The Waste , Land drafts . For among the rather few objections by Pound that Eliot paid no attention to were one or two which would have required him to make consistent , in terms of locality and historical period , some of his references to London life . Eliot seems to have ignored these suggestions because for him the physical and social landscape of London was no more than a screen on which to project a phantasmagoria that expressed his own personal disorders and desperations ( partly sexual , as one might expect , and as the drafts make clear ) ; whereas Pound seems to have supposed that the subject of the poem was London in all its historical and geographical actuality , much as the city of Dublin was from one point of view the subject of Joyce 's Ulysses . Pound seems to have no interest in that . Is it not the case that George Herbert and Christina Rossetti and even Lionel Johnson are devoutly Christian poets , whereas Pound is militantly non - Christian ? And if Pound so blithely overlooks that difference , does n't that mean that we have in him a critic who attends to form , to style , at the expense of what that form and that style are used so as to convey ? Don't we have in him a formalist , in fact an aesthete ? This is the brickbat that has been thrown at Pound from the first , and is thrown at him still , because of his unswerving attention to what makes poetry poetry , and not some other sort of discourse versified . Ivor Stanbrook , MP for Orpington , who chairs the Conservative backbench constitutional affairs committee and is an Anglican , said : The ills of society are as much the responsibility of the Church as of political parties . The Archbishop should be thoroughly ashamed of himself at the failure of the efforts of the Church to create a better society . Despite their differences , the philosophies of the two main political parties in Britain can be supported quite sincerely by Christians . Frank Field , Labour MP for Birkenhead and also an Anglican , said Dr Runcie was right to attack government polices but he should also direct his attention to the Church , which was self - righteousness on stilts . Support came from one unlikely quarter , Peter Bottomley , the Northern Ireland minister . Having devoted most of his political life to touring constituencies and union branches , he has barely needed to campaign for the constituency section of the executive over the past two months . When Mr Prescott first backed off standing against Roy Hattersley for the deputy leadership last year , and then changed his mind and decided to contest it after all , Neil Kinnock expressed unrestrained irritation . But the pair , openly hostile by the end of last year , will patch up their mutual differences . Mr Kinnock will want Mr Prescott 's national executive support and may sometimes even need his constructive criticism . Mr Prescott is unquestionably closer to a large swathe of the rank and file than most other members of Labour 's Shadow Cabinet . We shall have four - yearly conventions you can drop your resolutions and buy balloons ; because that is all you will be able to release when you come to these conventions . He and Mr Skinner urged a future Labour government to give those not paying the poll tax an amnesty . And the party chairman derided the differences between Neil Kinnock and Bryan Gould , the trade and industry spokesman , on the value of water industry shares . Let 's tell them we are going to take them back without compensation . He added : The whole balance of the party is being moved away from the conference and the NEC to the Shadow Cabinet . Diego Maradona did most to restore Napoli to the top , creating headed goals ( 18 and 45 min ) for Andrea Carnevale and scoring a virtuoso third ( 84 ) . Inter 's treble came from Lothar Matthaus ( 26 , 39 ) and Andreas Brehme ( 51 ) . In Spain Real Madrid now lead on goal difference from Atletico Madrid and Sevilla after a 4 - 1 win over Cadiz , Hugo Sanchez scoring two and Bernd Schuster one . Basque nationalism surfaced during Athletic Bilbao 's match against Atletico . Demonstrators invaded the pitch , but they were repelled and play continued . Both prelates referred to the consecration in February of the Rt Rev Barbara Harris as the Anglican Assistant Bishop of Massachussetts . Bishop Harris is quite unacceptable to the Vatican . The Pope said : Events in recent years have seriously aggravated the differences between us . The Independent has learnt that 1,800 American Roman Catholic nuns wrote last winter to Dr Runcie , urging him to defy the Pope over the ordination of women . Sister Margaret Traxler , of the National Coalition of American Nuns , said that she had told Dr Runcie : The Roman Catholic Church says this is a deterrent to unity ; but we say , how can this be a deterrent to unity when discrimination against women is evil ? Being charitable , this could be considered ongoing profit , but what is to be made of Sandhurst Marketing ? Tootal bought Sandhurst in 1986 for 21.7m , and sold it in July for a mere 4.38m . However , rather than realising a 17m loss , Tootal 's figures show a 3.4m profit , with most of the difference written off earlier through the balance sheet . Sandhurst , which has performed dreadfully under Tootal 's control , made a 2m loss up to the point when WH Smith was persuaded to buy it , and three out of the four ongoing Tootal businesses showed disappointing results . The exception was clothing , which bucked the trend of the rest of the UK textile industry partly because it supplies Marks Spencer , and partly because it makes very little in the UK . If we do it properly any spot is the right spot , he insisted . Stack emissions of PCBs were below the American standard for breathing air - 1,000 times lower than the British equivalent . Regular soil and grass tests showed no difference between PCB contamination in the immediate area and elsewhere in Wales though there are no established safe levels for these . Five air - monitoring plants had been installed ( he took me to see them ) . And here were drums of chemicals , each labelled , each with a job number to check against sampling . In a large , prefabricated shed we wandered past stacks of 45 - gallon drums of PCBs , two drums high , about 10 deep ; and there were contaminated transformers waiting to be cut up and roasted in the flames . Back along the waste chain , the Liverpool dockers who objected to the import of exactly this type of chemical should be aware that PCBs are moving about our roads all the time . There was no difference between the liquid in these drums and the liquid in the cargoes they refused to touch . In Liverpool , a dockers ' spokesman with the Transport and General Workers Union admitted : Drivers are n't happy handling some of these commodities , but at least a lorry - driver has more idea of what he is handling than a docker , who could have a consignment and just not know what it is . Yet he did not oppose all toxic waste movement ( after all , the same union represents workers at Rechem itself ) ; he simply did n't like the idea that big industrial nations like Canada could dump their dirty problems on this country and his members . Ice Hockey : Wasps find it tough going to the top By STEVE PINDER ONLY goal difference saw Durham Wasps reach the top of the England north table and qualify for home and away games against Cardiff Devils , runaway winners of the southern league . The winners will meet the Scottish champions , Murrayfield Racers in the final in two months ' time , writes Steve Pinder . The England north league was always the tightest with , in theory , four of the five teams all able to finish top right up to the weekend 's matches . In a statement to stock exchanges in London and Paris yesterday morning , Eurotunnel said : In those circumstances , the banks technical adviser produced a high cost estimate for the current banking case . We and the banks are agreed that this is not an appropriate basis for further finance . Eurotunnel , which is already in default of its credit agreement with the banks , has in effect been given until the end of the year to settle its differences with the contractors to permit a viable financing strategy to be put in place . If agreement cannot be reached , the banks , which include National Westminster and Midland , have the power to close the project or bring in fresh management . Last night Alastair Morton , the British co - chairman of Eurotunnel , said the banks could be driven to this by sheer exasperation through lack of progress in the talks . This would involve raising an extra 1.2bn to 1.6bn . Of this , 25 per cent would come from a share issue in 1990 or 1991 and new bank borrowings . However , a number of essential differences between Eurotunnel and Transmanche Link need to be resolved . These include agreement on curbing the cost of terminals and equipment where the contactors ' estimate is 382m higher than that of Eurotunnel . Mr Prescott 's demand for the tunnel to be taken into public ownership goes beyond existing Labour Party policy . This is tougher than it first looks as it does not cover news , sport , game - shows or teletext services . Under British and West German pressure , however , ministers agreed that even this requirement should be regarded more as a political objective than a legal obligation ( the non - respect of which would lead to prosecution in the EC Court of Justice ) . The ministers reached their agreement despite lingering differences over the toughness of the text . In the event , Denmark and Belgium were alone in voting against . France , meanwhile , would have liked tougher quotas , while Britain wanted no import limits at all . Toxic waste monitoring row settled By RICHARD NORTH , Environment Correspondent THE TWO protagonists in one of the longest - running and most bitter rows about the conduct of Britain 's toxic waste disposal industry settled their differences yesterday . Rechem International , a major chemical incineration firm , and Torfaen Borough Council in Gwent , South Wales , agreed in an out of court settlement that a temporary injunction obtained by the company should be lifted . Rechem also agreed to drop its request for a judicial review into Torfaen 's monitoring of contamination supposedly caused by the firm , and of its publication of the results . MY MOTHER smacked me . I smack my children . The difference is that she never felt guilty about it , whereas I , who have devoured baby and child books since my first pregnancy test was positive , do . I feel guilty because the current childcare experts tell me that in the words of Penelope Leach ( psychologist and author of the classic Baby and Child ) smacking is wrong . That it is a short - cut to nowhere . The message behind the report is that the majority of parents has got it all wrong . The research , carried out over 30 years by the joint directors of the Child Development Research Unit at Nottingham University , shows that two - thirds of babies are smacked before the age of one , that three - quarters of four - year - olds are smacked once a week or more , and that by the age of seven , 22 per cent have been hit with implements . By the age of seven , differences between boys and girls have emerged , with boys being more likely to be smacked once a week than girls . The report has been published by Approach ( the Association to Protect All Children Ltd ) , a new charity linked to Epoch ( End Physical Punishment of Children ) , a national campaign which was launched in April . When I read the Epoch literature I am always convinced by it . It 's absolute piffle to say that smacking children teaches them that using violence is OK. There are two kinds of violence good or bad . It 's the difference between the person who knocks you down to take your purse and the person who knocks him down to come to your rescue . Burrows believes that smacking is as necessary as kissing and cuddling , and finds it ironic that the same kind of arguments about parents not knowing when to stop are used to undermine our instincts in both cases . She says : Smacking is a way of educating the aggressive instincts of children . They knew the limits . Burrows also believes that smacking can be started at an early age . She disagrees with Leach 's statement that two - year - olds cannot be good or naughty on purpose because they do not yet know right from wrong or understand what makes the difference . Burrows says : You can have a one - year - old on your lap who discovers it is possible to stick a pencil up your nose . One child will respond to the idea of not hurting mummy . Having survived a financial crisis in the early 1980s , thanks to support from the banks and from a staff prepared to agree to a voluntary wage freeze , the paper is now making money and putting on readers , so why has the management now decided to modernise the title ? On first sight it might seem a case of plus ca change , plus c'est la meme chose . The differences are minimal : cleaner print , a slightly smaller format somewhere between tabloid and broadsheet , the masthead underlined in blue and , the most striking development : the appearance of separate sections . But , as the editor Andre Fontaine explains : It is not so much a new layout as a new presentation . Newspaper readers are very conservative the changes are not supposed to shock . The task will undoubtably fall heaviest on Andre Fontaine , who with the death earlier this summer of the newspaper 's founder Hubert Beuve - Mery , has to shoulder the burden alone . I look around , he says , and there is no one there behind . The differences he and his production team have introduced may be ones of detail , but are no less revolutionary for that . Whatever the readers ' perception , Le Monde is changing and will go on doing so for some time to come . Media : Women 's monthly magazines : circulation figures Perhaps it is not possible to produce Peter Shaffer 's 1964 play about the conquest of Peru in a way that is informed by our subsequently increased awareness of how such representation works . But in wondering it is interesting to compare a much more recent success , David Henry Hwang 's M Butterfly . Hwang 's devotion to theatrical effects suggests that he shares Shaffer 's belief that peacockery is one of the dramatist 's obligations , and both plays concern an effort at a human relationship across cultural difference : Pizarro 's fascination with the defeated Inca god - king Atahuallpa , and Gallimard 's desire for his Butterfly . But whereas in M Butterfly the theatrical flash and illusion is entirely implicated in the theme of the representation and misrecognition of one culture by another , in The Royal Hunt of the Sun , at least in this revival , it has no such purpose . If anything , Tim Pigott - Smith 's touring Compass production accentuates the way that the Inca are conceived in European terms . The party 's new policy is that workers taking sympathy action would have to demonstrate a genuine interest in any dispute . A Labour government would have to define what that meant . Norman Fowler , Secretary of State for Employment , is likely to exploit the differences already emerging yesterday between right and left - wing union leaders over how far the definition should go . Jimmy Knapp , left - wing leader of the National union of Railwaymen believes that his members had a genuine interest in the miners ' strike because pit closures would mean fewer coal trains . Bill Jordan , right - wing leader of the Amalgamated Engineering Union , however argued yesterday that secondary action should be limited to direct suppliers and direct customers . The trip was a good experience . Having watched television documentaries about life in East Germany , Becker was keen to see for himself for the first time . What shocked me was that one wall could make such a difference , he said . It was hard to believe the change you could see by moving just a couple of kilometres out of West Germany , one of the richest countries in the world . As a further 11,000 refugees were arriving yesterday in the hope of sharing this prosperity before the back door from Czechoslovakia was closed again , Becker added : I am not surprised that they want to come . He declined to give any official view on the situation except to say : Any Marxist must say it 's a good thing that nobody has been hurt and we should give thanks to the police . Jan Urban , a former spokesman for the Charter 77 rights group and co - ordinator of a joint East European information service , was among numerous Czechoslovaks who befriended the refugees . He said the debacle had been very important in Czechoslovakia : it had shown that people can make a difference . Living in a totalitarian system , he said , you are taught all the time that it 's unbreakable . It has no weaknesses , it 's impossible to fight . Art Market : Historical footnotes put value on clocks By GERALDINE NORMAN What apparently made all the difference to the price was that the clock came from a historic house , Cassiobury Park , and that it is illustrated in an important book on the craftsman Thomas Tompion , His Life and Work by R W Symonds . Collectors love to be able to show friends the book with their own clock illustrated in it . A monthgoing longcase clock of about 1710 by Daniel Delander also profited from a good footnote , selling for 104,500 ( estimate 45,000 - 55,000 ) although the case which was originally ebonised is now painted blue . There was a social stigma attached to diesel car ownership , too . People thought perhaps you needed to save money after all , that was the only reason for buying a diesel car , was n't it ? What few realised was that diesels were more costly than their petrol - engine counterparts , and that the break - even point ( when the fuel savings outweighed the price difference ) did n't occur until very large mileages had been covered . Those who sold their diesels after 50,000 miles or so might just as well have bought a petrol vehicle . At least that was the case in Britain , where the gap between petrol and diesel fuel prices has always been small . Top speed for this diesel is 96mph , and it spurts to 60mph in just 13.2 seconds . Most un - diesel - like . On the road , the biggest difference you notice with the diesel is the need to change up a gear slightly earlier than in a petrol car . This is not a hardship , as the AX is blessed with one of the lightest and quickest gear changes around . The diesel never feels slovenly and can be hurried along snaking back roads with the sort of haste which soon makes you forget that derv , not four - star ( or unleaded ) , goes into its fuel tank . Go for the clods , spot the rocks . Lurching along in this enclosed space , one loses all sense of direction . The field is on a slope , so that there is a difference between going up and going down but that is all . These potatoes are round and white , a new Dutch strain , being grown in Britain for the first time this year . They have been bred specially for chipping : they are not good for boiling because they tend to explode , but they cook fast and hideous thought absorb fat quickly . Generations of lobby journalists at Westminster have had to tussle with the challenge of reconciling the remarks Tory politicians are prepared to make off the record with the ringing declarations of total loyalty and conformity they deliver in public . ( The Labour Party , to be fair , has never observed quite the same double standards when it comes to private and public speech ) . The difference , and the difficulty , for the television reporter is that he inevitably becomes a partner in this process of suppression . Any television documentary is entirely dependent on what its participants are prepared to say on camera the winks and nudges of written journalism can have very little place in it . In that sense , if in no other , I have felt these past weeks rather like a dentist . After a boom , inflation has gone up and there has been a disastrous showing on the balance of payments . Maudling , Barber and now Lawson the consistency of the disastrous outcome is hard to equal . The only difference is that in the 1950s and the 1980s the Conservatives had more than 10 years to cure the ills of the economy while in the 1970s they had but four . The structural problems of the economy remain inadequate saving , uncompetitive industry and insufficient investment in human capital . After all the boasts of supply - side miracles under one slogan or another from 1951 to 1989 , the British economy remains sick . By JOHN PIENAAR IF THIS WEEK'S striking display of Labour unity was more show than substance , there was no sign of it among the party 's other ranks as they dispersed in buoyant mood from Brighton . All around the conference centre , the message was the same from all but the largely isolated activists of the hard - left : differences on the detail of Neil Kinnock 's policy review took second place to its status as Labour 's only route - map to political power . Dread of failure , as much as positive enthusiasm for Labour 's change of direction , was a driving motivation for offering the most appealing face possible at the next election . Constituency Labour Party and trade union delegates seized eagerly on the common feeling that the Conservatives economic and political trials , and the disarray of the centre parties , were at last combining to open a window of opportunity . Write a letter stating your objections or support for the application and send a copy to every member as well as the chief planning officer . Contact your ward councillor and try to interest him or her even if they are not on the committee they may be able to influence the councillors who will take the decision . They may also be able to tell you some of the preferences of those councillors , which can make a big difference to how you lobby them . The actual meeting will be open to the public . Sometimes a limited number of people will be allowed to address the councillors for or against a proposal at the meeting . Brook 's concern was compounded when Dick Fairbank , a Halifax forward dismissed in the same match for a transgression described by his president as mere retaliatory fisticuffs , received a five - match ban . Either Fairbank 's punishment is disproportionate , or Whitehead got off lightly , Brook said . The League appear to be saying that the difference between scrapping and cynical wounding is just three matches . The other club to fall foul of the disciplinary committee yesterday was St Helens , who travel to Wakefield tomorrow without Roy Haggerty and Stuart Evans , both banned for four matches . They were dismissed against Oldham last week , Evans in the final minute of a 36 - 6 defeat , after missing the start of the season through injury . Clouds rose in thin columns up the mountain sides , grey upon grey , and started smudging out the valley . The hilltop we were aiming for looked like an angry volcano . I asked Ms Higgins what the difference was between the monsoon and the pre - monsoon . Oh , bout two weeks , she said from behind her Ray - Ban sunglasses . We climbed into the clouds and a cooling drizzle began to fall . A similar comparison was made by the Minister ( Michael Howard MP ) when defending the poll tax in the House on 18 April 1988 . It is entirely fallacious . There are two fundamental differences between the two . First , the licence fee is voluntary : nobody is forced to buy the BBC 's product . Payment of the community charge is compulsory , which is why it is more accurately characterised as a tax than a charge . The Angolan government , increasingly looking to free market policies to revive the economy , last month joined the International Monetary Fund in Washington , and says , as it has for the past three years , that a devaluation of the Kwanza and the lifting of controls on many goods is imminent . Markets like Rock Santeiro did it long ago. The huge difference between the official and parallel market prices makes a nightmare out of the monthly shopping budget . A modest pile of six or seven tomatoes costs about 10 or ten pence depending on your calculation , while a pound of meat easily wipes out a month 's salary . But salaries are largely irrelevant in Angola , because there is so much money and so few things to buy . The Swedes ' 3 - 1 victory over Albania yesterday left Robson mildly disappointed but England still had control of Group Two , he said . I was hoping the Swedes would draw and drop a point , but we are still in a strong position . Like us , they have eight points with one game to play , but our goal difference is plus 10 to their four . Their final match is also in Poland . The loss of Steve Hodge with hamstring trouble 24 hours after the withdrawal of John Barnes , has left England short of cover on the flanks , but Robson again decided against summoning a replacement . Mr Morton described weekend press reports of a serious rift between Eurotunnel and Transmanche Link , the consortium of British and French construction firms building the tunnel , as the Batman school of journalism . There is no row or brawl going on , he added . What there is is a strong difference of commercial opinion . However , it is clear the two sides are far from agreement on the extra 382m TML claims the tunnel terminals and fixed equipment will cost , which Mr Morton described as manifestly absurd . He refused to be drawn on what would happen if the two failed to reach agreement in time to get the banks ' support for an extra 1bn - 1.2bn of finance next year . The public debate about political priorities focuses far too much on what we can do for today 's consumption and far too little about what we invest in the future . Research and development should be taking a bigger priority in our public expenditure and within the private sector than it is even now . But there are other differences between the government frontbench and the man in the wings . On poll tax , he says with due modesty : There is nothing attractive in politics about the language of I told you so . ' He told the Conservative Party that it would be an unpopular tax when he first opposed the idea successfully as Secretary of State for the Environment in the early Eighties . At which point I asked Mr Heseltine what he was up to . What was his game ? He supported the Government , he was loyal , but there too often appeared shades of difference which set him apart as a challenger . He said that cabinets and parties were coalitions ; groups of people with a common philosophy , providing a starting point in most discussions which enables them to work their way by dialogue through to agreement . Inside Cabinet , he had played that role , with the required public discretion , to argue the case for council house sales , industrial competition , and the inner cities policy . One must recognise that these polls take place , but also carefully remember that a decision about any vacancy that takes place is taken by my colleagues in the House of Commons , and not the general public . Mr Heseltine also defended Nigel Lawson 's decision to put interest rates up to 15 per cent , and hoped the Chancellor would be given a courteous reception when he addressed conference on Thursday . But in his interview with The Independent , Mr Heseltine staked out the areas of difference between himself and his front - bench colleagues . On the NHS changes , he said he would support the legislation because it was designed to make the service more effective and efficient . But he then sided with many professional and political critics of the Government 's plans , saying : Having got the legislation , it would be wise to proceed by demonstration of success rather than trying a root - and - branch revolutionary approach . He will find it less easy to defend his involvement with a cricket call - line service last summer , a job that some will say kept him from his Yorkshire priority . There will be criticism that team discipline off the field is wanting , a complaint that has surfaced with reasonable regularity since before Lord Hawke 's time . The difference is , it will be quickly pointed out , is that Hawke 's teams were winners . There has been some fairly loose and wide - ranging sniping about inept leadership ( Carrick ) and incompetence ( the committee ) . Everyone agrees that something will have to be seen to be done before the next annual general meeting in February . We parents in America seem to be cowed a lot . But the orders come down from above and we jump to it . Private school or public , it makes no difference . Funds must be raised and we are commanded to raise them . This week 's newsletter advises that a contribution of 40 per family will bring the PTA funds up to satisfactory level . With nine points , they would be certain to qualify even if they are overtaken by Sweden . If England lose they can still reach the finals as one of the best two second - placed teams in the three four - team European groups . In such circumstances England 's goal difference could give them an advantage over , say , Denmark in Group One or The Netherlands in Group Four , both of whom complete their fixtures next month . Football : Rivals speechless on the eve of battle From JOE LOVEJOY in Dublin We have the land and the right planning framework to create new communities that do offer the sorts of housing and living conditions that many people are looking for . Many major housebuilders are already here , and large development opportunities of the size of Foxley Wood are being offered . The difference is that they take place within an agreed plan and programme . What is amazing , therefore , is that the agency that has the responsibility for this programme Milton Keynes Development Corporation has been largely wound down over the past few years and the remainder of it will cease to exist in 1992 . Along with many of the other development corporations , the skills and experience in creating new communities have been dispersed a fact that always amazes foreign visitors who look on British new towns as one of the major achievements of post - war planning anywhere in the world . A sociology graduate , whether from a university or polytechnic , is 10 times more likely to be unemployed or in short - term employment than a building , pharmacy or civil engineering graduate . There is no subject where attending a polytechnic increases the statistical likelihood of being unemployed by more than three or four times . Choice of a particular university or polytechnic makes even less difference . If you take the crude figures , the differences between universities look dramatic . Over the three years , 1986 - 8 , 7.3 per cent of Aston 's graduates were unemployed or in temporary employment six months after graduation ; at Sussex , 13.5 per cent . Unemployment was higher than expected by 3 per cent or more at Ulster ( 5.5 ) , Liverpool and Queen Mary College , London ( both 4.8 ) , East Anglia ( 3.4 ) and Sheffield , Aberystwyth and the London School of Economics ( all 3.2 ) . Other universities where unemployment was higher than expected included Stirling ( 2.8 ) and University College London ( 2.5 ) . Education : How politicking has split the vice - chancellors : The students ' fees campaign has exposed differences between university leaders , Ngaio Crequer says By NGAIO CREQUER VICE - CHANCELLORS are not normally known for their speed of action and this is how it should be : universities are reflective , discursive communities . By STEVE BALE IT IS small consolation to Cardiff that they will be spared the full force of the All Blacks on Saturday . Yesterday 's initial tour selection is so strong as to make no difference . There are 10 of the players who beat Australia in August , all but Mike Brewer having started each of New Zealand 's five summer Tests . Indeed Alex Wyllie , their coach , already expects to reselect his Test team en bloc : There wo n't be changes as long as those players keep their form . He did not look particularly inspired at the start of the day , but survived to make the semi - final where he met his old rival , Ben Spijkers , of the Netherlands . It was very much a revenge match for White Spijkers had beaten him for a bronze in the Seoul Olympics , though then White was injured . Now White was fit but it made no difference . In the intense , cagey and close match that followed , White put in more attacks , but perhaps Spijkers ' attacks were more effective . Chris Bowles , the British coach , was circumspect . By JEREMY WARNER STOCK broking analysts are about to start making choices about which of the 10 water authorities being floated in early December are worth investing in . To ensure the successful flotation of all 10 , the Government has attempted to gloss over differences and has reconstructed the authorities financially to make them seem equally attractive . Stock broking firms that are involved in the issue or act for the authorities have been banned in the run up to flotation from issuing any research . There appears to be only three front ranking firms not involved and therefore not covered by the ban CL - Alexanders Laing Cruickshank , Citicorp Scrimgeour Vickers and Hoare Govett . If rates fall below the exit rate , the customer pays the market rate plus the difference between the contract and exit rates . Thus , if the contract rate were 14 per cent , the exit rate might be 13.65 per cent . Should interest rates fall to 9 per cent , the customer would pay 9 per cent , plus 0.35 per cent , the difference between the contract and exit rates . The third element is the duration of the hedge . An agreement would normally embrace a number of interest rate renewal periods of three , six , nine or 12 months over a total of two years . World View : So close yet still far apart : Timothy Garton Ash reflects on what it means when Germans start behaving like Poles , and Poles like Germans By TIMOTHY GARTON ASH What is the difference between Poles and Germans ? The Germans can make any system work . The Poles can destroy any system . A fifth mistaken approach is the facile assertion that opponents are being inconsistent . There are two lines of rebuttal . One is to say that there are subtle differences which explain alleged inconsistencies , as for example between banning experiments altogether or after 14 days yet allowing later abortions . Some people believe that the different intentions of the experimenter and the abortionist , or the different location of the embryo in a petri dish or in a woman 's womb , are morally relevant factors . It behoves the sceptics among us to listen and argue rather than to whoop with delight at the superficial difficulties . Or it used to be so . One of the many adverse criticisms of Albert Ferrasse and Jacques Fouroux is that , for involved reasons of French rugby politics , they have ostracised the Toulouse club together with such players as Denis Charvet and Eric Bonneval , who would walk on merit into any northern hemisphere XV . Again , the Lions combination which won the series against Australia was despite differences in the forwards ' techniques essentially England and Scotland plus Robert Jones . He , however , is becoming increasingly petulant and argumentative , playing scrum - half like a thwarted 15 - year - old on the netball court . In a pique against Harlequins last Saturday he flung the ball at the opposition tighthead prop and was lucky not to be sent off . By BILL COLWILL IT IS appropriate that , for the first staging of the Heineken Trophy , hockey 's answer to football 's Charity Shield , the country 's two foremost clubs should meet : Hounslow , the Hockey Association Cup - winners , and Southgate , the National League champions , writes Bill Colwill . Southgate , who took the League title on goal difference from Havant , will be out to avenge their penalty - stroke defeat by Hounslow in the League Cup final at Luton last April , after the teams had drawn 2 - 2 at the end of normal time . Under Sean Kerly , Southgate have got their act together quickly , even allowing for the loss of such players as Richard Dodds and Robert Clift , Peter Boxell and Jagdis Barber , and through injury , Rupert Welch and John Shaw . Hounslow have been more fortunate . If anything , the big Citroen 's styling leans more towards the quirky camp there 'll be no mistaking it for anything else on the road , love it or hate it . As unusual as its styling is the XM 's suspension system . Instead of merely reacting to differences in the road surface , as a conventional suspension system does , it anticipates bumps and bends . It does this through sensors which monitor speed and body movement , and this information is passed on to a computer . For normal driving conditions the computer chooses a soft suspension setting , but at speed and during sharp handling and emergency manoeuvres , it switches automatically to a firmer setting . The second weakness in the Government 's position is that in an important respect it is ambiguous . The Prime Minister opposes entry into the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System ; the Chancellor favours it . Instead of adopting one or other of these policies , they have tried to hide their difference beneath an uneasy and evasive compromise . Neither Mrs Thatcher nor Mr Lawson was able to mention the subject from the platform . This is bad politics as well as bad economics . Altogether 70 by - elections have been held since 7 September . The Conservatives won 20 ( gained 6 , lost 9 ) ; Labour won 29 ( gained 10 , lost 4 ) ; the SLD won 17 ( gained 6 , lost 5 ) ; the SDP lost both seats it previously held ; independents won 4 ( gained 3 , lost 5 ) . There is nothing new about the centre doing better in by - elections than polls , but the difference is now particularly marked . One indicator of the SLD 's campaigning strength lies in its performance compared with that of the Greens . Candidates from the two parties fought each other in 11 seats . The main reason for a lot is that they are in trouble because of higher mortgage rates . The company then enters details of your property , and what sort of exchange - price , location and so on you are looking for , in its computer database . The advantages of an exchange rather than a sale , says Mr Nunn ( who set up the business after he successfully swapped his own home ) , are : no chain of buyers and sellers to fall through , stamp duty is payable only on any difference in price between the two properties , and agents ' fees are less . Around two thirds of Mr Nunn 's exchangers are looking for a nearby property . Details on 0273 608311 . On the rental side , a three - bedroom flat in such an area will cost around 25,000 francs ( 2,500 ) a month . For cheaper up - and - coming areas , she advises buyers to look around the Bastille and Le Valois Perret , where prices work out at 20 - 40 a square metre about 100,000 for a typical two - bedroom flat . If you are going to buy in France , remember that cultural differences can have a big impact . The French seem more nervous about buying garden flats , for example , than the British , so these can often be proportionately cheaper . Flats at the top of older buildings without lifts are also less expensive for those healthy enough to cope with walking up six floors . The market is so bad now that it wo n't get any worse , at least in the South , said Richard Roberts , an economist with Barclays Bank . It will go on being like it is for longer . Many estate agents were whistling to keep up their confidence this week , claiming that people were already used to the idea of higher mortgage rates and that the latest increase would make little difference . But Gary Marsh , head of research with the Halifax , the UK 's biggest building society , says it is inevitable that the modest improvement seen in the market over the last couple of months especially in the South , where sellers have started to adjust to more realistic levels will be damaged and the date of its recovery put back . I think we are going to see that slight pick - up disappear . In the last three years , for example , property prices have risen by 68.5 per cent , while the FT All Share Index has risen by only 52.1 per cent . Add in the tax payable on share gains , and the comparison looks even worse . Before you cheer up too much , though , there is an important difference . It is much more difficult to get at property profits than at share profits everyone has to live somewhere . It is also a lot easier to shop around among different shares . The South Koreans are rated because they made it to the last World Cup finals , but personally I will always think of the North Koreans in 66 . Remember Ayresome Park and that centre forward , what was his name , Pak Doo Ik ? Knee - high to a gnat but it made no difference . Couldn't stop him. The North Koreans whupped the Italians , and actually caused a debate on football in the Italian Parliament . Reserve police in the RUC wear the same uniform , for all that an outsider can distinguish , and as a consequence face the same security risks , but most are marginalized by the restricted range of duties they perform and the short - term status of their contract . Part - time male reservists do only sanger ( guard ) duty , either at the station or at other locations ; female reservists are restricted in the main to the guard room inside the station , with only full - time reserve policemen carrying the responsibility for a broader range of tasks , although few are involved in the paperwork for a case file . But the tasks of reserve police vary across sections and stations , and in some rural areas there is no difference in their responsibilities compared to regular policemen , knowledge of which makes part - time reserve police in Easton very sensitive to their lowly position within the police bureaucracy . Full - time reserve police on the whole are people who are disqualified from entering the regular force as a result of age , height , or physical health . A few are trying out policing by joining the reserves first , although the common view amongst the reserve police is that it is harder for them to transfer to the regulars than it is for someone without experience to sign up straight away because of the greater number of reasons the police authorities are thereby given for turning them down. The few females there are in senior management seem to endorse this . A senior female officer explained to an assembly of policewomen who were being trained in how to operate a casualty bureau that they were better suited to operating the telephones because of their good manners and compassionate nature ( FN 29/5/87 , p. 2 ) . In talking to ordinary policewomen , we found many themselves adopt notions of gender differences in order to explain the marginalization of their duties , although others prefer this kind of work simply because it makes it easier to manage their difficult and conflicting roles as policewoman , wife , and mother . That is , transfers are fewer for those in administrative posts and in specialist sex abuse units , and the hours of work are less disruptive to home life . Yet others rebel against this marginalization and demand both the right to perform the full range of police work ( from which follows the wish to carry guns ) and that men should become more involved in dealing with child and female offences . They include the financial owners , managers , lenders , customers and communities in which the organisation operates . 4 Application of marketing ideas in an international context As companies go international they need to pose the question Are there differences between domestic and international marketing ? Although significant differences exist , the basic similarities should be remembered . The essential concepts and processes of marketing apply as much to marketing in the international arena as the domestic one . 4 Application of marketing ideas in an international context As companies go international they need to pose the question Are there differences between domestic and international marketing ? Although significant differences exist , the basic similarities should be remembered . The essential concepts and processes of marketing apply as much to marketing in the international arena as the domestic one . So , when a company first looks to expand abroad , the same process needs to be adopted . So , when a company first looks to expand abroad , the same process needs to be adopted . Too many companies enter foreign markets without analysing sufficiently either the customers or the competition in those markets . International marketing differs from its domestic counterpart due purely to the differences in the political , social , cultural and economic environment between countries . Most of this text is devoted to considering the nature of those differences and how the international marketing manager can overcome them . How much they need to be overcome to implement a successful international marketing policy is a matter of considerable debate among marketing experts and section 5 of this chapter reviews the idea of the two main schools of thought . Levitt simply asserts the opposite that low - cost operations are the stamp of corporate cultures pervaded by the ethos of quality . They are , he says , compatible , twin identities of superior practice . There is another way of viewing Levitt 's arguments ; the relative importance of between - country and within - country differences to the marketing manager . By implication , Levitt takes the view that a global market should be viewed as one with particular market segments that may bear little or no relationship to geographical boundaries . In other words , variations in market homogeneity are more marked within countries than between them . Levitt considers many Japanese companies as the first truly global marketers and contrasts their practices strongly with the approach taken by Hoover in marketing automatic washing machines in Europe . In the 1960s , Hoover was looking to increase the output of its manufacturing plant closer to its capacity level and so intended to boost its sales in mainland Europe . Market research showed considerable differences in consumer preferences in various countries . These are summarised below . Hoover concluded that consumer preferences must be met by providing models for national markets that incorporated the specific features market research had brought to light . However , whilst this method of comparison relies on easily available information , it is not exact ; exchange rates relate to goods which are traded internationally , whilst the the majority of the national product of most countries is comprised of goods which never enter the international marketplace . The differences in real income can thus be distorted . As just one example , agricultural goods are generally priced lower in relation to industrial products in developing countries than in industrial countries , and this may lead to an exaggeration of the apparent differences in per capita income . Another potentially distorting factor is that whilst average incomes can be compared between one country and another , they do not of themselves reveal the true comparable standard of living , nor the comparable potential markets for all products . Developing countries , for example , consume many of the same goods as industrialised countries , but may have little or no expenditure on heating , public utilities , medicine , etc. Some nations are predominantly tea drinkers , others will generally prefer coffee . Culture influences almost every aspect of the reaction to a particular product texture , colour , desire for innovation or respect for tradition and so on . Although some cultural differences , such as meaning attributed to basic patterns of syntax in otherwise similar communication patterns are difficult to spot , a long list can be compiled of easily identified cultural seperations . More difficult to identify are the basic factors which are common to all human beings , but it is in these that the international marketer will be most interested , since they provide a basis upon which to market goods in a way which should have broad appeal . Some cultural universals can be observed from the work of A H Maslow , who hypothesised a hierarchy of needs , whereby the satisfaction of a lower need will result in its being replaced by a higher need . late majority the following 34 % ; laggards the final 16 % . A further striking difference between countries which is partly cultural in origin can be found in the differing legal rules which apply to business relationships . Individuals from different cultures may not only contract together using different cultural assumptions , but using an entirely different legal framework . South Korean culture This story draws attention to two points . ( a ) There is a difference between existing and potential markets . A potential market might exist when there is not yet any such market in existence . ( b ) It assumes that the countries ' markets are analogous . ( c ) It ignores the difference between actual demand and potential demand . Even if it can estimate potential market demand in a country , actual demand will not materialise unless a similar situation applies to product availability , pricing , quality etc in both countries . Income elasticity measurements Y = a + b X where Y = demand for a product , typically expressed as the number of households per 1,000 of the population that own one of the product ( a car , television , video recorder etc ) . X = an independent variable , typically GDP per head or GNP per head of the population . Demand for the product next year would be calculated from the formula by taking the difference between projected total number owned next year and total number owned currently . The reliability of the statistical estimates can be measured by a coefficient of determination , Rs . For example , the ownership of cars per 1,000 of the population might be estimated from historical data as follows . An international company is likely to rely on agents to sell its products to the country 's markets . Univariate and bivariate analysis Statistical techniques can be used to compare survey data ( primary data ) collected in one country with survey data from another country , in order to test for similarities or differences between the countries . Some of the simpler techniques are mentioned here . Cross tabulation . For example , a survey of 1,800 working women in France might show that 38 % read at least one magazine weekly , and a similar survey in West Germany of 940 working women showed that 47 % of them read at least one magazine weekly . A t - test would show whether German working women appear to be significantly greater readers of magazines than their French counterparts . Any significant differences could have implications for the selection of advertising media/overall marketing mix in each country . Cluster analysis . Cluster analysis is used to group variables , objects or individuals into groups or clusters of variables , objects or individuals that have certain similarities with each other. Your turn to keep watch ! At first light the mortaring and sniping started . The only difference was that the mortar bursts were further away than yesterday , some were even landing in the village . The sniping was still fairly accurate and still concentrated in and around the orchard . Someone brought me a mess tin half full of very hot tea ; it tasted good . At least the new Brigadier served in the Irish Guards and they had Pipers . I would just have to wait and see . The capture of the village yesterday evening did not make much difference to our situation in and around the village . The enemy , it appears , have withdrawn a short distance from the area in front of 6 Commando , the front being just the same in front of the other Commando units . Another mortar team has moved into the orchard this evening , 13th June , and got down to work straight away by sending off several rounds of high explosives in quick succession in the direction of the enemy positions . The front door was open , as we approached , a light came on , probably from an oil lamp . I could now smell the very strong aroma of frying onions as we entered the cottage . The scene before me reminded me of the very similar scenes in the Highland crofts , the only difference being the now almost overpowering smell of onions . In the dim light of the oil lamp hanging from a chain attached to a very black beam above the fireplace , and the glow from the log fire . I could see that the room was very sparsely furnished . It is difficult to compare the perceptions of Labour and Conservative identifiers who read the same paper since the numbers in our sample who read any one paper were low and tended to be drawn predominantly from one party or another . A breakdown is possible only for large - circulation papers like the Sun and the Mirror . Amongst Mirror readers , there was no difference between Labour and Conservative identifiers in their perception of the Mirror 's anti - Conservative bias , though Conservative Mirror readers were somewhat less likely to detect a pro - Labour bias . Amongst Sun readers , there was little difference between Labour and Conservative identifiers in their perceptions of its anti - Labour , pro - Conservative bias . Both Labour and Conservative Sun readers increasingly alleged pro - Conservative bias in the Sun as the campaign drew to a close . This chapter uses two techniques to investigate media influence . To assess the impact of pervasive and consensual television news we can correlate trends in television news content and trends in overall public perceptions . To assess the impact of more differentiated media sources we can look for differences between their different audiences : differences between readers of highbrow or lowbrow papers , for example , or between readers of right - wing and left - wing papers . THE IMPACT OF A CHANGING TELEVISION CONSENSUS Our analysis of television news content in Chapter 4 showed that controversy reached a peak on television in the third week of the campaign . But this effect had declined to only 22 per cent by the last fortnight of the campaign . Similarly , readers of lowbrow papers were relatively ill - informed about polls before the campaign but caught up on highbrow readers later : the effect of reading a highbrow paper declined from 33 per cent in the Pre - Campaign Wave to only 15 per cent in the closing stages of the campaign . By contrast , the difference between those who did and did not watch BBC - TV widened : so the effect of television viewing rose from 12 per cent in the Pre - Campaign Wave to 20 per cent in the last fortnight of the campaign . Thus , as the election approached , the basis of public awareness of opinion polls shifted from more personal factors like political interest or choice of paper , to more impersonal mobilizing factors like television news . The kinds of people who were most aware of public opinion polls in the closing stages of the campaign were very different from the kinds of people who were most aware of them in the mid - term ( Table 7.6 ) . We have already noted the correlation between overall trends in perceptions of opinion polls and trends in perceptions of party prospects ( see Table 7.3 ) . At any one time there were wide differences of opinion about party chances however . Some of those differences were relatively unpredictable . It was always fairly difficult to predict differences of opinion about Conservative and Alliance chances . In the precampaign week , Conservative voters were more optimistic about Conservative chances , Labour voters about Labour chances , and Alliance voters about Alliance chances ; but the partisan influence on perceptions of Conservative and Alliance chances was much smaller than on perceptions of Labour chances . A trend analysis confirms these regression findings . There was always an enormous difference between the economic perceptions of those who initially had Conservative and Labour preferences , especially those who described themselves as party supporters . The difference was largest when their focus was on Britain ( not themselves ) last year ( not next year ) . Irrespective of the focus , however , the difference widened as the election approached . Because a majority of Conservative supporters were economic optimists and a majority of Labour supporters were economic pessimists , the difference between net optimism amongst Conservative and Labour supporters exceeded 100 per cent : it was 105 per cent in the Pre - Campaign Wave , rising to 121 per cent by the end of the campaign . There was always an enormous difference between the economic perceptions of those who initially had Conservative and Labour preferences , especially those who described themselves as party supporters . The difference was largest when their focus was on Britain ( not themselves ) last year ( not next year ) . Irrespective of the focus , however , the difference widened as the election approached . Because a majority of Conservative supporters were economic optimists and a majority of Labour supporters were economic pessimists , the difference between net optimism amongst Conservative and Labour supporters exceeded 100 per cent : it was 105 per cent in the Pre - Campaign Wave , rising to 121 per cent by the end of the campaign . Amongst party identifiers as a whole , the difference between Conservative and Labour optimism rose from 93 per cent in the Pre - Campaign Wave to 108 per cent by the end of the campaign . Irrespective of the focus , however , the difference widened as the election approached . Because a majority of Conservative supporters were economic optimists and a majority of Labour supporters were economic pessimists , the difference between net optimism amongst Conservative and Labour supporters exceeded 100 per cent : it was 105 per cent in the Pre - Campaign Wave , rising to 121 per cent by the end of the campaign . Amongst party identifiers as a whole , the difference between Conservative and Labour optimism rose from 93 per cent in the Pre - Campaign Wave to 108 per cent by the end of the campaign . Compared to this enormous influence of personal prejudice the influence of the media on economic perceptions was small but none the less significant . Amongst Labour partisans in particular the influence of the media more than doubled towards the end of the campaign , as Labour readers of right - wing papers switched from pessimism to optimism . Public awareness of opinion polls was most predictable in the Pre - Campaign Wave and became steadily less predictable as the election approached and awareness spread throughout the electorate . Before the campaign opened the key influence on poll awareness was a generalized interest in politics , but as the campaign drew to an end television viewing became more important . Before the campaign there was a 41 per cent difference in awareness of polls between those with high and low levels of interest in politics ; but this declined to 22 per cent by the end of the campaign . Readers of lowbrow papers were relatively ill informed about polls before the campaign but caught up with highbrow readers later . Conversely the difference between those who did and did not watch television widened . Before the campaign there was a 41 per cent difference in awareness of polls between those with high and low levels of interest in politics ; but this declined to 22 per cent by the end of the campaign . Readers of lowbrow papers were relatively ill informed about polls before the campaign but caught up with highbrow readers later . Conversely the difference between those who did and did not watch television widened . As the election approached , the basis of awareness shifted from more personal resources like political interest or choice of paper , to more impersonal mobilizing factors like television news . The kinds of people who were aware of public opinion polls in the closing stages of the campaign were very different from the kinds of people who followed them in the mid - term . But that is only part of the explanation for the magnitude of their swing to the Conservatives . The fact that uncommitted voters who read the Sun or Star swung so much more than other uncommitted voters suggests that these papers were particularly good at influencing their readers . Swings were highest amongst voters who watched both BBC and ITV news , and amongst those who avoided watching highbrow television news programmes , but the differences between these groups of television viewers were slight . Once we distinguished between party supporters and uncommitted voters we found no consistent differences between voters with different viewing habits . Swings were highest amongst those who relied more on television than the press for help in deciding how to vote , rather lower amongst those who relied more on the press , and lowest of all amongst the 40 per cent of the electorate who found television and the press equally useful . The fact that uncommitted voters who read the Sun or Star swung so much more than other uncommitted voters suggests that these papers were particularly good at influencing their readers . Swings were highest amongst voters who watched both BBC and ITV news , and amongst those who avoided watching highbrow television news programmes , but the differences between these groups of television viewers were slight . Once we distinguished between party supporters and uncommitted voters we found no consistent differences between voters with different viewing habits . Swings were highest amongst those who relied more on television than the press for help in deciding how to vote , rather lower amongst those who relied more on the press , and lowest of all amongst the 40 per cent of the electorate who found television and the press equally useful . ( See Chapter 6 on who found the press and television most useful . ) On issues like unilateralism or the economy , papers like the Guardian and Telegraph did seem to influence their readers as much as the tabloids , but not on the question of voting choice . Persistent Guardian readers swung strongly towards a more unilateralist position , while Telegraph and Times readers swung in the opposite direction . The differences between Mirror and Sun/Star readers were in the expected directions but quite small . Similarly , on swings towards optimism about the state of the economy , the difference between Guardian and Telegraph/Times readers was greater than between Mirror and Sun/Star readers . Once again , however , differences between voters with different viewing habits were slight ( Table 8.18 ) . That may be true , but in 1987 hostile interviews with Neil Kinnock trying to explain his party 's defence policy counted as part of the Labour Party 's coverage . Coverage of all kinds can be both favourable and unfavourable no matter whether politicians are in government or in opposition and politicians themselves must bear the prime responsibility for ensuring that when they do get access to the media they present their own case well . There is no difference between government coverage and party coverage in this respect except that government has more initiative in determining the news , which means that it has more opportunity than the opposition to ensure that its coverage is favourable . So long as balance is defined in terms of the quantity of party coverage and not whether it is favourable or unfavourable then the only justification for awarding the government extra coverage is that the government represents order , stability , and legitimate authority , which the media has a duty to support . Those who do not approve the Mobilizing Ideal for the media should not approve extra media time for the government , especially near to election time . Right - wing readers of a right - wing paper were more likely than left - wing readers of that same paper to claim that their paper was biased towards the right though a majority of both left - and right - wing readers typically agreed that their papers were biased and agreed on the direction of that bias . Instead of reacting against the bias in their chosen paper , readers tended ( at the margin ) to defend their paper ( if it was biased against their party ) or even to glory in its bias ( if it was biased in favour of their party ) . The difference between public responses to perceptions of bias in the press and on television was reflected in the complex relationship between voters ' allegations of bias and their ratings of the usefulness of the press and television news . Viewers who alleged bias on television tended to give television news lower marks for usefulness than viewers who perceived no bias on television ; but readers who alleged bias in their papers tended to give their papers higher marks for usefulness than readers who perceived no bias in their paper ( Chapter 6 ) . Overall , although readers were well aware that their papers were relatively biased compared to television and although they rated television as much more useful for providing information about issues , they did not rate television much more useful in helping them decide how to vote . The switch of news focus clearly had some influence on the public 's agenda but a remarkably small one : in terms of television influencing the public 's agenda the cause seemed much greater than the effect . ONCE IN FOUR YEARS : THE FINDINGS A major theme that ran through our findings was the enormous difference between election and non - election times . In the midterm between elections interest in politics was much higher amongst highly educated voters and amongst regular readers of the quality press the Guardian , the Telegraph , The Times , and similar papers . But that was no longer true at election time : as the election approached the highly educated became less interested and the less well educated became more interested ( Chapter 2 ) . When the Constituent Assembly was dissolved after the 1917 Revolution , and the Bolsheviks ' Land Decree had stolen the main plank of the Socialist Revolutionaries ' platform , Siberian and Black - Earth peasants alike failed to give any further support to their still loyal party , despite the fact that for a period an SR - dominated Directory prevailed in eastern Russia . The vote for the SRs had been strong in the Kursk and Poltava gubernii . Further non - economic influences that cannot be ignored are ethnic and religious differences . These do not concern us for Kursk guberniia , which was almost exclusively Great Russian and Orthodox , but the traditional independence of the Old Believer elements in the Siberian peasantry must not be forgotten . Kursk differed radically in this way from Poltava , which lay in the Ukraine . A local priest was even so bold as to call the system a home - brew democracy . In the towns they drink wine and liqueurs , but we ca n't do that in the villages the result is that the gents can drink , but it 's forbidden to the lower classes . Another difference between Nikol 'skaia and Roslavl ' was the obvious greater isolation of the former , although it was nearer to the guberniia capital . That did not mean much , since Kursk was itself a drowsy centre with almost no factories and only the main railway line from Moscow to enliven it . As late as 1926 90.9 per cent of all inhabitants in the guberniia were in rural locations , one of the highest percentages for European Russia . About ACET 's Home Care Many people with AIDS have to spend long periods of time in hospital unless there is someone at home who can help and look after them . ACET volunteers work as part of a team and provide help in many different ways to ensure that people do n't spend time in hospital unnecessarily . What do ACET volunteers do ? Transport clients to and from hospital Tear Fund Support Ugandan Work Anthony Kasozi 's work as ACET 's Director in uganda has recently received financial support form Tear Fund which has enabled him , together with ACET General Manager , Maurice Adams , to identify a number of church - based projects for the coming year . These include : pedal cycles for a clinic allowing nurses to get out to outlying villages ; health care kits to help with the care of patients in their own homes ; training for different agencies ; and a variety of education initiatives . Returning from a visit to Uganda , where he met with patients in the villages and with other agencies , Maurice Adams said , It is a beautiful country which is being devastated by a disease which can be stopped . The population in general is very well educated about AIDS , says Anthony Kasozi , thanks to the commitment of the Ugandan Government who have done well in raising awareness . Tom is a lorry - driver . He 's infected with the virus causing AIDS , but does n't know . ( He could have been infected by 1 of at least 3 different ways . What are they ? * ) * Answer : a. The reality of AIDS is that the person can die at any time . The person 's need to know when and how is sometimes overwhelming . One of the difficulties is that every person 's situation is different . The medical aspects can be dementia , sudden blindness , loss of mobility , thrush , shingles , Kaposi 's sarcoma ( a type of cancer ) , weight loss , or any combination of these . The person 's circumstances may change rapidly , from owner occupier to homelessness ; from a good income to living on sickness benefit ; from young and active to housebound and disabled . In April AI called on the Mauritanian Government to investigate reports that up to 200 political prisoners had died or been killed in military or police custody some executed without trial and many others as a result of torture . The victims were among some 3,000 black Mauritanians arrested late last year . The authorities claimed they were conspiring to overthrow the government , which is dominated by a different community , the Moors , but offered no evidence to substantiate this claim . It took AI several months to compile details of the killings , but prisoners released in March 1991 provided information and themselves bore scars from torture . In a few cases , prisoners are reported to have been deliberately executed without trial . Orlando Azcu was one of 12 political prisoners in Combinado del Este Prison in Havana who signed a letter dated 1 January 1991 , calling for peaceful political change and respect for human rights , that was smuggled out of the prison . The 12 also refused to wear their prison uniform . As a result , they were transferred to different prisons . Orlando Azcu and two others were taken to Kilo 7 Maximum Security Prison in Camaguey where , on 17 January , they went on hunger - strike . They were said to have been forcibly dressed in the prison uniform and held for at least 17 days with their arms chained to the cell bars to prevent them from removing the uniform . Do art historians write about the past , while art critics write about the present ? Things are not so simple , as some art historians write well about the present , with a generosity of feeling and approach enriching to contemporary culture . They are capable of assessing modern art in its own terms , partly from experience gained through judging work of other periods within quite different terms . Meyer Schapiro , who had a specialist concern with Romanesque art , was an open - minded historian of this sort . He wrote enthusiastically about the later work of Arshile Gorky : Gorky 's atmosphere , veiling the hard opaque wall of the canvas , evokes a nocturnal void or the vague , unstable image - space of the day - dreaming mind . German art historians had begun much more systematically on this task than others . Several art historians wrote syntheses of art historical information , which became standard works . Histories of art appeared in sequences of volumes by different authors , there were several series of books about artists and on museum collections , besides which the most comprehensive biographical dictionary of artists by Ulrich Thieme and Felix Becker started its long publication process in 1907 . Roger Fry acknowledged German scholarship as a precursor of serious art historical studies in this century . Fry was a connoisseur of Renaissance art , but also he defended Post - Impressionism ( a term he invented ) , was a painter , and published a monograph on Czanne . Bridget Riley came to prominence as an artist in the 1960s , when her dazzling patterned paintings were a clear success in British Op Art . Her National Gallery choices of pictures were examples of problems posed to artists by colour , and in a video talk she demonstrated how these artistic problems had been solved . Connections with her own practice as a painter were evident , even though her abstract compositions were very different in subject from the works of her chosen artists , who included Veronese and Poussin . Her argument was that the subjects of the old master paintings could be disregarded by a painter who wished to find lessons for the present in the artistic practice of the past . Bridget Riley had no intention of either presenting an account of Poussin 's aims and procedures , or of demonstrating Veronese 's debts to his predecessors in Venetian art , as a historian would have felt a duty to do . Nor will a history of art criticism be attempted . The stress of the book falls on a viewer 's encounter with a work of art , and how a prior reading of a piece of art criticism can improve that encounter . To put the matter in a slightly different way , reading art criticism is a preparation for an aesthetic event . James S. Ackerman , the architectural scholar , makes use of this phrase in writing about art and communication : What a work of art communicates can be described only in terms of an interaction between an object and a subject ; it communicates nothing at all unless someone is there to look at it . In other words , there are no aesthetic objects , only physical objects , which , when observed , are capable of stimulating an aesthetic event . Pater 's judgement is decisive , that this picture is Leonardo 's masterpiece . Art criticism at its most helpful does not stint the reader of any one of these elements . As four chapters will demonstrate , there are different places to find art criticism ; a monograph will afford the greatest opportunity for full critical treatment , while a brief newspaper article is most likely to omit one or more of the three helpful elements , perhaps through the writer 's assuming prior knowledge on the reader 's part . To be aware of the limitations of different forms of publication is an advantage for the reader , who can by this means avoid unnecessary disappointments . Description , interpretation and judgement are the subjects of separate chapters , where they are considered in more detail . Art criticism at its most helpful does not stint the reader of any one of these elements . As four chapters will demonstrate , there are different places to find art criticism ; a monograph will afford the greatest opportunity for full critical treatment , while a brief newspaper article is most likely to omit one or more of the three helpful elements , perhaps through the writer 's assuming prior knowledge on the reader 's part . To be aware of the limitations of different forms of publication is an advantage for the reader , who can by this means avoid unnecessary disappointments . Description , interpretation and judgement are the subjects of separate chapters , where they are considered in more detail . Without anticipating this fuller discussion , it is worth making two or three points immediately . Unlike old - fashioned narrative history , art has no decisive battles , no international treaties , and no changes of government . This is perhaps a more useful analogy than might at first sight appear . Newer approaches to history can give accounts which do not have landmark events and which tell us about different aspects of the past , such as social conditions . Deciding where is the beginning can be a trouble for an art historian . In Europe , classical times are a beginning for historians , but not for archaeologists . It is perhaps more the stuff of epigrams than analysis . The idea that there is such a thing as the spirit of a time can be awkwardly challenged by asking , Whose time ? No prizes can be offered for pointing out that at a given moment there are artists of several generations working and in very different ways . A further , and rather extreme way of dealing with a chronological survey of art is to eliminate the artists . Art history without names was a phrase used by Heinrich Wlflinn , in his introduction to The Principles of Art History first published in 1915 . The art criticism in such books generally has a slant , questioning whether the country or places have had a determining influence on art . Robert Paine , writing in the Pelican volume on Japan , had an answer : There can be no doubt that the climate of Japan imposed on her artists a different attitude towards art problems . The city of Kyoto , the imperial capital , lies surrounded by hills and is frequently bathed in mists . The visibility , lower than that of the drier climate of many parts of China , has caused the artist in Japan to be more concerned with the strength of outline than with the subtleties of depth sought for by his Chinese neighbour . On the opposite page is Pilinski 's wood - engraved copy . Pilinski had to redraw his copy of the old and valuable original because he could not paste the original on his block and engrave through it . Every line is different every line is stupid and the whole character has changed . In a number of places Pilinski completely misunderstood the indications of the original . THE SURVEY WITH A THEME There are many choices of arrangement and treatment available to a monographer . An art historian may choose to elucidate the social context of the art , or trace its sources in the work of other artists ; these choices will be reflected in the illustrations as well as the text , while sketches , other versions of pictures and related material will be available for the reader to make comparisons . Roger Fry , in writing about Czanne , took a different route . A painter himself , he was attracted to the problems he believed that Czanne had faced and solved in composition and technique . Fry 's opening words are : Those artists among us whose formation took place before the war recognise Czanne as their tribal deity , and their totem . The authors are Rudolph and Margot Wittkower , and their theme is that while some artists succeed in financial and social circumstances without strain , other artists tend to Saturnine temperaments . Saturn is the planet of melancholics , and Renaissance philosophers discovered that the emancipated artists of their time should have the characteristics of the Saturnine temperament ; they were contemplative , meditating , brooding , solitary , creative . Comparable ideas about artists can be discovered in other cultures , but also very different views . Even in Europe , Saturn is not the only planet under whose influence it is possible to be born . Mercury is the patron of cheerful , lively men of action . The interpretation of imagery , the circumstances of production , the place of the work in the artist 's career , the historical context , the precise information about the work 's appearance and condition , these are things that can be fully discussed in a monograph . VERSATILE ARTISTS A monograph on an artist who practises in several fields can be unusually interesting , since the writer 's brief is to write with equal competence on different topics . Occasionally the challenge is too daunting , and teams of writers combine forces rather than one author attempting to rival the knowledge and skills of a Leonardo . More frequently work in different media is split up into specialist studies , so that although there are general studies of Gauguin 's work , there are also specialist monographs on his prints , and on his sculpture and ceramics . A monograph on an artist who practises in several fields can be unusually interesting , since the writer 's brief is to write with equal competence on different topics . Occasionally the challenge is too daunting , and teams of writers combine forces rather than one author attempting to rival the knowledge and skills of a Leonardo . More frequently work in different media is split up into specialist studies , so that although there are general studies of Gauguin 's work , there are also specialist monographs on his prints , and on his sculpture and ceramics . The versatile artist raises the question of relationship between the arts , and how far they can be considered to have the same or similar aims . In the nineteenth century it was Richard Wagner whose extraordinary ambition it was to make a complete artistic environment , in which the arts would blend . We can consider solo exhibitions instead , in either public or commercial galleries . Major art museums may devote considerable resources to an individual artist 's exhibition , on the same scale as a historical show . But one feature of a catalogue of an exhibition for a living artist which is different is the likely inclusion of reminiscences from colleagues and members of the artist 's family , who may make enlightening comments . A dealer will have chosen his critic with special care for an introduction , an ideal candidate often being a sympathetic friend , perhaps a curator . In 1904 Sidney Colvin was Keeper of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum . Sometimes subjects require considerable explanation or interpretation , and in these cases the museum catalogue can give definitive help . Interpretation of iconography , the historical context of works , or personal information about sitters for portraits are only a few of the varied topics which can be spelt out in catalogues . The level of detail may seem much the same as in a catalogue raisonn , but the stress falls in a different way . In a catalogue raisonn an individual work is related primarily to other works by the artist , while a museum catalogue entry will extend to other contextual information and comparisons . Some of the work for a museum catalogue may have already been done before the acquisition of a picture . Solo shows and mixed exhibitions are more common , with the group show playing a less important role in the market . Artists who group together for financial reasons may choose a name which is no more explanatory than a number or numbers . Thus in London at different times there have been groups which have called themselves the Society of Twelve , the Seven and Five , and One/Four . It could be argued that these groups were formed as much for sociability as for making money , being made up of friends or acquaintances , but at any event their reasons fell short of promoting definite artistic programmes . A word of caution is in order , though , about the names of exhibiting groups . A cynic will remember that research into the opinion - forming powers of newspapers has tended to conclude that readers expect to have their existing views confirmed . If so , the power of critics may be no more than the listings services offered in the papers or on posters , while real power can be found in the organisation of the art market . A different sort of exhibition which has had some success in attracting attention , and thus newspaper coverage , is the prize competition . Here the critic is absolved from making judgements of his own by the need to report what a jury has decided about prizes . The critic 's standing is thereby reduced , and the description or evaluation of the prize works is less than likely to be uninfluenced by their new position . Moreover , His role shifted easily from the alienated critic writing art columns for intellectual magazines to an impresario in the New York art - world judged by his commitment to a specific type of art and respected for its ultimate ( commercial and influential ) success . Greenberg 's articles are marked by a confident authority , as in the following passage . Looser paint - handling , combined with what remained an essentially Cubist sense of design , drawing , layout , was what artists as different as Gorky and Pollock had in common during the mid - 1940s . If the term Abstract Expressionist means anything verifiable , it means painterliness : loose , rapid handling , or the look of it ; masses that blot and fuse instead of shapes that stay distinct ; large , conspicuous rhythms ; broken color ; uneven saturations or densities of paint ; exhibited brush , knife , finger or rag marks in short a constellation of physical features like those defined by Wlflinn when he extracted his notion of the Malerische from Baroque art . As we can now see , the displacing of the linear and quasi - geometrical as the dominant mode in New York ( and Parisian ) abstract art after 1943 offers another instance of that cyclical alternation of non - painterly , or linear , and painterly which has marked the evolution of Western art since the sixteenth century . Ronald Fraser 's book arranges a marriage between Freud and Marx . One law for the rich and another for the poor , as the two systems can be made to seem , are laid down together in a book which commemorates a desertion , on the author 's part , of the rich for the poor . He had hit on the aim of combining two different modes of enquiry oral history and psychoanalysis to uncover the past in as many of its layers as possible . He is saying this outlining the aim to his analyst in the course of the therapeutic sessions whose speech forms part of the oral record that constitutes almost all of the book . He is to learn about the troubles of his early life by interviewing the servants of the family and by submitting to the interviews of psychoanalysis . And the family was never heard of again . Glasser orders his events thematically , while also wanting to tell a story and to spring surprises . Charlie 's departure is the first of several , and this event is succeeded by the announcement of a further theme when the rabbi 's thunderings pass over the heads of his congregation and the writer notes : in later years I would wonder how different my life might have been if a few people , those closest to me , had been frightened just a little . Among those closest who should have been frightened was Annie , his girl for a while . Annie left him , and then , pregnant , offered herself in order to saddle him with someone else 's child and this when he had just received a telegram awarding him a scholarship to Oxford . But to love someone meant to fly , to rise above the earth yourself . So high that you could see everything . Even if the world looked different from that height , even if it looked changed , even if what on the ground seemed important was transformed into insignificance . She 'd say , moreover , that you could always get out of a boat and go ashore , but from that height you could only crash . The blessed piece of earth over which float these balloons , over which are poised these acrobats , is a corner of painful Czechoslovakia . Is it a book about Poland ? It purports to be based on the recollections of courtiers and retainers hunted up after the fall : but I have heard it suggested that the author did not take to the Picador edition 's cover display of a picture of Haile Selassie , perhaps on the grounds of a misleading particularity . The reader who believes he is learning things about Imperial Ethiopia may be equally inclined to tell himself that this is a country of the mind , constructed on principles not very different from those of the Samuel Johnson who devised , for the Abyssinia of Rasselas , just representations of general truths and of a common humanity . From Abyssinia Kapuscinski passed to Persia . From Rasselas , as it were , to Ozymandias . Then came the meeting with the woman whom he was to marry , a meeting about which he writes in the same book . In a few hours I felt reborn and replete with new powers , washed clean and cured of a long sickness , finally ready to enter life with joy and vigour ; equally cured was suddenly the world around me , and exorcised the name and face of the woman who had gone down into the lower depths with me and had not returned . My very writing became a different adventure , no longer the dolorous itinerary of a convalescent , no longer a begging for compassion and friendly faces , but a lucid building , which now was no longer solitary ; the work of a chemist who weighs and divides , measures and judges on the basis of assured proofs , and strives to answer questions . These remarks concerning If this is a man do not describe the kind of book which runs easily to sequels , and which is easy to live up to . Nor do they describe the sort of thing we are supposed to like very much . The object of this rather clumsy piece of administration is to place some check on the expenditure of local money on the arts and also to provide a further checkpoint on students who have already received educational grants for other careers . Having worked on interview panels with the now defunct ILEA I can say that the object has not been to block the drama school selection so much as to see that the grant is well justified . Scholarships are an entirely different matter . Some schools do provide for students to be granted a scholarship towards the cost of tuition , but there are not many endowments of this kind . RADA offers two to three scholarships per year for UK students , Webber Douglas offers two , RSAMD offer a small number of scholarships and Guildford School of Acting offers one to an acting student , for fees only . This means they have been inspected by a team of professional experts and the standard of their work has been approved . Drama training is under constant review through the accreditation system , so that standards are maintained and new developments assessed , and schools which may not be in the accredited list today may well be there soon . Any potential student will naturally wish to see what is offered by the different drama schools and a concise summary of the aims and policies of the seventeen main schools can be found in Appendix B on p 119 . There are , of course , many schools other than those listed in the appendix , and also a great many private coaches , all of whom may be found in the publication Contacts , a trade book everyone interested in joining the profession should obtain from the office of The Spotlight , 4243 Cranbourn St , London WC2H 7AP . In the 1984 edition a further one hundred and thirty - four addresses were listed , which includes ballet schools , mime tuition courses , and others . No drama school panel is looking for the ultimate in audition technique but candidates should possess a noticeable degree of competence and self - awareness . Not all auditions have just two speeches , classical and modern . You may well be asked to sing something unaccompanied , or do a short improvisation and you may well be asked to perform one of the speeches in a different way . In some schools you will be asked to participate with other students in basic class work over a weekend ( as happens at the Bristol Old Vic drama school ) and in some you may find yourself being judged partly by senior students of the school who will be sitting with the faculty panel ( which is something that happens at Drama Centre ) . The point of preparation is to be well tuned and at the same time flexible to new interpretations and ideas . It would be sitting at the pictures if I could have the money to do it fill time . I could borrow . But there 's the travelling to get to the one the night after and seeing a different one every middle of the week . I could n't afford the fares into town as well as a reasonable seat for sitting in . Playing at cards is n't for one , except Patience . Well , I haven t had enough experience of it yet . Having been lucky with the only real audition I did which was for the RSC , I ca n't really complain about it . But I think it 's probably different for different people . I mean , sight reading is another thing and not everyone is good at that , but it helps if you are . My audition for Leeds was a sight reading job and it 's something that you get from drama training work that helps you cope with the sight reading at an audition yes . Would you say that things have changed a great deal from the days when you finished your drama school training at Central in 1966 ? P.S . I think the profession has changed because the opportunities are different . first of all I 'm absolutely against having the controlled entry into Equity . It is much worse these days than it was in 1966 . And I discovered the language and size of the plays in which I was working with all their complexities . You ca n't possibly hope to get that in your early days as a student . The real work of acting takes on a different dimension . It 's not a matter of theorising hard work never is . Acting can be both pleasure and torture but it is not fun and people are sometimes more concerned with the image of being an actor at work rather than just working . But his attitude was by now part of the common sense of clergy and people alike . There appeared to be no reason to upset long - established routines in this respect . But that did not mean that the ethos of a Roman catholic state would be in any way diminished , only that the form of political religious power would be different . An important aspect of the successful implementation of these parts of the constitution was that the political opposition did not object to them . They really were part of the unquestioned reality of the culture of the state . But why does it always go wrong ? Tried soaking the matches in paint , he wrote , and firing from toy cannon . Three shots from three different positions . Had been dreaming about this for a long time , he wrote . The idea of the directed arbitrary . Inscribe in glass ? The point is , he wrote ( and Goldberg typed ) , that he had spent his life seeking her out , yet left his feet to do the dirty work . Would the outcome have been different had he acknowledged to himself what he was doing ? he wrote . No , he wrote , because Diana herself does not acknowledge either that she has been waiting all her life for him to appear . That , he wrote , is the significance of the tell - tale blush . No longer that fear , that ice round my heart and in the pit of my stomach . But that is the inevitable second phase . I have been at this job long enough , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , to know in advance what the different phases will be . The second phase is : familiarity , friendliness . Wait for the third , he wrote , for the return of otherness , oddity , spikiness . Electric pumps , either of the simple free flow type or the metered pump which delivers exact half pints , are a perfectly acceptable method of serving cask beer but they can be confused with the pressurised founts used to dispense keg beers . In the North a nozzle called a sparkler is often attached to the spout on the bar to give beer the creamy head preferred there . In Scotland beer is usually served in a quite different fashion . Casks are placed on their ends in the cellar and a long tube known as an extractor is inserted through the tap hole . The extractor is connected to the bar pump by a plastic beer line . She catalogues some of the services guests now take for granted , and which require electronic equipment working behind the scenes . A fully up - to - date room bill must be available on demand ; the telephone must allow guests access to anywhere in the world the moment they enter their rooms ; the video must be instantly viewable . To achieve this most hotels have a number of systems , all provided by different suppliers , on which the staff come to rely totally , she says . A system failure has a knock - on effect throughout the hotel and adequate contingency plans must be in place to cope with such a situation . Yet despite this , many hoteliers are reluctant to invest in sufficient training for their staff . In the past five or six years , foodservice companies have also been able to supply frozen pasta . John Bray , senior brand manager for Nestl Foodservice , which supplies both dried and frozen pasta , is keen to dispel any thought that one type of pasta is better or worse than another . But he emphasises that chilled and frozen pastas are different from dried pastas and need different sauces . Dried pasta is the best possible for straight and simple shapes , he says . It has a firmer texture and goes well with the heavier sauces . Angel Aye , that villain malign I will catch and confound With my little grey cells ! The next unarguable literary reference which Agatha Christie must have responded to is found in John Skelton 's Speke , Parrot . This poem is generally agreed to be made up of material from different dates and there are considerable textual differences between manuscript versions . The most telling one , from the point of view of this study , was found only as recently as 1893 in the Brestimont Collection . It is actually entitled Speke , Porot and contains the following significant variants of the first three stanzas : As he himself put it , talking about his film , SUBARNAREKHA , Refugee ? Who is not a refugee ? Within moments , he is talking about Brecht 's THREEPENNY OPERA pointing out how Brecht invented an abstract London , not in order to escape from the reality of the city , but to create a generalized framework which could be relevant to audiences in many different places . So , his Bengal is also an invented framework , a device , and yet a device which , he hopes , will enable him to show more of the truth than simple realism could . Finally , Ghatak tried to find a way between popular melodrama and the avant - garde . Will the new channel be able to provide it within its economic constraints ? Will its strength be a new kind of local programming with its 31 transmitters and the possibility of city station opt outs ? Is this possibility genuinely different from the existing regional models ? Will broadcasting survive the new franchise arrangements ? Will it be cable that provides truly local television ? He wrote and presented a TV documentary about an academic conference , BIG WORDS - SMALL WORLDS , broadcast on Channel 4 in November 1987 . His first stage play , THE WRITING GAME , was premiered at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in 1990 . A novelist adapting his or her work for the screen must also adapt to the different status of the writer in the production process . David Lodge illustrates this fact from his own experience of adapting his novel NICE WORK , as a drama serial for BBC2 . A ROYAL TELEVISION SOCIETY event in association with the Festival . The people back at the hotel did n't know me . They did n't know I would n't steal money like that . People always blame the stranger when something like that happens why should it be any different for me ? I became conscious of where I was and what I was doing so I quickly stood up and dried my eyes . This was not the way to behave . I had n't thought of it like that . I 'll have to remember that one for Mark . The tears on her face were a different colour now . How about a Chinese name for the next one ? I suggested . I was , however , sure about one thing : I did n't want to have to take that flat . You know , Dorothy , you and I have one thing in common , I remember saying to myself in a Dutch accent , we both only got as far as Harwich . I do n't know how many times I 'd done the Harwich - to - London run , but the journey seemed different that day like a well - known view captured in a freshly painted picture . What on earth am I going to do now ? I wondered . If you were given carte blanche so to speak , what would you go for ? A flat of my own would be the ideal thing still . When something happens and I ca n't look after myself any more the situation will be different , but at the moment what I 'd really like most is my independence back . Some sort of Housing Association thing maybe . Possibly . I asked . I just think it 's about time I moved on , you know . London is different to me than it is to you . To you it 's just home , but to me it 's the place I 've been trying to get to . Staying here is almost like still being back in Haarlem . When you are out buying houseplants , it 's always worth taking some time to shop around . Although it can be very tempting to splash out on the first splendid specimen that catches your eye , you might be surprised at what you can find once you really start looking . Dare to be different Many garden centres offer a great deal more than the stock range of houseplants , I have seen unusual specimens like daturas laden with superbly scented flowers , anthuriums ( aptly named the flamingo flower ) , streptocarpus , the new pot gerberas ( huge flowers in fabulous colours ) and the much improved New Guinea hybrid impatiens . Some plants seem a little intimidating simply because they are unusual . But , after all , experimentation is half of the fun . Temperamental stars of the East Those who relish the challenge of something different should seek out the striking Egyptian star ( Pentas lanceolata ) or its temperamental relative , flame of the woods ( Ixora coccinea ) . Both of these members of the Rubiaceae family are finding their way into good houseplant departments . The ones I 've seen have had startling cluster heads of tiny pink - red flowers , star - shaped on pentas and tubular on ixoras , amid bold , leafy foliage . You need to find the right one for your skin type . Most have a Sun Protection Factor number , according to the level of protection they give . Unfortunately , different products use different systems of numbering . As a rule , the higher the number , the greater the protection . This is what nutritionists call hidden fat . So next time you buy snacks like these , check the labels carefully to see if they 're loaded with fat . If they are , choose something different . Why not fresh fruit , or a sandwich ? TEN TASTY THINGS YOU CAN EAT MORE OF Women are free to choose where they want to go for advice and treatment . Forms of contraception There are many different types of contraception available . You can discuss with your doctor or family planning clinic which is most suitable for you . They include : If you are involved in any form of drug misuse consult your doctor . Infertility Services It takes different people different lengths of time to conceive . Indeed , one in ten couples find it takes them over a year , while for others it is much quicker . But if you 're worried , go to your doctor for advice . The tracks are usually fixed to the wall with special types of fixings . The wall should be a load - bearing wall preferably an outside wall . There are various ways to fix models in different sites . The manufacturer and your architect or surveyor will be able to advise you . How is the lift installed ? Burridge ( 1979 ) writes of fieldwork : every anthropologist has experienced culture shock ; a temporary inability to grasp and act and think in the terms of the assumptions upon which the newly entered culture is based. Not only is this shock experienced in fieldwork , while one learns the ways of a new culture , but it is experienced even more disconcertingly when one returns to one 's own culture two different worlds have met in the same person . One alternative is insanity . Another is to comprehend one world in terms of the other All of this creates the fractured rivalry which has existed during the whole of my service and which has survived attempts by management to weld the uniform and C.I.D . into a more cohesive unit on Division ( taken from a Divisional Order ) . Inevitably such attempts are going to fail , simply because the two units have different perceptions of police reality and their own structures of significance to maintain . As a result of the primacy of the statistical world we now inhabit , the quantity of detections obtained by each detective through the write - off , the NFA detection , or the TIC becomes all important . The quality of capture which is often said to be the major aim of the department becomes another lip service to the outside world , although once again the symbolic content of this truth is multi - vocal . Sounds like heaven ! No , I ca n't imagine it . But men and women are utterly different . Especially sexually . With a man it 's like a rocket : it fires and goes into orbit or it crashes . A heavy contact to the opponent 's face may not merit just a verbal warning ; after consultation with the other members of the panel , the referee can go directly to a full point penalty or even a disqualification . In some cases the disqualification is not only from a particular event within a tournament , but from the whole tournament . The second thing to note is that each offence carries its own scale of penalties , and penalties for one offence are not added on to penalties imposed for a different offence . Thus if I incur a verbal warning for stepping out of the area , I do n't then expect to receive a half - point penalty for a slight contravention of another rule. You will not be penalised if you are propelled from the area ! Combination techniques These are series of movements following each other smoothly and in a logical fashion . Whereas an opponent may be able to cope with a single technique , it is much more difficult when the attack is continuous , incorporating both linear and circular blows delivered to different , often widely separated targets . The first punch may be to the face , so attention is focused there . The second technique ( which follows on without delay ) may be a kick to the ribs . Layton described the four things which stand out in Leonard , which give him the confidence to work as he does , and promote his work : The strong tradition of learning ; the business entrepreneurship of his family ; the broad philanthropy/charity which hall - marked it ; and , lastly , the self - awareness that comes from being a Cohen not understood as class - distinction , but from the high symbolism of the priest and his role . This latter is particularly interesting . It was raised by Dudek in somewhat different form when he said that Leonard always had an image of himself as a rabbi . We are talking of two very perceptive men whose mtier is perception ; and their recollection of Leonard at this young age , his late teenage years . Layton put it somewhat differently when he added that the two great qualities a young writer has are his arrogance and inexperience , and on another occasion he picked out the twin characteristics of precocity and independence . In Flowers for Hitler , pp 110ff , he published his The New Step : a ballet - drama in one act ; and an involvement in film - making would help to sublimate it , as we shall see . ) Leonard did , however , manage to get a grant from the Canadian Arts Council . Having found both America and Canada limiting for different reasons he took the only other course open to him , he went east : to Europe which then meant London . Now London in the late fifties was very different from that of the seething sixties . Harold MacMillan , Prime Minister , might still be saying to the electorate that they had never had it so good which was true in terms of the change - round from post - war reconstruction , wartime destruction , and the days of depression ; but to someone of Leonard 's background , from Canada , the place was a bore . I peered into the kitchen again . The creature did not heave . But it was in a different place ! I slammed the door again . I called Quick Kill because this was no job for the council ; it was an emergency . But predicates are essentially general . Consider the sentence John is tall . For this sentence to express something , John must refer to a unique individual , but tall must express a feature that is general , that is , that many different things might possess . If this were not so , and all statements simply joined names that referred to individuals , nothing would be said about those individuals . But if a statement such as John is tall is to be true , then the predicate is tall must latch on to the world , just as John does . The argument transposes , however . Since merely knowing the brain state does not reveal what the experience is like , and since what the experience is like , if it is a reality at all ( which Tye does not dispute ) , must be a fact about the experience ( or a feature or aspect of the experience , which will do just as well ) , it follows that the experience is not a brain state . There is one well - known materialist account of different modes of knowledge that might seem to be useful here in preserving the mode of knowledge approach against the need for the more drastic behaviouristic alternative . Physicalists of the 1950s and 1960s were worried by the following problem . Experiences , they argued , are identical with brain states ; but when someone is conscious of his experiences he is not conscious of his brain as such : it takes modern science to tell us that consciousness is a state of the brain . There would be no distinction between the thinker and the reality he was thinking about . You may say , against this , that there can surely be some form of appearance/reality distinction so long as the input systems can deliver up information about such objective facts as occlusion . In this case , the reality of ( say ) of an orange being behind the breadboard is different from the appearance which is that of a breadboard leaning against the kitchen wall . And what of the unseen portions of the wall behind the board ? The appearance is of the wall stopping just as it reaches the board ; but do not the input systems deliver up the information that the wall continues behind the occluder ? This is , I would argue , a powerful idea which makes the phenomena of mental development more intelligible to us . What I shall do now is try to back up this last statement by sketching some of the characteristics of childish thought , showing how they can be explained in constructivist terms . They all concern , in different ways , the appearance - reality distinction , because cognisance must be understood in terms of our drawing this distinction in every area of our mental life . An infant at eight months who retrieves a completely - occluded object has made a major advance in understanding the appearance - reality distinction , at least on the plane of action , because he now knows that , although the perceptual input at one time tells him that there is no rattle in his reachable space , really there is . This also means that the infant can now understand a kind of ambiguity : the rattle is both absent and present at the same time . The neutral question is interpreted phenomenally , where an older child ( around seven years ) interprets it in a realist fashion . Maybe the reader 's first thought an experiment of my own showed that this is not misinterpretation in any simple sense . We tested children in pairs so that each child in the pair observed visual illusions from different angles such that one child saw one kind of illusory view and the partner saw an opposite but equally conflicting view . For example both children knew that bricks A and B were the same size , but , when viewed through portholes in a box , A looked bigger to one child and B looked bigger to the partner . They were free to look over the top of the box to see what size the bricks really were , and they were quite aware that their own view was distorted because one of the portholes contained a magnifying lens . Recall that it was three - year - olds who had difficulty with Flavell 's appearance - versus - reality problems ; and indeed further experiments have shown that there is a strong statistical correlation between performance on the appearance - reality and on the false belief task . Where is the salience effect ? I would say that the child is capable more or less of recognizing that other people have mental states different to his own . Indeed it would be difficult to imagine how children were able to use language to communicate if no such conception were present . Moreover in other kinds of false belief experiment ( by Henry Wellman ) where three - year - olds watch a puppet make a mistake in searching , the children are quite capable of explaining the failure in terms of what the puppet is wrongly thinking . But surely , you may say , consciousness does consist of determinate mental episodes . I think of eating an omelette or walking by the sea and these thoughts have a determinate qualitative or phenomenal content . And is not the thought of , say , blue different from the thought of green in some way which we may one day be in a position to describe , just as we are now able to describe the causal conditions for the experience green which is different from the experience of blue ? Why do we have to say that these thoughts are like mental actions ? Surely the determinate content of thoughts is not captured by constructivism . It began to seem a possibility that an external observer would be able to predict whether or not an apparently relaxed subject was forming visual images . Another exciting window on the mind seemed to open up in Chicago in the 1950s when Nathaniel Kleitman and Bill Dement began using the techniques of electroencephalography to investigate sleep . Sleep could be divided into a number of different phases which recurred at regular intervals throughout the night . One of these phases was known as paradoxical or rapid eye - movement ( REM ) sleep . It was paradoxical because although the subject was very deeply asleep , being completely relaxed and more difficult to wake than at any other time during the night , the EEG pattern was that of alert wakefulness . So again , laboratory techniques were affording scientists a glimpse of their subjects ' mental lives . The brain is not only an electrical machine , it also has a physical and chemical structure and these too are now being monitored in the living brain . By using computers to integrate the information from a large number of different viewpoints round the skull , it is possible to visualize the appearance of a slice through the brain and build up a full three - dimensional image . The viewing medium can be X - rays , as in computerized tomographic ( CT ) scans ; magnetic resonance of atomic nuclei , as in nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) scans ; or emission from radioactively labelled substances incorporated into the structure of nerve cells as in positron emission tomographic ( PET ) scans . These obviously have considerable clinical value for localizing and identifying areas of brain abnormality , but they also enable areas of activity in the normally functioning brain to be pictured . All these EEG and scanning techniques are , so far , giving us only very rough correlations between brain structure and function and mental processes . More important , the mental processes being studied are still only crudely defined . A different and apparently much more specific line of research , however , developed from another of Adrian 's electrophysiological experiments . While studying the relationship between visual stimuli and the EEG , Adrian found that if a regular series of bright flashes was presented to the subject 's eyes there was an equally regular series of blips in the EEG recorded from electrodes on the scalp over the visual areas at the back of the skull . These little potential shifts , known as either evoked potentials ( EPs ) or event related potentials ( ERPs ) , are normally buried in the random background activity of the EEG . It is these internally generated or endogenous components , lasting sometimes as long as a second after the triggering stimulus , which offer the most potential for investigating mental activities . ERPs are very slippery customers . Even those who most strongly advocate their use as research tools would admit that we do not know exactly what neural processes generate them and that any particular fluctuation will be the result of a multiplicity of different kinds of changes occurring in several different and possibly independent systems . Some of these changes will be related to neural processes that have little psychological relevance . Nor is there any reason to suppose that the peaks and valleys of the fluctuations have greater neural or psychological significance than any other intermediate point . So this damping down of the sensory input when attention moves elsewhere can occur very early in the pathway from the sense organ to the brain . These early experiments were sometimes difficult to interpret , but the general finding that the form of the ERP is affected by shifts in attention has proved very reliable . Recent experiments on the psychophysiology of selective attention by , for example , Steven Hillyard at San Diego and Emanuel Donchin at Illinois have successfully related different endogenous components in the ERP to different stages in the process of selective attention . Suppose a subject is listening to different sequences of sounds played independently to each ear through a pair of headphones in order to pick out and respond to a particular target sound . If the subject is instructed to attend to one ear and ignore the sounds coming into the other ear , all the sounds in the attended ear will produce an enhanced N100 component in the ERP . In fact , if you probe deeper , vitally important functional differences between patients will emerge . In amnesia , as in many other so called neuropsychological syndromes ( developmental dyslexia , schizophrenia , Wemicke 's aphasia etcetera ) there is probably no uniform pattern in nature waiting to reveal itself . What you have are groups of people who display superficially similar symptoms for a variety of different reasons . Where cognitive neuropsychology has had its greatest success is in areas where a detailed model of cognitive function is used to explain the pattern of performance produced by individual patients . Let me illustrate this via an examination of the cognitive neuropsychology of reading . As Bauer put it in a recent BBC television discussion of covert recognition , Our normal experience of perception , of seeing objects or faces as an all or none process , is a trick that the brain plays on us . It is a trick that should no longer fool anyone except phenomenologists . Finally , as in the discussion of reading , I could point to other patients who have a wide variety of different face processing problems . For example , some have difficulties in retrieving semantic information about people ( for example their occupation ) , some have difficulties specific to the retrieval of people 's names , and some can remember old faces but cannot learn new ones . The problems which these and other patients suffer can mostly be explained in terms of detailed functional models of face processing such as that proposed by Bruce and Young ( 1986 ) , in the same way that patients ' different reading problems could be explained by Coltheart ( 1985 ) . It is not directly because of the physical differences between light and sound This is not a very convincing escape from the circularity of the psychophysical laws . On the contrary , it exposes the explanatory weakness of the Muller Doctrine , if it is offered as an advance in our understanding of the origin of different modalities of sensation , of why the world feels as it does ; and , even more , if it is offered as an account of our being able to feel the world at all . The Doctrine is at best a circular re - statement of the obvious : Why did I experience those vibrations in the air as sounds ? Because they stimulated my auditory , rather than my visual , system . Perhaps because this was the first time I was all alone in a big city in a new country . I had always had someone to go round with , while in Europe , or in America ; and good company , any company , can make an enormous difference to one 's perception of whatever one happens to be perceiving . And London was different . I had got so used to the straight criss - crossing North - South , East - West roads of most American cities that I would have to acquire a taste for the more complex and possibly much more fascinating spread of London lanes . Perhaps I was in the wrong place , the wrong part of the town . I must admit the matches I have videoed from Sky were brilliant . Gabby played brilliantly . She 's a different player now , goes to the net more and so on . I would say that she is more dangerous than Monica . Anyway , Steffi has beaten Seles twice this year , very comfortably indeed no messing . Allow more time to play that forehand shot . Time , even a fraction of it , possessed value in producing a better return . More than coaching fundamentals , which Pancho Segura considers a different type of coach than himself , he was a coach for the championship performances . I taught Jimmy the sensation of where to expect the serve of an opponent , plus where to plan to return that shot . I saw two shots ahead of the opponent 's first shot . The type of vitamin taken should depend on the general state of health of the individual and the type of diet he follows . Vitamin B The B vitamins are a very complex group , with each individual B vitamin contributing to a different aspect of fitness . However , a general consideration of the B group is of great importance to both the serious and the casual trainer . The vitamin B complex enables the body to make full use of the food consumed . BASIC EXERCISES ( 2 ) This section deals with the basic exercises that will be incorporated into the more advanced training routines outlined later . They are designed to work the various muscle groups from slightly different angles , and will enable you to vary your routines according to your requirements . Once again the importance of style needs to be stressed , given that the poundage you lift does not matter as much as the way in which you lift it . Crunches Even with my mistake , only one person answered all three questions correctly : Alan Hezzlewood of Endon . Congratulations . The correct volume for question one was 0.31026m3 , and yes three different volumes were possible for question two , though the answer , 0.34047m3 stands for question three . I hope we can all remain partners , friends and challengers in puzzle working . Ploughing small Try comparing a plucked note on a violin and on a mandolin and you will certainly notice the difference . If the posts are only intended to curve the back , this can be better achieved by planing a curve on to the struts before they are glued to the back . It is possible to make dulcimers of different sizes and shapes but this does affect the sound produced . The instrument described is traditional in shape , size and stringing . A modern dulcimer is more like the lower one in the photograph , with a double first string . Even with the edge dulled , the finish on the harder parts was still quite clean but the softer wood tore up quite badly and in places just fell away . It needed a really sharp edge and just a light brushing with the cutter to form some of these parts . On such a large piece it was possible to achieve the facial features and details of the clothing by gentle removal of material by holding the grinder and cutter to the work at many different angles carefully and in a safe manner . Do not hold the grinder back to front , and never remove the guard . To complete , the whole piece was dressed down with as many and as fine cuts as possible again using different angles of attack , all the time experimenting . On such a large piece it was possible to achieve the facial features and details of the clothing by gentle removal of material by holding the grinder and cutter to the work at many different angles carefully and in a safe manner . Do not hold the grinder back to front , and never remove the guard . To complete , the whole piece was dressed down with as many and as fine cuts as possible again using different angles of attack , all the time experimenting . For more definition in certain areas I allowed the cutter to stay in one place long enough to burn the surface of the timber . This gives lines of shadow under belts , etc Colour refers to the actual wavelengths of the light rays concerned and determines the hue ( redness , blueness , etc ) , which can be bright or dull , muted or full . Most timber colours are of somewhat muted hues and generally very subtle ( though not often dull ) , but can vary enormously from one another in tone value . Much of the judgement used in choosing your veneers is instinctive , based on comparing different samples ; it comes from familiarity with woods and an innate colour sense . I suggest two points to bear in mind . The first is to try to achieve a combination in which the tones of the different parts of the design are sufficiently distinct to read clearly one from another but do not display too violent tonal contrasts , unless a particularly dramatic effect is part of your aim ! At the age of 22 he set up shop in Sweeting 's Alley , which was near the Royal Exchange . He had a distinguished career as a clockmaker with several original inventions to his credit . one of these was the compensation pendulum , in which brass and steel are used to move freely and compensate for different co - efficients of expansion . Alas , it was said to have been of not much practical value . He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1738 , having been proposed by Sir Hans Sloane and other eminent scientists of the day . The full range of carving tools on display at The Woodworks A Cogelow tool ( above ) and the sweep of shapes to be found in the Ashley Iles catalogue There are over a thousand different shapes of carving chisels and gouges . It is hardly surprising that there is confusion over the names and numbers which describe the shapes . Not only does the cutting edge vary in shape , there are a variety of patterns of shanks ; the metal behind the blade . It must be confusing and I have no answer to the criticism , except to blame the clearly short - sighted attitude on management . Planning out a new workshop is always fun . I suppose I have had three or four cracks at it now at different times of my life and in different circumstances and every time I have got it wrong . It seems that the Third Law of Aerodynamics is especially at work in this case . ( The Third Law of Aerodynamics states quite clearly that what ever you do you are knackered ) . When it comes to choosing which machine to buy I would suspect that our requirements would be rather different from your own . This a busy commercial workshop . Each machine is probably used by half a dozen different people every day . Some of them may be less careful with it than others so we need machines that can take a battering . Not , I hope , that ny of my staff or students would batter any of my old ladies but my machines have to be very solid and reliable . In addition , these styles do not fit well with walnut dining room tables and candlelit evenings . When such dinners can last for hours , a well - upholstered seat is essential . My own taste for formal furniture tends to fall between the Arts and Crafts and Modern , rather than Repro , and yet looking at modern designs you see in exhibitions , I doubt their long - sit comfort and , personally , I feel that the limits of acceptable elegance are frequently passed by many , in the cause of being different . The demand for elegance carries with it the requirement to fit in with existing furniture and although talking points can be useful , a table surrounded by a set of such chairs could be a positive eyesore . Talking to professional designer - producers confirms this point : people will stop to admire such designs , but many more traditional products are purchased . The reality of AIDS is that the person can die at any time . The person 's need to know when and how is sometimes overwhelming . One of the difficulties is that every person 's situation is different . The medical aspects can be dementia , sudden blindness , loss of mobility , thrush , shingles , Kaposi 's sarcoma ( a type of cancer ) , weight loss , or any combination of these . The person 's circumstances may change rapidly , from owner occupier to homelessness ; from a good income to living on sickness benefit ; from young and active to housebound and disabled . You cannot simply draw up a covenant ( or a Deposited Covenant Agreement ) to cover a donation you have already made in the hope that ACET can obtain tax advantage on the sum given . However , it can be possible for the documents to be signed after you have sent a payment by cheque provided that you arrange for us to hold the cheque and not pay it into the bank until we have received the signed Deed of Covenant . What happens if I have difficulty in continuing to make payments ? If this unlikely situation arises , you should discuss the problem with us . Although ACET , like any charity , does not have the power to release you from the agreement it is likely to be sympathetic . Emotional support The commonest cause of death now is advanced Kaposi 's Sarcoma a painful cancer . Slowly growing lesions can produce difficulties in the lung and the gut , causing many problems including shortness of breath , and periods of continuous pain . ACET SCOTLAND : WHO WILL CARE FOR MY CHILDREN WHEN I DIE ? It is hard to fathom the pain felt at the death of a son or daughter , husband or wife , partner or friend . Begin at the beginning , the King said gravely , and go on till you come to the end : then stop . ? Many art books follow this plan , especially those aiming to take in a national culture or a whole civilisation . Art histories often make an attempt to keep to chronology , although the difficulties include the crucial fact that in art there is no clear sequence of events . Unlike old - fashioned narrative history , art has no decisive battles , no international treaties , and no changes of government . This is perhaps a more useful analogy than might at first sight appear . The face , however , shows a realism and subtlety of characterization that are Coysevox 's own . He is the first of a long line of distinguished French portrait sculptors . Without comparative material , the reader is in serious difficulty about knowing whether to agree with this three - way discriminative judgement . Gombrich 's scholarly work includes many papers on meaning and interpretation in the visual arts , so that the broad but thin scope of his story of art is instructive ; by writing a survey he inevitably limited himself to a narrow range of comment . His book stresses the history of styles , which he describes in sequence , Baroque for example being followed by Rococo , and Neo - classicism . Again , much interest attaches to interpretation , as an impassive hierarchical image of the Madonna is softened through the centuries into a more human and tender figure . The multitude of Madonnas for Italian worship in the Renaissance made this a fruitful theme for connoisseurship which has taken on the task of distinguishing authentic works from those by followers or copyists . An art critic may have difficulty in deciding how far the picture needs to be considered as devotional imagery , and how far discussion can be limited to artistic merits . An extremist view expressed by a twentieth - century artist is what Matisse had to say about his responses to murals by Giotto . When I see the Giotto frescoes at Padua I do not trouble to recognise which scene in the life of Christ I have before me , but I perceive instantly the sentiment which radiates from it and which is instinct in the composition in every line and color . SCULPTURAL MONOGRAPHS Books about sculpture have problems all of their own . The first and most obvious difficulty is that a three - dimensional object cannot fit satisfactorily on to a flat page . Different views of a sculpture can be presented , but you cannot move round a sculpture except with a film camera . There is also the problem of settings . Clearly artists working in several media have a wide range of references . The art critic is thus bound to consider with care what standards of comparison should be used . In the late twentieth century artists working in performance pose difficulties for the critic , though some observers find it refreshing rather than troublesome to consider work beyond the easel picture and the individual sculpture . In sum , then , the monograph is a major site for art critical writing , and , moreover , the place where the most extended criticism is likely to appear . The reader may be disappointed by the standard of what is written , but unlike other sites of criticism , this cannot be attributed to the form of publication , only to the limitations of the author . Luckily for the curious , this historical sideline can be followed up in a number of publications , both about individuals and institutions . The authentication of works of art from other parts of the world can be problematic . For African art , say , the difficulties are complicated by lack of written or other corroboration , and knowledge that extensive copying has been done . Thefts of art works are also an international problem , especially poignant in the case of objects with cultural and religious significance . Occasionally auctions contain items so interesting that critics in newspapers comment on their quality , not just the prices they might fetch . Divided into national schools , in separate publications , the gallery also publishes short guides , souvenir guides , books of details , a complete photographic record of the pictures , specialist publications on conservation , and educational material . The keystone of the arch of publications must be the catalogue itself , from which the authority of other writing derives . The catalogue of the earlier Italian schools was written by Martin Davies , and published in 1951 . the strength of the gallery 's holding of works by Giovanni Bellini made it worth the author 's while to write a preliminary note about difficulties of attribution : A definition of Bellini 's oeuvre is one of the hardest problems in the history of painting . The first difficulty is , despite the destructions , the enormous number of existing pictures , many of them signed , and in one way or another more or less Bellinesque . For example , this passage in an article on Giacometti by the American critic Hilton Kramer : shape a figure or a head from the scrutiny of the model who sat before him , was felt to be an impossible assault on an objective guaranteed to elude his grasp This difficulty was the moral center of his art , the very fulcrum of his style . To it we owe that nervous , spidery line of the drawings so quick , so attentive , yet so despairing that alerts us to the elusiveness of the subject at the same time that it perseveres in the attempt to render it . The article , called Giacometti 's moral heroism , is about a retrospective show of the sculptor 's work ten years after his death ; it does not include the name of any single work . In person , incidentally , Diderot was an encouraging critic . Sainte - Beuve tells us that David always spoke of Diderot with gratitude . It seems that David had at first great difficulty in making his way with the public , and was several times unsuccessful in his efforts after fame . It was at this time that Diderot , who often strolled into the artists ' studios , paid a visit to David , and saw a picture which the artist was just finishing . He admired it and talked about the artist 's meaning , and the noble ideas he attributed to him. A list can even rise to evoking the mood of a picture , as in this description by the Goncourt brothers of Chardin 's subjects ; He introduces into his pictures his wash - basin , his mastiff puppy , the objects and the creatures to which he is accustomed in his home the pure simple features of the working middle class , happy in its tranquillity , its labour and its obscurity . The genius of the painter is the genius of the home . People in pictures can be more problematic to describe , since they may not be identifiable , a special difficulty with portraits . The activities of people in pictures can be equally puzzling . Indeed , if the story enacted in a picture is not known , quite wrong inferences can be drawn from what is perceived . In seeing African sculpture reproduced , the reader can remember that this art is to an extent being misrepresented by photography . Secondly , the formal analysis which is second nature to a Western critic can be fruitful , even though it could be argued that this is a way of interpreting the objects of an unfamiliar culture rather than a description . A further type of difficulty arises in descriptions of works produced in far Eastern cultures . While a Western eye is familiar with the process of looking , as it were , through an image to what it represents or means , an Eastern critic looks also at the surface of a painting or a drawing , in which a poem or other calligraphic element may form an integral part of the work . Chinese painting and calligraphy are visual arts on much of an equal footing . PERCEPTION How a spectator views an object is also not a simple matter , despite this century 's increased knowledge of the psychology of perception . A difficulty is that psychology has narrow terms of reference which can give only a few useful results , for example on the question of illusion . A classic example of exposition , though not uncontroversial , is E. H. Gombrich 's Art of Illusion . This usefully explores some of the resolvable questions , in particular those of crucial interest to students of landscape and the human figure . In an evaluation the critic may put personal feeling aside . What is an aesthetic experience ? The question has puzzled generations of Western historians , critics and philosophers for at least two centuries because of the difficulty of disentangling the aesthetic from other responses . A pragmatic view is that an aesthetic experience is what is described as such , and as there are varieties of religious experience , so there may be varieties of aesthetic experience . Let us join an American educationalist talking to children about their understanding of art . It was Roger Fry 's contention that an object , say a bunch of carrots on a market stall , could be viewed in a practical way as something to eat for supper , or aesthetically . This distinction can be backed up by philosophy and aesthetics , and descriptions can be found of the resultant moments of vision or epiphanies . Our concern , however , is not with the difficulties of aesthetics , but only with what a critic writes of aesthetic experience , and how useful such an account may be . This is an aspect of description , while it can be suggested that other religious , political or social concerns are more properly matters of interpretation . Unfortunately it is often the case that writers do not allow themselves to be so free in autobiographical disclosures as to say exactly how they felt on seeing some work of art . This lucid and candid prose , strong in the detail of a particular time and place , often ignores , and can on occasion seem to depart from , the sense of the literature it embodies . The offended looks of the muzzy black citoyen who is put in to own Salim 's store when trade is politicised are funny , and important , and owe nothing to the Aeneid . But those who would prefer to explain the book as a comedy of manners , or as current affairs , might have difficulty in explaining the prominence given to the love affair . The plot states that an attachment to a strange woman , a woman who does not belong to this community of strangers , is succeeded by a return to the community , and by the dispersal , and survival , of the community . Salim states that he was having a rough time , and was tired and suspicious of Yvette : he does not say that a tribal god commanded him to leave her . But the raconteurs of the extra - literary world are permitted to shape and turn the speech of the characters in their stories , and to play the pervasive evident author . And anyone who doubts whether the method can safely be transferred to literature should consult one of Amis 's best novels , Ending up . Raconteur and raisonneur , in his art as in his personal life , he is a concealed author who is evident enough in his hotly opinionated fiction : he is not given to expounding his own passionate opinions there , but can be recognised without difficulty in almost every aspect of every one of his novels , including the speech assigned to his often disputatious characters . There is a sense in which each novel of his is an opinion of his , coextensive with the work itself and rather hard , as a rule , to read off in summary . These considerations affect the difficulties which attend Difficulties with girls , and which come to the fore with the most Amis - sounding of its characters , the male lead . The status of comedy is crucial to the debate , and we can at least be sure that Kingsley Amis would not object to having his practice compared with Waugh 's , or to being placed with him among the monologists of the Right . Against this monologic Amis can be set , by way of alter ego , the modernistic Amis of Barbara Everett 's discussion of Difficulties with girls , which occurred in the course of an essay on Hugh Kenner 's fantasy of a British betrayal of Modernism , and which springs the surprise of conveying that Amis , so often supposed an enemy of Modernism , is really a Modernist . She begins by recalling a remark made to her a long time ago by Larkin , about difficulties encountered in his private life a remark which consisted of a joke to do with the impossibility of relations between men and women , followed by the notion that women ought really to marry each other , followed by but that would be wrong , would n't it ? And she notes that the same remark , or the same sentences , can be found in Amis 's novel . What interests her , apparently , is not the remark itself , but the degree to which the piece of recall her piece of recall , presumably failed to affect the novel in any way . There are still those who prefer to take their chances in the profession without any formal training . This used to be a lot easier to do than it is now : for one thing , working in the profession means that you have to belong to the actors ' union , Equity . Yet students who have completed expensive training face the same difficulties as an untrained actor in qualifying for an Equity card . This question is discussed later in the book , but it is still relevant to the potential drama student . Becoming an actor has to be thought of in realistic terms right from the beginning and all possible problems do need to be faced . It was the last days of the old tradition , I suppose and I 'm glad I was lucky enough to be part of them . Now there is no guarantee that a career actually exists and Equity are not making it all any easier for the new young actors to establish themselves . And with the theatre running into difficulties about subsidy it 's not getting any more hopeful . A.R. In fact the dream that we all had about Great Britain acknowledging it 's theatre and funding it properly has suffered a lot of setbacks since the sixties . It should be noted that the largest threat to totalizing control of schools in Ireland has so far come from the integrated schooling movement . This movement has a double constituency , one in the Northern , the other in the Southern , state . Their membership , mainly middle - class , have met considerable difficulty in trying to achieve their limited goals integrated schooling for the children of those parents who wish it though some of the membership in the early days were aiming at a total integration of the schooling system . Until recently , catholics in the North were practically forbidden by their clergy to attend state schools , exceptions being made in certain outlying areas . Bishop Edward Daly in Derry liberally interpreted the needs of his Roman catholic pupils from the mid - 1970s , allowing greater freedom and seeing to it that some alternative religious education was provided . He was a pain in Sergeant Bramble 's bottom and the sooner he could recommend that Quince be transferred to somewhere more metropolitan , where robbery with violence might occur , the happier Bramble would be . Dratted nuisance that Quince lad ! thought Bramble , and started to read the paper . This he did with difficulty , partly on account of his bad eyesight , partly because of what in later years would come to be referred to as a learning disability or mild dyslexia ; and partly because he simply was n't much of a reader . He did n't actually have to run his finger along the line in order to make sense of it , but he did like to mouth the words as he got to them . Fears were growing last night for the safety of Sir Vivien Blacker , Bart . She 's Arthur 's dispenser and receptionist . Young but quite presentable . So Arthur 's a doctor divined Henry without too much difficulty . Oh , did n't I say ? He 's our general practitioner . I said nothing , but turned away and walked as quickly as I could towards the stairs and down to the student canteen in the basement . I desperately needed a cup of coffee . I can see that I may have a little difficulty explaining this first part of my story , especially to anyone not acquainted with the often bizarre rituals of academic life . Let me first explain Charles Howard . He had become Director of the school at the start of that academic year . Traditionally , it was usual to take the upwind wing - tip and to hold it slightly below the horizontal . This was because with the older gliders like the T21 or T31 , the wings were very high and they could not be held securely except by keeping one wing low . However , when towing in a cross wind , the glider will tend to weathercock into wind , and the person on the upwind wing will have difficulty in pushing forward enough to prevent this happening . With a modern glider which has a lower wing and the wheel well ahead of the c.g . , this weathercocking will be even more pronounced , so it is better to hold the down wind tip . ( Just as with the cross wind take - off , the down wind wing should be held so that any slight pull will not help the weathercocking into wind . ) However , they mean that the pilot has to be prepared for a possible launch failure or cable break on every flight . Launch failures account for a very high proportion of gliding accidents , making cable break practice a very important aspect of glider training . Most students have very little difficulty in learning how to make satisfactory launches . However , the critical few moments at the start of the launch are not always fully understood , and often there is an element of luck in getting it right . Instructors can be mistaken about their students ' ability to control the initial part properly if one or two launches go well . Help may also be available for those who care for others , for example if you are looking after a disabled person or an elderly relation . Ask your local Social Services Department for advice and for detailed information about the services they provide . They will also be able to give information about local voluntary agencies which may be able to offer you advice or support , and also about local services for people with special difficulties such as problems with alcohol , drugs or gambling . Relationships Every area will have a Relate office for advice on marriage and partnerships . For information contact your local Relate office address and telephone number in your local phone book . Other Difficulties Many problems can cause stress or personal difficulty , which in turn can affect your health . You can get advice on a wide variety of subjects including money or debt , legal difficulties and housing from the Citizens Advice Bureaux . See the local telephone book for the address and telephone of the nearest branch . Other Difficulties Many problems can cause stress or personal difficulty , which in turn can affect your health . You can get advice on a wide variety of subjects including money or debt , legal difficulties and housing from the Citizens Advice Bureaux . See the local telephone book for the address and telephone of the nearest branch . The services provided by the NHS are there to be used . He commented specifically on this and his use of the Faulkner quotation by saying , When the writer has some urgency to speak , the subject matter becomes almost irrelevant . Somehow his feelings became detached from the critical procedures ( not that he does not handle and assess his own work critically , which he does ) . He feels something ; is inspired by it ; his mind takes off ; his periods flow and afterwards he has difficulty in recalling their point of origination , even their exact meaning ( like Browning , see below ) . His experience is transmuted into art . Understanding mythologies thus , we might paraphrase his title : Symbols Of Life , which has the additional benefit of thrusting forward his debt to the surrealist poet Lorca , a natural child of the symbolist movement , whose super - realisms had infatuated Leonard from his teenage years . family illness or bereavement financial difficulties social habit . That 's surely putting it too high . But there is a salience problem here . Recall that it was three - year - olds who had difficulty with Flavell 's appearance - versus - reality problems ; and indeed further experiments have shown that there is a strong statistical correlation between performance on the appearance - reality and on the false belief task . Where is the salience effect ? I would say that the child is capable more or less of recognizing that other people have mental states different to his own . For example , one can say of a brain process that it occupies a particular point in space or that it can be displayed on an oscilloscope screen ; whereas neither of these things could be said of , for example , the subjective sensation of the colour blue or of the thought that I hate Monday mornings . It is difficult to comprehend an object that is utterly unlike itself . This , in fact insuperable , difficulty is said to be overcome by proposing that mental phenomena and brain processes are the same stuff viewed within different theoretical frameworks . But this apparent escape is only another version of the dual aspect theory and inherits the latter 's problems . b ) How/why does the causal chain linking object and perception have a beginning and an end ? The stress and strain on muscles and joints is considerable , but why has she not sent the doctor 's certificate as a matter of courtesy to the tournament authorities ? Monica 's number one ranking would have been at stake at Wimbledon . Grass is not her favourite surface and there were many who thought she would have great difficulty holding off the challenges of Steffi Graf , Martina Navratilova or Gabriela Sabatini . I am sure that had nothing to do with her withdrawal but the way she did it raised more questions than it answered . I suspect that the rejection of the 7m offer by the All England Club for the land of the Wimbledon Sports Club opposite is not by any means the end of the story . Keeping the body rigid , press with the hands until the arms are straight . Lower your body to the floor but do not touch it , and repeat . ( Anyone having difficulties may leave the hips and legs rest on the floor until strength increases . ) Running on the spot The knees must come up as fast as possible to waist height . I merely included the note about adjustment for interest , whoever the maker might be . I know that Jack is a master chairmaker and I admire what he does . He may regard me as an amateur but the fact is that , due to physical difficulties , I cannot pull and twist in a horizontal mode and so I invoked gravity to assist . The derogatory remark that the rounder handles might strike the bench leg is uncalled for . Secondly , to Paul Clarke ( WW/May 91/p.452 ) ; do , please , read Barry Jackson 's book . This is perhaps inevitable since deconstruction resists teleology , and it is this resistance that has enabled its enemies to call it nihilist . Leaving intellectual content aside , there is an obvious contrast between Norris 's manner , which is in the best English academic tradition , clear , cautious , attentive to evidence , moving from one conclusion to the next , and Derrida 's exuberant obfuscation . In his introduction Norris acknowledges the difficulty of writing about him at all in such a context : That he should now figure as an addition to the Modern Masters series is yet another irony of Derrida 's ascent to intellectual stardom . No philosopher has done more to disown the idea that his writings embody some kind of masterly or authoritative wisdom . Such divisions are not , so to speak , purely academic . They lead to confusion on the part of students , and it may be too glib to say , as one sometimes hears , that such confusion and disorientation are an inherently desirable part of the educational process . It does not always work like that , for they can lead to real difficulties in study , and sometimes to pastoral problems . III One of Lodge 's earlier novels , Changing Places , hilariously exploits a series of typological oppositions . The Americans are professionals and Swallow is an amateur , which , we recall , has the primary sense of lover . Yet there is one sense in which Swallow has thoroughly assimilated the professionalism of the academy . Though he has difficulty in writing anything for publication , he is a scrupulous and painstaking examiner , and his own examination papers are carefully pondered , finely drafted works of art . He even dreams of publishing a concise , comprehensive survey of English Literature in the form of examination questions : Collected Literary Questions , by Philip Swallow . A book to be compared to Pascal 's Penses or Wittgenstein 's Philosophical Investigations . Yet its quasi - mystical elements prevent it from fully using its potential . It is the heir of a nineteenth - century ideology that , though supposedly liberal and contemplative , is also litist , anti - vocational , antimarket , and indeed downright hostile to the idea that higher education should prepare young people to take their places in a wealth - producing economy . An excessively elevated sense of standards means that there are difficulties about English Departments taking on overseas research students in numbers sufficient to help the university in its financial difficulties . Academics in English are loners reluctant to engage in team projects or pull together in research centres . They can be irritatingly slow to publish , and it is often difficult to know how they spend their time . On the brighter side , there are those younger and more active lecturers who do their duty and generate performance - indicators in the form of books and articles . It is true that in some cases these publications may be of extreme radical tendency , attacking the established practices of academic English teaching , but that is no objection , since it is the fact of publication that counts , not its content . The real problem is that the writers of such texts may make political difficulties within a department , or teach in ways difficult for students to understand . Again , English departments can be unhelpful about participating in schemes for training academics how to teach , claiming that teaching literature is less easily defined and methodologized than teaching engineering or economics . At a time when a good public image is essential for universities , English is unable to explain itself in ways immediately intelligible to the outsider , is notoriously riven with doubts and disagreements that prevent it from having a shared sense of purpose , and may at intervals erupt into crises that attract the wrong sort of publicity . That is because cultural literacy is a canon of information not texts . Hirsch is trailing his coat , but he is concerned with what takes place in society at large , not in college courses . Yet within the context of organized literary study , it is true that much of the difficulty students have in making sense of texts comes from a lack of information , or to use the older term , a deficiency in general knowledge . As a scholar and theorist , Hirsch is known , apart from his unfashionable but vigorously argued advocacy of intentionalism , for his conviction that literature is not a coherent concept , and has no definable essence , and that by extension English as a discipline has no absolute method . He believes that literary study has a cultural and humane rather than an intellectual value ; and the implication of his recent work is that there are other ways of attaining cultural value . The most visible and vocal theorists have high energy and intelligence ; they also seem to find imaginative writing rather boring before it is processed into theory . The drift of my rhetoric might seem to be taking me towards a traditional defence of literature , of the imagination , of creativity , of humane values in general . I believe profoundly in all these things , it goes without saying ; my difficulty lies in knowing how defensible they are in the form in which they are visibly institutionalized in the anglophone academy . My reflections are not encouraging , though they are not altogether negative . The first line of defence of established literary study against culturalist pressures is to emphasize literature as literature rather than as a version of philosophy , history , sociology , and so forth . One may choose to adopt a broadly aesthetic approach to texts , as is often done , perfectly appropriately , but one then encounters what seems to me a potentially disabling contradiction . In practical pedagogy the student is encouraged to read , carefully , attentively , sensitively , a particular text . As we have seen , there may be cultural barriers to such reading , but leaving aside that potential difficulty , we invite the student to make a unique , personal response to the text , to tune in to the true voice of feeling , to participate in its expressiveness ; in short , to have an aesthetic experience . This is true even of the seemingly tougher - minded Cambridge approach . Williams has referred to a conception of literature as a series of authors to whom there must , must be personal evaluative response ' or its available facsimile . What sense would it have made to have some white boy impose his interpretation on my experience ? YOUNG SOUL REBELS Chris and Caz are two soulmates who are disc - jockeys on a pirate radio station they run from the back of a North London garage . Their lives take a startling turn when a friend is murdered in the local park . Winner of the Critics Prize at Cannes 1991 , YOUNG SOUL REBELS takes place during the summer of 1977 , a significant year , being the Queen 's Silver Jubilee . Dumb - bell/barbell kit Free weights were used long before machines were invented for weight training , and virtually every exercise can be executed using them . Dumb - bell/barbell kits are inexpensive to buy , and as you become stronger the poundage of the kit can be increased by purchasing additional discs . This way the size of the kit increases gradually with no large cash outlay . Adjustable bench To do these effectively you need either an abdominal board which can be used on an incline , or a plank with one end raised on bricks and a piece of rope tied to that end to hook your feet underneath . ( The angle of the incline board can be made steeper as strength and fitness increases . ) For the sit - ups either a dumb - bell or a weight disc is held to the chest , and the back is kept slightly rounded with the chin on the chest . The start and finish positions are such that there is no rest until all the reps have been completed . The sit - ups start with the back off the board , and end before the upper body reaches the vertical position . As a professional carver I thought it only natural to get my hands on one of those new Arbortech Woodcarvers to add to my compendium of tools last year . I had no specific use at the time , but I thought it would prove a handy addition to the workshop , and was delighted when my grandfather elected to purchase the tool for me . Sadly he died shortly afterwards and for many reasons it was some months before I used the disc . The advent of the Arbortech Carving Competition at the 1990 Woodworker Show gave me the idea of putting the tool to some good use . My grandfather had always taken a keen interest in my work , and I had an equal admiration of the stories of his time spent in Burma during the Second World War . Tool Test Electric Carving To give more power to the carver 's elbow there are now a wide range of electric carving systems , and here we test a selection of machines and tools that may offer more than a saving in time SuperCut carving disc Price : 18 - 24 Luna Tools and Machinery Presley Way Crownhill Milton Keynes MK8 0HB ( 0908 ) 262262 There is an interesting story behind the SuperCut woodcarving disc for angle grinders . SuperCut carving disc Price : 18 - 24 Luna Tools and Machinery Presley Way Crownhill Milton Keynes MK8 0HB ( 0908 ) 262262 There is an interesting story behind the SuperCut woodcarving disc for angle grinders . It has been launched by Toolbox of Sweden in direct competition to the Arbortech Woodcarver ; the principle of both tools being to imitate the action of chainsaw teeth , but in a safer , more versatile manner . Arbortech did so by developing a stamped disc with a tooth shape that differs from the chainsaw , to make sweeping cuts possible . There is an interesting story behind the SuperCut woodcarving disc for angle grinders . It has been launched by Toolbox of Sweden in direct competition to the Arbortech Woodcarver ; the principle of both tools being to imitate the action of chainsaw teeth , but in a safer , more versatile manner . Arbortech did so by developing a stamped disc with a tooth shape that differs from the chainsaw , to make sweeping cuts possible . Its inventor Kevin Inkster started with a loose chain on a disc , and it is this formation that Toolbox have chosen . This move has been promoted as a safety measure , permitting slip when the tool bites , but the legalities of patent law were doubtless considered when Toolbox decided to manufacture their version . It has been launched by Toolbox of Sweden in direct competition to the Arbortech Woodcarver ; the principle of both tools being to imitate the action of chainsaw teeth , but in a safer , more versatile manner . Arbortech did so by developing a stamped disc with a tooth shape that differs from the chainsaw , to make sweeping cuts possible . Its inventor Kevin Inkster started with a loose chain on a disc , and it is this formation that Toolbox have chosen . This move has been promoted as a safety measure , permitting slip when the tool bites , but the legalities of patent law were doubtless considered when Toolbox decided to manufacture their version . Kevin Inkster discarded the loose chain when he was dissatisfied with the cut it gave , but it made him realise that he was certainly on the right lines . Such is the waste removal power of this sort of tool , that safety for the operator and workpiece must be considered . On a superficial level then , the SuperCut is the safer tool , slipping whenever problems arise , though there is concern about the chain breaking . However , I found that in many instances this slipping action makes the disc useless , as it is unable to cut to any depth before it stops rotating . I had expected it to be best for trenching and shaping in the vertical position , but on all but the softest of timbers it failed to supply a substantial cut . Conversely I discovered that it could cut with the disc flat , or at a slight angle , and I can see it having benefits for very fine work . However , I found that in many instances this slipping action makes the disc useless , as it is unable to cut to any depth before it stops rotating . I had expected it to be best for trenching and shaping in the vertical position , but on all but the softest of timbers it failed to supply a substantial cut . Conversely I discovered that it could cut with the disc flat , or at a slight angle , and I can see it having benefits for very fine work . On the fruitwood I was working it left an interesting rippled effect . However the moment it slips you have to wait for the chain to gain momentum before cutting can recommence , otherwise it bites again . The silver cylinder and cone worked wonders , and I 'd be interested to try some of the other shapes . Amongst the alternatives are tungsten , diamond and ruby carvers offering a range of benefits from longer life to precise detailing , which is vital for wildfowl carving . There is also a drum sander , nylon brush and a steel mandrel for unmounted discs or defuzzing pads . All these bits are changed quite simply in the 44 with a spanner and locking pin , while the smaller 88 uses a C - spanner and fingers . I found this a little fiddly , with the C - spanner light weight , but the sliding finger guard , which covers the collet on the 88 is excellent for ensuring digits do n't get near burrs . Therefore , George carved them into the wood in relief . It was possible with only a small selection of gouges to find the appropriate one to fit the circumference of the eyeball , using the gouge on both sides . Remember , eyes are marble - shaped , not flat discs ! Aim for a dome shape . Once the width between the eyes had been determined and marked out , George worked on both eyes ; that way , neither eye ends up larger than the other. Making tamper - proof nameplate mounts To make invisibly mounted brass nameplates cut a brass disc of the appropriate diameter and thickness ; I use 1 mm sheet , and 1 mm diameter . The disc should correspond with the diameter of your winged boring bits . Take a brass screw ( i/2in or 3/4in No.8 ) and solder it to the back of the disc . Polish the face of the plate and bevel the edge , before burnishing . However , their use to the d - i - yer can be worth the 50100 investment . The Hitachi FG10SA is the Japanese company 's answer to the home improvement/small tradesman market . Based on the smallest of the commonly available disc sizes , the 100mm ( 4in ) , the machine is almost identical to its larger brother , the FG12SA . Setting up the tool requires only the two spanners provided as standard accessories . One holds the spindle steady whilst the other fits into the twin holes on the wheel nut and tightens the disc in place . Setting up the tool requires only the two spanners provided as standard accessories . One holds the spindle steady whilst the other fits into the twin holes on the wheel nut and tightens the disc in place . Also provided with the grinder is a disc for use on metalwork . Finally , a screw - in side handle is fixed on to the alloy gear cover , offset either to the left or right depending on the user . Once in place , Hitachi recommends a trial in a safe area to ensure everything is properly assembled . This , like all safety instructions , should always be followed . Damaged discs or grinders can be very hazardous and gloves and goggles must be worn . Like all disc grinders , the body shell is basically a cover for a powerful motor which drives the disc at high speed . In this case , a 550 watt motor provides the power behind the 11,000rpm disc . Unlike some machines of this wattage , noise was well suppressed and only became excessive when the disc was used on stonework . Like all disc grinders , the body shell is basically a cover for a powerful motor which drives the disc at high speed . In this case , a 550 watt motor provides the power behind the 11,000rpm disc . Unlike some machines of this wattage , noise was well suppressed and only became excessive when the disc was used on stonework . Applying the 1.6kg tool to metalwork proved easy , even for the inexperienced . We put the machine to the test removing rust from a section of decorative ironwork and the only problem was the tendency of the disc to bite into the metal if too much pressure was applied . The Hitachi FG10SA recommended retail price is 80.65 . Spare discs are 1.64 Changing the 100mm discs using the spanners provided For grinding , the disc is kept at a shallow angle to the work Scoring a paving slab with a stone cutting disc Spare discs are 1.64 Changing the 100mm discs using the spanners provided For grinding , the disc is kept at a shallow angle to the work Scoring a paving slab with a stone cutting disc Screw - in handle can be attached to either side Changing the 100mm discs using the spanners provided For grinding , the disc is kept at a shallow angle to the work Scoring a paving slab with a stone cutting disc Screw - in handle can be attached to either side PROLINE PL28 ROTARY HAMMER DRILL This sander was featured in our May 1991 issue . We were so impressed with the unit that we have arranged a Special Offer for DIY readers . It is made to the usual high Wolfcraft standards using thick steel for the bench table and a cast alloy housing for the disc . The disc itself spins easily on a sealed ball - bearing race . The sander is clamped on to the edge of a workbench so the disc is vertical and the shank of the disc is locked securely into your power - drill chuck most drills with a standard 43mm diameter neck are suitable . We were so impressed with the unit that we have arranged a Special Offer for DIY readers . It is made to the usual high Wolfcraft standards using thick steel for the bench table and a cast alloy housing for the disc . The disc itself spins easily on a sealed ball - bearing race . The sander is clamped on to the edge of a workbench so the disc is vertical and the shank of the disc is locked securely into your power - drill chuck most drills with a standard 43mm diameter neck are suitable . It is important to set the drill on a high speed setting ( 5,000rpm maximum ) , and the disc must turn in the direction shown by the arrow on the housing . The bench table is clamped securely in position by means of two tommy bar bolts . For most applications , you can use a try square to set the table at 90 , but the table can be angled downwards and locked for sanding angles down to 45 . The bench table is fitted with a very useful horizontal angleguide which can be locked into any position in front of the disc , or it can be locked at the desired angle while being free to slide in a slot parallel with the disc face . The Wolfcraft Bench Sander is ideal for truing up faces of timber prior to making joints , especially mitre - joints ( ideal for frame makers ! ) In addition , you can use it for metal - grinding , for instance when sharpening cold chisels , rotary - mower blades and other cutting tool blades . The Wolfcraft Bench Sander is ideal for truing up faces of timber prior to making joints , especially mitre - joints ( ideal for frame makers ! ) In addition , you can use it for metal - grinding , for instance when sharpening cold chisels , rotary - mower blades and other cutting tool blades . The Wolfcraft Bench Sander normally comes with three grades of sanding/grinding discs coarse , medium and fine . These simply and securely fit on to the 178mm ( 7in ) diameter disc using a Velcro - type fastening . It is very easy to change the discs when necessary . In addition , you can use it for metal - grinding , for instance when sharpening cold chisels , rotary - mower blades and other cutting tool blades . The Wolfcraft Bench Sander normally comes with three grades of sanding/grinding discs coarse , medium and fine . These simply and securely fit on to the 178mm ( 7in ) diameter disc using a Velcro - type fastening . It is very easy to change the discs when necessary . We are including an extra pack of two coarse discs for you in the pack worth 2.69 . These simply and securely fit on to the 178mm ( 7in ) diameter disc using a Velcro - type fastening . It is very easy to change the discs when necessary . We are including an extra pack of two coarse discs for you in the pack worth 2.69 . The Wolfcraft Bench Sander normally sells for 35.35 but we are offering the complete kit for only 34.95 , saving over 3 on the usual prices . Use Ref : WBS on the order form when ordering . The Wolfcraft Bench Sander normally sells for 35.35 but we are offering the complete kit for only 34.95 , saving over 3 on the usual prices . Use Ref : WBS on the order form when ordering . Extra sanding discs are available for only 2.49 if ordered at the same time as the Bench Sander . Use Refs : WBDC ( coarse ) ; WBDM ( medium ) ; and WBDF ( fine ) on the order form when ordering . WOLFCRAFT WALLCHASER ONLY 15.95 The virus is also thought to have started in The Netherlands in March and to have surfaced in the US and UK . But , according to Peter Sommer , a computer forensics expert , a hard disc is more likely to be wiped out by glitches in the electricity supply . He said computer networks would not be affected and copies of information should be made on floppy discs . Infected programmes activate the virus when started up and it looks for other programmes to infect . Experts say on 12 October it will wipe out the hard disc of any machine it has entered . Infected programmes activate the virus when started up and it looks for other programmes to infect . Experts say on 12 October it will wipe out the hard disc of any machine it has entered . Computers can catch it by using floppy discs holding infected programmes , or from programmes copied off an electronic bulletin board , which is where it was probably first planted . The date is said to have been chosen to thwart those taking precautions by adjusting computer clocks , which trigger the virus , to avoid the notorious date . Other viruses , say some experts , might be triggered on 14 October for that reason . Kissin , aged 18 , came to prominence a couple of years ago when he appeared to great acclaim at the Berlin Festival . His recording of the First Piano Concerto is sparklingly assured crisply articulated but with enough sensitivity to convey the inevitable bitter - sweet character of the slow movement . This is anyway a stunning disc , thanks to the playing of the Moscow Virtuosi with Spivakov . Their performances of the orchestral arrangements the Chamber Symphony ( arranged by Rudolph Barshai from the Eighth Quartet ) and the Opus 34 Preludes ( arranged by Victor Poltoratsky from the piano original ) are superbly polished . Lilya Zilberstein , at 24 , is also an impressive discovery . Lilya Zilberstein , at 24 , is also an impressive discovery . Her first record shows her to be as musical as she is technically accomplished . The pithy violence of Shostakovich 's First Sonata does not come naturally to her , but she is at home in the limpid impressionism of Rachmaninov 's G major Prelude , which on its own makes this disc worth having . The lyrical and passionate aspects of Shostakovich , rather than the bitterly satirical , also bring out the best in Julian Lloyd Webber 's playing . His elegiac tempo for the largo of the Cello Sonata allows him a sustained outpouring of feeling . And , for all the appeal of his singing and playing , Paul Hipp comes out pretty dull between the numbers . To camouflage the failures of the play , Andy Walmsley has created a set which resembles a pile - up of roadside hoardings : Oldsmobile , Van Heusen shirts , Texaco Premium Type . Rob Bettinson , the director , has deduced that he ought to have these images plus disc - jockeys , radio commercials , midwestern hops , but he does n't seem to know why . Like most shows which are manufactured with an eye to commercial success ( Winnie , High Society , to name only Buddy 's predecessors at the Victoria Palace ) , this one will probably fail . It 's not as if there are n't aspects of his career that are n't worth exploring : how did he come to use drums , then almost unknown in Texan country line - ups ? Viruses can also spread if computers are linked by modems to the outside world . But users who do not have modems and keep their data hygienic by not borrowing software have little to fear , Mr Keane said . The viruses often work by attacking a section of the disc known as the boot section . This block of data includes the index , and if the index is rendered useless then so is all the data on the hard disc . It cannot be recalled in any coherent form . I felt a strong feeling of nausea as I realised that I had put my hand through the chest of a dead British soldier that could have been lying in the ditch for several days. The body had been covered by a thin layer of soil as was the practice when a soldier was killed in action and there was no time to move him to the rear . Before the dead soldier was placed in the ditch his pay books , personal possessions , his equipment , and one of his identity discs were removed , leaving one disc on the body for identification purposes . A light layer of soil was put over the body and the spot marked . If there was time , a roughly made cross was placed at the head of the dead soldier holding his beret or steel helmet . What if I want to keep computerised records ? You can keep your own computerised records . You can even make your returns on magnetic tape or floppy disc . i NI Manual , paragraphs 14142 . Or write to : Initially , you only need five hundred records , the total cost of which can be less than 500 . Once you have recorded your music , the first step to releasing it is to make the cuts . These are soft lacquer discs which record your A and B side from your studio master tape ( these discs can be either 7 or 12 , depending on your chosen format ) . The next process turns these soft , lacquer discs into metal stampers , and all your records will be pressed from these . There are lots of companies who will take charge of this whole operation , including the printing and fixing of the labels . Once you have recorded your music , the first step to releasing it is to make the cuts . These are soft lacquer discs which record your A and B side from your studio master tape ( these discs can be either 7 or 12 , depending on your chosen format ) . The next process turns these soft , lacquer discs into metal stampers , and all your records will be pressed from these . There are lots of companies who will take charge of this whole operation , including the printing and fixing of the labels . Alternatively , you can sometimes save money by using different firms for each process . Alternatively , you can sometimes save money by using different firms for each process . Look in the trade press to find them . If you want a printed sleeve for your record , you need them before the discs are being made so that they can be delivered to the pressing plant and bagged up. Five hundred picture sleeves can cost from 200 to 500 depending on the number of colours and the thickness of the card . It is worth trying to get a distribution company to take your record on . Their responsibilities include ensuring availability of the master tape to suit the release schedule ; overseeing the production of artwork for the sleeve 's manufacture ; preparing the appropriate campaign for the single or the album release ; and keeping within the promotion budget which is prepared with the marketing director . In addition , they decide the quantity of the initial pressing of their artists ' recordings ( for a new artist 's first single this would be around 5,000 ) ; they liaise with the manufacturing plant to ensure further stock is available if it is needed ; and they avoid producing stock which would probably never be sold . The label manager also organizes promotional material like T - shirts , badges , picture discs and special limited edition sleeves ( in the right quantities to ensure maximum effect and minimum waste ) . Along with the press and promotion staff , the marketing department has to ensure that every potential record - buyer is aware of their artists ' work . Assembling the right creative material , such as publicity photographs , sleeve designs , poster and advertisement material , is important for all artists . A writer is eligible for membership in a number of ways . Membership may be given if a writer has had three works recorded for sale to the public which have been released by a recognized recording label lone which is registered in the Music Master catalogue ) . This does n't have to be a disc a cassette or video qualifies as well . A writer is also eligible if he or she has three works broadcast on the radio or the television . These broadcasts do n't need to be records because live performances on local radio can also count . And if there 's one thing he 's not , it 's cheap Gerhard Berger escaped unhurt from a heavy accident while testing tyres at Estoril last week . A carbon - fibre brake disc shattered as he slowed from high speed , and his McLaren crashed into a guard rail . Two of the Williams F1 team 's senior personalities will be leaving at the end of the year . Team manager Michael Cane and commercial executive Colin Cordy have become partners in a Formula 3000 team to be based in South Oxfordshire . The maximum speed restriction is surprising considering that ZR - rated 255/60x16 Avon Turbospeed tyres are already standard equipment ; it is possible that the company wants to leave space for higher - performance versions still to come . Chassis details follow the broad principles laid down by the Turbo R , with three - stage electronically controlled dampers serving what is basically a MacPherson strut front and semi - trailing arm rear suspension geometry . The steering and braking systems are power - assisted rack and pinion and all - round ventilated discs as before and overall dimensions , dictated by the saloon 's 120.5ins wheelbase , are again comparable at 210ins long and 80.5ins wide . Those figures make the steel - bodied Continental R a leviathan by modern standards . Amusingly , the car is so big that when the team was doing the full - size tape and paint drawings , the normal rolls were not long enough . In fact , the long - travel springing is quite soft but taut damping exerts exemplary control . Only where deep undulations coincide with a bend is there a hint of diagonal pitching , but this is more of an observation than a criticism . On the road , the all - disc plus anti - lock braking is powerful , progressive and firm under foot though , surprisingly , the car felt slightly unstable when braking hard from 120mph - plus during the Millbrook acceleration runs . Freedom from fade was complete . AT THE WHEEL Exercise and physical exertion The usefulness of gentle exercise in the morning to help warm us up has just been mentioned . It will also help to alert us and loosen up the joints in the spine by squeezing out fluid from the discs between the vertebrae ( see Chapter 1 ) . But remember that the increased size of the discs in the morning might increase the risk of a slipped disc ; be careful and , particularly when lifting heavy loads , make sure that you are doing so correctly or even delay the task till afternoon . For severe exercise , the best part of the day is late afternoon , because the body is most efficient then and you will be able to push yourself harder . The usefulness of gentle exercise in the morning to help warm us up has just been mentioned . It will also help to alert us and loosen up the joints in the spine by squeezing out fluid from the discs between the vertebrae ( see Chapter 1 ) . But remember that the increased size of the discs in the morning might increase the risk of a slipped disc ; be careful and , particularly when lifting heavy loads , make sure that you are doing so correctly or even delay the task till afternoon . For severe exercise , the best part of the day is late afternoon , because the body is most efficient then and you will be able to push yourself harder . Waking up and getting to sleep The Louts were a bunch of youths from another district who came to the club now and again and mildly disturbed the dances . There was never any real trouble , as the consequences for hooliganism in the G.D.R . could be extremely severe , but some horseplay , and the occasional illicit disc was put on the record - player , much to Herr Hocher 's annoyance . Just once there had been a fight but as the then leader of the Louts had , unwittingly , taken on a junior boxing champion , he had ceased appearing . But still , the Louts were tedious , at least in the eyes of Erika and her friends , the more so to Erika who had an uneasy , and not unjustified feeling that Paul was always likely to be drawn into their orbit . But Rosa began . I do n't want to hear any buts , Erika snapped , her eyes on Fritz who , despite competition from the Louts , was talking to Bunte . Another disc started , Herr Hocher placing it on the record - player with his own hands , the result being a foxtrot played by a Russian orchestra , and he himself took the floor with Frulein Renn , the pair of them going through what seemed to the young people weirdly funny gyrations together . Finally , elbowed out of Bunte 's presence by the Louts , Fritz ambled over to the girls . That 's put the stopper on it , he said . It takes up where MacPuke left off , offering a whole range of activities the computer is likely to perform , and the opportunity to attach any sound to them . Thus your machine may start up with the HAL 9000 self - test ( I am completely operational and all my circuits are functioning perfectly ) from Kubrick 's 2001 , or Space , the Final Frontier , the striking lead - in to Star Trek , or We 're not in Kansas anymore , Toto from The Wizard of Oz . Suppliers like Educorp and Somak Software bundle up discs containing SoundMaster and libraries of sounds , including the favourites mentioned above . They cover a broad range of themes , with a heavy bias towards space opera , cartoons and Monty Python . A machine which closes down with Michael Palin enthusing : Ah , I see you have the machine which goes PING ! and which signals errors by way of Eric Idle 's angry , affronted Ni ! is very hard to accuse of alienation . They cover a broad range of themes , with a heavy bias towards space opera , cartoons and Monty Python . A machine which closes down with Michael Palin enthusing : Ah , I see you have the machine which goes PING ! and which signals errors by way of Eric Idle 's angry , affronted Ni ! is very hard to accuse of alienation . But one that has had the error beep replaced by a robotic voice screaming Attention ! is likely to have the opposite effect , as is one that ingests a floppy disc accompanied by a long drawn out grumble taken from a soggy passage in the Star Wars trilogy . And if , when I turn my Mac on to upload this article , you hear James Brown screaming : Fellas , I 'm ready to get up an do MAH thang ! do n't fret . It 's only the computer . APPLE Macintosh users are , by convention , rich , so few will blanche at the arrival of Mac Publishing monthly magazine . It costs 10 per copy . Still , it 's very good , and subscribers get a disc containing at least one font with every issue . In spite of the title , Mac Publishing also covers Macintosh presentations and multi - media . It is published by Future Publishing , tel . : 0225 446034 . Instead of being made in Taiwan ( Atari ) or Hong Kong ( Commodore ) this is even made in the UK . Unfortunately , it does not have a lot of software support , and the price about 750 puts it beyond most people 's reach . In value - for - money terms , the Sega looks the best buy among the games machines , the Commodore 64 for a tape - based home micro , and then either the Atari ST or Amiga A500 both disc - based systems depending on specific needs and disposable income . Boots : Nintendo . Comet : Sega Master ; Spectrum ; Amstrad CPC ; Commodore 64C and Amiga . It was about the Shah and the glories of the country . It seems that while the definition of the word multimedia has changed , the baloney factor has n't . Nowadays , multimedia means a computer using different media , such as a laser disc , a CD - ROM , cable TV and who knows what else . The most - talked - about end use is as a grandiose teaching machine . You remember teaching machines , do n't you ? The hot , hot multimedia system out there right now was developed by Robert Abel , the noted Hollywood middleman and go - getter extraordinaire . Abel has put together a demonstration system called Guernica , which is a multimedia approach to learning about the famed Picasso painting that depicts the Nazi destruction of a peaceful Basque village by air attack during the Spanish Civil War . Based mostly on using a laser - disc player controlled by a Mac II , the system allows a user to explore as the developers like to say the painting and its history . Fronted by a HyperCard - like interface SuperCard , actually the system lets users click and move from point to point on the painting and get lectures and comments from old bores , ex - mistresses , people who were there , dopey ex - Nazi pilots , Picasso mavens and all sorts of experts . You can jump from the history of the town to a backgrounder on Spanish dance . And however tasteless you may think a gift is , it does n't automatically make it useless . A case in point might be the Unabashed History of Pornography from InCat Systems of Milan , available on well illustrated CD - ROM . In the US , there was once a blank disc marketed as Invisicalc , but that now seems to have vanished . So you 're left with hardware . Unkind critics of the Amstrad , er , Sinclair PC200 have suggested it would make the ideal present for someone with everything , as you would n't give it to someone who actually needed a PC . Fortunately , however , there are plenty of cheaper options . The computer catalogues are full of little hardware trinkets , no doubt all perfectly well intentioned and thoughtfully designed , but all excellent solutions in search of a problem . And unlike software , they are not limited to one particular type of computer or disc format . They are equally useless on all machines . How often have you wanted to peer into your disc drive to see what 's inside , for example ? Until now period performances have tended to be abrasive and to whizz through the slow movements , making even the sublime Largo of the Double Concerto into a trivial siciliana . Catherine Mackintosh and Elizabeth Wallfisch with Robert King and the King 's Consort without sentimentality allow themselves a more relaxed view . Though purists may object , the performances of all four concertos on the disc spring to life , fast movements as well as slow , and will equally delight those who would normally choose an account on modern instruments . Besides the Double Concerto and the two solo Concertos in E major and A minor the disc includes the delightful Concerto for Violin and Oboe reconstructed from the Double Keyboard Concerto in C minor , with the oboist Paul Goodwin joining Catherine Mackintosh . It makes an ideal coupling for children of all ages to have three French masterpieces on a single disc - not just Saint - Saens ' Carnival of the Animals , but Bizet 's Children 's Games and Ravel 's Mother Goose , all in fresh , well - sprung performances from the LSO under the ballet conductor , Barry Wordsworth . Catherine Mackintosh and Elizabeth Wallfisch with Robert King and the King 's Consort without sentimentality allow themselves a more relaxed view . Though purists may object , the performances of all four concertos on the disc spring to life , fast movements as well as slow , and will equally delight those who would normally choose an account on modern instruments . Besides the Double Concerto and the two solo Concertos in E major and A minor the disc includes the delightful Concerto for Violin and Oboe reconstructed from the Double Keyboard Concerto in C minor , with the oboist Paul Goodwin joining Catherine Mackintosh . It makes an ideal coupling for children of all ages to have three French masterpieces on a single disc - not just Saint - Saens ' Carnival of the Animals , but Bizet 's Children 's Games and Ravel 's Mother Goose , all in fresh , well - sprung performances from the LSO under the ballet conductor , Barry Wordsworth . The Saint - Saens comes in the chamber version using single strings , with its wit well caught and the Swan done with stylish restraint . Though purists may object , the performances of all four concertos on the disc spring to life , fast movements as well as slow , and will equally delight those who would normally choose an account on modern instruments . Besides the Double Concerto and the two solo Concertos in E major and A minor the disc includes the delightful Concerto for Violin and Oboe reconstructed from the Double Keyboard Concerto in C minor , with the oboist Paul Goodwin joining Catherine Mackintosh . It makes an ideal coupling for children of all ages to have three French masterpieces on a single disc - not just Saint - Saens ' Carnival of the Animals , but Bizet 's Children 's Games and Ravel 's Mother Goose , all in fresh , well - sprung performances from the LSO under the ballet conductor , Barry Wordsworth . The Saint - Saens comes in the chamber version using single strings , with its wit well caught and the Swan done with stylish restraint . The Bizet is given a sparkling performance too , while generously the Ravel comes in the complete ballet version , even more hauntingly atmopheric than the usual suite . OVERNIGHT FILE PAGE wom Search for a safe passage . OVER the last 10 days , tens of thousands of PC users have received a floppy disc from the PC Cyborg Corporation offering information about Aids but , like the Trojan horse , it is more than it seems . Its other function is to take over your hard disc and encrypt all the file directories , rendering the disc unusable . If you have received such a disc , do n't run it . Search for a safe passage . OVER the last 10 days , tens of thousands of PC users have received a floppy disc from the PC Cyborg Corporation offering information about Aids but , like the Trojan horse , it is more than it seems . Its other function is to take over your hard disc and encrypt all the file directories , rendering the disc unusable . If you have received such a disc , do n't run it . If you have already run it , then you need a copy of a program called Clearaid . OVER the last 10 days , tens of thousands of PC users have received a floppy disc from the PC Cyborg Corporation offering information about Aids but , like the Trojan horse , it is more than it seems . Its other function is to take over your hard disc and encrypt all the file directories , rendering the disc unusable . If you have received such a disc , do n't run it . If you have already run it , then you need a copy of a program called Clearaid . Exe , written by Jim Bates . If you start the PC from the hard disc , it tells you your software licence has expired and demands money ( 378 ) to renew it . This must be sent to a PO Box in Panama City . Before that stage , the program may also have provided instructions to encourage you to copy files on to a blank disc in drive A : , to please insert this in another machine and type A : Share . ( Obviously you should n't do this ! ) Experienced PC users can deal with the Trojan by using software tools to make the new Autoexec.Bat file visible and read/write , before deleting and replacing it with a correct version . Experienced PC users can deal with the Trojan by using software tools to make the new Autoexec.Bat file visible and read/write , before deleting and replacing it with a correct version . However , it is not certain that this completely solves the problem . Users should also start their machines from a virus - free floppy disc and do a file copy to back up all their files onto clean discs . ( Do two copies ! ) Protected applications software should be de - installed . It can also be downloaded from Power Tower , Jim Bates 's bulletin board , and may be available from other magazines such as PC Magazine . Although the Trojan has been described , sensationally , as the biggest computer crime in the world , what law does it break ? A disc has been sent out with a software licence asking for 189 : do n't users install this at their own risk ? Some commerical software suppliers take pains to protect their programs , and the Trojan could be considered as such , albeit in a dangerously extreme form . But those who wish to make a formal complaint can contact Detective Sergeant Donovan of the computer crime unit , tel . : 01 - 725 2434 . Printed circuits containing 10 million transistors are already available and will fit on a penny coin . Penzias foresees that the number will have risen to a billion by the end of the century , with an untold gain in computing power . Compact - disc technology for encoding sound and other information has gained ground rapidly and , Penzias believes , optical fibres will soon supplant communications satellites . Open access to all this vast capacity for generation of information creates its own demands : in the US alone 18 million filing cabinets are manufactured each year to hold the paper output . Perhaps the most alluring prospects lie in artificial intelligence and computers that learn . Digital Instruments still relies on universities and research institutes for about half of its sales . But the Japanese have decided that anything with the slightest chance of helping to make better microchips deserves a close look . The company has sold to most big Japanese chipmakers and many manufacturers of electronic and optical - storage discs . Japanese industry now accounts for nearly a third of sales . Other firms are profiting too . Such a device is called an atomic - force microscope ( AFM ) . Although the AFM cannot quite achieve the resolution of an STM , it is likely to have its uses in microelectronics . Optical discs , for example , are made of insulating material ; although they can be coated with a thin metal film and put under an STM , an AFM could examine a product without destroying it . Digital Instruments will start delivering AFMs this spring , many to Japanese optical - disc manufacturers . They hope to sell 100 by the end of the year . Although the AFM cannot quite achieve the resolution of an STM , it is likely to have its uses in microelectronics . Optical discs , for example , are made of insulating material ; although they can be coated with a thin metal film and put under an STM , an AFM could examine a product without destroying it . Digital Instruments will start delivering AFMs this spring , many to Japanese optical - disc manufacturers . They hope to sell 100 by the end of the year . Variants of the AFM abound . Yet Tinseltown remains the undisputed home of an industry whose revenues are growing ( in real terms ) at around 7 % a year . In 1990 , says Jeffrey Logsdon , an analyst at Seidler Amdec in Los Angeles , American box - office receipts accounted for only 2.5 billion of the industry 's 7.8 billion in domestic income ; overseas markets added a further 6 billion . New technology , like video discs , or new politics , such as the opening up of Eastern Europe , have delivered new audiences . If Hollywood is about to crumple , then it is its own fault . Tinseltown is a three - tier society . About two years ago Autobacs cleaned up its oily - rag image . Car owners needing their wheel or battery changed are now greeted by men clad in bright orange uniforms and natty caps . At each outlet there is swanky retail space , used to sell every imaginable kind of car accessory , from compact - disc players and car televisions to designer car seats , sporty steering wheels and even perfume to make leather seats smell sweeter . This makes sense in Japan where ( because of stellar house prices ) most young single professionals still live at home with their parents and have cash to spend , and where people do not make a habit of throwing bricks through car windows and stealing things . Consequently , for lack of a better alternative , the car has become the favoured means of personal expression , or as an Autobacs Seven director , Kenzo Kido , puts it , the equivalent of life space . Mr Kido says that almost 70 % of the company 's customers in the Tokyo area are under the age of 29 . This specialist market is set to boom in Japan , even though the market for new cars is mature . There may be 32m cars on the road in a country of 123m people but , as yet , only 6 % of them are fitted with compact - disc players . Autobacs , which made a pre - tax profit of 7.3 billion ( 51.7m ) on sales of 110.4 billion in the year ended March 31st , has the means to finance further expansion . Shareholders ' equity of 44.6 billion represents nearly 60 % of total assets . The technology that has been substituted for human lives on the widest scale is that of the microprocessor . Just as microchips have infiltrated the home and office , so they have invaded the battlefield . The differences between today 's weapons and those of the second world war are not unlike those between a 1940s gramophone and a compact - disc player , armed with a laser and stuffed with chips . It does the old job much better and some new jobs too . Although microchips give machines only a smidgen of intelligence , that can go a long way when sensibly applied by human masters . A tower may seem round from a distance , but there is no need to doubt our closer observation that it is square . Sometimes , moreover , experience can show that our reasoning is superficial and incorrect , as when we learn from it that , despite what we might think , an arrow fired upwards from a moving ship will not fall behind but back on to it . At other times , however , reason can correct the appearances of sense ; from the waxing and waning of the moon , according to how it is illuminated by the sun , we can deduce that it is a globe , and not the flat disc it appears to be . Furthermore , as when we infer from observed sweat the existence of pores in the skin , reason can lead us from what can be perceived to what cannot . Gassendi 's empiricist views on the derivation of our ideas from sense - experience , on natural philosophy and its foundation in carefully considered observation , and his stress on the explanatory value of Epicurean atomism , were already well known to Hobbes and others when they were formally introduced into England via the publication , in 1654 , of Walter Charleton 's Physiologia Epicuro - gassendo - Charltonia : a Fabrick of Science Natural upon the Hypothesis of Atoms , Founded by Epicurus , Repaired by Petrus Gassendus , Augmented by Walter Charleton . Considerable skill was required in the making of corduroy , working - class fabric or not. Craftsmen painstakingly cut the warp , one rib at a time , with long , knives ; then they brushed it to make the pile stand up. Today , of course , the process is mechanized ; four hundred razor - sharp cutting discs slice more than a yard of cloth in one swift pass . One advantage of corduroy , aside from its warmth and comfort , is the richness it gives colours . The piled fibres absorb and reflect the light , alternating deep and pale hues and giving the cloth its unique lustre . Exact Nature ! which designs and makes both plants and animals so carefully each animal with precisely the amount and type of intelligence it needs to survive and then squanders them so carelessly . Life , not lives . It had been a gloomy day which suddenly burst into splendour in the evening , the clouds rising behind the fields in the setting sun like mountains ( if only they had been ! ) and above , a darkening amethyst sky with the finishing touch a rose pink filigree disc of a moon foreshadowing the peace and perfection of a moonlit night . As she walked , it seemed to Jane that the stars looked down , calmly and mockingly , at this speck in the universe , crawling with ants fighting each other. Ants which were unimportant in the history of Earth : Earth which itself was unimportant in the context of the universe . Yes you do , said his Mum . You 're just saying that . Philip pulled the rubber suction disc off the arrow . Then he broke the arrow in half . Winding down the window , he threw the bits out into the road . In the first example there is a white outer skin of pure silver , with overlapping joins at each end . Between this and the core is an alloy of copper and silver ( light grey in the photo ) . This is a solder attaching two discs of silver foil cupped around the copper core like the foil wrappers around a chocolate penny . The second example has no joins in the outer skin , only a copper - silver alloy coating , indicating that it was plated with molten metal rather than foils . The mercury method , so popular in the Roman period for gilding , can also be used for silvering bronze and brass . X - ray diffraction ( XRD ) analysis ( see glossary ) is ideally suited to this sort of problem as it requires only a minute sample and , most important , it identifies the mineral or compound present . XRD is able to identify the metal sulphide used to make the niello and to distinguish it from the metal and from the oxide , chloride and carbonate corrosion products which contaminate the sample . Thus , where element analysis by X - ray fluorescence of the inlays on two silver Anglo - Saxon disc brooches shows both to have a major component of silver , with some copper and sulphur . XRD analysis identifies one inlay as silver - copper - sulphide ( AgCuS ) and the other as silver - sulphide ( Ag 2 S ) contaminated with copper carbonate ( CuCO 3 . Cu ( OH ) 2 ) from the corroding base silver alloy of the brooch . Archaeological units are also being tempted by the impressive capabilities of geographic information systems , which in essence allow maps to be stored , displayed , overlaid and updated on a computer screen . Laser light can now give us more than just music in our ears . Compact discs can store data too , and act as a superb archiving medium for large databases , while videodiscs give instant access to thousands of high - quality photographic images on one 14 - inch disc . Further in the future , laser light looks set to replace electricity itself , driving computers a hundred times faster than the fastest now available . Developments in the world of computing move close to the speed of light . Eventually , I went back to my rucksack , and there he was . He knew where to find me . The gripping fear of losing your dog has motivated the City Road hostel dog owners to issue special ID discs . Jodie Riddell , owner of the very sweet Wolfer ( Sam 's girlfriend ) , came close to losing her 18 - month - old pet on a busy street after they 'd moved to the hostel . I 'd popped into the chemist 's . The 1.5 - litre injected engine with catalytic converter delivers 82bhp . It is lively , flexible and responsive a little noisy perhaps but not annoyingly so . Clutch and gears are slick and smooth confirming its Japanese pedigree and the front disc and rear drum brakes are light and positive . On the road it handles well . The ride is on the firm side but no more so than some of its rivals and better than others . What is interesting about the system is that the driver can decide for himself by pressing a button whether or not he wants to use these features . For instance , he can choose to work with the 4WD and diff - locks in the usual way both functions have their own button and can be engaged and disengaged under full load . Brakes are fitted to both front and rear wheels and involve oil - immersed discs . They are , not surprisingly , hydraulically operated and certainly seem to work very well . Monitors you can buy a car without a cat , but it costs more . Good marketing buying nothing for something . Brakes are now all - disc with ABS standard on the 2.2s . And replacing on - demand 4WD is a full - time system , which uses a central viscous coupling to apportion drive as needed and prevent wind - up. Performance , economy They 're relatively cheap , but need engine rpm to deliver full output and are best when handling one operation at once . Closed - centre systems are more expensive to build , less sensitive to engine rpm , less wasteful of engine power , have sharper response and can cope better with simultaneous demands . Brakes are either wet discs ( lubricated and cooled by oil ) or dry discs or drums . Wet brakes are always within an axle ; dry brakes may be internal or external . Wet brakes offer long service life through oil immersion and are n't affected by external water . The first piece , however , was made at the local Syrian mint , at Antioch . The study of punches Coins were made by the process of striking a blank disc or flan of metal between two dies ( see figs 1 and 2 ) . These dies were usually made of bronze or steel , and bore the design in intaglio . In the ancient world these dies were engraved by hand , but from the early medieval period punches began to be hammered into the die to make up the designs . And for this reason we are looking for a suitable name . The company is called Tlmondial but this is nothing to do with television or ordinary video . So we are looking for a new name that we shall use for the discs when they are eventually released . RO You have over DM 50 million tied up in the project but you are very patient about the eventual time of launch . When that finally came to a crisis I was within four days of complete paralysis . I have not been kind to my back ; I had accidents when I was a boy , tree - climbing and biking , and I have spent many years skiing . The disc that slipped had done so in such a way as to be digging into my spinal chord . It had compressed two - thirds of the marrow and trapped the nerves . They took five hours to get it out ; and there was a man in the next room who was not so lucky as I was . But for now Kylie harnessed it to press on with the next stage of her ten year plan which had been drawn up by her musical gurus . Stock , Aitken and Waterman launched a two month promotional tour of the world in London with a glittering party . The champagne reception at which Kylie began to demonstrate for the first time a new found confidence with both press and public also gave them the perfect opportunity to milk their golden child 's latest achievement , three UK gold discs for Kylie the LP , and the singles I Should Be So Lucky and Got To Be Certain . From there she went on a punishing schedule of visits to the US , Scandinavia and Japan before returning to Australia , which still remains very much her home . I suppose there might be a day when I would move away from Australia as my permanent base , she said . The moon effect It is generally agreed that objects appear smaller and heavier as they move upwards . The moon effect can be tested with a torchlight on a dark night and , sure enough , the light disc appears to get small and more intense as it rises . This effect has immediate graphic , sculptural and architectural applications . Typefaces at the top of a page of a newspaper need to be larger than those lower down. Mller - Thurgau is the grape variety , an early ripening and highly flavoured variety , much favoured along the Upper Rhine . For Scheibenbuck I have not a clue , though it is probably the name of the vintner . Scheibe is a wheel or disc and bcken is the transitive verb for to bend so I would like to think it meant wheel - buckler though I greatly doubt it . I revised my estimate of the Mother that evening when an elderly man arrived , one of whose arms was in a sling . She cut up his dinner for him in a charming , solicitous way . Jury , audience and critics ( including me ) were overwhelmingly pro Vengerov , whether he was performing Bach , Beethoven or Paganini . He is not yet 20 , but his technical control , confidence , brilliance and intellectual depth display an outstanding maturity . Two new discs bring these qualities to the fore . The orchestral one with the Israel Philharmonic and Zubin Mehta features what might be loosely called display pieces . It needs a special artist to sustain such a programme , and the wonderful thing about Vengerov 's playing is that in , say , the Paganini First Concerto , one can sit back and take the accomplishment for granted , acknowledge that he can overcome any Paganinian hurdle , and simply relish the way he actually makes something of the music . The feeling is genuine . And Waxman 's Carmen Fantasy takes on a dimension of passion rarely heard in such an undisguised pot - pourri entertainment . The recital disc with the pianist Alexander Markovich reveals Vengerov as a significant interpreter both of Beethoven and of Brahms . Again , the playing has that energy , that vocal quality which makes the music speak directly and movingly . The singing lines , the sense of momentum , of progression towards and relaxation from climaxes is gauged with a natural feel for the musical contours and the poetic expressiveness of both sonatas . Everything from there that I need , I carry within me . Viktoria Mullova plays at the Barbican tomorrow at 4pm The Arts : Recycled jewels Alan Blyth welcomes on to CD more great performances from the age of black disc By ALAN BLYTH THE COMPANIES ' recycling at mid - price of back catalogue continues apace with notable benefit to the consumer . By ALAN BLYTH THE COMPANIES ' recycling at mid - price of back catalogue continues apace with notable benefit to the consumer . Most of the well - ordered collections are conductor - led and why not when so many famous batons are healthily represented on disc ? The most interesting of the latest batch comes in Decca 's Historic series and includes performances from the earliest days of LP . Clemens Krauss was then at the peak of his powers , as can be heard in his versions of Richard Strauss 's Ein Heldenleben and Don Juan with the Vienna Philharmonic . The mono recording hardly shows its age and the playing is gorgeous ( 425 9932 ) . Krauss 's direction of the other Strauss 's Die Fledermaus is another irreplaceable set , now coming up fresh - minted ( 425 9902 ) , with Julius Patzak as the most beguiling of all Eisensteins and Wilma Lipp a delightfully coquettish Rosalinde . A bonus on this disc is a New Year 's Concert of Strauss waltzes in which Krauss was a master . The same series features George Szell in vital and refined accounts of Brahms 's Third Symphony and Dvorak 's Eighth with the Concertgebouw ( 425 9942 ) , readings to lift the heart . Klemperer 's live account of Mahler 's Kindertotenlieder with the same orchestra may not be in such good sound , but with Kathleen Ferrier as soloist this is another important document , and it is coupled with an unrivalled version of Brahms 's Liebeslieder - Walzer from the 1952 Edinburgh Festival . A favourite composer of Beecham 's was Berlioz , so it 's good to have back in circulation his famous 1957 performance of the Symphonie Fantastique with the French National Radio Orchestra ( CDM7 64032 2 ) coupled with the overtures King Lear , made with the RPO , and the pre - War and still vivid Carnival Romain with the LPO ; even if the recording of the last is a bit confined . All show the conductor 's empathy with the composer displayed in lyrical lines and incandescent climaxes , poetry and fire nicely balanced . Completing this issue are vivid accounts of other Beecham favourites , Franck 's D minor Symphony and Lalo 's in G minor ( CDM7 63396 2 ) , both with the French National Radio Orchestra , and a disc of lollipops ( CDM7 63412 2 ) with the RPO . These are all stereo originals and sound as fresh as the day they were made . EMI 's Great Recordings of the Century features two discs of British music conducted by Beecham 's near - contemporary , Sir John Barbirolli . Meanwhile , Leonard Bernstein is being celebrated by Sony in a remastering of its huge archive of the conductor 's recordings . This is entitled the Royal Edition with a somewhat odd marketing ploy paintings by Prince Charles on the front of each CD . The discs are to be issued in alphabetical order of composer : the first tranche includes some Bartok , the nine Beethoven symphonies , the Brahms symphonies and works by Bernstein himself . Not to be overlooked are EMI 's reissues of Vittorio Gui 's Glyndebourne sets of Rossini 's operas Il Barbiere di Siviglia ( CMS7 64162 2 ) , La Cenerentola ( CMS7 64183 2 ) and , best of all , the late comedy , Le Comte Ory ( CMS7 64180 2 ) . To all of these Gui brought an elan that kept the high spirits bubbling delightfully . The playing is truly memorable , the recording faithful . It is an expensive issue , though , 82 minutes of music spread over two full - price CDs . Some rival issues add another work and others get the symphony into one disc . Whether one agreed with his view of a work or not , Bernstein was never dull . Of so many recordings issued these days one might say , It 's perfectly good , but was it necessary ? , because of a lack of character and musical insight . It has its pointers to the future , but I would have forgiven any Vienna professor in 1876 who failed to predict what was to follow . Mahler needed to become a conductor of other men 's music before he became a real composer . But this is a delicious disc , containing not only a winning performance of Beethoven 's early Septet but the first recording of a trifle called Hymn to the Veneration of the Great Joachim . This is a waltz for two violins and double - bass composed for the violinist 's 22nd birthday in 1853 by an uncharacteristically unbuttoned 20 - year - old Brahms , under the pseudonym Gioseppo . Today I suppose he 'd have written variations on Happy Birthday , but this is more fun . More live recordings show Gunther Wand as classicist and modernist with the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra . In Schubert 's Great C major Symphony , he presents a Boult - like long view of this inexhaustible masterpiece , savouring the sense of adventure that must accompany any worthwhile exploration of it . A companion RCA disc contains four 20th - century works , the earliest ( 1913 ) , being Webern 's Five Pieces , op 10 , polished epigrams , and the latest , Fortner 's interludes from his opera Blood Wedding ( 1957 ) , which sound much older than the Webern . Between them come Stravinsky 's Dumbarton Oaks concerto and Frank Martin 's Petite Symphonie Concertante , a work that grows in stature with every hearing , especially when conducted and played as well as it is here . Yet none of these works can rival , for sheer novelty and strangeness , Sibelius 's Sixth Symphony , still one of the most mystifying and mesmerising orchestral utterances of the century . The disc is filled out with the tone - poems Pohjola 's Daughter and En Saga , the latter ( I always think ) just five minutes too long . Abbado 's latest disc as Karajan 's Berlin successor is devoted to Brahms : cogent and altogether admirable performances of the Fourth Symphony and Haydn Variations to join the many others of which the same could be said . What makes this disc worth having is the setting for chorus and orchestra of Schiller 's Nanie , composed in memory of a friend . This is Brahms at his most radiant and affecting , music of such intimacy that one is not surprised to learn that its suitability for public performance was questioned . Elgar must have known it . Elgar must have known it . The Berlin Radio Choir sings beautifully . This single DG disc , incidentally , contains 74 minutes of music . Compare that for value with the Bernstein Mahler . The Arts : Unexpectedly energetic And although there is less new material to play on your deck , second - hand shops are bulging with whole collections that have been turfed out by over - zealous digital converts . You do risk crackles and pops , but many will have come from a good home and you can always get them washed . Some dealers have machines the best of which is the Keith Monks model which will give your discs a brisk scrub for around 1 each . ( Write to the British Audio Dealers Association for a list : PO Box 229 , London N1 7UU . ) The process does work on genuinely dirty records but , unfortunately , cannot provide the Lazarus touch for discs that have been played on decks that use a small chisel as a stylus . Some dealers have machines the best of which is the Keith Monks model which will give your discs a brisk scrub for around 1 each . ( Write to the British Audio Dealers Association for a list : PO Box 229 , London N1 7UU . ) The process does work on genuinely dirty records but , unfortunately , cannot provide the Lazarus touch for discs that have been played on decks that use a small chisel as a stylus . Inspect carefully before buying second - hand . After many hours of listening solely to CD , I was also surprised at the sound quality of records played on decent equipment . Still , it was heartening to see that Baryshnikov , now that he is running a company of his own , was applying the wisdom taken for granted in ballet , but still to be learned in too many American contemporary companies : that it is dangerous to make up a mixed programme using the work of only one choreographer . Not even Balanchine always survives this test , and lesser creators ignore it at their and our peril . The Arts : High art and on to the next disc By David Sexton COME , tell me how you live , and what it is you do ! If the object is linked , changes in the original will be automatically updated in the object . Windows comes with Applets the name given to the collection of programs , including Write , a reasonable word processor although sadly lacking some advanced features ; Clock , with either a digital or analogue display ; Cardfile , a flat - file database ; Paintbrush , drawing program ; and Terminal , a basic communication program which supports Kermit or Xmodem file transfer protocols . The new features along with a faster Program Manager , File Manager and SmartDrive disc cache , make upgrading to version 3.1 a sensible choice . Windows 3.1 requires at least a 80286 processor , 1MB of memory , a hard disc with 10 MB free and a DOS of 3.1 or later . It costs 99 although upgrades are available for 45 . ( 081 893 8000 ) . The functionality is largely identical to the PC system with common calculation facilities . ( An Apple Unix version of ChemMod II ) , identical to that for the Apple operating system is available on request ) . Demonstration discs are available now for both PC ChemMod and ChemMod II . Fraser Williams ( Scientific Systems ) Ltd is a member of the Fraser Williams Group , one of the major independent UK Computing Services organisations . In addition to these and other specific product offerings Fraser Williams ( Scientific Systems ) Ltd provide a wide portfolio of services to the chemist . The actual system is generally placed in an enclosure , which provides a means both for keeping moisture in and for preventing volatile organic compounds from leaving without treatment . In addition , the leachate from the system is collected and either treated or recycled . The nutrients may be added to the system through spray nozzles , as shown in Fig. 1 , or they may be ploughed into the solid phase by using rotating discs . Overall , there are several advantages to landfarming . It provides a standard method for treating contaminated soils , sands , and solids ; it provides treatment for surface contamination , while other methods are more suited to subsurface treatment ; and it also requires a relatively low level of technology , meaning less can go wrong with the process . 1 Cut off the water supply to the tap to be converted , then unscrew the retaining screw holding the tap handle . The screw may be hidden beneath a coloured plastic disc , which needs levering out 2 With the handle removed , loosen the top headgear . The shell is preserved in calcite , with a limestone infilling . The topmost whorls of the shell are broken off . this is a very ancient snail with a flat nearly disc like form , with fine growth lines and occasional courser knobs . The outer perimeter carries a raised ridge . Gastropods of this kind are typical of Ordovician and Silurian strata , where there are a number of genera and many species of comparable form . The original calcite of the starfish is stained slightly yellow on the surface . The specimen occurs in a fine - grained limestone , one which fortunately splits easily around the enclosed fossils . This species has a small central disc , and long , slender arms . A related genus , Astropecten , occurs in Tertiary rocks , and survives today . Maximum diameter 7 cm. The starfish is preserved in soft white chalk , which fills in the interior of the animal . The individual calcite plates can be clearly seen . This starfish has a broad central disc , and slender arms . They are stout plates around the perimeter , but tiny - plates in the central part of the animal . Starfish are uncommon fossils , particularly in this state of completeness , since they easily break into their component plates . Trent was shaking . He tried to breathe slowly , calming himself as he waited . The electioneering procession was on the bridge , everyone shouting , klaxons blaring , and the PP chant repeated like a scratched disc . There had to be fifty trucks and cars . Trent slid out from under the bush and took a deep breath . During the l960s and 1970s , when there was much student and industrial militancy in Britain , the numbers of personal dossiers rose dramatically . In recent years the entire MI5 registry has been transferred on to a computer at a Ministry of Defence office in Mount Row , Mayfair . The original system used a 25 million ICL 2960 computer with 100 on - line EDS - 200 disc stores capable of holding 30 million separate dossiers but in 1984 ( an apt year indeed ) two ICL 2980 computers were ordered which provide enough capacity to store a 1,000 - word report on every adult in Britain . As it is hard to believe that even MI5 thinks there are that many subversives , spies and traitors in the country , it must keep a lot of files on innocent people . Here is a straightforward example of how the Maxwell Fyfe directive is ignored . There is no year tracer in this series of chassis numbers but I suspect your vehicle was built in 1963 . On vehicles of 1948 to 1970 there is a date tag on the top of the radiator . On early models this is a disc soldered to the top of the rad . On later models it is the tag which holds the rad cap chain and is thus marked 4M54 , which means April 1954 . If the original rad is still fitted this gives an indication to the age of the vehicle . He estimates that the tunnel is at least 160 light years across . Although the tunnel lacks much neutral gas , he says , it may contain some ionised gas . The tunnel lies in the disc of the Milky Way . Imagine the Sun at the centre of a giant clock , with 6 o'clock as the direction of the Galactic centre . The tunnel extends from the Sun in the direction of 10 o'clock . Ring of bright gas : by comparing the real diameter of the ring to its apparent diameter , astronomers have calculated its distance from Earth TECHNOLOGY Ceramic chip could write off discs Graeme O'Neill , Melbourne AN AUSTRALIAN company has launched an erasable computer memory chip that retains data when its power source is switched off . If it proves as successful as its developer , Ramtron , claims , it could replace all other types of data storage . Ross Lyndon - James of Ramtron says : All other memory devices have either inflexible static memories , or require information to be shuffled in and out of the chip . Data stored in RAM chips while the computer is on must be moved to a disc before the power is switched off . That requires a large software overhead , he says . The software must contain instructions to handle all the communication between the chip and the disc . Programs stored in normal ROMs cannot be changed . Data in erasable programmable read - only memory ( EPROM ) chips can be updated many times , but only by removing the chip , erasing the original program with ultraviolet light , and then reprogramming . Ramtron claims that mass - storage FRAMs could make hard and floppy discs unnecessary in smaller computers , especially laptops , making them more compact . Batteries will last longer because they will not need to drive the discs or maintain data when the mains current has been switched off . In current FRAMs , Ramtron have deposited a layer of a ferroelectric ceramic on top of a conventional silicon memory chip known as a static RAM , or SRAM . Data in erasable programmable read - only memory ( EPROM ) chips can be updated many times , but only by removing the chip , erasing the original program with ultraviolet light , and then reprogramming . Ramtron claims that mass - storage FRAMs could make hard and floppy discs unnecessary in smaller computers , especially laptops , making them more compact . Batteries will last longer because they will not need to drive the discs or maintain data when the mains current has been switched off . In current FRAMs , Ramtron have deposited a layer of a ferroelectric ceramic on top of a conventional silicon memory chip known as a static RAM , or SRAM . Ramtron use a ceramic called PZT , which consists mainly of lead , zircon and titanium oxides , with traces of other elements . The letters were just 5 millionths of a millimetre high . Don Eigler , one of the IBM researchers , said last week that he was sceptical about IBM 's technique being useful for data storage because of the length of time it takes to move atoms . If you gave me one square inch of surface , he said , I could store all the data on all the computer discs produced by IBM last year . But it would take about ten times the age of the Universe to write it all . More recently , researchers at the Hitachi Central Laboratories in Tokyo wrote Peace 91 in letters less than 1.5 millionths of a millimetre high ( Technology , 26 January ) . Reinventing the wheel A BICYCLE wheel with just three spokes will make its professional debut this spring . The wheel is more aerodynamic than traditional spoked wheels and avoids the problem that dogs many professional cyclists who use solid disc wheels that of being blown sidewards by crosswinds . The wheel was designed by a team from the US chemical company Du Pont . Mark Hopkins , one of the Du Pont team and an amateur bicycle racer , says that the traditional wire - spoked wheel has two drawbacks that drain energy from the rider : the wheel flexes , and its spokes produce wind resistance . The children were at work at an early age teasing and cleaning the fleece with carders , wooden bats with sharp teeth , to remove tangles and impurities . Before the spinning wheel came into use , much later in the North than in the South of England , all spinning was done on a spindle . A wooden rod was placed through the centre hole of a whorl or disc made of wood or stone . Then the rod was twisted by the spinner , who pulled strands out from the fleece , allowing them to twist into thread by the action of the revolving spindle . When a long length had been spun , it was wound onto the rod of the spindle , and the process was repeated . These can be unambiguously interpreted in terms of the effect of predictive accuracy on the what - happens - next ? reflex . ( d ) Partial reinforcement in pigeon autoshaping In the autoshaping procedure , pigeons are confronted from time to time with presentations of an illuminated disc ( a response key ) signalling the delivery of food . Classical conditioning principles suggest , what is indeed the case , that the bird will come to peck at the lit key . It is well established ( e.g. Gibbon , Farrell , Locurto , Duncan , and Terrace 1980 ) that partial reinforcement generates a higher rate of autoshaped responding than does continuous reinforcement . 28 ( Above left ) Head from a statue of the emperor Vespasian ( AD 6979 ) . From Carthage . 29 ( Above right ) Gold coin of the emperor Gallienus . minted at Rome in AD 2623 , to celebrate his tenth year as emperor ( left ) , with ( right ) a coin mounted in a gold disc : portrait of the emperor Philip ( AD 2449 ) . A similarly austere portrait style reappeared in the mid - third century AD during a period of prolonged crisis in the administration of the Roman Empire . From AD 235 to 285 the Empire was ruled by a succession of men , mostly of undistinguished provincial background , who had risen to power through the control of armies . Show you , then I 'm off . Oscar climbed nimbly back inside the cab , slammed the door shut and pressed a switch . On top of the cab was a very big circular disc with a grille over it like miniature venetian blinds . When Oscar pressed the switch half way a lamp like a huge searchlight came on , so strong Horowitz had to dip his head . The driver pressed the switch fully down and the beam became of blinding intensity . Reggae was played in discos with sound systems which accentuated the beat . Interest was centred on the music rather than the performer . Disc jockeys added a voice to formerly instrumental discs which would then be recorded again for the second version of the same record . Two disc jockeys would compete with each other in the clubs , taking turns to do their voice - over on the discs . Recordings were put out by small companies and would have limited sales compared to popular , commercial discs . Interest was centred on the music rather than the performer . Disc jockeys added a voice to formerly instrumental discs which would then be recorded again for the second version of the same record . Two disc jockeys would compete with each other in the clubs , taking turns to do their voice - over on the discs . Recordings were put out by small companies and would have limited sales compared to popular , commercial discs . Harry Hawke recalls that it was the aim of skinhead devotees of this music to keep up with the latest releases and consequently white - label , i.e. pre - release , copies of records were the mark of a skin who knew his music . Disc jockeys added a voice to formerly instrumental discs which would then be recorded again for the second version of the same record . Two disc jockeys would compete with each other in the clubs , taking turns to do their voice - over on the discs . Recordings were put out by small companies and would have limited sales compared to popular , commercial discs . Harry Hawke recalls that it was the aim of skinhead devotees of this music to keep up with the latest releases and consequently white - label , i.e. pre - release , copies of records were the mark of a skin who knew his music . Although this was not the music of the star performers , some names became established . Cultivators For stirring the topsoil without inverting it , and for breaking down half - rotted turf and clods , a wide range of cultivators is available . Disc harrows consisting of gangs of concave steel discs are dragged at an angle to the line of draught . They are used to cut up turf and consolidate a seed - bed , particularly after ploughing an old sward . Some highly skilled farmers , particularly in dry areas , prefer disc harrows to the plough , believing that it is never wise to invert the topsoil . Chisel ploughs are heavy rigid - or spring - tined cultivators which break up and stir the topsoil . They can work at speed , and make several passes in less time than it would take to plough the same area with mould - board equipment . Like discs , they do a cleaner job in dry than in wet conditions . They require a powerful tractor , and are unlikely to be used on a smallholding . Nevertheless , the principle of chisel ploughing has much to recommend it in the right conditions . Hoes Hoes are used for the control of weeds between the rows of root crops . Various blades or discs can be fitted to uproot the weeds either between ridges or on the flat . Great care must be taken to set the hoe up and steer it accurately so that the blades run close to the crop without damaging the seedlings . Accurate ridging and drilling make hoeing much easier . Direct drilling Direct drilling is a new technique in which seeds are drilled direct into the ground without previous cultivation . Special drills have been developed with heavy discs or modified rotovators instead of the usual light coulters . These cut slits in the turf or stubble into which the seeds and fertilizers are dropped . There are enormous advantages to this system : the saving in time , the preservation of soil structure , the conservation of moisture , the buildup of organic matter in the topsoil and the maintenance of the earthworm population ( normally reduced by conventional cultivations ) . She did n't know how to use it and I did n't want my memory wiped . In 2001 : A Space Odyssey there is a poignant scene where the computer , Hal , has his brain disconnected in retaliation for un - user - friendly conduct . As each of the memory discs is unkeyed in turn , his intellect drains away . It 's going , says Hal , I can feel it going . I identified deeply with Hal 's predicament : there were many moments when I could feel my brain going especially in Hawaii . SilverPlatter and the Royal Society of Chemistry have announced the availability of Analytical Abstracts ( AA ) on CD - ROM . AA was set up as a monthly hardcopy abstracts journal in 1954 and an online database was introduced in 1986 containing material from 1980 to date , giving easy access to abstracts spanning the discipline of analytical chemistry . This same database is now available on one CD - ROM disc , incorporating SPIRS SilverPlatter 's search package . It will be updated at quarterly intervals . Circle 156 In addition , Colwell et al ( 1978 ) have postulated that abnormal platelet function secondary to the diabetic state may contribute to the development of the specific microvascular disease of diabetics which makes an important contribution to morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population , principally through retinopathy , nephropathy and neuropathy and possibly also a cardiopathy ( Keen Jarrett , 1982 ) . Structure and Physiology Platelets which , like red blood cells , do not contain a nucleus , are the smallest of the formed elements of blood , circulating as biconcave discs approximately 23 m in diameter . They are formed from megakaryocytes which , in the final process of maturation , become amoeboid in shape and their pseudopods penetrate the marrow sinusoids . These pseudopods fragment in the blood flow with the nucleus remaining in the bone marrow . Clouds break into Autumn tints , the skies are flaked with golden foam . I am now in the foreign regions of Tsin and U ; and countless are the miles of the trackless way , brushed by the wings of birds alone , lying between me and my native land . Now with its half - disc leaning upon some island the evening sun sets . The lake is beginning to glow . There soars the moon from the rim of the far off sea . Does love of country mean mere bread ? If on seeing one of the great rivers of one 's country , the idea awakens in one 's mind that one should immerse all one 's possessions in it , and dedicate them to it , how great is that love ! All that wealth , those discs of gold and silver , the pearls secreted by the oyster , the hardened coal that men call diamonds they are indeed worthy of being thrown into the waters . ' Bhavana is the emotional content of an event , the real living part of it , more even than the blood the ichor . For those seeking bhavana , it is ready to be discerned in a hundred daily occurrences : it will be manifested in a small or generous action ; and there is a joy in the mere searching for this bhavana in the everyday world . A poem is good because of its emotional content and the feeling of the poet which is placed in the symbols of words , and the true joy of poetry is in feeling the same emotions as the poet . Another group called Pendulum sang of White Confetti see it falling , bless the stranger in the manger in the morning when Christianitee was born . Note the more overt reference to religion but careful avoidance of Jesus Christ which is rather too religious a term . The Johnny Mathis A Child is Born disc also avoided this by fudging the identity of the infant The world is waiting for one child black , white , yellow ? no one knows . The black keeps the race relations lobby happy , but can this be a detail we missed hitherto a yellow Jesus ? No one could possibly take exception to this Mathis infant . There had been a witness who had raised the alarm . The body had been retrieved from the river after a lengthy search . Three keys attached to a metal disc had been found in the pocket of the woman 's coat . The address of a house in Bloomsbury was engraved on the disc . The police had gone to the house and had entered the flat rented to the dead woman . The body had been retrieved from the river after a lengthy search . Three keys attached to a metal disc had been found in the pocket of the woman 's coat . The address of a house in Bloomsbury was engraved on the disc . The police had gone to the house and had entered the flat rented to the dead woman . On a table in the living room they found a letter addressed to me . Crossbow brooch Brooch , with enamelled bow Enamelled disc brooch Enamel fantail brooch JEWELLERY The disc records invented by Berliner were the first to possess this advantage , since they could be stamped out almost like printing . They also permitted a much simpler reproducing machine , since the groove itself propelled the soundbox , no additional screw mechanism being necessary ( 7 ) . At first , the playing time for both discs and cylinders was the same about two minutes but the fact that discs could be made in different sizes , all of which could be played on the same machine , was another advantage . In 1901 it was found that a ten - inch disc ( playing for three minutes ) was better for most types of music , even popular songs , and the popular single was born . Although cylinder manufacturers countered effectively for some decades , first with moulding techniques and later with finer grooves , the overwhelming simplicity of being able to press thousands of copies of disc records and play them on a simple machine eventually told in the disc 's favour . They also permitted a much simpler reproducing machine , since the groove itself propelled the soundbox , no additional screw mechanism being necessary ( 7 ) . At first , the playing time for both discs and cylinders was the same about two minutes but the fact that discs could be made in different sizes , all of which could be played on the same machine , was another advantage . In 1901 it was found that a ten - inch disc ( playing for three minutes ) was better for most types of music , even popular songs , and the popular single was born . Although cylinder manufacturers countered effectively for some decades , first with moulding techniques and later with finer grooves , the overwhelming simplicity of being able to press thousands of copies of disc records and play them on a simple machine eventually told in the disc 's favour . Certainly it became economic to pay recording artists large fees ; and without mass - production , few recordings of top artists would survive in playable form today . Any account of these milestones has to bear both applications in mind . It did not take long for engineers to realise they could use more than one microphone , and balance the music internally . Indeed , the Illustrated London News shows that Guest Merriman 's experiment had included several microphones and a selector system , but the surviving disc shows no sign of active mixing . Before long , engineers were performing sound - mixing functions hitherto the responsibility of the conductor or musical director . One of the earliest collaborators was the conductor Leopold Stokowski , who happily agreed to experiments to divide the Philadelphia Orchestra into individually miked sections for increased clarity , presumably in search of something more like the clarity he perceived from the conductor 's rostrum ( 14 ) . Experiments in Paris involving transmission by telephone lines date back to 1881 , but it needed the technology of the 1930s to record two channels with adequate fidelity , synchronization and separation . Once again , Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra were in the forefront . Two excerpts from Scriabin 's Poem of Fire were recorded on stereo discs on 12 March 1932 . These were followed on later dates by other experimental recordings . As far as we know , they all used two or three microphones spaced some yards apart along the front of the orchestra , a technique favoured by American engineers to this day . It was issued in 1973 . Meanwhile , Alan Blumlein of EMI in Britain was working in ignorance of developments in America ; his concept was to record two optical channels on cine film . But when delivery of the required four - ribbon light valve was delayed , he turned to disc recording so he could have permanent records of his experiments . This work was in some ways inferior to that done in America , where engineers had developed a disc - cutter with better frequency - range and lower distortion , and their pressings had lower surface - noise as well . But Blumlein invented a completely different microphone technique , the coincident technique ( 17 ) , and showed how compatible mono recordings and 45/45 stereo discs ( eventually adopted as the world standard in 1958 ) could be obtained with the technique . Meanwhile , Alan Blumlein of EMI in Britain was working in ignorance of developments in America ; his concept was to record two optical channels on cine film . But when delivery of the required four - ribbon light valve was delayed , he turned to disc recording so he could have permanent records of his experiments . This work was in some ways inferior to that done in America , where engineers had developed a disc - cutter with better frequency - range and lower distortion , and their pressings had lower surface - noise as well . But Blumlein invented a completely different microphone technique , the coincident technique ( 17 ) , and showed how compatible mono recordings and 45/45 stereo discs ( eventually adopted as the world standard in 1958 ) could be obtained with the technique . And , when the light - valve was finally delivered in 1934 , he made some stereo variable - area optical soundtracks almost identical to those adopted by the film industry in the late 1970s . But when delivery of the required four - ribbon light valve was delayed , he turned to disc recording so he could have permanent records of his experiments . This work was in some ways inferior to that done in America , where engineers had developed a disc - cutter with better frequency - range and lower distortion , and their pressings had lower surface - noise as well . But Blumlein invented a completely different microphone technique , the coincident technique ( 17 ) , and showed how compatible mono recordings and 45/45 stereo discs ( eventually adopted as the world standard in 1958 ) could be obtained with the technique . And , when the light - valve was finally delivered in 1934 , he made some stereo variable - area optical soundtracks almost identical to those adopted by the film industry in the late 1970s . 17 The first stereo microphone . The 1930s were also a time for experimental long - playing records . But what one means by the first LP depends very much on your definition of LP ; long - playing records of various types date back to the 1900s , as we shall see later . The stimulus in the 1930s was , again , the cinema ; for patent reasons , some studios preferred to distribute their films with separate disc soundtracks , rather than have the sound printed optically on the film itself . To match a 1000ft reel of film which ran for a little over eleven minutes , a 78rpm turntable had to be slowed to 33 1/3rpm ( 18 ) . This speed was then adopted for Victor 's first long - playing records of 193134 . 18 Early film - projector . This machine was used in cinemas in the late 1920s . It reproduced the soundtrack from a disc record underneath the lamp housing . Both the projector and the turntable were powered by the same motor to ensure they ran at the same speed . Projectionists had to be very careful to orientate the disc and to put the pickup in the right groove for the sound to be in synchronism . It reproduced the soundtrack from a disc record underneath the lamp housing . Both the projector and the turntable were powered by the same motor to ensure they ran at the same speed . Projectionists had to be very careful to orientate the disc and to put the pickup in the right groove for the sound to be in synchronism . Full Frequency - Range Recording But before tape came along , the record industry came up with one more development full frequency - range recording . But before tape came along , the record industry came up with one more development full frequency - range recording . The idea of a recording system covering the full range perceived by the human ear dates back to 1925 , when Brunswick claimed their electrical recordings covered the range from 16Hz to 21000Hz ( 19 ) . However , surviving discs show the upper limit was more like 4000Hz , inferior to Western Electric 's 4500Hz . By 1934 the highest frequency which could reliably be recorded had reached 8000Hz . In 1940 the British Decca Company was asked by RAF Coastal Command if it could record frequencies up to 14000Hz , almost the limit of human hearing . This model was first exhibited at the German Radio Exhibition in August 1934 . It could record upon normal recording tape , comprising a coating of ferric oxide on a non - magnetic base . Despite some significant developments by BBC and Marconi engineers , the system still did not give better quality than 78rpm discs ; it only succeeded because it gave longer running - time , and it had lower running - costs because the tape could be magnetically erased and reused . It was a combination of inventions that proved to hold the secret to quality . The two most important were iron - oxide coated plastic tape ( first produced in Germany in 1934 ) ( 22 ) and ultrasonic alternating - current bias ( patented by Carlson and Carpenter in the USA in 1921 ) . So the two inventions were not combined until 1940 . Shortly afterwards , listeners monitoring German broadcasts became aware that Hitler could not be broadcasting live from so many places at once . Yet there was an absence of surface - noise which showed that discs could not possibly have been used . The mystery was solved when the Allies captured Radio Luxembourg in 1944 , where they found a new type of magnetic tape recorder combining the two inventions already mentioned . Its performance exceeded that of contemporary discs . Yet there was an absence of surface - noise which showed that discs could not possibly have been used . The mystery was solved when the Allies captured Radio Luxembourg in 1944 , where they found a new type of magnetic tape recorder combining the two inventions already mentioned . Its performance exceeded that of contemporary discs . Within three years , American broadcasters and record companies had abandoned discs as a mastering medium . Economic conditions made this process slower in Britain , but by 1950 the new technology was coming into use at the gramophone studios , permitting the first LPs to be made . The mystery was solved when the Allies captured Radio Luxembourg in 1944 , where they found a new type of magnetic tape recorder combining the two inventions already mentioned . Its performance exceeded that of contemporary discs . Within three years , American broadcasters and record companies had abandoned discs as a mastering medium . Economic conditions made this process slower in Britain , but by 1950 the new technology was coming into use at the gramophone studios , permitting the first LPs to be made . 23 Tape - editing today . His simpler Dolby B system was adopted for tape cassettes in 1971 , and was the main reason why this format became so popular as a means of disseminating commercially prerecorded material . Although even the best tape cassettes could not outperform the best LPs , they were much more rugged , and did not develop annoying clicks . By 1985 sales of tape cassettes were outnumbering disc sales , although it had taken 40 years for the advocates of magnetic recording to see this come about . Digital Sound and the Future In less than a century the world of sound - recording had expanded from a plaything for amateurs to a world - wide billion - dollar industry , and it looks set to stay that way . By 1982 , Sony 's system , using its U - Matic videocassettes for storing 16 - bit digital audio ( with a potential signal - to - noise ratio of some 96 decibels ) , had become an industry standard . Meanwhile , Philips in Holland had been pioneering the use of Laservision videodiscs , the least unsuccessful of several types of disc for carrying video films . These were played by a beam of laser light rather than a stylus , and Philips saw that combining digital audio with laser disc technology would be a great improvement upon the Dolby Cassette and the LP . The Compact Digital Disc ( CD ) came on the market in 1982 , and has now practically replaced the LP as a distribution medium . 16 - bit audio has a signal - to - noise ratio which comfortably exceeds the full dynamic range of an orchestra , so it became possible to record orchestral music without any need to compress its dynamic range . Of course , this worries the record companies , because the potential for piracy is great . At the time of writing it seems that digital tape recorders sold to the public will have various anti - piracy measures built into them for this very reason . On the other hand , error - correction pleases the record producers , because compact digital discs sold in the shops sound exactly like the master - tape in the studio . And archivists like it , because if the medium carrying the recording has a limited life , it is possible to copy the sound to another medium without any degradation taking place . In practice , all media do have a limited life . In practice , all media do have a limited life . A search is now under way to find a medium with a reliably long shelf - life , because even if our present - day sound recordings last for a full century ( which is doubtful ) , our successors will have to copy the whole collection every hundred years or so . For analogue sound - recording , experience has shown that the metal masters used in the process of pressing disc copies have a very long life . But this is a very expensive way of preserving sound , only tolerable when hundreds of copies are likely to be sold to cover the costs . In addition , the business of cutting a master is a highly skilled craft , and at present it is a dying art . There was no impetus to develop anything more sophisticated than a spoken announcement or a separate piece of paper packed into the box . This means that many cylinder records surviving today have highly dubious provenances , as we shall see later . It is debatable whether it was the cylinder or the disc that was the first to have a formal label physically attached . At the 1890 Convention of Local Phonograph Companies in Chicago , delegates asked for a longer cylinder with a section specifically set aside for an announcement , but this did not come about . The following year there was a visit to the Edison works at West Orange , where the delegates saw prerecorded cylinders made by an experimental moulding process . The only doubt concerns the date ; it seems these early records could be from any year between 1889 and 1891 , so whether Edison or Berliner was actually first to make records with a label is open to debate . The conventional paper label was never possible on a cylinder , since there was insufficient flat space . The end of the cylinder box had to suffice ( 27 ) , and paper labels were not attached to discs until 1901 ( 28 , left ) . It should be pointed out that they were nearly always pressed into the disc at the time of manufacture , not pasted on afterwards ; so the paper and inks had to be able to withstand high temperatures . This is one reason why metallic inks , such as gold or silver , were common . The conventional paper label was never possible on a cylinder , since there was insufficient flat space . The end of the cylinder box had to suffice ( 27 ) , and paper labels were not attached to discs until 1901 ( 28 , left ) . It should be pointed out that they were nearly always pressed into the disc at the time of manufacture , not pasted on afterwards ; so the paper and inks had to be able to withstand high temperatures . This is one reason why metallic inks , such as gold or silver , were common . In later years , paper labels served another function : they acted like gaskets , preventing molten material from getting into the mechanism for punching the centre hole . This is one reason why metallic inks , such as gold or silver , were common . In later years , paper labels served another function : they acted like gaskets , preventing molten material from getting into the mechanism for punching the centre hole . Half a century later , when vinyl discs became the norm , there was another complication . Vinyl required greater temperatures in the press , and the molten material flowed with much less viscosity . So if ordinary paper labels curled up during the manufacturing process , they would take the vinyl with them , resulting in a warped disc . Half a century later , when vinyl discs became the norm , there was another complication . Vinyl required greater temperatures in the press , and the molten material flowed with much less viscosity . So if ordinary paper labels curled up during the manufacturing process , they would take the vinyl with them , resulting in a warped disc . Specialist label printers appeared , selling grain - oriented paper . This was not only designed to withstand the heat without soaking up liquid vinyl like blotting - paper , but it was supplied with a distinctive pattern on the back to indicate the direction of the paper grain . This was not only designed to withstand the heat without soaking up liquid vinyl like blotting - paper , but it was supplied with a distinctive pattern on the back to indicate the direction of the paper grain . When two labels were inserted in the press with their grains at right - angles , any tendency for the paper to distort in one direction in preference to the other was neutralized . 25 Berliner disc label . No paper label was used ; instead the information was engraved into the master - disc and reproduced on every copy together with the sound . The title is the very last word scratched on the master , in this case Loriley , a traditional German melody . 27 Cylinder boxes . The ends of cylinder boxes carried the nearest the cylinder format ever got to labels . 28 Paper labels for discs . The left - hand record carries an example of the first type of paper label for discs , introduced in 1901 . The right - hand record carries an early example of a red label . The idea of filling the engravings with white greatly added to the legibility , but the conventional cylinder ( just over two inches in diameter ) had insufficient space for much more than the title . This did n't matter very much as cylinders soon found themselves right at the bottom of the class structure of recordings , and not many featured artists worth naming . As disc records took a greater hold of the market , some cylinder companies turned to discs ; but many of them eschewed paper labels . Path discs adopted the idea of filling the engraved letters with white ( 30 ) , but Edison 's Diamond Discs did not ( 32 ) . Incidentally , most disc manufacturers with double - sided discs called the two sides A and B. This did n't matter very much as cylinders soon found themselves right at the bottom of the class structure of recordings , and not many featured artists worth naming . As disc records took a greater hold of the market , some cylinder companies turned to discs ; but many of them eschewed paper labels . Path discs adopted the idea of filling the engraved letters with white ( 30 ) , but Edison 's Diamond Discs did not ( 32 ) . Incidentally , most disc manufacturers with double - sided discs called the two sides A and B. But Edison identified his two sides by L and R , presumably for Left and Right ; clearly they were being regarded as very short fat cylinders ! As disc records took a greater hold of the market , some cylinder companies turned to discs ; but many of them eschewed paper labels . Path discs adopted the idea of filling the engraved letters with white ( 30 ) , but Edison 's Diamond Discs did not ( 32 ) . Incidentally , most disc manufacturers with double - sided discs called the two sides A and B. But Edison identified his two sides by L and R , presumably for Left and Right ; clearly they were being regarded as very short fat cylinders ! The Copyright Act of 1911 forced record manufacturers to pay royalties to music composers ( or their publishers ) . The Act permitted such stamps to be affixed to the container , rather than the record itself ; this was the only practicable way with cylinders . But the Board of Trade had a great deal of latitude to vary the precise details of the arrangement , and insisted that , for discs , the records should bear the stamps , not the sleeves . As it was difficult to make stamps adhere to records without paper labels , by 1916 all disc companies were using them . 29 Ends of cylinder records , showing the lettering styles used by different manufacturers . 30 Path disc label . As it was difficult to make stamps adhere to records without paper labels , by 1916 all disc companies were using them . 29 Ends of cylinder records , showing the lettering styles used by different manufacturers . 30 Path disc label . 31 ( a to j ) The Gramophone Company class system . All these records are twelve inches in diameter and were made by the Gramophone Company of Great Britain between 1920 and 1925 . He was the first artist to insist upon royalty payments , and his contract stipulated that the records should be retailed at 1.00 each . He made his recordings in 1904 and died a year later ; by 1925 they had been moved to the Historic Catalogue . 32 Edison diamond disc label . It was many years before the collection agencies and the record companies trusted each other. Eventually printed replicas of stamps became acceptable to both sides . It is not so much the label which affects the collectability of early rock records , but the nature of this optional centre . Until 1957 the Decca group in Great Britain made a detachable piece in the shape of a triangle ( 35 ) . These triangle centres tend to fetch high prices among collectors , because they are pretty safe guarantees that the disc in question was actually manufactured during the golden years of rock n roll , and is not a more modern pressing . There is a similar consideration for products of Britain 's other principal manufacturer , the EMI group . Its earliest singles had labels printed with gold ink ; these , too , tend to have a higher value than later equivalents printed in silver . However , since in this situation customers never knew what they were buying , the scheme did n't last very long . Alas , the biggest deceptions in gramophone history comprised serious music , which was for many years cut down , both in duration and instrumentation . The first symphony to be recorded was Schubert 's Unfinished published on one twelve - inch disc by American Columbia in 1911 . Fortuitously , its very title makes the short version acceptable under the Trades Descriptions Act ! But for the next decade or more , nearly all orchestral and instrumental music was issued in cut - down form , without any warning being given . A sound archivist will want a recording which gets close to the sound of the original master - tape . The rights to Presley 's Sun recordings were acquired by RCA Victor together with the rights to the artist , and although it is now known that the tapes in RCA Victor 's vault are not actually the 1955 originals , they are extremely good copies , and all have been reissued on compact disc . Thus collectors can get back to the sound of the original master - tape far more closely than would be possible with any 1955 disc , let alone a forgery of one . There are very few artists whose genuine records attract prices which justify forgeries . In 1987 the Black Album of pop singer Prince was withdrawn before it was issued , and only a few genuine copies escaped . The Black Album , being a pure black sleeve ( apart from lettering on the spine ) , was also particularly easy to reproduce . There are three records which have defied the searches of record - collectors , and since no one alive today has examples to compare them with , they would seem to be prime candidates for potential forgers . Two were scheduled for issue as Fonotipia 69000 and 69001 , single - sided discs nearly fourteen inches across . They comprised two operatic arias sung by the tenor Jean de Reszke , which are known to have been recorded in Paris on 22nd April 1905 . It is assumed that de Reszke was dissatisfied with test - pressings ; at any rate , neither was issued . The above non - existent records are , as I say , obvious candidates for forgery , but the simple fact of their being made by obsolete technology makes it less likely that forgeries will appear . There would have to be a high potential return to justify the trouble and expense . Acetate discs were , for many years , the equivalent of wax cylinders before magnetic tape became universal . They were used by professionals and keen amateurs whenever a small number of tailor - made discs were required . I consider the most likely candidate for forgery is therefore an unknown cylinder or an unknown acetate disc in other words , a one - off , which would be difficult to compare with the genuine article , because there would be nothing with which to compare it . There would have to be a high potential return to justify the trouble and expense . Acetate discs were , for many years , the equivalent of wax cylinders before magnetic tape became universal . They were used by professionals and keen amateurs whenever a small number of tailor - made discs were required . I consider the most likely candidate for forgery is therefore an unknown cylinder or an unknown acetate disc in other words , a one - off , which would be difficult to compare with the genuine article , because there would be nothing with which to compare it . In this field the first acetate made by The Beatles was recently bought back by Paul McCartney , reportedly for 10,000 . Acetate discs were , for many years , the equivalent of wax cylinders before magnetic tape became universal . They were used by professionals and keen amateurs whenever a small number of tailor - made discs were required . I consider the most likely candidate for forgery is therefore an unknown cylinder or an unknown acetate disc in other words , a one - off , which would be difficult to compare with the genuine article , because there would be nothing with which to compare it . In this field the first acetate made by The Beatles was recently bought back by Paul McCartney , reportedly for 10,000 . The disc went missing for many years , and was the subject of at least one book . I consider the most likely candidate for forgery is therefore an unknown cylinder or an unknown acetate disc in other words , a one - off , which would be difficult to compare with the genuine article , because there would be nothing with which to compare it . In this field the first acetate made by The Beatles was recently bought back by Paul McCartney , reportedly for 10,000 . The disc went missing for many years , and was the subject of at least one book . Some collectors thought it would be the most valuable recording known to exist . ( The Golden Disc of The Beatles ' 'Sergeant Pepper ' was auctioned in 1982 for 14,300 , but of course that was n't the only copy of the recording in existence ) . Longer - Playing Recordings Three factors ( size , speed , and groove - pitch ) might be manipulated to make long - playing records . And because discs were on the market for a longer time , and attracted more investment , there are a correspondingly large number of freaks around . Probably the first long - playing disc records were made by the Neophone Company of London in 1904 ; they were twenty inches in diameter . The recordings comprised uninterrupted performances of opera overtures , but they cost ten shillings and sixpence each , and needed an outsize turntable . The recordings comprised uninterrupted performances of opera overtures , but they cost ten shillings and sixpence each , and needed an outsize turntable . So customers spent their money on twelve - inch discs instead , and in fact I have never seen a twenty - inch Neophone record . The Marathon discs of 1912 ( 48 ) were made in the usual ten - inch and twelve - inch diameters , but with finer grooves . The idea was to record using hill - and - dale modulation , with the grooves packed closer together because there would be no risk of overlap . In fact , the British inventor P. J. Packman took the idea a stage further ; he developed a cutter for V - shaped grooves , rather than the U - shaped grooves then considered normal , so he got a deeper groove at the same time . The new discs were also hill - and - dale , recorded with a relatively fine groove - pitch of 150 lines per inch , so a ten - inch side played rather longer than usual ( about five minutes ) . The grooves were U - bottomed with a radius of precisely 4.7 thousandths of an inch , and his reproducers were fitted with the very first diamond styli , of exactly this size for minimum wear and surface - noise . But the grooves were very shallow by normal disc standards , and to reduce the chances of the stylus being thrown out of the groove , the records were made absolutely flat , and a full quarter of an inch thick so they would be sure to stay that way . They turned out to be practically unbreakable as well as hard - wearing . When I visited the Edison National Historic Site a few years ago , my guide told me that the full resources of his employer ( the United States Government ) had failed to break one ; but to find out exactly what was inside the quarter - inch slab , they had borrowed a diamond saw and cut one in half . This proved to many people 's satisfaction that Edison 's re - creation was indistinguishable from the original . Unfortunately , Edison was not himself a musician , and the technology he fathered was never used for mass - producing serious musical records . Since 1910 he had been recording discs in London , and Raymond Wile 's list of Edison Disc Masters ( published in the Talking Machine Review from August 1971 onwards ) shows that many mouth - watering recordings of London opera - singers and other treasures were made . They were taken to America for mass - production . It seems , however , that everything Edison actually issued was American home - grown corn . They were taken to America for mass - production . It seems , however , that everything Edison actually issued was American home - grown corn . 50 A twenty - inch Path disc . This example plays for 3 minutes 10 seconds and weighs 2.2 kilograms . Another long - playing disc was the World Record , invented in 1922 by Noel Pemberton - Billing . Bigger cylinders allowed this to happen without extra wear . But since all large commercially - made cylinders seem to have been copied from standard ones , there was no increase in quality , only in volume . The principle that larger cylinders will withstand more wear can also be applied to discs . In 1909 the Path company , which had by then abandoned cylinders , made their own twenty - inch monsters . ( 50 ) . They combined the two features of flexibility and long - playing time . A relatively thin piece of cardboard more like thick paper , really was coated on one side with a material called Durium . Because it was single - sided , the groove pitch was doubled to allow two numbers on each disc . The same company also made a French language course and many advertising mini - discs . Despite their apparent fragility , there are lots of examples surviving today , and collectors were genuinely sorry when the series came to a halt after only forty - two weeks . None of these unbreakable records succeeded in displacing shellac . Actually , shellac was perhaps the least important constituent ; the most important was slate dust , whose abrasive and gritty properties were needed for a rather unusual reason . As we saw earlier , discs permitted simple and cheap record - players ; but the advantage was lost if the record - players had to have sapphire or diamond points made out of precious gems . So steel needles were often used instead . To make the needle fit the groove , the disc contained abrasive material , so the tip would be ground down during the first two or three revolutions . In the late 1950s , for example , listeners had to learn how to listen to stereo . The two microphone techniques mentioned earlier were then rivals , and professional engineers and amateurs could not easily switch from one to the other , much less judge absolute fidelity . 53 An unusual record combining the qualities of a picture disc ( on the back ) , with a special label design ( on the front ) . 54 An Edison - Bell Picturegram of 1927 , an early attempt at audio - visual entertainment . The record tells a story , complemented by a picture scroll . Bones , muscles and joints Old bones are more brittle and are easily broken . The discs between the spine shrink and harden . Osteoporosis is common , and is worse in women ( see page 107 ) . Joints suffer from general wear and tear and become stiffer and less well lubricated . The leader needs some four minutes ' advance to feel safe . So it could be tight . The bikes will have spokeless disc wheels , with their flywheel effect , for the 60 kilometre sprint along the Loire valley to Blois , plus every other new development on bike technology . Everybody will be looking for a smooth , powerful ride that minimises wind resistance and gives the most direct transfer of muscular power to amazing speed along the road . Abdujaparov , Indurain and Chiappucci display their winners ' jerseys as the '91 Tour enters Paris We stared in stunned shock , realising that the pilot must have made one last superhuman effort not to come down right on our heads , but then just could n't manage those last few yards which would have brought them safely onto the runway . There was nothing to say and nothing we could do . It was a perfect summer dawn and the red flames matched the red disc of the sun as it rose over the misty hedges . But life was not all drama and tragedy . There was also the lighter side to things , like the day a high - ranking RAF officer paid us a visit from Group Headquarters , the reason for which escapes me now . Moeri has never published this hypothesis , however . He says that it needs to be tested . All might still have been well were it not for the rupture - discs on the vents above the reactor . Moeri considered these discs unnecessary for his low - pressure reaction , but he says Givaudan insisted on them because they were fashionable on all their equipment at the time . Rupture - discs , however , simply open and let all the pressure escape . He says that it needs to be tested . All might still have been well were it not for the rupture - discs on the vents above the reactor . Moeri considered these discs unnecessary for his low - pressure reaction , but he says Givaudan insisted on them because they were fashionable on all their equipment at the time . Rupture - discs , however , simply open and let all the pressure escape . If proper security valves , which close after initial pressure is dissipated , had been used the pollution would have been much less , says Moeri . Unlike cable systems , which provide a continuous scroll of information , the IRIS system allows the viewer to select any page at random . IRIS contains some 150 pages of information covering weather , agriculture markets prices , television schedules and a continuously updated news service staffed by CBC editors . Microfirms jockey for a hit disc INDUSTRIAL wrangling over a new type of small floppy disc for storing data is holding up the development of useful portable computers . At least six types of microfloppy , as the discs are called , of varying size and format are competing for the market . INDUSTRIAL wrangling over a new type of small floppy disc for storing data is holding up the development of useful portable computers . At least six types of microfloppy , as the discs are called , of varying size and format are competing for the market . One thing the microfloppies have in common is the fact that they are all under 10 cm in diameter , making them better suited for briefcase - size computers than the existing 5¼ ; - inch ( 125 cm ) and 8 - inch ( 20 cm ) diameter floppy discs . There the similarity ends . Sony , which has been furiously lobbying standards organisations and other makers of disc drives ( the machinery that plays the discs ) to accept its design , makes a 3 - inch ( 72 cm ) disc encased in a hard plastic cover . One thing the microfloppies have in common is the fact that they are all under 10 cm in diameter , making them better suited for briefcase - size computers than the existing 5¼ ; - inch ( 125 cm ) and 8 - inch ( 20 cm ) diameter floppy discs . There the similarity ends . Sony , which has been furiously lobbying standards organisations and other makers of disc drives ( the machinery that plays the discs ) to accept its design , makes a 3 - inch ( 72 cm ) disc encased in a hard plastic cover . Hitachi , with its partners Maxwell and Matsushita , has come up with a disc the same size , while a third combine headed by Seagate has opted for 3¼ ; inch ( 78 cm ) in an attempt to head off the Japanese competition . Up to now the Japanese have not been leaders in disc design . There the similarity ends . Sony , which has been furiously lobbying standards organisations and other makers of disc drives ( the machinery that plays the discs ) to accept its design , makes a 3 - inch ( 72 cm ) disc encased in a hard plastic cover . Hitachi , with its partners Maxwell and Matsushita , has come up with a disc the same size , while a third combine headed by Seagate has opted for 3¼ ; inch ( 78 cm ) in an attempt to head off the Japanese competition . Up to now the Japanese have not been leaders in disc design . From behind the Iron Curtain , a Hungarian firm called Budapest Radio Engineering has produced a 3 - inch ( 7.2 cm ) microfloppy encased in a traditional cardboard cover . He stated that during this period he was interrogated and beaten on a daily basis . He was denied sleep for five days on end . His hands were manacled behind his back except when he ate or slept . Tell the President that you have read about Abd Al - Ru'uf 's allegation that he was tortured , and about his lawyer 's complaint . Ask for this claim to be investigated , and find out whether anyone has been found responsible and brought to justice . The theory is nevertheless of a sort which can be of real use in a classroom . Perhaps the most usual description of aesthetic experience in the last hundred years has occurred when the critic has been faced with the need to react to one isolated work of art . It was Roger Fry 's contention that an object , say a bunch of carrots on a market stall , could be viewed in a practical way as something to eat for supper , or aesthetically . This distinction can be backed up by philosophy and aesthetics , and descriptions can be found of the resultant moments of vision or epiphanies . Our concern , however , is not with the difficulties of aesthetics , but only with what a critic writes of aesthetic experience , and how useful such an account may be . Here and elsewhere , the method , for all that Amis would hate to hear it , is dialectical . In the novels I am thinking of he attributes certain ideas to certain characters and utters them in the prevailing manner of the novel , while also submitting them to question within it . He can appear in so doing to have his opinions and to eat them too . And he can also appear to place the novel in a state of suspension . If the state was not present in his novels from the first , it is there in One Fat Englishman , and in Jake 's Thing . The accompanying letter needs to be personal and brief and should certainly not be sycophantic or name dropping . If you have particular skills like dancing , singing , fencing , acrobatics , or mime , be sure they are on this information sheet . I 've even known fire eating , sword swallowing , skiing and judo to be useful , and they are certainly eye - catching but be sure you really can do what you claim ! Photographs Photographs are all - important . It has to be there in the work . The end has to be built in . Otherwise as meaningless as any other gesture , as deeply rooted in the moment , in how one is feeling or what one has eaten or who one has been seeing . And in that case , wrote Harsnet , there is always the possibility that it will not be the end but a simple pause , a mere hiatus . Whereas I , wrote Harsnet , have become something of an expert on real endings , on true endings . Eliminate nostalgia . No solution because no problem , he wrote . Sleep , wake , cook , eat , go in , switch on light , examine prisoner , get down to work , finish work , write up notebook , sleep , wake , cook , eat . La Tartine d'Albertine ? he wrote . Child 's toy my old dream . Horror of the summer noises in the street . Horror of the dogs running on the Common . Days eating scraps because I could not bear to enter a shop , talk to another human being , have people see me . Tried working through the Alekhine Paz had given me , but even chess filled me with disgust . Yet a kind of relief now at writing all this down. Again I told him why . Sometimes it takes a little while to realize you really have lost interest in something , I said to him. That it is n't that you 've got up on the wrong side or eaten something which did n't agree with you or just need a few days ' rest . It takes a little time to sec that you 're not moving forward any more , either because you do n't know how or because there is n't anywhere to move forward to . Of course all these things are relative , I told him , of course if you take the long perspective there 's never anywhere to move forward to and all advance is illusory , but in the short perspective there comes a point when there is no option except to abandon . However , many breweries have taken advantage of such requirements to completely remodel their historic pubs . Whilst the age of the theme pub may be over , more and more old pubs are being transformed into identical , pseudo - historical clones . This is especially true of those pubs now targeted by the breweries as centres for family eating . A traditional interior does not have to be incompatible with accommodating whole families , nor with providing meals ; yet an increasing number of old pub interiors are being sacrificed on the altar of the identikit eating house whether the brewer 's concept be a downmarket steakhouse or part of a family restaurant chain masquerading as an independent local concern . Many of the interiors created by the designers of such facilities are as forbidding as the old - fashioned spit - and - sawdust pub ; any lingering atmosphere is swept away in a barrage of stained wood and fake Victoriana , and any casual visitors made to feel inordinately guilty if they do not , alas , wish to eat . This is especially true of those pubs now targeted by the breweries as centres for family eating . A traditional interior does not have to be incompatible with accommodating whole families , nor with providing meals ; yet an increasing number of old pub interiors are being sacrificed on the altar of the identikit eating house whether the brewer 's concept be a downmarket steakhouse or part of a family restaurant chain masquerading as an independent local concern . Many of the interiors created by the designers of such facilities are as forbidding as the old - fashioned spit - and - sawdust pub ; any lingering atmosphere is swept away in a barrage of stained wood and fake Victoriana , and any casual visitors made to feel inordinately guilty if they do not , alas , wish to eat . The subjugation of individual character in such cases which on occasion even involves the removal of all traces of the pub 's actual name is particularly depressing . The aim of this report is not to demand that brewers turn the block back to 1620 , 1720 , 1820 or even to 1920 ; pubs have to make money , and have to adapt to some extent to changing needs and expectations . It is right and proper that the brewers and their designers should address the challenge represented by imported concepts . French - style caf - bars have been a runaway success over here because they address a market which had previously been actively excluded by the pub tradition namely women . Likewise , American family eating concepts such as Whitbread 's TGI Fridays have received a warm welcome from the paying public . They represent a very real challenge to the pub traditional client base . As it becomes increasingly unacceptable for the man to remove himself to the predominantly adult male preserve of the pub , leaving wife and children at home , it becomes imperative for outlets to be found which can cater to the demands of the whole family . Any hope for the flavour of leeks in a soup , which was again under - seasoned , was drowned in the excessive amount of cream used . The lamb was fine , but the caul was raw and the mousse was pink . I have great admiration for all those involved in the Academy of Culinary Arts and think it a fine , courageous and important creation , but can someone explain how a meal of such ineptitude can be served in its name , and how some of the best chefs and restaurateurs in the world can have eaten it without public comment ? RUTH WATSON Fox and Goose , Fressingfield , Near Diss , Norfolk . LEISURE DESIGN IS IMPORTANT The company believes future growth for pasta will come from mid - market , non - specialist outlets , such as those in the travel and pub sectors . Master Foods sector development manager Kathryn Bowler says : Pasta is one of the fastest expanding areas of the UK 's catering market and there is plenty of potential for further growth . According to the latest Euromonitor report on the international pasta market , each British consumer eats 3.3kg of pasta a year . This still leaves Britain way down on the pasta - eating league . West German consumers eat 4.7kg a year , the French 6.4kg and the Italians 27.4kg . Master Foods sector development manager Kathryn Bowler says : Pasta is one of the fastest expanding areas of the UK 's catering market and there is plenty of potential for further growth . According to the latest Euromonitor report on the international pasta market , each British consumer eats 3.3kg of pasta a year . This still leaves Britain way down on the pasta - eating league . West German consumers eat 4.7kg a year , the French 6.4kg and the Italians 27.4kg . In fact , only Japan lags behind us . According to the latest Euromonitor report on the international pasta market , each British consumer eats 3.3kg of pasta a year . This still leaves Britain way down on the pasta - eating league . West German consumers eat 4.7kg a year , the French 6.4kg and the Italians 27.4kg . In fact , only Japan lags behind us . Like potatoes and bread , pasta is no longer regarded as fattening . There is still a place for it , mainly in institutional catering , but most people think it tastes like cardboard . For most of us , traditional Italian pastas are sufficiently healthy without imposing extra - healthy ingredients on them . The conclusion has to be cook , eat , enjoy and profit . TOP 10 SELLERS THERE are more than 200 pasta shapes , with more than 600 names for these shapes . WHAT constitutes value for money when it comes to food and drink ? This is something that the British harp on that incessantly , using it as the main reason for choosing one restaurant over another , but do we really understand what it means and are we consistent in our assessment of perceived value ? During a recession , the public cannot be blamed for watching pennies in the hope that pounds wo n't disappear quite so quickly , but most Britons eat to live rather than living to eat , no matter how the economy is doing . So , has the brasserie boom brought about good value in restaurants and , if so , is this recognised by the public ? On the one hand the multiplication of good brasseries in recent months has been a breath of fresh air to the restaurant industry , and the public has shown its appreciation by packing them full every night . So Vaughan contented herself with training as a nurse and avidly reading food books in her spare time . But the evil ravages of the British educational system at its worst were not enough to keep her away from her first love forever , and she started to cook with simplicity and a straightforward style which she has maintained . I derive my enjoyment of food from its colour , texture and the combination on the plate when I eat ; so these are the things that I concentrate on when cooking for customers , she explains . I feel disadvantaged as a cook because I received no formal training and did n't go to college . When people write nice things about my food it always sounds like they are referring to someone else . She also becomes quite animated when talking about the excellent local supplies of fresh fish available to her . I pay cash on delivery for fish , which the fishermen like , so they always call on me first and we get super turbot , mussels , scallops , sole and plaice here . Residents at the Old Rectory eat a set dinner every evening around one large , communal table . Outside diners are given a choice of fish or meat main course when they book , and sit at smaller tables around the antique - filled dining room . Vaughan cooks for a maximum of 16 people at any one meal . It was the way we looked at life back in the mid - 60s . His father thought otherwise . Loiseau senior ate regularly at a three - star restaurant owned by the Troisgros brothers at Roanne in the Loire valley . One day he returned home to Chamalires and said I had a job with Michel and Pierre for 1.50 a month . I was n't at all happy but I did n't have much choice . But at the summit there 's a fast road down if you take yourself too seriously . Success is relative . It 's about chance today people drive for miles to eat at La Cte d'Or , but tomorrow it might all be finished . Business has almost tripled since Loiseau joined the 18 other French holders of three Michelin stars . He averages 70 covers on weekdays and doubles that number on weekends . But then , Mrs Feather had never needed anything to brighten up her baking she was a superb cook . Mrs Venables ' cake was as she had said a perfect coffee gteau , smoothly frosted in caramel , with three cherries on the top . A fourth cherry had been in the slice the Councillor had just removed and eaten . There was a cherry on your cake , too , Dorothy , Mrs Venables said , accusingly , to Mrs Feather . Yes , I know there was , said Mrs Feather in a soft , sad voice . The Colonel apparently had his own rules about such things . I put the poisoned cherry there , I admit that . If he had n't eaten it , I would have bought the cake at the auction and got rid of it . But he did eat it , and I thought he would . His own greed killed him , you see . I put the poisoned cherry there , I admit that . If he had n't eaten it , I would have bought the cake at the auction and got rid of it . But he did eat it , and I thought he would . His own greed killed him , you see . Took what did n't belong to him , as usual . That made Kezia a Lower Breed on two counts . Apologize to her ! I 'd rather eat cold fat . But a good spy is supposed to take risks , so after a while I tiptoed along the passage to Claire 's door and peeped in . There were my two sisters consorting with the enemy . People were beginning to leave . Not the foreigners , though . They always stay till there 's nothing left to eat or drink . Father came out . He was saying goodbye to a wrinkled old man , all smiles and handshakes . I could not believe that I 'd been so stupid , or that such a simple mistake was about to have such dire consequences . I wandered aimlessly around the National Gallery just for something to do and then went home . One thing I can remember about that evening was that I could n't eat anything . I could n't bear to have the television on either I just sat there in silence , trying to work it all out . What on earth had got into me ? Looking for work costs money . That point may seem obvious but I do n't think whoever worked out the amounts given in state benefits ever took it into account . Clean clothes , fares to and from the interview , possibly something to eat or drink when you 're far away from home , even going around the job centres they all cost money . All these little bits and pieces were starting to add up and I was getting nowhere . Admittedly I was depressed again no , not depressed exactly , low would be a better word . I 've got a rather funny feeling at the bottom of my stomach . Thank you , though , it 's very kind of you . I 'm sure that not eating has been one of your problems , she informed me . Try some , and then if you do n't like it , well it 's too bad you know . Dutifully , I took a nibble from one of the sandwiches . I watched the party - goers , the punks , the pimps , the prostitutes , the princely and the poor . I watched a world that should have been behind glass and yet I was the one who was behind glass and reality was theirs . I tried eating a sandwich with my second cup of tea and I just about managed it . Serious inroads had now been made into my pitiful cash reserves and tomorrow I would be penniless . I stayed in the cafe for as long as I felt I could and then went back outside . Brilliant ! The next thing on Jenny 's mind was food . Where would you like to eat ? she asked me . Shouldn't you be going to a party ? I 've been excused for the moment . Koi controversy I would like to take issue with Geoffrey Smith about koi in the garden pond ( The living pond , June ) . Mine do n't eat tadpoles , perhaps because I feed them regularly . In fact , we have watched the fish take tadpoles into their mouths , then swiftly eject them . One morning there were over 2,000 tadpoles in my pond ( I was bailing them out temporarily because the liner had a leak , so I was counting them too ! ) . Derek Cox A daily check of the fruit trees is necessary to ensure you manage to collect fruit at its peak harvest condition . Apples such as Merton Knave and Laxton 's Fortune are very poor keepers and should be picked and eaten as soon as they are ripe . Pears are best picked before they are quite ripe . Twist the fruit slightly to one side and , if almost ripe , is will part from the tree . Ripen marrows by raising them out of the foliage and resting on bricks Blanch endives by covering with a bucket , a large flower pot , or a dinner plate for three weeks Plums intended for eating should be left to ripen fully on the tree Harvest onions and lay them out in a dry , sunny spot where then can finish ripening before being stored Houseplants Ornamental cabbages may be bit bizarre , but they love heavy soil and will make a brilliant late display . If you feel like going completely over the top , why not grow some rhubarb chard near your gaudy cabbages ? If you do n't like the results , you can always eat them ! Coming towards winter , birds have usually scoffed the berries of Viburnum opulus by late autumn , but the big , bottle - shaped hips of Rosa moyesii last until Christmas and holly berries should persist well into the New Year . At ground level , bergenias , hellebores and , of course , snowdrops all love heavy soil . Ornamental cabbages can make a lovely late display , and they adore heavy soil . Rhubarb chard grown nearby will make the scene even more spectacular . Both can of course eventually be eaten . Shrub roses such as Roseraie de l'Ha really thrive on clay soils The choice of trees for clay includes conifers , acers and birches Lord Lambourne , for instance , is a very reliable early - flowering variety with green , red - flushed skin and crisp , juicy flesh . Fleshy favourites Flowering mid - season James Grieve is almost guaranteed to give a good crop of very juicy fruit with fine , slightly acid flavour , lovely both for cooking and for eating . Also flowering mid - season , Bountiful is the first new cooker for 55 years . With good colour , sweet flavour and generous crops , it makes an ideal replacement for the difficult to grow Bramley , and another advantage is its mildew resistance . A peewit in the greenhouse is a friend . Well , that was the view of a gardener writing in February 1858 to the journal The Cottage Gardener . His peewit , he said , would manifest its friendship by its exemplary conduct , eating insects of all shapes and sizes but never pecking or injuring the plants . The same writer recommended giving glasshouse room to a few hedgehogs , ideal for keeping down woodlice . Toad sentinel Console yourself with the knowledge that the birds are also picking out many a garden pest . Caterpillars breakfast on eggplants I have n't been very successful with my aubergines the last couple of years , as they keep being eaten by caterpillars . Is there any way of dealing with them without using chemicals ? Vigilant and regular inspection of your plants is the best way of avoiding such pests . Long and segmented , moving slowly and coiling up tightly when disturbed . Two pairs of legs per segment , compared with one for centipedes , the gardener 's allies . Millipedes eat seeds , seedlings , roots and bulbs . Disturb with frequent cultivation , and treat with a soil insecticide . Control other soil pests , such as cutworms , leatherjackets and wireworms , in the same way . If that 's not a new start to a better life , what is ? FOR MORE INFORMATION : For free booklets on smoking , eating , drinking and exercise , write to : If you want to know more about being healthy , join a local Look after yourself ! class . To find out the address of your local office , contact : Look after yourself ! You will learn about what happens at the birth , and how to look after your baby . And you can meet other mothers - to - be . Looking after yourself what to eat . A good diet is essential for everyone but it 's extra important when you are pregnant . A healthy diet includes : Your doctor may also prescribe extra vitamins or iron tablets for you . If he does , make sure you take them as instructed . You do n't have to eat for two ; nor should you eat less than normal when you 're pregnant . Just eat in quantities that satisfy you , and avoid putting on unnecessary weight by cutting down on sweet things like cakes , biscuits and sweet drinks . Later in your pregnancy you may feel more comfortable eating smaller meals more often instead of large , heavy ones . If he does , make sure you take them as instructed . You do n't have to eat for two ; nor should you eat less than normal when you 're pregnant . Just eat in quantities that satisfy you , and avoid putting on unnecessary weight by cutting down on sweet things like cakes , biscuits and sweet drinks . Later in your pregnancy you may feel more comfortable eating smaller meals more often instead of large , heavy ones . But still try to keep meal times reasonably regular . This is especially important during the first few weeks of pregnancy when you might not even know you are pregnant . During this time the baby develops very quickly , so if you are planning to have a baby you should start thinking about your health a couple of months before hand . Look after yourself by eating a balanced and varied diet of protein , dairy products and fresh fruit and vegetables , getting enough rest and cutting out the things that can harm your baby . That way it will have the best possible start in life . The effects of alcohol on an unborn baby Persistent , irritable cough . Loss of weight/not eating . Slurred speech . Good health is not just about providing efficient , high quality medical services . In many ways it is also a partnership . There is much that each of us can do to help ourselves by not smoking , by eating sensibly , by taking regular exercise , and by not drinking too much . There is also a wealth of support and expertise throughout the health service to turn to when you need help . Your Doctor Eating well before and during pregnancy is very important . It keeps you fit and helps you to have a healthy baby . You do n't need a special diet and eating for two could mean you put on too much weight . Enjoying a variety of foods gives you all the nourishment you need . There are certain precautions women should take during pregnancy , for instance , avoiding certain foods and being careful about contact with animals . Both boards and bath seats assist many people in being able to continue using their baths . Some people may find they need more complicated items such as hoists or units that fit into the bath to raise and lower the bather using air or water pressure . Many types of small aids are available and can help overcome a wide range of problems relating to eating , drinking , toileting , dressing , mobility and others . These may be available through local outlets . Several of the larger equipment companies have a mail order service , which is useful if you are unable to get out to the shops . You would be , snarled Jay , smiling back and lighting a cigarette . Lucy stretched up to peck his cheek , and he patted her as if conferring an honour . Have you eaten ? said Lucy , half - way to the table . Too tired , mum . Don't fuss . Then stopped . Whether because they had ceased to be pleased about her birthday or simply because they were tired , she did not know . Her sixteenth birthday they had set the dining room table her family usually ate in the kitchen and her mother had imposed a reign of terror in her preparations . They had meant it to be special , but at the time , it had been dreadful , and when they began to sing Happy Birthday , Jay had burst into tears and run out of the room . Happy ? Stick to jazz , home ground . More Melina Mercouri , hi , knees , glad you could make it , check food , what the hell that 's never a problem . Are we going to eat pretzels or are we going to eat ? Oh , yeah , food , yeah . More Melina Mercouri . There is nobody else on this earth who even knows we are here . We are both appalling about food . You forget to eat , and you think it does n't matter , and I ca n't eat when you 're around . But we are trying to be sensible . So we go through the motions of feeding ourselves . Like he owned the place . Jay withdrew a little . Jem ! said Lucy , switching into mum mode , have you eaten ? This is Jay oh , you met before . St Patrick 's Day . I should n't have come , said Lucy swiftly . I have n't done my bit . Well , let 's just eat and relax , said Jay . But while she was setting out plates , a tongue of fury ripped along her spine . So golden boy had flipped this week ? She tried to think into motherhood , though Jeremy was twenty - five . Did you expect this to happen ? she said , as Lucy took small hard bites . She might as well have been eating spam . No , said Lucy , it all blew up last weekend . I thought they were getting on fine . And for a while , so was he . We were very deux , and I was the hoover and windolene queen . I would not let him eat anything canned or frozen , I spoilt him to pieces . I was down the market every day with my shopper , dear , for veg . I can spot a cheap cauli at a hundred paces . Dinner ? said Jay . Oh , do n't bother with that , said Lucy . I 'll eat before I come . Jay stood frozen from head to toe and watched the car accelerate down the road . From somewhere , her hands found a diary and wrote Lucy against the date four weeks away . He paused to let the devout look up the passage in their Bibles . And Moses and Aaron said unto all the children of Israel , At even , then ye shall know that the Lord hath brought you out from the land of Egypt : And in the morning , then ye shall see the glory of the Lord ; for that he heareth your murmurings against the Lord : and what are we , that ye murmur against us ? And Moses said , This shall be , when the Lord shall give you in the evening flesh to eat , and in the morning bread to the full ; for that the Lord heareth your murmurings , which ye murmur against him : and what are we ? your murmurings are not against us , but against the Lord . Mr Menzies ' exposition was fluent . It swelled , diminished , and swelled again like an oratorio . Drovers had pastured their herds here for many years but their customary right had vanished when Flemyng bought the ground and it was a daily vexation of Cameron 's to move the animals out from among his materials and even from inside the unfinished walls . Come on now , mind my beasts , a drover would say , standing up among the Golds of the plaid in which he had spent the night and putting on a practised tone of wheedling grievance . Look there , they are startling and snorting now you have frightened them and they will not eat before the journey . No no , they will never make a price in Perth now you have terrified them , and Cameron would have to spend a good few shillings to make the drove move on . Now the grey dew had gone from the grass , pats of dung steamed where the cattle had been standing , and Cameron , in his shirt - sleeves with a cloth tying back his long black hair , was supervising the winching up of timbers for the roof . Let us hope his butler was too drunk to remember faces , he said shortly , and turned back to the work . By noon eighteen joists had been nailed into position against the roof - tree but they were short of nails and little Willie McGlashan had been sent off to Grandtully to order a load from Donald Stewart 's smithy . They all took a break then , to eat their oatcakes and drink jugs of beer from Anderson 's . Sandy McGlashan , the windlass man , climbed down the ladder and came to sit beside Cameron . He was small and agile , bow - legged and with a rubbery face that squirmed in on to his toothless gums as he chewed . No man will ever cow them . Did I say a Stewart ? The Duke will bring a fine tail with him The McLaggan women do not mention them , they would eat you alive ! You are hard to please , James I wonder you ever married , said Cameron , then regretted he had spoken . Kirsty was a gem there is nobody else like that . She apologised of course ; I gathered she 'd been talking quilts with a fellow enthusiast and had forgotten the time . The fact remained that the beef was overcooked and some of the potatoes were burned . I did n't say anything , just put the bits I could n't eat on the side of my plate . Then , in the afternoon , I came in from the garden and found her in an armchair , engrossed in a thick , glossy - looking book . Something new from the library ? Geraldine hoovered the living room and watered her plants . She picked off the dead leaves one by one . She went into the kitchen , scrambled three eggs and returned to the living room to eat them . It was still only a quarter to eight exactly the time when , last Friday , Alan turned up. Hi , he said when she opened the front door . They 're always behind in this sort of place . What would you like to drink ? She chose a dry martini because it would have an olive she could eat . She sat in a corner on an antique settle as far away as possible from the blazing open fire . John sat beside her . Sara , do this with your Access . Sara did . They would all chip in later , of course , but she was too shattered right now , they must all be too shattered right now , to start doing sums , working out who had eaten what and how much it had cost . Not too shattered when they arrived at the cottage to propose a round of Trivial Pursuit . Nick poured glasses of whisky . Sara went upstairs to the front bedroom , dumped her knapsack on the floor , took off her socks and shorts and sat on one of the beds . She remembered the sandwich she had packed , but not eaten . She took it out of the knapsack , poured coffee from the thermos and ate and drank . She would lie on the bed just for a moment , she thought before starting dinner . She lay down. He played tennis . He did n't jog . He rarely ate red meat . This was terrible ; he was exactly as she had envisaged . What could she do ? Play chess ? No. We 'd go for long walks and eat hot meals and watch the sunset . We 'd kiss with the wind in our faces . I 'd hold you close and feel your heartbeat . It ran down between my eyes and made me see everything blood - red , even though seconds before my mind had conjured up a pleasing vision : the English boy 's sister . She was polite , she gave me a small box of chocolates with a thank - you card and kissed me and shook my hand when she came for a meal on Sunday . She had been different from her brother and from his friends who used to visit , make themselves at home in my clean room , on the clean bed , delighted to find a video and a cassette recorder and cassettes , who ate my nice food and listened to loud music and swallowed the drink they brought with them . They all said they wanted to visit my country and I nodded my head , promising it would n't cost them a penny , thinking how the people in the village would crowd around them , look at their coloured hair , some of it short and some long . I smiled at them , heaped more food on to their plates , poured more mint tea or coffee into their cups . I put the remains of our dinner on the window ledge to attract them , and when one of them alighted near me I called to it , Taste this couscous , steamed and mixed with oil , English pigeon , and tell me if it 's nice . I 'd been amazed that in London you could buy ready - made couscous in packets , and that the English used it in their cooking . I 'd imagined that they would eat food fit for pigs , and look upon our food with distaste . I left Aisha 's prison in the following way : one day a woman from the same village as Aisha and I came to pick up her sewing machine . She asked me if I was happy here and I sighed . She responded with an even deeper sigh . I found myself lying to her , although my lies seemed to me to represent the truth as soon as I was out of Aisha 's house . I told her how Aisha kept a close watch on what I ate and drank and how I had to take care of the house and children to pay for my board and lodging . The woman nodded her head in agreement and remarked , Yes . Everybody says Aisha 's become like an Englishwoman . When I was told that I 'd have to share a kitchen and bathroom with strangers I could n't help thinking how this would astound the people at home , how they would snort with laughter at the idea that this could really happen in England , mother of civilization . The English boy used to work in the hospital for a day at a time , and then be off for several days. At tea breaks and lunchtime I never saw him eat more than a bar of chocolate or a biscuit . I never saw him talk to anybody . He would just put headphones on and close his eyes . Another knock on the door , he packed a small suitcase while the police dug up the garden for subversive literature . The charge was membership of , and working for , the banned African National Congress . I am six years old and eat pickled herring with my father 's mother Miriam Leah , who has changed her name to Mary . She tells me that when she came to South Africa from Lithuania in 1910 and met her husband Abe Moses , she could only speak Yiddish . Together they owned a fish shop called Levy 's Provisions and Fisheries . Later on she taught her grand - daughter how to sew , how to make tripe , and she taught her politics . Annie , now in her thirties , talks about what being working class means in terms of self - image and worth . Of how there are no accurate contemporary representations of her life , only this heritage stuff about happy agricultural labourers with straws in their mouths , or chirpy cockneys eating winkles . She says she needs to gather up , in her post - modern skirt , all the creative , affirmative , intellectual parts of her childhood ; she needs to know how her folk survived , and when she looks for them in England , on TV , at the theatre , in art galleries , in advertising , they 're invisible . Whether it 's fish in Southern India or tripe in Northern England , the need to place ourselves is the same . They show us an exquisite quantity of French cured meats , smoked crayfish , mayonnaise , salads , champagne , pt , patisserie and chocolates . We retrace our steps to the station , wait a while for the ferry to take us back to Folkestone . We settle ourselves down in a First Class cabin , lay our delicacies out on the table , open some wine and champagne , set the crayfish on to plates that do n't look paper , and eat , drink and devour vast quantities of pt , hors d'oeuvre and champagne . We talk , laugh , guffaw , sing in English and Spanish and suddenly , just before we dock I demand : And now , all of you , who do you prefer , Spencer or Constable ? translated by Amanda Hopkinson I bought him a red hot , a sort of sausage on a roll with mustard . He would n't eat it , so I did . Later when he was hungry , he ate three of them in a row , washed down with bottles of beer which he said he did n't much care for . American beer , pooh . The Atlantic Ocean splashed against the pier , and he stared out to sea and began quoting Homer . I always say , no news is good news . Tonight it 's the story of his uncle and as he stands around in the hall , he talks about his Uncle Rocco who was stationed in Ipswich . His uncle was fend of French fries and he tells the empty corridor for the hundredth time that they are called chips over there and they are eaten with vinegar . Normandy Beach , he repeats as he climbs the stairs . Normandy Beach . A year ago , 11 of his students earned scholarships to four - year colleges . On a typical day , Macci 's students go to classes from 7.30 am to 1.15 pm ( they substitute their physical education classes with tennis ) . Back at the academy , they eat lunch at 2 and are on the court from 2.306.30 . Matches are videotaped and charted to keep track of errors and winners . Macci employs a staff of 11 full - time tennis pros during the school year . Egg ( 1 ) 6g ( 0.2oz ) Milk ( pint ) 12g ( 0.4oz ) Cheese ( 28g or 1oz ) 6g ( 0.2oz ) Chicken ( 28g or 1oz ) 7g ( 0.24oz ) Fish ( 28g or 1oz ) 5g ( 0.17oz ) Steak ( 28g or 1oz ) 5g ( 0.17oz ) It is perfectly possible to obtain all the protein you need from a balanced daily diet . However , the protein must be eaten in amounts not exceeding 2025g ( 0.70.88oz ) at a time because the body is unable to digest more than this and any extra will just pass through the body . This is why people who want to build muscle have 4 or 5 smaller meals throughout the day . Since this is not suitable for everyone , protein drinks are a convenient alternative , Vitamin B15 ( pangamic acid ) helps the muscles to retain oxygen , thus combatting fatigue . The B complex can be obtained by taking desiccated liver and yeast tablets , or by taking a special B complex capsule . The result is better utilisation of the food being eaten , accompanied by a feeling of well - being and more drive during training . Vitamin C The body cannot store vitamin C so it is essential to have a fresh supply every day . De Dolle Brewery in Essen is one of my favourites . They have a similar principle to me they only brew on Saturdays and Sundays ! And it 's absolutely spotless , you could eat your meals off the floor . Their laboratory is tiny and that 's always the mark of a good brewery . From there comes Oer , which Rex describes as a primitive beer ; a dry - hopped Ara ; Boscuen which means rabbit of the forest , a dry beer and one he particularly enjoys . On Saturday nights around 30 people sit down to a four - course SE Asian banquet . These are dishes we have adapted over the years to be vegan but are also the authentic tastes of , chiefly , Malaysia but Vietnam , Cambodia and Singapore as well , Rex said . All the diners eat the same feast which takes Khai Eng and Rex a day and a half to prepare . They get the ingredients ready but do n't cook until the last minute , preparing the second course while the first is being eaten . And here is a place where nice need not mean too naughty the creamless syllabub is made with Tofu , the dandelion coffee mousse contains agar agar , and the all - time favourite is a gravity defying lemon meringue pie . These are dishes we have adapted over the years to be vegan but are also the authentic tastes of , chiefly , Malaysia but Vietnam , Cambodia and Singapore as well , Rex said . All the diners eat the same feast which takes Khai Eng and Rex a day and a half to prepare . They get the ingredients ready but do n't cook until the last minute , preparing the second course while the first is being eaten . And here is a place where nice need not mean too naughty the creamless syllabub is made with Tofu , the dandelion coffee mousse contains agar agar , and the all - time favourite is a gravity defying lemon meringue pie . I think professional cooks have a responsibility to their customers . I 've also been told a prolonged illness can start it and , of course , some dogs just have a weakness . Jasper had been fine until the accident very healthy in fact but soon after , he showed all the symptoms of the condition . He was drinking a lot , eating loads and still losing weight . The worst thing was the puddles on the kitchen floor ! He obviously felt really guilty about that . Energy can be supplied in a variety of ways but the best source is fat . However , before you go adding vast quantities of fat to your dogs ' food , spare a thought for what it will do to the rest of your diet . For a start , both dogs will eat less of the food itself and , as a result , will take in less vitamins and minerals . By adding the extra fat , you will have altered the balance of the diet . You could add extra vitamins and minerals but how much should you give ? A draft letter to his publisher Katkov the fair copy is lost discusses the plot of the as yet unwritten Crime and Punishment . It states defensively : You 'll find in our newspapers many signs of a extraordinary mental instability leading to terrible deeds ( that theological student who killed a girl he had arranged to meet in a shed , and who was arrested a hour later eating his breakfast and so on ) . In short , I 'm convinced my theme is partly justified by contemporary life . For once he was underplaying his hand . It 's not easy to say what the narrating I is doing at such a scene . Again and again he seems to be in and yet dubiously of the party . In fact the chronicle succeeds in having its cake and eating it , all the way back to the stir caused by Nicholas Stavrogin 's arrival in our town , when it is recorded among other things that he seemed to know a lot But of course it did n't take much knowledge to astonish us . Isolated , that looks like straightforward double focus : the first - person narrator inside the chronicle box , unaware of his provincial limitations ; and Dostoevsky outside it . One 's overall sense of The Possessed absolutely refuses to confirm any such duality , and one can pay the novel no simpler or fuller tribute than by saying so . Hong Kong Special Report : The snakes are in good form , despite the wind : The feet are made for wokking , Robert Cottrell concludes as he adds the extremities of chickens to his range of culinary delights , along with the mysteries of tea , rice and appropriate poetry By ROBERT COTTRELL A MILESTONE in food - fetishism : my first chicken 's foot , eaten at Zen , Hong Kong , on 13 September . Boneless . Chicken 's feet used to give the lie to my bravura claim to Eat Anything , so long as it was recently dead . The skipper , John Glennie , said he and his crew members needed a miracle , and we got one . Mr Glennie and the other men , Phillip Hoffman , Rick Hellriegel and Jim Nalepka , were washed ashore on Saturday night , after drifting since 3 June. The men said they had survived by eating seabirds , fish and seaweed , in addition to a limited supply of stores , which included apples and kiwi fruit , mouldy rice , tinned soft drinks and a small amount of fresh water . The four , in their thirties and forties , had set out on board the 43ft Rose Noelle on 1 June for a three - week voyage to Tonga , but were reported overdue on 24 June. An aerial search of the area proved fruitless , and they were presumed dead . But things did get eventually get better . German ability and hard work made the economy the most efficient in the Eastern bloc , helped by generous injections from West Germany as relations improved . Although reality never matched the propaganda , people were better off , they had plenty to eat , the housing shortage was less critical , the atmosphere more relaxed . Once the shunned and despised puppet , East Germany was officially recognised by most countries . Years of struggle for legitimation and equal status with West Germany were crowned by a state visit to Paris and a historic official visit to West Germany . I could only speculate whether the industrial activity required to produce the clock radio and the telephone they wanted to give me , and all the ongoing activity to service those industries and their customers , would not cause more pollution , lead to more acid rain , and so destroy more trees than the one they planned to plant for me . This raises two important issues . First , is it an ethical investment policy to encourage people to try to have their cake and eat it ? Second , is n't there an urgent need for a fundamental rethinking of the accounting conventions by which company performance is measured , if would - be ethical investors are to know how environmentally friendly the companies in which they invest really are ? Letter : Future of Germany Garlic good for the heart By LIZ HUNT PEOPLE who eat a clove or more of garlic a day are less likely to suffer a heart attack , high blood pressure or thrombosis , doctors said yesterday , writes Liz Hunt . New clinical trials show that including garlic in the diet can significantly reduce cholesterol in the blood , according to Dr Jorg Grunwald , a research biologist from Berlin . High cholesterol levels are associated with atherosclerosis , or furring of the arteries with fatty deposits , which can lead to a heart attack . By HENRIETTA GREEN WILD BOAR once roamed the fields and forests of Britain . They were the sport of rich noblemen who hunted and ate them with terrific enthusiasm until there were none . Now there are plans afoot to reintroduce them to Britain on a grand scale for the gourmet market . Not as wild boar running free and doing untold damage to the countryside , as in Italy , France and Germany ; but as farmed wild boar which should ease your mind , even if it causes the farmers untold headaches . If you do manage to buy wild boar , I suggest you try making hamburgers . This recipe is adapted from Patricia Lousada 's satisfying Game Cookery ( John Murray , 15.95 ) . It reminds me of eating wild boar in Tuscany where fennel seed is traditionally added to give an edge to the flavour . Wild Boar Hamburgers Ingredients : 450g ( 1lb ) lean boar meat from shoulder or loin 50g ( 2oz ) fresh boar or pork back fat 3tbs breadcrumbs 2tbs fresh cream 2tbs fennel seed 1 ½ ; tsp fine sea salt Freshly ground black pepper Small pinch ground cloves and nutmeg Preparation : Mince the meat and fat and mix in the remaining ingredients , or mix all the ingredients together in a food processor . Shape the mixture into smallish hamburgers in the palm of your hands and , turning them once , grill them for about 5 - 7 minutes depending on how rare you like the meat . Many remember eating jellied eels still on the menu , along with eels and mash with their parents . And the restaurant is often crowded with aficionados getting their fix of nostalgia . A novice struggling through one of Manze 's pies crisp golden pastry on top and soggy pastry below is quickly spotted and given a cursory instruction in the art of pie - eating by a Bermondsey - born professional . You do n't look like you 're enjoying that . That 's because you did n't put vinegar on it . On Saturdays , hungry customers queue along the pavement beneath Manze 's green awning that is sandwiched between a dry - cleaner 's and a men 's clothing store . The smell of stewed eels streams from a steaming vat into the busy street . Even the late Roy Orbison has eaten pie and mash here . He turned up unannounced one day , during a break from a television appearance , with a minder who wanted to give him a taste of real working - class London . A youthful Big O smiles from a signed photograph among the plastic bottles behind the counter . For those with a sweet tooth ( few Glaswegians are without one ) , the gateaux are suitably elaborate . As Fazzi Brothers is to Glasgow and the west of Scotland , the magisterial Italian food and wine merchant Valvona and Crolla is to Edinburgh and the east . Here , unfortunately , no restaurant area is yet available to allow customers to eat what they buy where they buy it , but the time spent waiting for a takeaway sandwich will be an invaluable education in Italian food . The shop , established in 1934 and now run by the founder 's grandsons , is undoubtedly one of the most important delicatessens in the country , vast in its range of goods and uncompromising in its quality . Outside , it is easy to miss : the narrow shopfront is identified only by the Italian flags hanging overhead . At certain times of the year , hanging from the ceiling amid the festoons of dried sausages , cheeses , onions and garlic , will be a haunch of wild boar . When manager Victor Contini judges that the moment is right , the haunch is brought down to be skinned , boned , cured and thinly sliced like Parma ham . At 5 per quarter , this rarity is not exactly a budget snack , but with a focaccia still warm from the oven and accompanied by a few herb - steeped olives , it could be the most extraordinary sandwich you ever eat . Going Out to Eat and Drink : More scope for cross - cultural encounters By ELLEN GALFORD The manic tone behind this two - year - old north London deli , however , is timeless . Uncle Ian is fond of jokes and posters . A meal eaten in his deli is likely to be spent reading the likes of Your spouse found out you 're having an affair ? Well , have Uncle Ian cater it ! ! ! Experienced Temple Fortune locals seem to prefer to peer away from the posters at the television set perched atop the soft drinks cooler . There are eight varieties of olives , bulk and bottled , including a Californian one stuffed with jalapeno ; olive oil , most famously Carbonell whose comely wench pictured on the labels must be the emblem of Spanish olive oil in British imaginations , comes in gallon tins rather than fancy little bottles . A wide range of deCecco pasta , among the best of the dried brands , jostles for space on the shelves next to pretty tin boxes of turron , Spanish almond nougat . In the compact bar space at the back of the store you can perch on a stool and eat tapas , sandwiches or a hot meal , washed down with cappuccino or Spanish beer . The Ricots make paella almost every day by popular demand ; the Saturday special is churros ( fried twisted dough ) and a hot cup of chocolate for 1 . ( Linda Sue Park ) La Galicia , 148 Clapham Manor Street , SW4 ( 01 - 622 0599 ) . We can at least begin to understand the human life and affection and anger and doubts and suffering and death of God in a way that we could not possibly begin to understand what it means for him to be God . The muddled thinking that makes us claim at least some vague idea of what God is leads us disastrously to thinking that if we say God cannot be one kind of thing we must be saying he is the other. But if we ( rightly ) say that God has to be unchangeable we do not mean he is static any more than if we say The Equator is not the name of a poison we mean that it is safe to eat it . Neither change nor stasis , in any sense we could possibly understand , can have any application to whatever it is we label God . If we were to use the word God to mean something subject to change we would have ceased to use it in the Jewish - Christian - Islamic sense to refer to the mystery of Creation . It might permit the slaughter , but it did not permit entry of Ministry of Agriculture officials , the nuns said . Mother Catherine , the mother superior , a spritely 85 - year - old American , said there had never been a case of food poisoning associated with eggs from the monastery , which had kept flocks for 20 years . We eat eggs all the time ; we 'd be the first to be affected . She said there was no direct evidence linking their eggs with an isolated case of food poisoning that had occurred nearby in Bedworth in June , which was due to Salmonella enteriditis , not typhimurium . There was vague information that the person concerned might have eaten an egg which may have come from the monastery , Mother Catherine said . We eat eggs all the time ; we 'd be the first to be affected . She said there was no direct evidence linking their eggs with an isolated case of food poisoning that had occurred nearby in Bedworth in June , which was due to Salmonella enteriditis , not typhimurium . There was vague information that the person concerned might have eaten an egg which may have come from the monastery , Mother Catherine said . If we thought for one moment that the health of the public was at risk we 'd stop selling eggs . Last night , a ministry official delivered a notice to the monastery , stating that officers intended to return this morning to carry out the order to slaughter the birds . A ministry spokeswoman said the testing was not intended to stop the eggs going onto the market . It was to help discover which EC states had a salmonella problem and to improve controls throughout the EC . She emphasised that only a small proportion of the 30 million eggs eaten daily in the UK would be affected . The ministry would be writing to its Dutch counterpart . Under EC regulations contaminated eggs cannot be banned from the UK nor can eggs be labelled as imported . From a modest 1,000 tonnes a year in the early 1970s , the world 's prawn farms are expected to produce 440,000 tonnes by 1990 . But while rising demand , high prices and fast growth provide the stimulus , the prawn 's life - cycle presents many problems for the would - be farmer . A team of scientists from the distinctly untropical environment of the University College of North Wales in Bangor has solved some of these problems by designing food fit for a prawn to eat . But this tale of commercial enterprise by academics has , ironically , rebounded on them . Peneaeus monodon , the Asian prawn , spends much of its life in coastal waters , migrating at maturity to deeper water for spawning . If people got seriously ill , we had to carry them back ( to Thai border camps ) in hammocks . The Khmer Rouge paid him no wages , but sometimes the porters carrying rice and ammunition supplies from the Thai border would also bring cigarettes and rice wine . Food was always short , and they were forced to eat roots and fruits from the forest , and kill deer and birds . Once a month his commander , Nam , would visit and update his orders . Otherwise , he was totally responsible for his men , and for planning ambushes on Vietnamese or Phnom Penh forces along the road . Administration officials argue that Mr Bush 's speech at the United Nations was in fact a turning point in the US efforts to ban the prodictoion of chemical weapons because it created an atmosphere in which the Geneva negotiations are likley to be accelerated . Other countries were looking to the United States to take a firm leadership role , said one official . Professor Matthew Meselson , a chemical weapons expert at Harvard , said the administration wants to have its cake and eat it , too . It 's backward thinking to put the global ban at risk simply to save a rather controversial binary programme . Bus bomb kills seven in Colombia First he takes the city council to task for presenting the LET scheme as a fait accompli , criticising it for accepting without question LET 's objective of redevelopment in the form of 500 - metre - long , inward - looking building . Holyoak gleefully points out that architect Tony Ridell , of Chapman Taylor Partners , has , rather unfortunately , described The Galleries as a huge aircraft carrier settled on the streetscape of the city . Second , Holyoak attacks the monumentality of The Galleries which , in his words is the latest in the big developers move to privatise city centres to eat up public space and reshape it as internalised , homogenised , security - patrolled private space ' Instead , Holyoak proposes a People 's Plan for the Bull Ring . This consists of a return to traditional principles of town planning , of conventional streets , markets and shops . The book has the weight of research behind it , though this has been unobtrusively stitched into the narrative . The shadowy figure of Abimael Guzman , subject of an essay Shakespeare wrote for Granta last year , surfaces here as Presidente Ezequiel , while the ritualistic savagery of Peru is detailed in some brief , shocking images . Here , for example , is how Elena 's ancestors dealt with an enemy : They would eat his tongue for wisdom , his heart for courage , and for fertility make their women chew his genitals ( not difficult to imagine who gets the worst of that deal ) . Back in the present , enemies of the guerrillas ' 'new democracy ' have their feet and heads hacked off and crudely sewn back on the wrong way round . Such violent grotesquerie is seen as one more consequence of political madness . But by then it is too late . Without fair warning he calls on Helen Mirren , hitherto muffled by the black flounces of his cosmology , to produce raw feeling , love even , loss and rage . She must go to sleep next to her murdered lover , talking of breakfast , and she must then persuade the Cook to prepare the body for eating . In these scenes , Greenaway 's camera stops moving and his technique , alternating awkwardly between long shots and close - ups , seems ragged and inadequate . The defence of formalism is always that it serves to control an excess of feeling , but here in the absence of formalism there is nothing but empty pathos , artificiality in its weak form . However I could see that the class was against me . Crushed ambitions and women 's lib feelings had rallied to the author 's right to identify herself with a polished ship . When I got back to my apartment I ate some ham and beans , and opened a bottle of rather rust - coloured claret . I ate too much and drank nearly three - quarters of the bottle . I felt disgusted with myself , repelled by my heavy , unlovable weight of flesh . You must learn to appreciate your food , instructs the Thief ( played by Michael Gambon ) as he enters the restaurant in which most of the story takes place . By this he means acquiring a thin veneer of knowledge to mask his corruption . But the film goes on to develop graphic , orifice - stuffing permutations on the theme of you are what you eat . Food symbolises many things in this film , but the recurring image is of a cycle of fleshly decay fuelled by appetite . Greenaway colour codes the rooms of the restaurant , which mirror food 's route through the alimentary canal . PROMPTED , I would like to think , by my dentist 's goading last week , readers have filled the mailbags with filo recipes . Recent visits to Greece and/or Turkey appear to have been inspirational , with feta cheese oozing ( figuratively , of course ) from several entries . Celia Cviic ( no , it 's not a typist 's error ) sends two recipes for burek based on street snacks she has eaten on visits to her husband 's family in Yugoslavia ; one with a meat filling , one spinach and cheese . Susannah Perry of north London also uses spinach , combined with lamb and pine nuts for her filo rolls , serving them with an egg and lemon sauce . A bottle of 1987 Torres Milmanda , a Chardonnay wine from Penedes , Spain , goes to Judith Abrahams , London NW1 , for her winning recipe below . Down a little tunnel at the Mesdag museum , up a flight of stairs , and you are standing atop a dune looking at an enormous 360 - degree panorama painted in 1881 . Bathing huts , a steam engine , cavalry on manoeuvre and beached fishing boats : it must have been lovely . Today , thanks to overcrowding and overdevelopment , it is a bit of a nightmare in season , but on a bright day there is still no better place to eat chips with mayonnaise . For exercise and air , go for a walk on the dunes . The dikes get all the credit for keeping the water out , but most of the work is done by the natural wall of sand facing the sea . Ballycastle is one of the more attractive seaside towns , managing to avoid the excesses of other resorts , and there are no end of guest - houses if you want to break your walk or use the town as a base . My English travelling companion was game to try the dulse seaweed , which is a speciality in Ballycastle , so I went into a little shop on the seafront . Folk are n't eating it like they used to , owing to the radioactivity from Sellafield , the shopkeeper said . He said that radioactivity from across the water accumulated in the seaweed . We also passed over the other Ballycastle delicacy , the rock - hard yellow - man , sweet as honeycomb , on account of dental rather than radioactive decay . More important in some eyes is the difficulty of access . Total journey time to a Rockies resort can exceed 24 hours if your itinerary involves connecting flights . When combined with the need to acclimatise to life at 3,000m ( at Breckenridge or Copper Mountain , for example ) , the after - effects of a journey like this can eat into precious holiday time . Seekers after Alpine charm may or may not be content with the neo - Tyrolean style of Vail ; they may or may not adapt to the Wild West clapboard houses of resuscitated mining towns such as Breckenridge . But they will certainly be disappointed by the style of Rockies skiing above valley level . This was a new day , D - Day 2 , early in the morning . I pulled out my grubby little diary from my hip pocket and entered the date , 7th June 1944 . Later , I made my way into the farmyard and joined a group having something to eat . The porridge tasted very good ( 48 - hour ration pack style ) and hard tack biscuits ground down into the tea , not too bad . Hoped to have something better by the evening . Not bloody steak and kidney pudding again ! I remarked . You had better take your time eating this lot , as it 's the last of the tinned food you helped to get out yesterday . He thrust a mess tin full of steak and kidney into my hand , and with a scowl on his face he remarked , After this lot , Piper , we are back to the usual shit , unless something special turns up , like cooks and normal rations ! We sat chatting for a few minutes after finishing our meal . The Brigade positions had been under attack for the past four days and Nos. 3 , 4 , 6 , and 45 Royal Marine Commando had been having their share of casualties . I decided to visit the Marines that evening and , after thanking Mick for his hospitality , made my way back to the orchard , thinking that as I had visited each Commando unit each day when we were in England , why not now that we were in France ? About 8 p.m. that evening Taff and I sat at the side of our slit trench eating what I thought was a rather dubious lump of meat . Taff said it was lamb . Where the bloody hell would you get lamb out here ? Not hungry , Boyo ? Don't worry , we have plenty left for later . Taff carried on eating his large piece of lamb . For the next half - hour we watched hundreds of Allied planes bombing the town of Caen a few miles away from our positions . The Germans were certainly getting a pasting . I got up from the grass and made my way back to the orchard as Jerry started to drop his shells in the dust cloud left in the wake of the speeding jeeps . As Taff and I crouched in our trenches eating our afternoon meal and trying very hard to ignore the clouds of mosquitoes that were buzzing all around us , I looked at Taff . He was eating his food , and , I thought to myself , Christ , how he has changed his appearance after five days living in a hole in the ground ! He looked tired , his eyes seemed to be open wider than usual . Of course , everyone I had met today had this wide - eyed look ; the wounded , the jeep drivers , and the Commandos occupying the weapon pits . I continued to look at Taff as he cleaned around the inside of the mess tin with his forefinger and drawing the finger across his lips with a slow gesture . He must have sensed that I was looking at him , he suddenly glanced at me out of the corner of his eyes and , still cleaning the mess tin with his finger , he said quietly , Why are you staring at me like that , Piper ? Have you never seen a Welshman eating his dinner , or do you think that I am going bomb - happy ? Before I could reply a shell burst a short distance away sending a hail of shrapnel tearing through the branches of the trees above us . As Taff and I ducked down into the trench I upset the remains of my meal over the floor . How are things at No 4 Commando ? Taff enquired as I jumped down into the trench beside him. Not too good , I replied , Anything to eat or drink ? I 'm starving ! As Taff poured me a good measure of cider and handed me a boiled egg and a chunk of meat I described the situation at No. 4 . I wondered if the third soldier had made it back to his own lines . The field they were in had British as well as German mines sown all over the place . As Taff reported to Brigade H.Q I made my way into the orchard , made a mug of tea , had something to eat , got into my trench and immediately fell asleep . You bloody Pipers can certainly sleep . Are you going to sleep in that pit all fucking day ? As I entered the room he got up from the floor , drawing his sleeve across his mouth . Hello , Piper , you are a little bit late for a bit of breakfast but sit down and have a mug of tea . What 's that you 're eating with the fried eggs ? I enquired , as I sat down on the floor beside him. Oh that , me boy , that is the rabbit that was in the cage when we arrived here last Wednesday morning . The Corporal glanced sympathetically at the two figures on the floor and then he moved to the other end of the barn . I drained my mess - tin , got to my feet and went out across the cobbled farmyard , under the arch , and out along the road leading to Brigade H.Q hoping that I would not be requiring the special services offered by the medics . After a few hours ' rest I had something to eat . As I sat just outside the entrance to the trench it was very difficult to accept that Taff was dead . I glanced round a couple of times expecting him to appear through the trees with a mouthful of oaths and a loud Come on , Boyo ! The meal was excellent . I had no idea what it was , but it certainly tasted good , all being washed down with a very good red wine . I have learned very quickly since landing in Normandy to eat and drink what is offered , with no questions asked . The Padre sitting opposite me had a rifle across his knees , the rifle not in keeping with his rather mild manner and angelic face . He had a good knowledge of Scotland , particularly the bagpipes , and I am sure if I had offered to go along to Brigade HQ to fetch my bagpipes he would have had me marching up and down the orchard playing his favourite tunes , much to the consternation of the other Commandos , and possibly the annoyance of the Germans just a short distance away . Seems that the practice is quite legal this side of the English Channel , at least for hungry British troops passing through . The mortar team in the orchard were delighted when I turned up with ten fresh fish which were cooked immediately . We ate the fish and polished off some cider while we watched the bombers blasting Caen , the British guns along the Orne joining in for good measure . Twenty - eighth June this evening I joined the Marine Commandos to take part in a night standing patrol . These patrols had to be very careful owing to the close proximity of the German positions and the difficult countryside of high hedges and tall earth banks with trees on top . As we squelched along the road and into the farmyard I felt a feeling of utter exhaustion . The rucksack and the rifle I had been carrying since yesterday evening seemed like a ton weight . As my section settled into the straw - filled barn , I dumped the rucksack , and slinging the rifle over my shoulder , went off in search of something to eat , coffee or whatever was going . A few French Commandos were making their way across the farmyard in the direction of a large barn where it appeared that someone was attempting to prepare breakfast . I joined the others with great anticipation , of , possibly , hot coffee , French bread , maybe fried eggs awaited us in the barn . He had suddenly appeared through the trees and was thrusting what looked like half a chicken into my now outstretched hand . As he walked away he looked back at me , Better eat it , Scottish , he said , with a serious look on his face . Tomorrow morning we attack the German positions and it is possible that we have nothing more to eat after this evening . I looked at the chicken . By its appearance it had been cooked several days ago. It 's good to feel the tarmac underfoot ; we are moving fairly fast , it 's a lovely night and I feel great . Up ahead there is the sound of automatic fire , but it does not seem to effect us . I have a mouthful of cider from my waterbottle and eat the remains of a chicken , or is it a piece of lamb ? Whatever it is , it tastes good . I have a feeling we must be just a few miles from the River Seine . He can still be seen on film in November 1921 in Saratov surrounded by hungry children . It would need the pen of a Zola to do justice to the reality and appalling intensity of the famine in these parts ( Saratov and Samara ) . It is getting steadily worse and is moving westward with the stream of refugees , who , having eaten their last stores and sold everything that would buy a morsel of bread , are wandering they know not whither . To give an idea of the desolation of some of the villages ( in the Saratov area ) ( may mention that the village of Kano , in the Markstadt district , which has a normal population of over 3,000 , has now only 1,100 inhabitants left , and remember the winter is only just beginning . One of the worst features is the number or enfants trouvs orphans or children abandoned by their parents , who are found in the streets . In terms of the survival of the regime , such a policy may have been deemed necessary . The peasant revolt that broke out in February 1921 in the Tambov guberniia threatened to cut off rail connections between Moscow and the Volga region , since hungry peasants held up wheat trains and ransacked them . Bolshevik sources reveal that about half the population of the guberniia did not have enough to eat by then , and the position was no better by spring of 1922 . The revolt was squashed , but Tambov peasants in 1922 were still compelled to pay a levy on the acorns they picked to eat as a substitute for bread . The economic plight of the Volga peasantry was even more crippling than that of the Tambov or Ukrainian population . In the evenings they mostly camped . Travelling with a huge mammal has its own special problems . Not least of which was the vast amount of food she ate between 400lbs and 600lbs of fodder per day . Mark smiled and said She would eat anything you gave her , I 've never known an animal like it in my life . Tara also took quite a liking to rum which she was sometimes given to make her sleep . Travelling with a huge mammal has its own special problems . Not least of which was the vast amount of food she ate between 400lbs and 600lbs of fodder per day . Mark smiled and said She would eat anything you gave her , I 've never known an animal like it in my life . Tara also took quite a liking to rum which she was sometimes given to make her sleep . Tara loved water which caused some embarassing moments for Mark . The Department of the Environment confined itself to spending 175,000 on banners and other adornments along the Mall and in Trafalgar Square . For all the obvious potential of the pageantry in attracting tourist income from America and the Commonwealth , official expenditure on flags and bunting in the City of London came to just 150 , while , to save money , the cleaning of the floor of St Paul 's Cathedral before and after the jubilee service was done by an army of volunteers . Like George VI and the then Queen Elizabeth eating spam from a gold plate during the Second World War , this was pageantry on the cheap rather than an unrestrained recapitulation of the glories of the first Elizabethan Age . Many of the major issues confronting government and nation remained unsolved , or at best marginally confronted in the 19778 period . In the Commonwealth , Callaghan ( previously a supporter of arms sales ) took a firm line in promoting a ban on sporting and other contacts with South Africa , and enforced the so - called Gleneagles Agreement with other Commonwealth countries , amongst whom the Conservative Prime Minister of Australia , Malcolm Fraser , proved an unexpectedly vigorous opponent of apartheid . I bet we all have some special memories of how RAF food tasted in OUR days ! Indeed , many will recall what it was like to prepare RAF food . May own efforts at making custard , on what I think was called a Hydra Burner , may have been forgotten by those who subsequently had to eat the awful stuff , but I am not likely to forget the watery culinary disaster ! There was not a lot of style about the way food was served either . A Brooklands Museum friend recalled that while staging through Toulon in 1947 , with eating irons and mess tins packed in their kit , they were served scrambled egg with a sausage stuck in it in their cupped hands ! Startled by a sudden noise he looked out to see a Junkers Ju 88 flying low but , luckily , into mist . Skirting the wood he walked for hours , resting after spotting potato - pickers and distant houses . When darkness came he ventured out , selecting a large potato which tasted awful although he ate it all . Smoking the first of five cigarettes from his case which had been undamaged in his rear pocket ( matches from escape kit ) Harry made up his mind to head for a port , walking north - westerly to avoid Potsdam . Coming into a village he brazenly replied to a child 's Heil Hitler with something entirely different ! However , I confess that I do not believe a party , any more than the society which it serves , can fail to suffer if it knowingly allows institutions to fall more and more out of correspondence with contemporary needs . In Britain of the 1960s this challenge of the Welfare State is not isolated : it is but one aspect of the challenge which confronts us throughout the whole political field . The world wants to know if Britain can adjust to the facts of life or will allow old fears , old habits , old prejudices , old prides to weigh down its vitality and eat up its resources . Dare I say , as a once member of One Nation , that the world wants to know if Britain dare make Change its Ally ? I do n't know the answer , for only the people can give it ; but I do know that it is our duty to ask them . Eliot traces the line further back into primitive prehistory by an explicatory aligning of his protagonist and a putative ancestor , the Cyclops , who devoured Odysseus 's comrades . When Nausicaa meets Polypheme beauty meets the beast . It is also the meeting of the cultured city dweller , who led Odysseus from undergrowth to city palace , with the savage Cyclops who wished to eat the hero in a cave . The absurd encounter represented in Eliot 's parenthesis is erotic , but also cannibal , each aspect reinforcing the outrageous horror - comedy of the other. The situation and its elements foreshadow the later confrontation of Sweeney and Doris on their cannibal isle . Came Christ the tiger In depraved May , dogwood and chestnut , flowering judas , To be eaten , to be divided , to be drunk Gerontion , in the barren wilderness of modern life , the world of Antwerp , Brussels , and London , is terrified of the cycle of fertility which also traps him. For him The tiger springs in the new year . Yet sometimes , as in the English Mummers ' Play , it is the representative of the good principle that is killed by the evil , and afterwards brought back to life . It is not hard to fit Mrs Porter 's death and resurrection into Cornford 's schemes . Nor is the final planned dispensation of eggs out of place in a basic ritual scheme in which the cooking and eating of a Feast are canonical , part of a sacramental meal through which the God passes to his resurrection . In the first London stage production , Sweeney pursued Doris with a razor , and her screams were heard offstage . Eliot , who invited his friends to this performance , who attended some of the rehearsals , and who expressed his full confidence in the director Rupert Doone , continued to follow in his text the original impetus which Cornford had given him. It shows Christianity beside the most primitive of humanity and slashes a raw strength into the London lounge . The confrontation is introduced by being absurdly dismissed , in a West End version of Sweeney Agonistes , with a small side glance at Lvy - Bruhl 's prelogical mentality thrown in as The native is not , I fear , very logical . From slick dialogue about eating Christians , the play moves back to the world of the cinema . Peter has just come from California to make a film of English life which will involve the reconstruction of an English residence in Hollywood . He wished Celia to star in his film , but the unreality of this world is punctured by the stark reality of the ritual slaughter . We carried sticky ice cream cones into the large dark room . We each had to sit in our own chair . I had crawled into mine and was turning round peering into the dark where many people sat eating popcorn and candy . My parents were pointing up to a beam of light and saying Dumbo . I stared at a huge rectangle of light , it was pinkish floating flickering and suddenly I saw a pig ! But the house hanging over the cliff got me into agonies of suspense , and I was amazed , when the dark came without bombs , by how the black on the screen , especially the black of Charlie Chaplin 's suit , his moustache , hat and rolling intense eyes , fitted the darkness of the little cinema . And how the white , the snow , the sheet that was the screen , was the light , and you forgot yourself when you were watching . The hunger that made Charlie , Charlot , chew the boiled slices of boot , moustache toing and froing under his nose , I understood as well or as little as the hunger of the grown - ups around me , my mother eating the woodworms along with the oats and the silence as everybody stopped to watch her . I was lucky , thin as a rail and never hungry . I remember the terror though : when the bear comes out of the wood and stalks after unsuspecting Charlot on the steep , cliff - edged mountain path . Nothing will ever feel as real as those times . No other world will take me so fully into its secret ways . No oranges will taste the same as those we ate on t hose Saturday mornings , saving the peel to throw at the screen when Roy Rogers brought out his guitar to serenade Dale Evans across a Texas campfire that was flickering in an enchanted cave in a Manchester street . Mike Harding On first seeing All Quiet on the Western Front it was as if the whole cast had marched through my life on their way to Wallsend station and the battlefields of Europe . Halfway up the aisle the Ted turned his head again to the packed house and in the same pained voice of injured innocence repeated , 'E were touchin ' me fookin ' cock . It was a low - down dirty day . I was leading the life of a bat in a dark hole , eating candy and gobbling images . I plugged my naked feet in between the empty seats as tears rolled down my cheeks . I 've learned to cry silently during movies . The film Shivers , a real horror of bloody worm - like parasites the size of Errol Flynn 's penis . In front of me five youths , age seventeen , leaning back , arms spread , cool , sniggering and making jokes , pretending not to be frightened . Next to me a girl eating a box of liquorice torpedoes . On the screen a woman nonchalantly opens the lid of a washing machine and out leaps one of the Things . Everyone in the cinema , everyone except the five youths , jumps and screams . When you wanted tea you could either have a pot of tea , or a cinema tea , which was a pot of tea and a plate on which was a sandwich with the crusts cut off , which also represented something , and a cake . It 's very difficult to eat in the dark . We noticed that quite often if people ate the sandwich they left the cake , or vice versa , so when we used to collect the trays from them we would take whatever was left . At the back of the stalls there were radiators which had plush curtains and we would shove these cakes and sandwiches under the radiators , and the next time somebody ordered a cinema tea we would go to the kitchen and order a pot . Maybe the cinema tea was 9d and the pot of tea was 6d . Unshelled peanuts : after the second house the floor was audible . You walked audibly . It was like the whole audience was eating celery . I had a mate who could crack peanuts between his knees , which was an enormous asset if you had a girl with you . At the Watford Gaumont , which I managed , people would come in dinner dress and they would have the same seat every week . FAMILY ENTERTAINMENT Carol , who went to see Jungle Book , has a daughter , so her child is not David , who ate the popcorn . Snow White was the main feature at the cinema where the choc ice was eaten . Ann bought the hot dog , so Carol , who did not buy the ice lolly , must have bought the orangeade . So Tom and Jerry must have been the support film for Jungle Book . We know that David 's mother is neither Carol nor Ann , who bought the popcorn , nor is she Jean , whilst Meg is Simon 's mother , so David 's mother must be Helen , and they therefore saw Mickey Mouse . We know that they did not see Jungle Book and Popeye was the supporting item for Peter Pan . As David ate popcorn , he did not see Snow White , and we know that Donna watched Mary Poppins , so Helen and David must have seen Fantasia . Mary Poppins was not supported by Bugs Bunny , so Donna must have seen Donald Duck leaving Bugs Bunny as the cartoon screened with Snow White . Therefore Ann 's child , who did not see Donald Duck , cannot be Donna , and must be Julie , who therefore ate the hot dog . As David ate popcorn , he did not see Snow White , and we know that Donna watched Mary Poppins , so Helen and David must have seen Fantasia . Mary Poppins was not supported by Bugs Bunny , so Donna must have seen Donald Duck leaving Bugs Bunny as the cartoon screened with Snow White . Therefore Ann 's child , who did not see Donald Duck , cannot be Donna , and must be Julie , who therefore ate the hot dog . The film combination rules out Donna as the child who ate the choc ice , so Meg and Simon must have watched Snow White and Bugs Bunny , leaving Donna as the eater of the ice lolly . By elimination , Donna 's mother must be Jean , and the programme seen by Ann and Julie must have been Peter Pan and Popeye . Mary Poppins was not supported by Bugs Bunny , so Donna must have seen Donald Duck leaving Bugs Bunny as the cartoon screened with Snow White . Therefore Ann 's child , who did not see Donald Duck , cannot be Donna , and must be Julie , who therefore ate the hot dog . The film combination rules out Donna as the child who ate the choc ice , so Meg and Simon must have watched Snow White and Bugs Bunny , leaving Donna as the eater of the ice lolly . By elimination , Donna 's mother must be Jean , and the programme seen by Ann and Julie must have been Peter Pan and Popeye . CHARLIE HOLMES We meet our local hosts , and in the dining room tea and lamingtons are waiting . While the equipment is being set up people come in from their work outside and visitors start arriving from up and down the Whanganui river . By the time dinner has been eaten and evening prayers conducted it is eight o'clock and about a hundred people have gathered . There is a vocal , direct reaction to all the films on the programme . Great interest is shown in the activities and scenes depicted : the skill and panache with which cat 's cradle is demonstrated is commented on , the speed and technique of the weavers astounds , the making of crayfish pots and operation of eel weirs is studied intently . Napoleon 's Number One Fan , who during Abel Gance 's film was accused by the man in the next seat of masturbating underneath his hat and splashing his wife , but who stoutly defended himself by saying that the unfortunate staining would never have happened if she had n't nudged him and thus dislodged the titfer from his lap . And then there was Our Lady of the Leftovers who entered the NFT bar wearing a fur stole and carrying a sequinned evening bag . Her face lit up with a delighted smile as she gazed at an abandoned plate of half - eaten sandwiches on a nearby table . She stuffed the sandwiches into her evening bag and continued on her way , her eyes sparkling . With special affection I remember the metro railway enthusiasts who , confronted by rigorous structuralist films or scenes of sexual and scatalogical excess , walked out of the cinema in baffled confusion during the first NFT International Underground Film Festival and indignantly demanded their money back after having booked for a whole season of what seemed like fascinating specialist delights : German Underground , American Underground , Italian Underground . He was never tightfisted but it was n't often he was that generous . So we all dived right in , me , Steve and Paul , and Wally . We ordered so much we could n't eat the last dish they brought us , could n't even touch it . Vivienne got really angry . You 're just being greedy , you lot , she shouted , your eyes are bigger than your bellies . Goodnight Steve . We were so broke when we were living there that I 'd buy a bar of Kit Kat in the morning , have two fingers of it for breakfast and the other two for dinner in the evening . That 's all I 'd have to eat all day . By this time I 'd left St. Martins so there was no more grant . I was having to survive on my dole money which seemed to disappear the day I got it . We complained to Malcolm , told him we were fed up with the mice and we did n't have enough money to eat properly . ( John , by the way , would always claim they were rats with his usual sense of accuracy . ) So Malcolm went down Club Row market and bought us a cat and the most ridiculously horrible food tins of sardines and those disgusting tinned plum tomatoes they used to try and make you eat at school . There you go boys , he said , that 'll do you And he cooked us sardine soup . They had walked up the worn stone staircase , arm in arm , with their beautiful girl child dancing around them . And Phoebe was so relaxed that it actually amused her to realise that everyone who saw them would assume they were a boring married couple , English middle - class tourists . Afterwards they had eaten lunch and then despite the heat had started home . Then on the way back he had suddenly turned to Maggie and said , That was a garden for your mother , now I have one for you . Who had been the loser ? On paper , she had ; and perhaps his wife . He had , in the classic language of such things , had his cake and eaten it too . But what was she supposed to have lost ? Nothing that mattered to her . The terror of death was upon her and , sensing this , the dragon 's appetite awoke again . The walls of the cavern where Margaret was sitting began to ooze with digestive juices , pungent with the smell of sulphur , and the quicklime of the morgue . The acid began to eat away at the edge of her tunic , the bottom strands of her curly hair . She longed for a weapon , for even a hairpin , and knowing that she did not have one , she knew too that she was totally defenceless , unarmed and alone . She could feel the great flight of the dragon and sensed that she was high in air and travelling fast towards the sunset ; she could feel the great muscles of the dragon 's wings send ripplings down the stomach walls and she gave herself over to death . It sounds suspiciously like getting everything without working for it . I think the fundamentals will stay the same . He does accept , however , that automation will continue to eat away at jobs and leave top executives with agonisingly difficult decisions and that this is bound to make their jobs more stressful . He believes it will call for a fundamental rethink about the way that work is structured . I think there will be far more job - sharing . It is only when people are shown and offered things that excite their brains and imagination that standards go up. When the British started to go out of Britain and go abroad for their holidays their eyes were opened . They started to eat different food , see different clothes and furniture in the shops and different houses and their perspective widened . Sir John Cuckney Born : Murree , India , 1925 . They 'd dress up then and go out to dinner to some restaurant , laughing and talking together as if nothing at all had happened . What would they be talking about , Rose ? About what they 'd eat that evening in the restaurant and what wines they 'd drink . You would wonder how they could eat at all after the amount of time they spent talking about food . When Moran came in from the field with Michael he was in high good humour . Trousers are far handier , he was able to smile it aside . If you grew something like carrots it 'd make some sense . It 'll be a long time before you 'd eat any of those flowers . They 're fun to look at . Looking wo n't get you far in this world , Moran said . As the days went by and the busy little transport box seemed to be making only slow way into the huge heap of lime , he no longer eased it out on the blade of the shovel for the wind to take it but scattered it anywhere out of sight , anywhere to be rid of it . More often because of his impatience , it blew back in his face , dusting him all over . Each night he would be more red - eyed , hardly able to drag his feet with tiredness , his face caked white with lime , lime in his eyes and ears and nostrils , his throat dry , lime thick through his hair and clothes and when he sat down to the table he felt as if he were eating lime . The blindman 's buff of I 'm the boody man was gone and they served his tiredness with careful silence . Rose bent over him with pure attention . The nun thinks we did n't do too bad . Never mind . We 'll always have enough to eat here anyhow , he said , feeling vulnerable in the face of the power that rested in the hands of the outside . Then , suddenly , the exams were over . They could put their books away . The life of a subsistence farmer simple does not accord with our notion of labour . For example , we cannot answer such questions as at what time does a rural Malagasy begin work and at what time does he or she end it ? There is no break between getting up , washing , husking rice for breakfast , eating the breakfast , making basket work , stopping to chat , going out to cultivate the kitchen garden , mending household objects and tools , going to the field , fishing for crayfish in a nearby stream , swimming there , herding the cattle , playing a musical instrument , etc. All these are part of living , all these activities are totally intertwined , and there is no possibility of separating them into work and leisure . This point has been shown again and again ; it is clear from the excellent descriptions of production activities which we have of peoples such as the Tikopia of Polynesia described by Firth 1939 or of the Bemba of Africa by Audrey Richards 1939 . There was the same combination that I had seen before : collected in groups that seemed threatening because you were not part of them , and between these bright areas black , empty alleys full of odd forebodings . Nathan Sale above Tromsdalen Our search for something to eat led us up these darkly menacing alleys . It was freezing literally so after a not - too - exhaustive search we settled for a place that was warm and , as it turned out , very good . Nathan cheered up a touch when he had eaten his way through half the menu , and was even able to smile at the prospect of spending the night in our corridor - like room . Back at the tent it is getting late , so I set up the Trangia and cook myself a meal . It feels cold : I had hoped for spring but what I am finding is winter . I eat the meal inside the tent to get away from the wind , and even there I need an extra jacket . The wind drops slightly as I am making myself another cup of tea and I like the idea of going out to watch the sun go down. I take a camera and sit on the edge of the water . Mars bars , a rip - off at three times the UK price , taken at regular intervals , got us there . The final peak stands quite proud of the regular ice and we pondered the way up. Large caves guarded by huge icicles , some fifteen feet tall , sheltered us from the wind as we ate lunch and did some more pondering . Without an ice axe and with only borrowed instep crampons my climbing ability was somewhat limited , and this was not the place to take risks . But who could get this far and not just push it a little bit ? In Norway , I tell him , the orca is called spekkhogger , flesh ripper . He smiles . That night we eat puffin , just to be sociable . It is dark red with the crumbling consistency of pig 's liver . I expect it to taste mildly fishy or , perhaps , mildly gamey . Why not ? I asked . They eat a lot of foreign food there , he said . In Troms Tony searched out a coin so he can call Christine to report the fact that another interesting trip is about to start . I stare at the Ocean . When she looked over the side in surprise , to her horror a huge orca surfaced just a metre away . It turned lazily around and peered at her . This eye contact unnerved the girl and sent the mother near hysterical , but having decided that they either meant no harm or , alternatively , that they were no good for eating , the orca lost interest and left . I should be so lucky as to get that close . Um , said Tor , but then went on to explain that only a week or two before he had been within a hundred metres or so of a school of orca . For days after we are all victims to the angry itching bumps they leave all over us . They drive me to distraction : at first I refuse to fight back , on the grounds that life is sacred and it is not their fault that they are mosquitos , but I eventually join in the swatting that punctuates the quiet every so often . It is , I decide , not my fault either that I am a human being who does not want to be eaten alive . During one meal I swat one off my arm and ask Tor if he knows what was the last thing that went through the mozzie 's mind . Leila helps translate this for me as she , but not he , understands the colloquialism . Odd - Knut thinks that it might be best to make a night trip with empty sledges , returning to the camp , especially as a friend of his is likely to arrive for the night . We all agree. More tea is drunk , food is eaten . We stretch out in the lavvu which is pleasantly warm now after a day of the stove being ablaze . Odd - Knut 's friend Tom - Frode arrives , a perpetually smiling man with hands like dinner plates . He falls in a heap , and as they pass every dog on the right of the line raises a leg and pees on him. The Lapps are a curious people , pragmatic almost to the point of unfriendliness . If you ca n't eat it or , better , drink it then they do n't want it . Odd - Knut tells us that in Troms there was a notice on the only bit of grass in the town . It said do not go on the grass , translated literally from the Norwegian somehow the story does n't work so well in English . More tea , then more coffee . I have a headache and am concerned that the wind has dehydrated me ; it is so important to pour liquid down in the Arctic , especially in winter . We drink some more , eat some more . The stove warms the tent up and we become drowsy , and oblivious to the storm outside . By the time I am curled up in my bag I am totally content , warm and well fed , exhausted but not wanting to sleep for fear of missing these moments of happiness . Operating on Stig in a blizzard Stig after the blizzard In the tent that night we eat smoked trout and Odd - Knut tells us that the previous year there was a fight on his team and after it was over and the dogs were moving again he saw blood on the snow . He stopped the team and found that Brusie , now Tony 's lead dog , had a serious stomach wound , one of her teats having been almost torn off . He fought to staunch the blood and stitch the wound , with the dog slipping towards unconsciousness . An author is taking his revenge in setting down these judgements , begrudging the grudges of others while uttering , this once , the cry of the deserted child . Neither of these books , however , could be said to be intent on revenge . Glasser presents a full picture of the behaviour , good and bad , which he encountered in an area of maximum difficulty , and it is not often that such a picture has been presented . The familiar and approved accounts of Scottish life have long favoured a country of hills and fields and firesides , where braw lads and bonny lasses dance reels and go on , after early struggles , to better things ; where the best thing of all is the kind landed family that comes up from London to visit them , famous for its stables , castles and ceremonies . Another fallacious account comes to mind . The status of comedy is crucial to the debate , and we can at least be sure that Kingsley Amis would not object to having his practice compared with Waugh 's , or to being placed with him among the monologists of the Right . Against this monologic Amis can be set , by way of alter ego , the modernistic Amis of Barbara Everett 's discussion of Difficulties with girls , which occurred in the course of an essay on Hugh Kenner 's fantasy of a British betrayal of Modernism , and which springs the surprise of conveying that Amis , so often supposed an enemy of Modernism , is really a Modernist . She begins by recalling a remark made to her a long time ago by Larkin , about difficulties encountered in his private life a remark which consisted of a joke to do with the impossibility of relations between men and women , followed by the notion that women ought really to marry each other , followed by but that would be wrong , would n't it ? And she notes that the same remark , or the same sentences , can be found in Amis 's novel . What interests her , apparently , is not the remark itself , but the degree to which the piece of recall her piece of recall , presumably failed to affect the novel in any way . So , with your agreement , Sir Vivien , your aunt and your uncle will entertain you at dinner chez vous . My dear Vivien , said his aunt , I do commend you on your herb garden as well as on your choice of bride . Your dear new uncle - in - law whom I was fortunate enough to encounter on the morning train from Paddington agrees that it would be nice if our friends from the constabulary were to join us . But auntie The baronet was incredulous . They may wish to visit during the building stages . You must also let them know when the work is complete . If the builder encounters some unforeseen work do n't panic , but you must advise the Environmental Health Officer immediately ; they should be able to assist with additional finance if they are giving you a grant . When will the money be paid ? When the work is finished the Environmental Health Officer and the Occupational Therapist will inspect the work . Does this conception make the mind - body problem easier for us ? Perhaps it does in the following modest sense . At the first , input - process level , we do not encounter philosophical problems in the classic sense : these are problems of mental engineering , of cognitive science in the current jargon . However , the problem at the cognisance level is to describe how a history of activity ( that is , intentional changes in informational content ) results in the conceptions which we have about our mental life . It hardly needs saying that how this story is told will depend upon philosophical argument . Stephen Stich ( 1983 ) presents a case for a syntactic theory of mind which is more radical than Fodor 's . He argues that the language of folk psychology ( talk about beliefs , desires and the like ) may float free of the kind of mental states that actually do the computational work : these are defined solely by their syntax and causal role , not by their reference . He spends a lot of time saying why this way of regarding syntactic mental states does not encounter the problem of the holism of the mental . 2 . This means the process of assigning syntactic roles to elements of a sentence : noun phrase , prepositional phrase , adverb , etc. This is a phenomenon which most of us experience from time to time , particularly when performing a highly practised task like driving a car or using a keyboard , and which the clinician often feels presents in exaggerated form in certain neurological conditions . The term blindsight was coined by Larry Weiskrantz at Oxford to describe perhaps the best known example of this dissociation , in which patients with damage to the visual areas of the cortex deny being able to see a visual stimulus while behaving in some respects as if they are processing it , for instance by moving their eyes in its direction . The difficulty here is the same as the one already encountered with the attempt to relate evoked potentials to conscious events . We only have the subjects ' external behavioural indicators ( verbal or non - verbal ) of their experiences and we have no way of validating these indicators . So we end up dissociating one piece of behaviour from another : in blindsight , the verbal response No , I did not see the light is dissociated from the ability to move the eyes towards the light . This requires a re - examination of such chairs as please my eye and try to come with a starting point . Instead of going into all the details of this stage , which are likely to be inapplicable to other designs , as they are so dependent on personal likes and dislikes , I simply show you the design limits worked out ( fig.1 ) and what I made . In the next article , I will describe the details of the job , and in another the solutions I found to the many problems encountered on the way . Fig. 1 Side and front elevations of nascent chair Fig. 2 Early sketch Cuisine 2000 itself , meanwhile , was enjoying a somewhat mixed reception . Freed from railborne restrictions , the new menus could offer much greater sophistication . Passengers now encountered Duckling in Ginger and Shallot Sauce : an irresistible combination of seasoned roasted duck , off the bone , served with a sauce of shallots , ginger , honey and white wine . But such pretentious billing set up Cuisine 2000 for instant mockery whenever problems arose as surely they did . Private contractors , appointed both to supply the food and to staff and run the shore depots , seriously underestimated problems such as the relentless , unforgiving intensity of the railway timetable very different from their airline experience where there are far more carpets under which to sweep catering delays . COACHES AT the beginning of the 1980s passengers experienced great variances of comfort and style on InterCity and cross - country trains mainly according to whether they were travelling in one of the three basic designs that made up most of the fleet , one each from the fifties , sixties and seventies . Features dating from before World War I were still commonly encountered , along with luxury wall - to - wall carpeting even in what today we call standard class . Side corridors and composite vehicles ( for example first and standard or first and guard 's van ) were still common . They were the days when many passengers were afraid to enter a secondclass compartment believing ( because of its quality ) it must be a first , of a mixture of vacuum and air - braked stock , steam and electric heating , and continual development and changes with the design of bogies . His ever - developing design gives the vital clues to Juliet 's development from a child playing with her doll to the shy recipient of Paris ' respectful admiration . Juliet then becomes the slightly apprehensive debutante at the Ball where her movements , though tentative , are conventionally correct when she dances with Paris . The moment she encounters Romeo and senses somehow that her life has changed her movement becomes more purposeful . From there onwards it becomes stronger and more emotional so that her joyous movements and later abandon in Romeo 's arms are in absolute contrast to her later dance with Paris . Her movements then are equally purposeful but they are constricted and withdrawn , so that her father 's contemptuous rejection of her pleas and his throwing her to the floor seem the proper outcome of what in his eyes is sheer disobedience . The brewery was founded in 1853 , started to make wheat beers in the 1890s , and has produced nothing else since it came into its present ownership , the Brombach family , in 1935 . At the time , it was making 3,500 hectolitres a year . WHEN I first encountered South German wheat beers , in the early to mid 1960s , they were regarded as an old - fashioned , rustic style , favoured by old ladies with large hats . The beer was at that time customarily garnished with a slice of lemon . People have told me the lemon was to mask the taste of the uneven products made at that time by unscientific country brewers ; I do not believe that . Flavours rapidly evaporate from hot wort while bitterness requires up to an hour to fully develop . Brewers have been aware of this issue for centuries and have developed the practice of adding copper hops early in the boil to provide bitterness and aroma or late hops towards the end of the boil for flavour . While whole hops are repeatedly claimed to produce the best hop character in a beer , problems may be encountered . First is the liability of hops to deterioration by oxygen in the air . As might be expected this is accelerated by heat , making cold storage essential . Slabs , grooves , the odd bulge , then chimneys ; I mentally crossed off each successfully negotiated landmark as the cloud built up. Slowly the tension eased as we realised that we were going to make it ; we exchanged jokes , we moved with greater confidence . It is pure irony that after a climb involving some of the most sustained smooth rock that I 'd ever encountered , the finish involved a traverse of wire cable attached to a telepherique station , a swing down and across metal laddering and a hand - traverse of the spars which guide the telepherique into its housing . We had emerged from a private wall into the crazy world of summer skiers , no doubt fresh from their BMWs in the car park below , and bemused by the intrusion of this odd , dilapidated pair of chastened alpinists . One of them , a guide , asked what route we 'd done . ( Dmitry did n't kill his father but he keeps baring his breast to people about how much he wanted to . ) So the idea of Raskolnikov 's Confession ran into the ground . But there it encountered another ruined project , a work to be called The Drunks of which only a tiny fragment survives , and the marriage of these two constitutes the success of Crime and Punishment . The drink theme too , broadly understood , goes back a very long way . Behind the truant husband Marmeladov , perhaps the greatest feat of instant creation in all Dostoevsky as he buttonholes Raskolnikov in the pub with hay sticking to his clothes and vodka at hand behind that immortal Russian drunkard stretches a long line of urban dropouts and psychological cripples , of paupers and other victims of the ravages of early capitalism ( think of Petersburg as several decades behind Manchester ) , of the insulted and injured in the novel of that title and elsewhere , back to the beginning , back to Mr Devushkin with his teapot and pipe and his fearful lapses over the bottle . The commentator who has done most justice to this appeal to Virgil by way of Gavin Douglas is the South African , Anthony Woodward . But even Woodward fails to bring out how surprising it is ( as well as how the line Roma Profugens Sabinorum in terras , has been enigmatically inserted in the preceding Canto 77 ) . Pound in this passage recollects how , late in the war , he set out with borrowed boots and haversack from Rome , already doomed to fall to the advancing Allied armies , for the Italo - Austrian domicile of his natural daughter , Mary , and how , hiking and hitch - hiking , he encountered much kindness from Germans and Italians alike . What strikes him of a sudden , as he remembers this experience , is how it had been foreseen and marmoreally recorded by Virgil : as Virgil 's Aeneas left doomed Troy , carrying his household and ancestral gods , so Pound leaves the doomed Rome of fascist Italy , carrying in his haversack his gods books by Henri Gaudier - Brzeska and T. E. Hulme and Percy Wyndham Lewis . For a poet so hostile to Virgil to discover that in extremis only Virgil had foreseen and foresuffered his predicament , and thereby eased it this surely constitutes a very poignant moment in literary history , and in a history rather larger than literary may suggest . Hectic return as 15 % of Ferranti changes hands By JEREMY WARNER , Business Correspondent FERRANTI'S shares encountered hectic trading when they returned from suspension yesterday as a host of conflicting rumours swept the stock market over the company 's future . Most stockbroking analysts believe it inevitable that the troubled electronics group will be taken over . The only questions are by whom and at what price . He had then fought from Tripoli to Tunis and in July 1943 was shipped with Montgomery 's Eighth Army to Sicily . In September they had invaded the toe of Italy . They encountered fierce resistance as they fought their way up to Austria for two years . The fighting had stopped on 29 April 1945 , and he had spent 11 days in Allied - occupied Austria , leaving on 22 May . It was during this time that as a senior staff officer of V Corps he had been involved with some of the orders to repatriate the Russian and Yugoslav prisoners . No final decision has been made on whether there will be legislation , but it would be unlikely to be tabled before next autumn , according to Department of Employment sources . Norman Fowler , the Secretary of State for Employment , may announce the Green Paper at next week 's Conservative conference in Blackpool . Whitehall officials have encountered difficulties in deciding which essential services to include . The favoured strategy so far has been to introduce a cooling - off period before industrial action could be taken . Mrs Thatcher has been advised that a complete ban on strikes is not a practical proposition and may entail a high degree of political risk . Company sources said yesterday that British Aerospace and Thomson , who are believed to be negotiating a joint proposal , had not yet put anything to Ferranti which counted as a firm offer . It is only one of a number of options which include proposals from British , US and Continental companies , the source said . GEC , Ferranti 's main British rival in radar , is also keen to mount a takeover bid but would encounter fierce Ministry of Defence opposition on the grounds that it would damage competition in electronics procurement . The Ferranti source said : Lord Weinstock ( GEC 's managing director ) would like to be in the position where he was able to say to the Ministry of Defence , Look , I am the only person who can rescue Ferranti from collapse . But the fact of the matter is he is not. People in my patch do n't like being unpopular , a worker from Manchester said . They keep saying , Why are they doing this to us ? ' Another worker , who stood as a Conservative councillor , said she had encountered Mr Lawson at a reception last year and had been asked by the Chancellor why she had lost . I told him straight . I said it was because of your bloody policies . By LEWIS FOREMAN TONY HEWITT - JONES was a versatile musician and a great character in Gloucestershire music . Avuncular and sociable , he was a warm and friendly person who might be encountered conducting a Women 's Institute choir , accompanying an audition at the piano , as a freelance organist or providing harpsichord continuo . As a bass , his appearances in the choir at the Three Choirs Festivals found a singer who could really get the bottom notes . By the wider public he will be remembered as a composer whose style , founded in practical music - making , has an immediate appeal which rewards both performers and audiences . AS A measure for reducing delays in the disposal of appeals in the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal , Lord Donaldson of Lymington , the Master of the Rolls , said the categories of cases in which unsuccessful litigants were required to obtain leave to appeal should be extended . Lord Donaldson gave the seventh annual review of the organisation and administration of the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal , on 12 October 1989 . He said the purpose of the annual review was to inform the legal profession , the users of the court and the wider public of what problems had been encountered in endeavours to achieve better , cheaper and swifter appellate justice , what steps were being taken to overcome those problems and what success was attending those efforts . The critical equation The resources of the court , both human and material , were necessarily limited . Delays would increase or decrease , according to whether the court was presented with more or less work than it could handle . Although often studying less controversial forces than the RUC , this panglossian portrayal has to be disbelieved , especially as the authors often indicated in an occasional footnote , or in a revealing preface or aside , that they faced problems in the field similar to our own ( for example , see van Maamen 1981 : 479 , 492 ; Westley 1970 , p. vii ) , even when the research was covert ( Holdaway 1982 , 1983 : 12 ) . The only exception to this is the discussion of the likely reactive effect caused by the presence of observers ( McCall 1975 ; Policy Studies Institute 1983b : 1115 ; Reiss 1971 ; Softley 1980 ; Southgate and Ekblom 1986 ; Steer 1980 ) , although no serious doubt is put on the validity of observational data on the police . However , an increasing awareness of this omission has led some specialists in the area of ethnographic work on the police to address systematically the problems they encountered in the field ( Punch 1989 ; van Maanen 1988 ) . In the case of the RUC it is essential to reflect on the problems that arose in the research . We believe that results can only be properly evaluated if the problems connected with the study are made manifest rather than concealed . To help engender trust and familiarity , the field - worker 's contact in the station was restricted at the beginning to a few hours a shift once a week , gradually being built up to a full shift , including mights , twice a week . Time was initially divided between two sections within the station in order to broaden the range of contacts , and visits were made to other stations , but , as the time devoted to data collection lengthened and data collection itself became more intensive , the focus narrowed to one section : roughly about twenty people . However , other constables in Easton were encountered regularly in the canteen , on guard duty , and in the neighbourhood and community policing units of the station , and the personnel in the section periodically changed as a result of transfers . We were provided , therefore , with as broad a range of contacts as is possible within one station ( although this breadth does not approach that which comes from survey research ) while still becoming close to one section , as is necessary in ethnographic research . Field - work took place over a twelve - month period between 1987 and 1988 , and was sufficiently prolonged to avoid the criticism which brief smash - andgrab ethnographies often deserve . This was reiterated from time to time by showing them pages from the field notes and extracts from the data . But in a sense we were missing out by these sorts of policemen being unco - operative ( there were no policewomen like this ) , for those who have things to hide , even if it is only laziness , are a part of every police force . But the majority of policemen and women we encountered were not like this and did not engage in little acts of subterfuge to limit what the field - worker saw or heard because either they had nothing to hide or , more rarely , they were not concerned to conceal it . Their sensitivity to the research did not stem from having something to hide , hence their greater co - operation . But even for those who had little or nothing to hide , their sensitivity to the research led , in a minority of cases , to a reluctance to engage in conversation , the resort to silence being something which Westley noted in his research in the United States ( 1970 , p. viii ) . Given the nature of crime in Easton , the problems that Northern Ireland 's divisions create for routine policing are as well studied there as anywhere . Our choice was one which policemen and women from areas of high tension could not appreciate . People from the stations we visited in such areas , or whom we encountered upon their being transferred to Easton , felt policing there was not typical and that we were obtaining an unrealistic view . As one said , what Easton has , unlike many areas , is ordinary civil policing ( FN 16/11/87 , p. 6 ) , so that there is a continuity with policing in Easton before the current troubles began : I was in Easton years ago when it was the old station , though basically policing at Easton has n't changed from when I was here years ago. It 's still ordinary policing , though the station and the set - up within it has changed ( FN 17/12/87 , p. 1 ) . In the case of the RUC , domestic disputes are routinely attended for reasons other than law enforcement . This is true irrespective of the level of violence , although the masculine occupational culture of the force contains many of the same sanitizing euphemisms for violence against women ( giving the wife a diggin ' . In the one instance of domestic violence we encountered during field - work , the officers arrested the man against the protestations of the wife , as is often the case ( see Fielding et al . 1988 ) , despite Faragher 's argument , although primarily in our case because the man redirected his attack towards the police . There are also big crime calls , which refer to the real job of crime - fighting , which the section police enjoy most . The resources on which they call in making this decision include the above typifications , as well as local knowledge of the area and its crime , and contextual and time variables . But in addition to these primary typifications there are a large number of more contextually specific typifications whose use has a less general purpose . This might be because the people to whom they apply are encountered only infrequently in the course of police work . Examples here are typifications of judges ( hard , soft , fair ) , solicitors ( clever , stupid ) , rape victims ( pure , asking for it , good - time girls ) , the typification common - law job for children born out of wedlock , and old dear for friendly female pensioners . Another reason for the more restricted use of these sorts of typification is that the situations in which they become operative are infrequent , such as the typifications old biddies or old dolls for pensioners who make petty complaints , Easton funny for strange and odd events , and loopers for odd and strange people . These stereotypes can become deployed to explain persistent offending among the young even when there is little evidence that they are appropriate . Backgrounds can therefore be reconstructed for the problem child in which their persistent offending becomes understandable . The following is an extract from the field notes where the field - worker describes a conversation in which a juvenile liaison officer is explaining who typically is encountered in her work : RESEARCHER . Do you find that it is a particular type of child who tends to come up in front of you ? Oh no. All across the board , we get kids from every walk of life . However , later on in the conversation she said they very rarely encountered juvenile offenders from grammar school , most would be educationally subnormal or at least well below average . Citing the case of one of the juveniles whom I had encountered the previous week : WPC . There are nine neighbourhood police in Easton , with their own sergeant , and they operate as two shifts . Following the pattern of community constables in England , where the overwhelming majority are male ( Brown and Iles 1985 : 9 ) , there are no females among Easton 's neighbourhood constables , although for a short period the sergeant was female . The shift times are designed to place policemen on the streets at times when they will encounter the maximum number of members of the public , even though this public thus tends to comprise shoppers and tradespeople . With no might duty neighbourhood police usually avoid loitering youths , drunks , and other might people , something which at least one complained about , leaving these categories to the section or reserve police who possess in less proportion the skills required for effective community policing . Each of these constables has his own separate patch , so that Easton 's built - up areas are divided into nine beats . But , below the surface , it may have been defeating her , just the same . Conclusion IN assessing the course of recent British history , the historian encounters a clear gulf between the perceptions of public commentators and the responses of ordinary people . Commentaries written in the 1970s and 1980s on the British experience since 1945 were full of clich - ridden observations on the decline of an ailing titan , and a fall from imperial and industrial greatness . Any alternative view , it seemed , would imply a fatal lapse into Whiggism and a naive belief in progress . I genuinely liked them as people , I loved their music , and I was in exactly the right place at the right time . If it had happened two years earlier , I could n't have coped . However , when I first encountered the straits , I was a successful agent , thinking about leaving the agency business . I did n't have it in mind to go looking for a four - piece group . Like most managers , I do n't seek out groups , even at showcases . The minute you have written a piece of music ( providing it is genuinely original ) you create a copyright . However , you need to be able to establish and prove that it was you who created the copyright . only then will you avoid difficulties which you would otherwise encounter in claiming any money owing to your copyrights . The PRS When you are starting out in the music business there seems to be an impenetrable jungle of initials to understand : MCPS , PPL , MPA , PRS , BASCA , BMI , ASCAP ; the list seems endless ! so what are they all for ? She went down too far , too far into the riding waves of pain , deep under water and drowning . The midwife muttered her spells , and from far away Phoebe could hear voices calling her , siren voices that called her back to the pain and the reality . Not angry but loving calls , which the midwife tried to hush because she had never encountered young women who could yell abuse so lovingly ; , Bea , you goddam asshole , just try . Lazy bitch . Rachel , are you drunk ? There was a pause , and suddenly Paul laughed , Have I ever told you , Rachel , that I adore you ? You are the most extraordinary and wonderful woman I have ever encountered , and I shall make it a magnum of champagne . I love you . When she put the phone down she felt fizzy with excitement , but with his smiling voice cut off , the feeling did not last . It remained an integral part of a government department but with an attempt to try to introduce accountable management and run it in a businesslike fashion . It was called a departmental agency , but the constraints of trying to be fully integrated with a major department like the Department of the Environment meant that the theoretical freedom to manage , which it had started off with , very quickly disappeared . After two years , Cuckney left to become chairman of the Crown Agents , another organisation that was encountering fairly major financial difficulties . And again , it was an organisation with a blurred constitution . Central government 's responsibility for it was not at all clear . The experience underlined for Cuckney the importance of having clear goals in a crisis and being determined not to waver from the chosen course of action : I think you have to be extremely clear - minded and unemotional about what your objectives are and if it is a public company you must remember the paramount importance of the owners of the business the shareholders . I had , as it happens , had experience just before Westland of another very well - known public company John Brown which had encountered difficulties . As chairman , I had been involved in its capital reconstruction and ultimate sale to Trafalgar House. What was interesting about that was that at the time John Brown got into financial difficulties the banks and institutional shareholders took a tough but very constructive view that it was worth helping the company through a reconstruction rather than forcing it into liquidation , which had been an attitude prevalent some years earlier . Cuckney has never found it difficult switching from the public to the private sector , or vice versa . He has found the management problems in each sector to be remarkably similar . There is a lot of common ground the same causes for companies and organisations encountering difficulties , but of course the solutions have to be tailor - made to a particular industry or company culture . , A sound organisation structure helps to overcome many operational problems , in Cuckney 's view . It is extremely important that you have an organisation structure that is clearly understood and then you should not keep altering it . That can be very destructive . In particular , the idea of space was transformed from the Aristotelian conception a tidy arrangement of a simple multiplicity of things , not unlike , let us say , the shipping department of SearsRoebuck - into a matrix for infinite potential complexities and states and tensions . The main innovators of this transformation were not scientists but artists , especially Alberti , Brunelleschi and Leonardo , who created on their canvases and in their architecture and treatises a new conception of space . When I first encountered de Santillana 's paper in the late 1960s I found it both fascinating and suggestive . Its attraction arose principally from its iconoclastic message , for de Santillana explained one of the key conceptual innovations in the rise of modern science in terms that challenged the assumptions of my teachers in the history of science . They had argued that the new ideas about space and motion had arisen from an intellectual and , to a much lesser extent , empirical critique of the preceding , largely Anstotelian , notions . In addition to the residential accommodation , the converted church includes an entrance and main stair lobby which extends to the full height of the north aisle , incorporates two arches of the original nave arcade and gives an impressive indication of the powerful verticality of the original church interior . An adjoining one - and - a - half - storey - high common - room and a laundry associated with the rear entrance are also provided for the use of residents . Constructional problems which were encountered during the contract included the discovery of the serious decay of a considerable area of the Kentish ragstone facing . Where this problem was found at high level on the aisle gable walls , it was owed to a poor constructional detail . The original stones of the sloping gable coping had simply been bedded on the slate - roof covering of the aisles at their verges so that rain entering the joints between the coping stones had saturated the top courses of the stone facing and caused premature decay . Charles could see at first - hand the tension that was building up in the vast depressing wastelands of the inner cities , where young people had no work , no ambition , no feeling of belonging , no pride in their surroundings nothing , in fact , to get out of bed for in the mornings . In addition , there was racial tension . During the Queen 's Silver Jubilee Year in 1977 Charles had encountered a typical scene . He had been visiting a youth club in Lewisham , where twenty - four members , all black , had recently been arrested on mugging charges . As he arrived he was met by a rabble of noisy , angry youths . This was the beginning of her determination to learn sign language , which has been more of a boost to the deaf community over the years than any other gesture . Liz Scott - Gibson , who is now director of sign language services for the BDA , subsequently went to Kensington Palace to teach the Princess ; and on a later visit , to a school in Durham , Diana surprised everyone by being able to communicate to the deaf people she met without an interpreter . Ever since , she has been delighting deaf people she encounters by communicating in their own language . Dr Barnardo 's was another charity she took on at about the same time ; this charity has left its old orphanage image behind , and the Princess feels her connections with it have been fruitful . As with all her involvements , though , it was a gradual process . Penalosa did not arrive in Britain until the weekend , apparently because of visa problems , while McAuley is disgruntled because he wanted the fight to be in Belfast , where it was originally arranged until he suffered an injury . Penalosa 's lack of mobility is counter - balanced by his southpaw stance and hard punch . He may be surprised at encountering an opponent in this weight division who stands 5ft 8in and has something special in body punches . One hopes he has properly overcome jetlag . The London middleweight Rod Douglas , who has been in hospital since being beaten by the British champion Herol Graham two weeks ago , is expected to leave hospital in a week or so , according to his manager Mickey Duff , who said last night : He is going to make a complete recovery . There are thuds and boings when objects collide . Sound increases the sense of tangibility , says Smith . In the new version , Shared Ark , you are likely to encounter other people doing their own experiments from their own workstations . It does n't matter that they may be 700 miles away at the other end of a data link . At any time only a small part of Shared Ark 's simulated world is visible on any one user 's screen . England could play Italy in Rome in the quarter - finals , in which case the security problem would be even more acute . They could also play Argentina or the Soviet Union at this stage . Wherever you look England appear likely to encounter the sort of quality of opposition that has usually ended their World Cup ambitions in the past . But first they have to solve the Irish problem , see off the Dutch , and remember how Egypt looked to an Englishman before Suez . The draw ceremony was conducted seductively by Sophia Loren , operatically by Pavarotti , efficiently by Joseph Blatter , the Fifa general - secretary , and set against a background of studied chaos which would have done credit to a film by Fellini . STRONG words and a tendency to make unambiguous rulings have epitomised Sir Anthony Barrowclough 's five - year tenure in the office of Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration . Popularly known as the Parliamentary Ombudsman , Sir Anthony has been surprisingly open about his work given the secrecy that pervades Whitehall . Firm judgments of the cases he has investigated have often been accompanied by hard - hitting comments about the problems his office has encountered . This is very much a product of his legal background which , in a career spanning 40 years as a lawyer , has seen him spurn a more lucrative profession to concentrate on the injusticesthat accompany bureaucracies like the Civil Service . Born in 1924 , his ambitions were delayed by the outbreak of the second world war in which he served in the Royal Naval Reserve from 1943 , first in Coastal Forces and then on minesweepers , rising to the rank of lieutenant before being demobilised three years later . Cabbies have been known to overcharge , to threaten passengers and to hurl their luggage around with little concern as to where it lands . Yes ; The Economist 's own inspector can report . Every taxi - driver he encountered was polite , indeed charming . Two went so far as to offer to reduce the metered fare after having taken a wrong turn in error . My goodness , I do apologise : or words to that effect . Recessions cause firms to scrap equipment ; they also discourage new investment , all the more so if interest rates are high . As a result , the economy 's stock of capital grows more slowly , or even shrinks . This , in turn , reduces the ability of companies to supply any later upturn in demand , so inflationary bottlenecks are encountered at lower levels of economic activity . Measuring physical capital makes measuring inflation seem child 's play . Official figures for manufacturing show a capital stock that increased gently but persistently throughout the 1970s and 1980s . Startlingly bold as this idea is , the arguments for it were initially contained in just the first thirty - three short sections of the Principles . Berkeley wrote more fully in the Three Dialogues , but this work was unfortunately hardly better understood than the Principles itself . The basic problem he encountered was getting across why his own complete immaterialism was not itself more overtly and explicitly sceptical than the standard view that there exist both material bodies and incorporeal minds or spirits . Since , as the very titles of his books illustrate , his immaterialism was explicitly and primarily put forward as an antidote or corrective to scepticism and atheism , it was important that he explain this . The Principles is subtitled as an inquiry into the grounds of Scepticism , Atheism , and Irreligion ; according to its preface it will be useful particularly to those who are tainted with scepticism , or want a demonstration of the existence and immateriality of God , or the natural immortality of the soul . 1976 : the year of the drought , of cricket fields that turned brown or white through the absence of water , and of Tony Greig 's announcement that his team were going to make the West Indies grovel . It was not one of the shrewdest remarks ever made . A few months earlier , West Indies had encountered any number of problems in Australia and had lost the series 51 ; they had then beaten India 21 at home , the last match being won when no fewer than five Indians were unable to bat in the second innings . England had lost two series to Australia and looked a fairly ordinary outfit ; despite their experience in Australia , West Indies looked to have the better all - round team , and Greig 's forecast seemed altogether ill - advised . Presumably he intended it to fire up his own team , but predictably it did just that to the opposition . To paraphrase the last chapter of Sellar and Yeatman 's classic 1066 And All That , West Indies were thus clearly top nation , and History came to a. That chapter , incidentally , is entitled A Bad Thing . A few months later , England were in the Caribbean for a tour that , in the problems they encountered , lacked only a riot to round it off . For a start , the weather was atrocious when they most needed to acclimatize , and in their first seven weeks they had only seventeen days of cricket . Finding decent practice facilities was a constant headache , leading to some crazy situations ; in St Vincent , for example , Ken Barrington , the assistant manager , hunted all over for a place for Boycott to practise , and eventually found a piece of flat ground near the airport which had ducks waddling around and a donkey at long leg . She wondered what kind of existence the computer programmed after death . Two possibilities came to mind . If the computer 's field of activity is limited to our planet , and if our fate depends on it alone , then we cannot count on anything after death except some permutation of what we have already experienced in life ; we shall again encounter similar landscapes and beings . Shall we be alone or in a crowd ? Alas , solitude is not very likely , there is so little of it in life , so what can we expect after death ! I think that 's a good idea do n't you ? was her leitmotif . It reminded Jane of one of the Professor Branestawm stories she had read as a child in which the characters were photographs come alive , each repeating , over and over again , the sentence he or she had been saying at the moment the photograph was taken . Another weird species which Jane encountered in magazineland was the Public Relations Woman . She took various forms , but was usually overdressed and over voluble . The job was looked upon as glamorous and attracted some deb - types . I 'm the only boyfriend she 's going to have , Nigel said bitterly as he read her note . IN THE DAYS THAT FOLLOWED , NIGEL KICKED HIMSELF FOR NOT untying the bunch of flowers and looking to see if there was a card inside . A week later , while he was out jogging , he encountered the Commy old bat who had put the card in the flowers and made him look a fool to Viola . He deliberately ran against her , knocking her shoulder . He said Bitch ! audibly , then sprinted off leaving her in a state of stunned surprise . If we turn to literature for corroboration , the story is the same ; the great Victorian novelists , such as Charles Dickens and George Eliot , were middle - class authors , writing for middle - class readers . Even philanthropists , like Henry Mayhew and Charles Booth , who penetrated into the slums to record how the very poor lived , were reproducing their findings through the filter of their own middle - class minds . Those whom they encountered were for the most part leading precarious lives ; they lacked the leisure , the mental energy , even the vocabulary , for speculation about the great issues of heaven and hell , death and judgement . Death , with which they lived so intimately , could not be detached from their lives as an object of contemplation . Hugh McLeod has summed it up : Whether this moral social distinction should be reflected in the law by introducing a doctrine of manslaughter by excessive defence depends on the importance attached to the principle of fair labelling ( see Chapter 3.3 ( l ) ) . It is assumed here that juries and others do attach considerable importance to the label when it is a question of homicide , and therefore that the excessive use of force in self - defence is a matter which is properly reflected by a separate qualified defence , rather than being left to sentencing ( which means executive discretion , if the mandatory penalty for murder remains ) or forced artificially into the doctrine of provocation ( when there may be no real evidence of loss of self - control ) . The problem encountered in Australia , of the doctrine being too complicated for juries , was the result of a six - stage direction which the courts developed ; surely the essence of the doctrine can be conveyed more simply than that , rather than destroying it entirely . ( e ) Manslaughter by Reason of Diminished Responsibility Of the qualified defences to murder in English law , diminished responsibility is the most frequently used . It was a small dark place with a dank smell , the coolest of the three rooms and often used for stacking the carcasses of rabbits , chickens and turkeys . Frankie groped around on the shelves until his fingers encountered a deep plate . He reached in with both hands , only to shrink back in horror when he encountered something cold and clammy beneath his hand . The plate contained pigs ' trotters . His stomach heaved as he wiped his fingers down his vest . Before the trade took off I bought a small font ( of the splashing rather than the total immersion variety ) for 20 crisp oncers ; now you 'd need to check your savings before indulging in a piece of granite . The Chelsea Flower Show is probably not the most obvious place to pick up a bargain lead lions rampant and Medici urns atop Corinthian columns must cost more than the Governor of the Bank of England earns in a week to transport there , let alone purchase . So I was surprised to encounter one firm with a collection of what really did look like my sort of junk . A few lumps of stone ; a matching shepherd and shepherdess plucked from Arcady , an old and battered sundial and a leaded glass cloche . Aha ! A rich , moist soil adds further to its comfort though it should not be planted with less virile subject . It can be increased by seed or more quickly by division . I first encountered Morina longifolia in the mountains of east Nepal on a ridge within sight of Kanchenjunga . It was from such lofty horizons that it was first introduced in 1839 and it has been in and out of gardens ever since . I have grown it myself for the last twelve years , in a small colony in a north - facing border which maintains itself by self - sown seedlings . Inside and Out The explosion in conservatory building is rapidly changing the face of gardening in our islands . All at once the range of plants we can grow has extended to include many of the magically evocative creatures that we encounter on our annual run for the sun . Oleanders , palms , agaves , erythrina ( see right ) and even tree ferns reflect our fondness for Tenerife , Rhodes , Orlando and Penzance . More and more of us are letting the conservatory fill up with pots , urns and tubs in winter , keeping the plants safe from the cold until May , when they can be rolled out on to the terrace , wheeled on to the patio or carried to the paved squares on the lawn where they will put on a show all summer long . He duly won the Washington International , but the race did little for harmony in transatlantic racing relations , for Lester Piggott 's handling of the colt provoked a bemused American press into heaping criticism on his apparently indifferent head . The controversy still goes on . Was this one of Piggott 's finest hours , riding his horse with such supreme confidence that he was able to win despite encountering traffic problems at a crucial stage of the race ? Or was he so inept that Sir Ivor was nearly beaten unnecessarily ? Owned by Raymond Guest and trained in Ireland by Vincent O'Brien , Sir Ivor came to Laurel Park as probably the best European challenger there had yet been for the Washington International . Pull down the pleasure domes . He could not let in the faintest perfumes of incense - bearing trees in gardens bright with sinuous rills . Begin again , distant and spare , a clinical account of how a man an economist encountered a beautiful brown woman , the one hundred and fifty - sixth prostitute to spread herself with simulated murmurs and greedy eyes beneath his unslaked loins . One evening in September , he started once more , Robert told me that he found himself with nothing much to do when he had finished an afternoon lecture on the international monetary crisis . His head was still chewing over the problems he had discussed with his young students at the polytechnic , but his feet as though contemptuous of all such academic preoccupations had taken him by chance to a long , shabby street of bow - fronted houses that had obviously known better days. About one - seventh appears to be motivated mostly by their antisemitism . Ranked by the chief object of their hostility , Abel 's early Nazis by two - thirds turned out to be anti - Marxists . Merkl pointed out , of course , that these other categories by no means excluded anti - Semitic feelings , which were encountered in around two - thirds of the biographies . In fact , one could go further and claim that the negative image of the Jew provided a common denominator which was able to combine and provide justification for all these ideological themes . However , the figures are certainly compelling enough to suggest that features other than anti - Semitism dominated the image of the Nazi Party in the eyes of its pre - 1933 membership . The graph line will at first rise steeply but then start to level off , and one can compute the likely final level and hence the number of dies . The likely total number of dies can then be multiplied by the average number of coins per die . Here again , however , difficult practical problems may be encountered , since we do not know exactly how many dies a coin die could make . We can , however , establish the correct order of magnitude from a number of sources . The coinage of the Amphictions at Delphi in the late fourth century BC was struck from a quantity of bullion whose approximate size is known from an inscription . We 've tried to lighten it up. She played the gusty Lola Lovell , who got into big trouble with the police and the welfare services after running away with her lover Brownie Hansen , steamily portrayed by Hollywood hunk , Schlatter . Kylie told the magazine reporter : I 've had a great family life and have n't had the sort of problems she encountered . Lola went through an abortion , she moved out of home and was constantly on the run from the cops . I just tried to imagine what it would have felt like , but could n't draw on any past experiences . It houses an elegant restaurant from which the views across the Danube to the parliament building and much of Pest are magnificent . None of these structures competes with the others which is perhaps why they work as a trio . ALTHOUGH the Hungarian restaurants in which I ate did achieve a far higher standard than anything I encountered in Prague , almost all had in common a poor sense of presentation and good ingredients were often spoiled by ignorance and negligence . A piece of venison , for example , had not been properly trimmed of its silverskin so that in cooking , the silverskin contracted , warping the meat which therefore cooked unevenly . Where high - quality cuisine is regarded as a wicked , capitalist indulgence for the rich , it is , I suppose , inevitable , that the necessary skills should have decayed and lapsed . And he says : I do n't think Rolls - Royce buyers want a small car . They want space and they would expect it to be one of the bigger cars . But we could well encounter sales resistance if it is the biggest . The main need is to minimise weight . Now , with the demands for fuel economy , carbon dioxide emissions and toxic emissions , people will be taking extreme measures to reduce weight . Denmark and Sweden are deep in a trough of domestic and foreign debt . The former owes 63 per cent of its Gross National Product as accumulated public sector borrowing compared to the British figure of 43 per cent . Every Dane owes ca 5,000 to foreign creditors when the foreign debt is divided equally , dwarfing the problem encountered in debtor countries such as Poland and Brazil . Paddy Ashdown 's solution to the poll tax is a local tax a la Scandinavia . But he fails to mention that Denmark has a local income tax of 13.522 per cent , as well as a property tax . I wonder how far GCSE science really takes anyone , if the study of science stops there . And then I wonder if another means of acquiring something of a scientific education might not be found . History of art A - levels seem very popular nowadays but I have never encountered anyone who is doing an A - level in the history of science . Perhaps it is n't possible . If so , why not ? Gay conjures up a nightmarish world , in which thief - takers inform on fellow criminals for the 40 reward , marriage for love is regarded as a family disgrace , and man is presented as an animal of prey . Every one of us preys upon his neighbour , and yet we herd together , says Lockit , the Newgate jailer , and Caird 's production memorably suggests the huddled , vicious humanity of London low - life . It 's also a real pleasure to encounter a show with so many fine tunes . Gay added his own elegant and often ironic lyrics to traditional airs and ballads which have been atmospherically arranged by Ilona Sekacz for an excellent band . Without the radio mikes which have become de rigueur in most musicals , some of the solo singing sounds a little thin , and it 's a shame that Gay 's excellent words are n't always audible . Bernie Grant ( Tottenham ) : GRANT took Tottenham in 1987 with a 4,141 majority ; he was already notorious for his comments made after the Broadwater Farm riots in 1985 the youths around here believe the police were to blame for what happened on Sunday and what they got was a bloody good hiding . Yesterday , Grant was out in a van with a loudspeaker on the roof ; the issues he has encountered have marched well with Labour 's national campaign , health in particular . Policing has faded from his agenda . With the Tottenham Three being acquitted , people feel the problem has been ameliorated to some extent , said a campaigner . Books : Paperbacks By MAX DAVIDSON This Is the Life by Joseph O'Neill ( Faber , 4.99 ) The paths of a failed lawyer and a highly successful one cross when the latter encounters matrimonial difficulties and needs a solicitor who will do what he is told without asking too many questions . But even failures have minds of their own Joseph O'Neill 's first novel lifts the lid off the arcane world of the law and paints a wry picture of the humdrum , uninspiring existence which lies beyond the thrills and spills of the courtroom . The result is a continuously interesting biography , which is also a chapter in the cultural history of France , and indeed Europe . My one reservation is that Mr Furbank sometimes seems uncertain as to the extent of knowledge his readers are likely to have . I think he could have done with a general chapter on the French State , which would have placed Diderot more firmly in his times and made clearer the difficulties he encountered . No doubt Mr Furbank thought this unnecessary ; yet if he assumes a readership which knows the general background , why does he need to devote a page to the nature and status of the parlement of Paris ? Books : Solar systems for breakfast The denim collection , offered in a wide range of single block colours from anthracite to blush pink , is short , sassy and young . Targeted at the 1440 market , it includes Alaia - inspired jackets , gilt - buttoned cardigans , Audrey Hepburn - style shifts , leggings , jeans , shorts and scoop - neck T - shirts . Klaus Steilmann expected and has encountered criticism from environmental quarters and sceptics . Radical Greens argue that the very rockbed of fashion , built on obsolescence which depends upon bi - annual change at the very least , is at odds with environmentalism . They consider that unless the farming methods are tackled , no clothing industry can claim that its product is ecologically sound . The Campaign for Tax Relief and Childcare pressure group estimates the cost to the Treasury of exempting places in workplace nurseries from tax at 3.4 million , while the cost of exempting other employer subsidies such as vouchers and allowances would be 1.7 million . Problems with childcare remain the biggest barrier to women succeeding at work . A recent Institute of Directors ' survey of 200 successful female executives found that of the 87 per cent who claimed to have encountered career obstacles not experienced by male colleagues , difficulty with childcare , at 37 per cent , was the biggest factor . Relatives remain the greatest source of carers for pre - school children ; childminders account for 26 per cent . Joanna Foster , chairwoman of the Equal Opportunities Commission , says that while virtually every politician and company has accepted that more must be done , there have been more words than action : Provision is patchy and mostly accessible only to high income groups . A unique set of difficulties existed in Cambridgeshire . With the development of the village colleges , Henry Morris had launched an unparalleled concept of the importance of educational provision as a life - long experience . Perhaps understandably , in view of the problems he encountered and the opposition of some members of the county council , his concern was to establish prestigious links between village colleges and the University of Cambridge in the provision of adult education rather than with the much less regarded WEA . In June 1936 , Jacques met Morris in an attempt to explain the ways in which the Cambridge Board and the District were co - operating over the provision of adult education in an attempt to persuade the LEA to increase its annual grant , then a mere 20 . As a result , Morris agreed to double the annual grant in 193839 and to provide rooms for WEA classes in schools and colleges without charge . This is a crucial and extremely innovative part of the Highlander education system , and it is worth spending a little time stressing the importance of this . An initial reaction by the Highlander staff to an approach from a new community group may be to show them a video made by another similar community group about their own activities , then possibly video the reactions of the new group to what they have seen . The experiences of other people who are in a similar situation are used to convey to the new group a sense of purpose and to reduce the feelings of helplessness and isolation which are often encountered . Frequently many rural communities are faced with more than their physical and geographical isolation . There is also a cultural and intellectual isolation from those who exercise power through participating in the decision - making process , and the majority who are effectively excluded . Much was to be gained by involving the older farmers who , in general , were most resistant to the idea of training , and by working to extend training opportunities for wives . With the advent of Enterprise Training , providing a range of skills , including financial management , staff management , technical management , as well as craft skills , training entered a wider framework and came closer still to the Advisory Services , and the farmer would , in time , come to look on the service of the Agricultural Training Board in the same way as he currently looked on the service of his bank or advisory service . Problems in providing efficient training were encountered in the remoter areas where adequate facilities were hard to find . The timing of training sessions was investigated in some depth and the importance of fitting the training to a particular time of year and to a particular size of training package at specific times of day was revealed . The best solution was found to differ from area to area and enterprise to enterprise . The research studied fifty - one cases of child sexual abuse randomly selected from Child Protection Registers of four local authority social work departments in Scotland in 1987 ( Waterhouse and Carnie , 1990 ) . The overall purpose of the study was to examine the way in which familial child sexual abuse was identified and responded to by social workers and police officers in the early investigative stage . Of major interest was the nature of their inter - agency practice , their respective expectations and the range of problems encountered . Case records were examined and one hundred individual interviews , divided equally between police officers and social workers involved in the sample , were carried out . Each front - line practitioner was asked to trace the development of the case from her or his point of view . Such sanctions could be implemented either by insisting that before receiving funds form the EC for a particular project the member country must ensure that the project in question complies with environmental legislation , or if a member country does not comply with environmental legislation across the board , the EC could withhold funding . When questioned over the possibility of the EC issuing regulations ( which must be followed exactly ) as opposed to directives ( where the result must comply , but the means by which the result is obtained is not stipulated ) 0 , the DoE pointed out that although there was a greater certainty with regard to regulation it was important to bear in mind that different countries have different administration regimes and that directly applicable regulations could , therefore , cause problems . Collins said that he was not arguing for a regulation because it would not overcome the problems being encountered . Jackson agreed , saying that a regulation only gave the illusion of application and that a directive gives national flexibility which is very necessary . She added that the translation of a directive into national law gives rise to difficulties and suggested that there should be an open period for the EC and national governments to argue out any differences that arise . A guidance note aimed at reducing the chances of failure of glass reinforced plastic ( GRP ) vessels and tanks , and at minimising the consequences of such failures , has been published by the HSE . GRP tanks and vessels are gaining in popularity , particularly in the chemical , food and drink industries . The guidance note aims to provide advice on the advantages and limitations of GRP vessels , indicate some of the potential problems that might be encountered , outline some of the considerations to take into account and advise on precautions . Glass reinforced plastic vessels and tanks : advice to users is available from HMSO and booksellers , price 2.50 . COSHH amendments The Young Telegraph ( no 24 , 16 March 1991 ) demonstrates this trend clearly there is one page given over to green issues and one question ( What colour are copper sulphate crystals ? ) on chemistry . Indeed , it is fair to say that the chemical industry is seen as one of the worst polluters . Batman encounters a problem with a toxic waste dump that results in the creation of the corrosive man a chemical horror that burns its way through Gotham City . So the message given to young people is on the whole negative : science and technology often create more problems than they solve . A recent strip in the Funday Times ( no 81 , March 24 , 1991 ) demonstrates the prevailing attitude : science is higher , expensive and obscure but sometimes it is extremely valuable . It was refreshing to see how much importance is now being given to producing both valid and acceptable analytical results . The introduction and implementation of good laboratory practices ( GLP ) in the pharmaceutical and related industries has helped the cause of the humble bioanalyst considerably . This book covers at length the types of problems encountered in validating a given analytical method , with correct data manipulation and with the quality control of the assay procedure . Each contribution is well referenced and has a succinct conclusion . The section on the analysis of anti - infectives and their metabolites covers the analysis of a wide range of anti - infectives from - lactam drugs to antivirals such as AZT by using both chromatographic and immunoassay techniques . Batches of journals had been despatched to Nepal , Pakistan and Romania under the IC 's scheme for the provision of back issues to needy institutions overseas . The committee received detailed reports from the Society 's sponsored VSO volunteers in Ghana and Zimbabwe . Dr Christine Henderson , the first such volunteer , had recently returned from Zimbabwe and described her experiences to the IC , providing graphic examples of the sort of problems that could encountered . There followed a lengthy discussion on how best to assist future volunteers . External Relations Committee This tribal promise was the cornerstone of the Nez Perce 's determined and continued friendship with the white man. In July , the Nez Perce guided Lewis and Clark along the Lolo Trail and out of their lands , after receiving assurances that American traders would be sent to their country . Travelling east , Lewis encountered two men , Joseph Dixon and Forrest Hancock , trapping the Missouri west from Illinois . They were the vanguard of a legion of trappers , traders and mountain men who would pioneer American settlement of the far West . In December that year , Nez Perce traded at Kootenae House for the first time , and by 1810 they had obtained sufficient firearms to join the Flathead in a party of 150 that drove back the Blackfoot , whose hostility had plagued initial efforts of traders to penetrate westward . Do we accept responsibility for the quality of your holidays ? Yes , we accept full responsibility for the quality of the holidays we provide . We are very concerned to learn of any shortfall in standards and this is why we want to hear from you if you encounter any problems . We have set out above our complaints procedure , which also assists us with our quality control monitoring . c . Thereafter progress was to a real parachute descent . This was made from a tethered barrage - balloon , with a jumping - cage suspended below it . For the second time in his military career Leslie now encountered a piece of equipment to which an unattractive female name and personality was attributed . Auld Bella , the rudimentary gun at Harrogate , was replaced in his affections by Bessie the captive balloon . From Bessie , and later from aircraft , a total of seven jumps by night and by day had to be completed before wings were awarded . Some species are named after their collectors , so if our new species of Tyrannosaurus were collected by a Mr Jones it might eventually be christened Tyrannosaurus jonesi . Incidentally , the generic name always starts with a capital letter , and the specific name with a small one , even if it is named after Jones . In this chapter typical examples of the kinds of fossils most commonly encountered are illustrated by beautiful specimens . Very few fossils have everyday names , and so the scientific name is used . Once a few have been mastered it is surprising how quickly the most ponderous sounding scientific name acquires a familiar ring . Lobster - like animals are found as far back as the Triassic , and both crabs and lobsters are frequent and appealing fossils in Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks . The group was hardly set back at all by the major extinction at the end of the Cretaceous , and has never been more varied than it is today . The most highly specialized crustacea are probably the barnacles ( Cirripedia ) and individual barnacle plates are rather commonly encountered in rocks of Cretaceous age and younger . Finally the diminutive , bivalved ostracods are important and abundant fossils , which we will consider with other microfossils in Chapter 8 . SPIDERS , SCORPIONS , SEA SCORPIONS , HORSESHOE CRABS CLASS CHELICERATA ( Colour plates 37 , 38 , 40 ) Of course this common ground automatically implies a battle . It means that there will be a lack of certainty on both sides . The theist will encounter doubts about the correctness of his or her belief , while the atheist will encounter similar doubts about disbelief Both theists and atheists have often seen a position such as this as too volatile to be credible . Neither side feels that its principles may be maintained if it is tempted by the other. But need this be so ? This last part , invalidated the foundation bonds and made redemption compulsory . It cost the members 13,000 and was carried 187 : 1 ! Perhaps surprisingly , with so much hassle behind it , the President introduced the motion with a classical understatement Your Committee has encountered difficulties and obscurities during their efforts on Constitutional Reform ! But at least in introducing the 1983 Annual Report a few months later he announced with pride Your Committee has brought out the Bondholders ! One final aspect on the redemption was the slow realisation that bondholders could still to enjoy perpetual free membership after redemption and assign it in accordance with the rules . This soliloquy , one of Leapor 's strongest statements on the treatment of women , was , as Betty Rizzo observes , mentioned by none of her eighteenth century admirers Rizzo . Doubtless such a protest would upset the meek image of the poet promoted during the subscriptions . Yet these lines contain an anger which is encountered again and again in her work , that from the constraints of a girl 's upbringing to the tyrannies of marriage , there is small hope of a woman achieving the life she wants . It is probable that the soliloquy is based on a speech of Calisto in Rowe 's The Fair Penitent : How hard is the Condition of our Sex , After a trawl through its shortlist , a further three prospective sites were added to the already chosen Elstow . These were at Bradwell in Essex , Fulbeck in Lincolnshire and Killingholme in South Humberside . To avoid the problems encountered with ICI , NIREX had ensured that all these sites were in sympathetic ownership . It had also been granted Special Development Orders by the government in order to bypass planning permission for its investigations . But when convoys of vehicles arrived at the sites to start their planned test drilling in August 1986 they met a blockade of people sitting in the road . Recent plays have focussed on the sensational , and probably the most successful recent depiction was in a play written over 100 years ago as a novel , the National Theatre 's production of Nicholas Nickleby featuring the character , Smike . Perhaps the best known play , and eventual film , about mental handicap was A Day in the Death of Joe Egg based on the true - life story of Abigail , born to the playwright Peter Nichols , and born a spastic due to a difficult birth . Nichols encountered difficulties in staging a play on what was at the time , circa 1967 , a difficult and sensitive subject although the difficulties were compounded by the frank dialogue . Abigail was placed in permanent care at the age of three in a mental hospital where she remained until her death in 1971 . Writing of her death ( The Observer , May 1984 ) , Nichols observed : A century later , it was in the hands of Edward Webb , followed by his son , Thomas . Records still give no indications of use other than corn milling , but by the 1690s a fulling mill and dye house had been added , possibly much earlier . The combination of corn and fulling mills and dye house is encountered quite often around this period . The mill then passed through the Webb family until around 1700 , when it changed hands and was mortgaged to John Fowler , a Stroud textile dealer . Following his death , it passed to his son . The mill house that stands close by was built a little later in 1677 and , like the mill itself , retains many original features . During the 1890s the Lower Kilcott Mill was worked by George Curtis Senior , with George Curtis Junior , operating Upper Kilcott Mill . Water comes from the Kilcott Brook and is fed via a short penstock to the 18 diameter pitchback wheel , a design not often encountered in this area . The tailrace empties through a 100 yard tunnel that rejoins the stream after running under the mill house . Around a century ago , the mill housed three sets of stones ; there is now a single pair of French Burrs , of at least 70 years of age and probably much older . Unfortunately they are frequently little more than begging letters for money , tombola prizes and jumble or grumbles about late dinner money and parking too near the school entrances . Fund raising is important but if newsletters are dominated by appeals for funds or materials a curious picture is created of staff priorities and interests . There are times when we want to target specific individual or groups of parents because of minor problems which the school is encountering such as persistent lateness , regular late arrival of dinner money , unreturned reading books or even irregular attendance . One way of dealing with these problems is to run off a standard pro - forma , to fill in the blank spaces and send them off to parents . This may well seem to be the most efficient way of utilising office time but when it comes to weighing up effectiveness the pro - forma is a non - starter as parents are antagonised by this bureaucratic and impersonal style of communication . What is it to claim authority or to accept that someone has authority over one ? It means to believe that one has legitimate authority , or that that person has authority over one . Here we encounter one of the main differences between normative - explanatory accounts such as the ones offered here of authority or the later account ( in Chapter 7 ) of rights , and the purely linguistic explanations often advocated by analytic philosophers . A purely linguistic account of authority claims to yield a simple explanation of what people believe who believe that someone has legitimate authority . Had the above account been a linguistic account , an explanation of the meaning of legitimate authority , it would have followed that anyone who believes of a person that he has legitimate authority believes that that person satisfies the condition set by the justification thesis . It is available free from the Countryside Commission Publications , 1923 Albert Street , Manchester . Peter Rabbit goes to Japan Beatrix Potter 's Peter Rabbit is one of Japan 's most famous characters : he is often the first Englishman encountered by young readers , and the miniature quality of Potter 's stories and illustrations strikes some deep chord in the Japanese heart . To tell the story behind The Tale of Peter Rabbit , an exhibition of Beatrix Potter 's Lake District will open in Tokyo on 20 September in the presence of HRH the Princess Royal , before moving on to Osaka and Okayama and finishing on 16 October in Kyoto . The exhibition has been mounted by NHK , Japan 's national broadcasting company , who last year made a successful documentary on Beatrix Potter and the National Trust 's conservation work in the Lake District . Our destination was the Walton Backwaters , the setting for Secret Water , the last of Ransome 's East Coast books . The Secret Water of the book 's title is Hamford Water ; Swallow Island is Horsey Island , and Goblin Creek Kirby Creek . An extra - full crew of Swallows Bridget is old enough to join in the adventures for the first time and the two visiting Amazons turn surveyors , until they encounter those muddy indigenous savages , the Eels and the Mastodon , and the hostilities replace exploration . The Red Sea , where the water rose so terrifyingly fast over the hurrying Egyptians , really exists . It is Horsey Mere , and the causeway across it ( the Wade ) can only be crossed within two hours each way of low tide . Simple endorsements of one or another nostrum are of no service to the teaching of reading . In their quest for meaning , children need to be helped to become confident and resourceful in the use of a variety of reading cues . They need to be able to recognise on sight a large proportion of the words they encounter and to be able to predict meaning on the basis of phonic , idiomatic and grammatical regularities and of what makes sense in context ; children should be encouraged to make informed guesses . Teachers should recognise that reading is a complex but unitary process and not a set of discrete skills which can be taught separately in turn and , ultimately , bolted together . 16.10 The environment provided by the school should promote the reading development of all pupils . ( E. coli also lives , albeit transiently , in soil and fresh water , which it reaches in faeces . Here it is usually overwhelmed by indigenous microbes . ) Current thinking is that the chromosome of E. coli meets all the microbe 's ordinary domestic needs , which rarely change , and that plasmid - borne information comes into play only when the microbe encounters a stress a changed nutrient , an antibiotic or competitor . Only a minority of the population would have the plasmids needed to combat such a stress but at least the species , if not a majority of individuals , would survive . This implies that E. coli 's chromosomal information ought to be stable . Pre - determined astrological influences may have provided the outline . Existentialism and all those other topical philosophies of the past three decades , which seemed important at the time , may have given him some guidelines . Life itself added the boldest brush strokes and when , finally , he , Jack Nicholson in person , confronts the world , there is the most awesome feeling of encountering a man of unquestionable charm , intelligence and friendship , yet who possesses an indefinable menace that can only be compared with some of the roles he has acted . And who was it who said that when he agreed to play the Devil in the Witches of Eastwick , it was because he had been practising for the role all his life ? He did ! I repeat and he catches on with a flowery Por favor and a heartfelt Gracias . Many of the children are shy : some girls pass , tilting their heads away from my greetings . But others , like the small boy I recently encountered , are hardened and bold . Dame plata ! they shout . Dame caramelo ! , Each committee was aware of the dangers of individual or mass arrest , and contingency plans were made for the automatic replacement of committee members should they be arrested . It was an almost perfect system , for it implied that if Israel wished to dismantle the women 's committees it would have to imprison the entire membership . In agriculture , the popular movement began to respond to the kind of difficulties that farmers like those in Zubaydat had encountered . Agriculture , despite its declining base , was still the primary element in the West Bank 's economy . An agricultural relief committee was established in 1983 by a handful of young agricultural engineers , some of whom had already been working with the voluntary work committees , a network of skilled and unskilled workers which had been operating since the mid - 1970s . This has highlighted a number of shortcomings in the technical arrangements . Cameras mounted on tripods proved intrusive and cumbersome ; some chairmen and others have complained about the strong lighting , although most Members seem to have found the level tolerable ; discomfort has been experienced as a result of additional heat and difficulties with ventilation ( always a problem in summer , as those who have worked in the committee rooms or attended meetings there will confirm ) ; and the sound system has not worked well . Other problems were encountered , including background noise , the positioning of the shorthand writer , overcrowding in many rooms when a politically interesting meeting was being filmed , and the arrangements for covering committee meetings away from Westminster . Many of these problems are transitional . This was a genuine experiment and lessons were and still are being learned . Most impressive of all , Barth has built this moving plot on one of the oldest stock properties of literature the notion of life as a voyage . Plotting involves by its very nature the establishment of continuity and of interconnections . A postmodernist option , which we have encountered briefly in Sukenick 's fiction and now seen in Barth 's protagonists composing their story in opposition to political forces devoted to secrecy ( to a silent plot in other words ) , is developed to extraordinarily intricate lengths in the novels of Thomas Pynchon . Plotting is revised into conspiracy and placed within the action instead of informing its structure . Pynchon 's characters are constantly driven by the impulse to locate themselves within larger schemes which would authenticate their own experience , but waver between the appalling extremes of total randomness ( where no pattern is discernible ) and paranoia ( where everything is subsumed into pattern ) . The temperature at which an inverse solubility occurs is often termed cloud point . Chemically most common non - ionics will be termed alcohol ethoxylates . The term polyethylene glycol may be encountered in some formulations . In general , however , reference to non - ionic by chemical name in non - technical literature is rare . Amphoteric detergents : ionise in solution with the active ion being either cationic or anionic according to the pH of the solution . Cloths : There are four main types used in the food industry , woven textile , non - woven synthetic , sponges or cellular cloths and disposable paper . Woven textile cloths are manufactured mainly from natural fibres such as cotton or linen although some have a proportion of man made fabrics . The most common type encountered is 100 per cent linen or cotton in an off white loose weave fabric known variously as stockinette , mutton cloth or scrim . It is supplied to commercial users in a roll and usually by weight in 1 kilo quantities to be cut to desired lengths . The fabric displays good mechanical cleaning properties , is chemically resistant and has high absorbency characteristics . This august building was hardly difficult for me to locate , its looming spire being ever - visible wherever one goes in Salisbury . Indeed , as I was making my way back to this guest house this evening , I glanced back over my shoulder on a number of occasions and was met each time by a view of the sun setting behind that great spire . And yet tonight , in the quiet of this room , I find that what really remains with me from this first day 's travel is not Salisbury Cathedral , nor any of the other charming sights of this city , but rather that marvellous view encountered this morning of the rolling English countryside . Now I am quite prepared to believe that other countries can offer more obviously spectacular scenery . Indeed , I have seen in encyclopedias and the National Geographic Magazine breathtaking photographs of sights from various corners of the globe ; magnificent canyons and waterfalls , raggedly beautiful mountains . It had been my intention to seek out a further interview with Mr Cardinal with minimum delay , but this proved to be impossible , owing largely to the arrival that same afternoon some two days earlier than expected of Mr Lewis , the American senator . I had been down in my pantry working through the supplies sheets , when I had heard somewhere above my head the unmistakable sounds of motor cars pulling up in the courtyard . As I hastened to go upstairs , I happened to encounter Miss Kenton in the back corridor the scene , of course , of our last disagreement and it was perhaps this unhappy coincidence that encouraged her to maintain the childish behaviour she had adopted on that previous occasion . For when I inquired who it was that had arrived , Miss Kenton continued past me , stating simply : A message if it is urgent , Mr Stevens . This was extremely annoying , but , of course , I had no choice but to hurry on upstairs . This centre is a prime example of diving professionalism and camaraderie , and echoes the attitude of the PADI instructor who taught us in Barbados . We have made arrangements to dive , to hire the necessary equipment and spend as much time at the centre as we want . We would like to point out that many people at the centre told us that the attitudes we had encountered were less prevalent now than they had been in the past , and would continue to diminish . We were introduced to both PADI and BSAC divers who without exception , apologised on behalf of BSAC . We have not yet come across anyone who has been able to offer a reasonable explanation for a rather disheartening introduction to diving . But the possible role of antiviral drugs in the treatment of such cancers remains unknown . the beginning of radiotherapy There is no reason to suppose that either Wilhelm Roentgen ( 18451923 ) or Pierre Curie ( 18591906 ) had any thought of discovering a treatment for cancer when they first encountered X - rays and radium . Roentgen was experimenting with electrical discharges in evacuated tubes when he observed the emission of rays which made nearby materials fluoresce , i.e. emit light when the rays fell upon them . His article in the Transactions of the Wrzburg Physical Medical Society was promptly reported in England and America and , as many scientists had been working in the field , was widely taken up. Each individual cuckoo nestling is descended from a long line of ancestral cuckoo nestlings , every single one of whom must have succeeded in manipulating its foster - parent . Any cuckoo nestling that lost its hold , even momentarily , over its host would have died as a result . But each individual foster - parent is descended from a long line of ancestors many of whom never encountered a cuckoo in their lives . And those that did have a cuckoo in their nest could have succumbed to it and still lived to rear another brood next season . The point is that there is an asymmetry in the cost of failure . Another piece of divine retribution for all those hours spent ticking others off came relatively recently . I interviewed Donald Watt , the leader of the Lochaber Mountain Rescue Team , and one of the things we talked about , both nodding sagely in agreement , was that people sometimes wear very stupid things on the hill . We swapped a few anecdotes about buffoons we had encountered and then went our separate ways , hands thrust deep into our respective double - thickness , Gortex , all - weather , storm - force shell outers . A few weeks later I met him in a wild part of Laggan . He was in his climbing gear , had an ice - axe , crampons , and a double - thick , Gortex , all - weather , storm - force shell outer . Ann does not like dams . Loch Doon , to the north , is much more attractive , to my mind , still retaining a wild , untamed atmosphere . Few salmon are encountered in Loch Doon these days , but brown trout abound and some huge fish have been caught in recent years . Burns was also mightily attracted to Loch Doon and immortalized it in his song Ye Banks and Braes o ' Bonnie Doon , written for Johnson 's Museum in 1790 . There is an even older version of the song , describing the fate of a young lady who died of a broken heart after being jilted by her lover . Salmon travel from the sea at Lochinver , up the River Inver , into the six - mile - long loch . Sometimes , even further , fighting their way through tiny Lonnan Burn to island - clad Loch Awe . Many a trout angler has had a red - letter day on Loch Awe , suddenly encountering a sea - liced silver salmon whilst trout fishing ; then having the thrill and excitement of playing the fish on light tackle . Anglers who like exercise with their fishing are well provided for at Assynt . The surrounding hills , compass and map country , have dozens of marvellous trout lochs , most of which are full of sparkling little fish ; and a few which hold much heavier specimens . THRUSH GREEN Dotty 's way of life sometimes alarmed her friends . Ella Bembridge , exhausted by Christmas shopping , called into the local tea shop , The Fuchsia Bush , in Lulling High Street and encountered her old friend . Well , Dotty , expecting anyone ? boomed Ella , dragging back the only unoccupied chair in the tea shop . No , no , replied Dotty , removing a string bag , a cauliflower and a large paper bag labelled LAYMORE from the seat . If this time is converted into equinoctial time , it will be found to be shortly before 12.45 . Hence , according to this rule which I have explained earlier , the lunar cycle began on 3 October at 19.30 hours . As Southern has remarked , this passage , only part of which I have quoted , illustrates the difficulties encountered in those days of telling the time and Walcher 's anxiety for precision in seeking to establish the exact correlation between the phases of the moon and the solar calendar . To men of the Middle Ages astronomy was of particular interest because it seemed to offer the best means of understanding , and possibly controlling , terrestrial events . An essential tool for enabling astronomers to advance beyond the stage reached by Bede was the astrolabe . Pepys never expresses surprise or resentment . Time had a different significance for him and most of his contemporaries than it has for us . Since watches were for long the toys of the rich , it is not surprising that often when ordinary folk encountered one they were extremely puzzled and were even inclined to look upon it as something evil and dangerous . An amusing instance of this is related by John Aubrey concerning an Oxford don , Thomas Allen ( 15421632 ) , who owned many mathematical and other scientific instruments . When staying one Long Vacation at a friend 's place , at Hom Lacey in Herefordshire , he happened to leave his watch on the window - sill of his chamber . The remarkable navigator and cartographer circumnavigated the Antarctic but was killed in Hawaii on his third voyage . It was ( and is ) impossible for many other travellers to stay at home too . Some travel to encounter different people and ways of life , others travel to reach a particular destination : the peak of an unconquered mountain , the far side of a desert or continent , the source of a river . Marco Polo travelled in the hope of trade with China ; James Cook charted coasts and waters of New Zealand , Australia and the Pacific unknown to Europeans ; achievement , adventure , glory and gain motivated explorers like the early circumnavigators and the seekers of the North West Passage . Most travellers suffered appalling hardship and danger , none more so than the great Victorian explorers . Until that time , he will remain hidden in Mount Kyffhausen . When he finally emerges , he will hang his shield on a leafless tree , which will sprout green leaves , and a better age will begin . Occasionally , he talks to people who enter the mountain , though at other times he can be encountered outside . He usually sits upon a bench at a round stone table , resting his head in his hands , sleeping . He nods his head and blinks his eyes with sleep . How groups of directors can set up a pension scheme for themselves . How companies can set up a group pension scheme for their employees . How to avoid the problems which a business can encounter following the sudden death or disablement of a director or key employee ; and the insurance cover every business needs or is legally obliged to have against common accidents and other perils . PENSIONS FOR DIRECTORS AND THE SELF - EMPLOYED . If you do not have a pension plan , when you eventually stop working your income will drop perhaps dramatically . But you will also get something that money can rarely buy complete peace of mind . The peace of mind that comes from the Radio Rentals Total Service Guarantee . You will be sure in the knowledge that if you ever encounter any problem with your equipment , help is just one quick phone call away 24 hours a day , 365 days a year . Friendly , helpful service will be with you within 24 hours and things will be put right a quickly and efficiently as possible . That 's Radio Rentals There are a number of general strategies which are useful in combating ageism . Increased awareness is the basis on which they can be developed . Only when we are more aware of our personal attitudes can we become active in confronting ageism wherever it is encountered . Mary Marshall explores and develops this vital question in the next chapter . Ageism - awareness campaigns and anti - ageist strategies , while essential are not sufficient to bring about the level of change which is required . Just as a 16 - year - old is different from a 50 - year - old , so a 50 - year - old will differ from a 90 - year - old and each individual will be different from another . Ageism is embedded in our attitudes and social structures . It can even be encountered by younger people as a glance at job advertisements will show . We treat older people as a group and set them at the margins of society . Although the authors in this book agree that the situation is iniquitous , they differ in their views of the solution . Thirdly , as I said , it can be measured , and it is important that it should be measured in a way that is independent of moral considerations . We have to be able to make measurements of welfare ; when we have done that , and discovered how good or poor the welfare is , ethical decisions have to be taken , and individuals will have their own ideas about what is acceptable . The measures which we can use include indications that the animal is failing to cope with its environment ( with the difficulties which it encounters ) and measures of how hard it is for that individual to cope with the difficulties . So measures of poor welfare include finding that , because of the way an animal is kept or treated , it is not able to live as long or finding that it is not able to grow or is not able to breed . These I think are self - evident ; that you can make these measurements and that they are relevant to assessing the welfare of the animal . What will characterize growing maturity ? An integration of my own life - experience through reflection , self - examination and help from others . A guide who has not encountered his own passions , his own inner conflicts , who does not truly know his darkness and his light , will be of no value in the spiritual battle . As his life - experience , including suffering , becomes integrated so he can put it at the disposal of others , explicitly and implicitly . It is only as we become at ease with the condition of our own humanity that we can accept another person 's . This is so we can respond effectively to the needs of our clients . Do I need any training ? Yes but you are not expected to be a nurse . You will be asked to complete an application form and subsequently to attend an ACET training course one evening a week for six weeks . The subjects covered will include : Living with AIDS by John Creedy TWO AND A HALF years ago I was diagnosed as being HIV positive . It was no particular shock when I found out ; I had expected the test to be positive . I was a very happy gay man. There was clearly a need to adapt my lifestyle , but playing the role of victim was never among my plans . In London , demand for our Home Care services doubled over the last twelve months . We are the largest independent provider of professional home care in the capital giving pain control , nursing and medical advice , 24 hour on call , emotional support and practical volunteer help , including nightsitting . I expect demand for this service to continue to grow over the coming year . AIDS deaths : April 1990 March 1991 , UK total ( CDSC figures 584 April 1991 . ) Our Home Care teams saw 141 AIDS related deaths last year ACET OVERSEAS : THE RACE AGAINST TIME In Constanta , alone , there are over 550 children with AIDS . By the year 2000 , of the 40 million expected to be infected with the virus causing AIDS , 36 million will be in the developing world . The global dimension of AIDS requires individual organisations and communities to rapidly develop their own local approaches and responses to the problem although often with limited resources . Seven million are already HIV infected in sub - Saharan Africa , increasing by over one million a year . Its 12 - month brief is to investigate all new reports of disappearance . While falling way short of Amnesty International 's request for investigations into all disappearances , this initiative is welcomed as a modest first step in the right direction . The government has at last acknowledged that disappearances do take place and that it is a problem which needs addressing , and Amnesty International expects to be submitting cases for investigation by the Commission. Two AI delegates attended a conference in Colombo from 11 to 16 March on trades union and human rights in South Asia as guest speakers . While there , they also met government officials and discussed possibilities for future access by AI to Sri Lanka . Kenneth Clark demonstrated this development of an evolving sensibility to nature in his lectures , Landscape into Art , published in 1949 . His introduction remarks , incidentally , that : anyone who expects this book to be a treatise on the history of landscape painting will be disappointed in spite of copious rewriting , lectures these pages remain . One may remove the words next slide please from the text , but not from the sequences of thought . The publication of lectures is a well - known form of literary suicide . Fry 's book contains rather little biographical information , the focus being firmly on Czanne 's work . There is almost nothing about the artist 's contemporaries . This not an invariable pattern for monographs , but readers can usually expect that the central figure of a book will receive prominence at the expense of any other artists . If comparisons are included they may be with an artist whose work is considered by the author to be inferior to the subject of the monograph . Biographical information is another issue . Diaries are perhaps more often a vehicle for complaints . Here is an American artist writing about his dismay at the work he saw at Paris in 1831 : Although I had been informed that the present French artists were low in merit , I did not expect to find them , with little exception , so totally devoid of it . I was disgusted in the beginning with their subjects . Battle , Murder , and Death , Venuses and Psyches , the bloody and voluptuous , are the things in which they seem to delight : and these are portrayed in a cold , hard , and often tawdry style , with an almost universal deficiency of chiaroscuro ; the whole artificial , labored and theatrical . Some of the work for a museum catalogue may have already been done before the acquisition of a picture . It may , for example , have been part of a private collection which itself was catalogued , especially if the collector in question was rich . In this respect , the scholarly standard of a private collection 's catalogue will be very high , and the sort of information which a reader can expect will be the same . The collection will not , however , be accessible as public collections are . In an art museum works can be studied at leisure , and will receive attention from scholars and experts of many kinds . The only possible general comment is limited to a comparison of one year with another , or of one exhibition with some comparable one . The phrase - maker is thus king . An apt combination of noun and adjective , a bon mot , an evocative phrase , is as much as an artist can hope for and a reader can expect . The reader 's only remedy is to go to the exhibition . In Victorian Britain or France during the Second Empire the critic had some influence over taste . In Victorian Britain or France during the Second Empire the critic had some influence over taste . It is doubtful how much influence a critic has today , though high claims are made for Clement Greenberg as the promoter of American Abstract Expressionism . A cynic will remember that research into the opinion - forming powers of newspapers has tended to conclude that readers expect to have their existing views confirmed . If so , the power of critics may be no more than the listings services offered in the papers or on posters , while real power can be found in the organisation of the art market . A different sort of exhibition which has had some success in attracting attention , and thus newspaper coverage , is the prize competition . THEMES AND ARGUMENTS Articles on exhibitions sometimes glide away into topics which have little to do with the art on display . This will be disappointing for a reader who expects at the least some evaluation of the shows . The arguments put forward can be interesting in themselves , but their drift is often towards making the context of the art shown more understandable . Art politics or cultural history are favourite themes for such reviewers , apart from the spectrum of cognate disciplines which may be the specialities of writers who are only occasionally concerned with art . It was a Romantic notion that there were resonances in the natural world and art ; and it was Schiller who argued that music , the visual arts and poetry always become similar in their action on the mind . THE AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE Describing the object is not the only sort of description that a reader can expect from a critic . The critic may be willing to share an experience with the reader , sometimes only of the circumstances in which a work was seen , as might be included in a personality article ; but on other occasions the critic may give a fuller account of a personal response to a work of art . This then becomes not a description of the object itself , but of the critical appreciation or dislike that the work gives rise to . I was curious to see what shrift she would receive in Naipaul 's novel : the work of a man who has been spoken of by an old friend , the novelist Paul Theroux , as having in earlier times been merciless , solitary , and ( one of his favourite words ) unassailable . Well , it can be said that he does not allow his mercilessness to go undetected on this occasion . And yet the treatment of his characters is not exactly what that prefatory article of his might have led one to expect . Guerrillas is set in an imaginary Caribbean country , whose capital city is by the sea . There are mountains nearby . Its narrator and chief human presence is by no means straightforwardly a victim , and the difference between oppressor and oppressed can be hard to identify . The novel is narrated by a Moslem of Indian origin , whose family has been settled on the east coast of Africa , as traders . Salim leaves them , takes off on the first of a series of flights , and treks to the interior , to a country which appears to be compounded of the Congo and of Uganda , in order to earn a living from a store which he has acquired from a man whose daughter he is expected to marry one day . Reading Salim 's palm , the man points out that he is faithful . Salim can be designated a Kenya Asian : the name we give to those hard - working aliens who have been driven out of African countries , and who include the shopkeepers and merchants expropriated in Uganda by Amin . But then it turns out that the female lead , his wife Jenny Standish ( ne Bunn ) , unreservedly cherishes their cat . All this could suggest that Kingsley Amis is n't altogether sold on Patrick Standish . Readers of Amis can be expected to remember Patrick and Jenny from the past . They appeared in his novel of 1960 , Take a girl like you , in which Patrick gives freezing looks , and a group of children wears the expression of being proud of being serious , like some famous author photographed in the Radio Times . The new novel has married the pair and moved them on into the mid - Sixties and from the provinces to London , where Patrick works misgivingly in a fashionable publishing - house . Levi can sometimes appear incapable of fiction , but it is no less apparent that everything he wrote was fiction . He was well - aware of the sense in which he made up what happened to him , imagined his misfortune . In calling his recent book about his own early life by the name of The Facts , Philip Roth is issuing a challenge expecting his readers to know that there are no bare facts , and obliging them to think hard about what happens in the recounting of the facts of a life . Levi would have understood that challenge , just as I think he would have been happy to agree that it is possible to speak without contradiction of the literal imagination . Levi 's words to Roth about the adventure story If not now , when ? bring to mind the art of the Russian Jewish writer Isaac Babel , who rode with Budyonny 's Red Cavalry after the Revolution , through scenes of hardship and atrocity . His classes are soliloquies and Socratic teases in which his interest in Classical Antiquity , in Pythagoras and Heraclitus , and in Hlderlin , Hegel and Marx , and in James Hogg , is imparted to the young ones . He is the sort of Sixties dominie who used to inveigh in class against the system . His relationship with the kids is one between equals , but they also seem to expect him to be a wise man , and this is what he sometimes expects of himself . The kids are presented as decent and thoughtful , and there 's an Arcadian absence of the stress and violence which some might look for in a class where the teacher swears and free - associates , and throws up and bunks off into the bargain . If the Queen 's telescope had been able to reach into Patrick 's classroom , there would have been a surprise in store for her but not for Patrick , who at least affects to believe the story that Orwellian minders are peering at the punters from the screens of the punters ' television sets . Arthur stared at him. Know what I mean , I 'm just being honest with ye . I dont think ye should expect the teacher to do everything . If you want your weans to get homework then give it to them your tucking self . Gavin said : That actually sounds quite right - wing ye know . A play really demands to be read aloud - it needs the sound of the human voice to bring it alive . It takes imagination and a lot of practice to read a play to yourself in the same time as it would take to see it on the stage . Surprisingly , this is true of both the classical and modern play , though you might expect that the obscurities and difficulties of words and expression would prove more of a stumbling block in , say , Shakespeare or Ben Jonson . Here is a suggested first reading list , which I 've put together to provide a broadly representative selection of significant periods in the theatre 's development . There is a danger in reading the classics , in that they can come to be regarded simply as literature so always try to look at them as plays for performance and , it goes without saying , try to see as much theatre as you can . All major drama schools audition in the USA , and offer places to students who can show talent and raise the money to accept a place . This is one field of higher education where in some cases the fees from the overseas student are no higher than they are for British nationals . In all cases students taking a course ( which is usually either a two - year diploma course or a one - year course ) are expected to return to their country on completion of training . Students can also apply from any part of the world , and audition in the UK , but need to remember that a high standard of fluency in the English language will be expected . There will always be problems when working with an English vernacular text using cockney or other dialects , but students from overseas have to expect to take this in their stride ( and usually do ) . This is one field of higher education where in some cases the fees from the overseas student are no higher than they are for British nationals . In all cases students taking a course ( which is usually either a two - year diploma course or a one - year course ) are expected to return to their country on completion of training . Students can also apply from any part of the world , and audition in the UK , but need to remember that a high standard of fluency in the English language will be expected . There will always be problems when working with an English vernacular text using cockney or other dialects , but students from overseas have to expect to take this in their stride ( and usually do ) . Undoubtedly one of the best ways the overseas student has of seeing what is required in British theatre training is to apply for one of the summer schools offered by the drama schools , and find out what it 's all about before committing him - or herself to a long and expensive stay . In all cases students taking a course ( which is usually either a two - year diploma course or a one - year course ) are expected to return to their country on completion of training . Students can also apply from any part of the world , and audition in the UK , but need to remember that a high standard of fluency in the English language will be expected . There will always be problems when working with an English vernacular text using cockney or other dialects , but students from overseas have to expect to take this in their stride ( and usually do ) . Undoubtedly one of the best ways the overseas student has of seeing what is required in British theatre training is to apply for one of the summer schools offered by the drama schools , and find out what it 's all about before committing him - or herself to a long and expensive stay . It 's important that a student is prepared to understand and work with the prevalent theatrical traditions in UK schools . They are not looking for you to fail every audition panel wants you to be good . That 's why there are contrasting pieces ; not everyone is going to be marvellous with the classics ( Rex Harrison once avowed that he was no good at Tudor verse speaking ) . But you are expected to be competent with such material even if you feel this is not what you would eventually choose to work with . The classical text is for the panel to see your present abilities , your imaginative range and your capacity as a thinking actor . And while you are not expected to be perfect ( who is , ever ? ) you are expected to have something to offer . Lorenzo with his Jessica await the return of Portia , remaining out in the still night rather than returning to the house . LORENZO Sweet soullet 's in , and there expect their coming . And yet no matter : why should we go in ? My friend Stephano , signify ( I pray you ) Yes . Because that 's where I realised that the drama school training helped a lot . When you 're training you have ideas shoved at you continually and are expected to change quickly which is a very good thing . A.R. Did your experience at drama school come as a great surprise to you ? J.F. Well , it did really . I had n't a clue what was expected . I had n't done drama at school , thank God , so I was completely open coming straight from school . There were a lot of people older than me with more experience of life . AMANDA It 's very daunting to have to go to an audition for the first time in your life . And you 're not sure what is expected . I mean I had no idea that by doing I left no ring with her by Viola I was doing something that must have been heard a hundred times that day I had no idea . A.R. I 'm not so sure about drama schools , sometimes . The voice and movement work is very important but the professional requirements have changed , particularly in respect of film and television and there should be more training in this area . We had next to none when I was at drama school and young actors need to know more about what will be expected of them on film sets and television studios . And young actors have a greater instinct these days for film than they do for the stage , though this is not to say that stage training is not equally important ; nevertheless as working actors we are getting more and more camera conscious in our acting and will continue to do so . A.R. When I got my first job out of training it was at Worthing in a juvenile leading role and I got my Equity card because I had been chosen . That does n't happen any more with young actors coming out of drama school . Twenty years ago it was expected that if you trained you would surely be accepted into the membership of your trade union and be given the chance to compete for the roles that were suitable . It was the last days of the old tradition , I suppose and I 'm glad I was lucky enough to be part of them . Now there is no guarantee that a career actually exists and Equity are not making it all any easier for the new young actors to establish themselves . D.M . It is the most important medium for getting known by the general public and affecting the attitude of employers but the theatre is still the best place for learning your trade . As Richard Attenborough once said to me , If you have n't learnt to play to an audience that is present , how can you expect to play to one that is n't ? Sodalities , such as the Legion of Mary , Opus Dei , and Christian Life communities , have partially extended this form of commitment to some , particularly more middle - class laity , and continue to have an important role in activating laity for what are judged to be religious goals both personally and socially . But generally speaking the ideal has always tended to accentuate the gap between the clerical world view and the lay world view within catholicism . Even though the gap between clerical and lay religious intellectuals has closed , with clergy being left behind in some areas , the clerics remain the true cognoscenti in religious matters , and are expected to be so by the laity . This has always added to the clergy 's spiritual authority and status , and has tended to merge with the authority claimed by the clergy in matters of faith and morals , with the high clergy deciding what constitutes matters of faith and morals . The attitude towards authority within the church partnered the perception of the spiritual life . However , it was not simply a strategy , but embodied a particular ideology : the belief that the bishops were the church above all , and that they , not the laity , were the ones to communicate with the state . The desire to make arrangements covertly could well have been affected by a double pressure . On the one hand , the laity would not understand the complexity of the issues because of their poor understanding of Christian doctrine and the intricacies of morality ; on the other , the area of the sacred in the political arena was clearly defined , and clear guidance from the clerical church was both necessary and expected by good Christian politicians . What the bishops and the politicians had come up against in the Mother and Child controversy was that this paternalistic conceptualization was intrinsically at odds with the common understanding of democracy . This appears to be the first contradiction which the bishops later sought to resolve by withdrawing from the direct contact method . Bishop Daly then said : there must be , there has to be a separation between Church and State and we totally endorse and emphatically reiterate that , but the separation between Church and State does not mean a separation between conscience and the electorate 's responsibility in voting . We cannot expect voters to leave their conscience behind them when they go to the polling booth . Inevitably we would expect that those who freely accept the teaching of our Church will vote according to their consciences . This is all we ask of them . With the exception of a small group of public schools , there is the apparently simple distinction between state schools and Roman catholic schools which occurs in Britain . However , it would be nive to think that control of the state sector , its general ethos , and the teaching of religious education was non - denominational . These schools are protestant , though nothing else is perhaps to lie expected when protestant loyalist teachers teach protestant loyalist children . Religious education in these schools is officially non - denominational or biblically based and loyalist sentiments are promoted . But religious education has been known to be fundamentalist and in some cases anti - catholic , depending on the teacher . Unfortunately , Rose did not elaborate on the nature of such mixed schooling experiences . They could even have proven to be the negative experience of small ethnic enclaves defending themselves in hostile environments , but even this viewpoint can only be speculation . Murray ( 1983 ; 1985 ) advised not to expect too much of schools on the basis of his own in - depth research into two primary schools , one from each Northern group . He has also sought support for this view from studies of separate and mixed schooling of different ethnic groups in other countries . Such studies , he argued , have shown that joint schooling is not necessarily successful in lowering prejudice . Work on big glass slowing down , wrote Harsnet . Not to say drying up completely . After all these months of forward movement only to be expected . Or so I keep telling myself . But do I believe it ? Another week gone by , he wrote . Any idea that the bout of despair was over was quickly dispelled as the old horror came over me again in waves . Dragged myself to the doctor who told me I had to expect such things at my age and prescribed vitamin pills . I thanked him and tore up the prescription at the door . But last two days a little better . In the most extreme cases the existing building is so different from the historic pub concept that a virtual rebuild is proposed . At the Huntsman 's Inn in Ide , Kent , the refurbishment proposals were to involve demolitions so extensive that all but a portion of the building 's external wall would be destroyed , the planned reconstruction included an extension that would double the size of the original structure . It seems most surprising that the breweries consider the large open space to be the pub 's ideal internal form , or believe the artificial , standardised historic pub interior to be preferable to genuine historic detail , when the original internal divisions and features are essential elements of the historic character that customers expect when entering such a building . The Duke 's Arms at Presteigne in Powys provides the perfect illustration of how the misguided quest for the ideal traditional pub character can seriously threaten genuine historic features . This pub was originally a 17th century timber frame jettied building ; in the early 19th century its front was removed and a new rendered facade added . Mr Govind said the finance minister had announced that 100 % equity would be allowed on some developments if they utilised advanced technology and were in the country 's interest . Other changes to the 1956 Industrial Policy Resolution include scrapping the rule that foreign equity has to be accompanied by foreign technology . The government is also expected to make it easier for foreign investors to take profits out of the country . Richard Jarram , senior economist at the Economist Intelligence Unit in London , explained that the changes were designed to help India reach an agreement with the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . The IMF will not lend any money unless India shows it is doing something about putting its house in order , he explained . It 's broccoli and ham . She then came back to tell me the customer did n't like green so would n't be having the soup . What colour did she expect broccoli and ham soup to be ? I pondered . The customer ordered a salad instead ! The existing management , headed by chairman and chief executive Mike Smith , and all 1,950 staff , will remain intact . With turnover of 117m last year , the company accounted for only about 5 % of Thorn EMI sales , but Data Sciences is number two in the UK computer services league . CHAMPS will be one of the vertical - market products developed further by the independent company and an announcement is expected in the autumn . BAA Hotels recently installed the system at its three British hotels and one Belgian property the Sterling hotels at Heathrow and Gatwick , the Stansted Harlequin , and at Ghent , Belgium . Commenting on the Heathrow installation , BAA Hotels managing director Jeremy Logie said : The primary role of technology is to give the guest a better experience at the hotel . She said that the aim of the directive was to harmonise the hygiene practices of all the member states , and it was up to each country to interpret the directive . We would hope that in consultation it would be tightened up , but the EC might prefer it in its general form , she said . The proposed EC directive , which is expected to be released for consultation by the end of the year , would affect all food business operators in Europe , including manufacturers , distributors and retailers . The document stated that all food premises must ensure that adequate safety procedures are identified , maintained and reviewed . The directive included advisory regulations concerning building requirements , kitchen equipment , food waste , water supply , personal hygiene and production hygiene , but is not specific about those regulations or their implementation . JUS - ROL INVESTS POTATO product manufacturer Jus - Rol has invested 1.5m in its potato manufacturing plant at Amble , Northumberland . By the end of this month manufacturing capacity is expected to increase three - fold as a result , according to sales and marketing director Joe Weston . IDEAL CHANGE CATERING butcher Ideal Meat Supplies has moved from its Smithfield Market site to premises in North London . Perhaps their essence is more difficult to grasp because they are perceived by customers in entirely different roles , depending on the customer for example , as friend , wine expert or simple emissary of the kitchen . Tact and diplomacy , knowledge and friendship define the great restaurant managers , just as a great chef is defined by his skills in producing superb food . The kitchen 's perception of the restaurant manager is also fragmented in that the kitchen expects that manager to feed back customer response . So many chefs feel their restaurant managers fail to do this adequately . Similarly , a good front - of - house manager can give the customer an insight and appreciation of the chef 's ideas and foods . Now , you 're not to make fun of Peter . He 's always been a bit on his dignity , I suppose , but that 's the way he is . Comes of half expecting to inherit the title and half not , I dare say . Jilly Jonathan gave a quick little frown . I think actually , she said , he 's terribly jealous . It said so in the guide - book . The Finn considered . Yes , madam , he said at last , I am granting that his conducting of himself is not what might be expected . But , you know , there may be many other reasons why it is important for him to get to the top so quickly . It does not have to be that he has conceived what the French are calling the coup de force for Miss Jonathan . But they would n't listen . Nicole giggled . That 's exactly what we expected , Sergeant . We knew that the one way to get the world 's two greatest detectives to come here would be to stage a mysterious disappearance . Of course that nice Mr Hoskins at the Express was in on our secret . For if Mrs Phipps been clever enough to manage her husband 's murder , then she was too bright to make such uninhibited admissions , even to a sympathetic vicar 's wife , other than in the knowledge that she 'd nothing to hide . Peggy glanced across at the six women seated nearby . She had learned , over the past five years , that a vicar 's wife is expected to be sympathetic , helpful , and above reproach . To her credit , whatever other social solecisms the inexperienced Peggy might have committed during their stay in Little Tuckett , she had never betrayed a confidence . Once they 'd realized this , the villagers came to her often with their problems . In previous years the competition cakes had been auctioned off to benefit the Belltower Restoration Fund and that had been the intention this year , too but there would be no bidders , now . Mrs Doran smiled at young Mrs Yardley . Wouldn't be the first time your husband 's come back when you did n't expect him , would it ? Her tone was very unpleasant . Maybe he 's keeping an eye on you . We did n't see a lot of Father that year because he was in the Government . He wanted something in Dominions , I heard Ma tell one of her friends . And he 's not the most cultural man , but I expect he 'll accept all the same . Of course he did : it made him more important . But , although it was something to tell the others at school , secretly I thought he was important enough already . They say she goes like a stoat too , I said loudly . That is what Magnus says about girls he does n't like and it 's very funny . But I never expected the reaction it got coming from me . Everyone stopped talking . Father spun round , took three steps towards me and smacked me on the ear . I ran away as fast as I could along the pavement . I can run as fast as Magnus when I try . I expected Father to chase me , but when I reached the corner and looked back he was just standing there talking to the thin man. They seemed to be arguing . I 'll never go back , I thought . It was humiliating . Of course I was sent to bed without any supper . What else would you expect after the rotten day I 'd had ? But anyway , the foreigners would n't have left much . I do n't see why we ca n't have a proper meal after a do . But anyway , the foreigners would n't have left much . I do n't see why we ca n't have a proper meal after a do . They go to all that trouble to feed strangers and then expect their own family to do without . There was one good thing , though : in all the fuss I had n't had to apologize to Kezia . I 'd got out of that because by the time I got home she was gone . You noticed a lot before you ran screaming down the corridor , said Thomas spitefully . I noticed first and then I ran screaming . I thought it would be expected of me . Anyway , the forensic scientists will be able to confirm she had someone in with her . Brilliantine leaves traces . He keeps going on about grey cells . I 've never been inside the local police station , said Ethel . You would n't expect them to paint it pretty pink , would you ? She thought , looking dubious . It does n't sound likely . I marched in and strode over towards his desk . Charles looked startled . Clearly he had not been expecting a confrontation . Charles , what is the meaning of this outrage ! Oh , er , hello Dorothy . Maybe he 's got a girl in there , I thought . I heard someone coming towards the door . I half expected some floosie to open it but no , it was Charles . Ah , Dorothy , do come in . He walked back towards his desk and , dutifully , I followed him. Listen to me , you stupid bitch , do n't you dare cry . Carla , inevitably , did get her job in publishing . It was through a family connection , I think anyway , as expected , she never had to ask me for a reference . I ( again inevitably ) decided to leave job - hunting until after I had actually left SIS . My final term there seemed rather uneventful after the previous two , and only Renaissance Anne showed any signs of concern about my impending departure . Martha went out to check her trolley and the rest of us , somewhat half - heartedly , searched the room . Silly idiot for bringing all that money in with her , another of the girls muttered . I expect she 's left it at home , I said . Martha soon came back , visibly distressed . Our supervisor , the level - headed Mrs Long , was called . She laughed . You 're a perceptive so - and - so , are n't you ? I was n't expecting all this . I used to be an art historian , I said . You 're always having to be perceptive in that line of work . The fewer people there are to argue about which channel to watch , the better , I should think . How long would I be able to stay there ? We 'd expect you to stay a couple of years , but obviously there 's going to be no pressure on you to move on at the end of that period . If you do find something better , great , if not , stick around . Jenny was bursting to say something . See our offer on p50 . Show your onions Around 22,000 visitors are expected at the North of England Horticultural Society 's autumn show on September 13 and 14 . This year the show includes the National Kelsae Onion festival and terrific nursery exhibits . Tickets for Friday cost 5 between 10am and 4pm ; 3 from 4 to 8pm . You can plant step - overs along a path or as an edging to a bed and pick 20 or 30 apples from each one . At around the 5ft height there are two options , bushes or cordons . A bush tree is exactly what you would expect it to be ( bushy ) , but at the right height for picking and pruning comfortably . A cordon is no more than a single stem which fruits all the way along . A row of cordons must be the easiest possible way to grow apples . Is it safe to go now ? 6 Always expect and be ready for a launch failure in the first 500 feet on every launch . Soaring Inexperienced pilots get into difficulties when they are soaring . Elderly People Getting older does not necessarily mean losing independence . Though people expect illness to become more frequent in old age , you should not assume that nothing can be done , but should consult your doctor if you think you have a health problem . You should continue to lead a healthy life , such as eating a balanced diet , taking exercise and keeping warm . GPs must offer an annual health check to all their patients aged 75 and over . If additional work , or special items such as gold taps are requested by you , then you will be expected to pay for these . It is important to agree on , and understand the limit of the works that are being done before work starts . The Environmental Health Officer will however carry out a Financial Test of resources to determine how much , if anything , you are expected to pay towards the reasonable costs . He/she will tell you how much this is at the beginning so you know at the start how much you have to pay . You will then need to gather together the necessary things to make an application . Ask your Environmental Health Officer . Applications for people who live in council property For some types of work your District Council may expect you to apply for a grant as a tenant . If they support the work they may provide financial help towards the cost . The District Council may offer to rehouse you if this is more suitable for you , and it is an option that you might want to consider . Research in the police , Irving further asserts , is a matter of pragmatics , eliminating philosophical enquiry into systems of belief , or how the knowledge of an ideology is transformed into action . In the end , only the action is viable , so that all these essays tend to match the inside ethnography and are nullified by neglect or have any contentious matter treated as privileged information , for as Templeton ( 1980 : 904 ) argues the police fear that if you have a better understanding of society , you are in a better position to change it the very exercise they are reluctant to engage in . Those who do go public are disloyal and there are thinly veiled attempts to dismiss the value of any revelation they make , for they are expected to remain silent and uncritical . When Ronald Gregory , the ex - chief constable of West Yorkshire , said little or nothing new about the Yorkshire Ripper case in a series of newspaper articles , he was castigated in Police Review ( 1 July 1983 ) and they republished a 1979 photograph of him when his loyalty was unquestioned . John Alderson , the ex - chief constable of Devon and Cornwall has suffered even more from his subsequent public persona , because of a move into academia , some critical publications , and a flirtation with the political life . ( Police magazine , May 1981 ; my emphases ) Inevitably those few insiders who do undertake postgraduate research in the social sciences are aware that they are involved in the creation of clap trap , and must know that this denigration stems from the implicit threat they pose to the structures of pedagogy and institutional power . Those who pursue explication can expect to be seen as suspicious , for they embody the marginality of the anthropologist , described by Lvi - Strauss ( 1973 : 67 ) as being someone who is psychologically speaking maimed , an amputee . This maimed psyche , according to Francis Huxley ( 1970 : 62 ) , creates a specific concept of the self and makes the inside anthropologist a mutilated man in curious revolt against his own society . In such a world many graduates learn to play down their qualifications , for they know the hostility which exists towards academia and realize the significance of practical ability gained in the university of real life . Alternative readings or critical analysis of this entrenched reverence for a rule of law ( which at times may well be out of step with a wider interpretation of ambiguous social behaviour ) smacks of subversion simply because it denies the primacy of the institutional framework . And surely , it can be argued , the understanding of what is to be ordered and who is to be disciplined has long been defined and subject to the practical mastery of the controllers . In consequence , even when the insider retires and ostensibly leaves the family , he will be expected to maintain his silence , and although bland hagiographic biography has been acceptable in the past , there has been no place for the espionage of critical ethnography . And even as the unlamented Official Secrets Act of 1911 groaned in its death throes in the late 1980s ( to be replaced by an even more constraining measure ) , officers about to retire in West Mercia were presented with an official force form and asked to sign a Declaration under the Act . This reiterates the whole catch - all section 2 of the Official Secrets Act of 1911 , as well as the scale of punishments laid down by the Official Secrets Act of 1920 for those who Hopefully , he can use the creativity which exists between the experiential inside view and observational outside view of a cultural system to formulate an ethnography which incorporates a continuous dialectical , tacking between the most local of detail and the most global of global structures in such a way as to bring them into simultaneous view ( Geertz ibid . 235 ) . But it is not just how the new consciousness is to be used which produces problems in handling this new - found wisdom ; it is the very acquisition of knowledge itself which makes the concept of self so dynamic . This structural awareness can be as hard to handle as any decision to try to publish the account , for what has happened in the past and what is expected now from the insider is tied up with an understanding of how the institution of policing prefers to present a restricted image for outside consumption , as I have described above . It all becomes uncomfortably apparent and that which had been lived and accepted is opened up in a revelatory manner , so that the vice of being caught up within the hegemonies of such a system designed to control a powerless underclass can become overbearing . In such a situation , the necessary intellectual detachment often becomes difficult to sustain . For although it is constantly argued that the police represent and are drawn from the community they serve , the cultural style required in the body of the police officer inevitably sets him slightly apart from the civvies outside the institution , especially where such symbolic use of clothing and beards or hair is the province of the youthful innovator . Always the police prefer to exhibit bodily constraint in their styles , for restraint and decorum have a symbolic history as an indication of subcultural insider purity , a comfort with a vanishing status quo , and a rejection of the changing outside world . This restraint expected in police hair was clearly illustrated in a large poster exhibited in the Northumbria police training department in the early 1980s , which ordered : male hair will be clear of the collar and sideburns will not extend below the centre of the ear . Faris ( 1968 ) , exploring the way such symbols come to represent complex conceptual domains , coined the phrase symbols of high meaning capacity , which exactly fits the structural significance hair has for police ideology . In effect it becomes a reflection of an almost puritanical social containment of the individual , with metaphoric import as a statement of correctness for the society outside . A pleasant surprise so early in the day : Lucy had style , from well - cut red - gold hair down through the subtly tailored suit , to the jaunty tap - tap of grey suede sub - stilettoes . A designer dyke ! She expected Lucy to head for their office : no one else was ever in before noon on the top floor . But Lucy smiled distractedly , passed her , leaving a scent of honeysuckle and spice . She unlocked the next room which had stood empty for months . We chat , and I mentally award myself thirteen Oscars . She relaxes . What was she expecting Baby Jane ? She feels she has to say something . I was very drunk , Jay , she says in a rush , I did n't mean that to happen . Lucy had had three weeks before then , and still done nothing ? She tried to think into motherhood , though Jeremy was twenty - five . Did you expect this to happen ? she said , as Lucy took small hard bites . She might as well have been eating spam . No , said Lucy , it all blew up last weekend . I feel I have unfinished business with you said Jay , amazed that she could use such an adult phrase , when alone , her mouth sagged and stretched and gasped with momma , momma , the pain shrieked from her navel , she even sucked her thumb in the hope that do - it - yourself primal therapy would ease something . It did not. Yes , I expect you do , said Lucy , a tiny precise voice in her ear , but I am not the one to help you . Politeness , adulthood , monsters , nonsense . Jay demanded , her voice ugly , feeling so far away she could lose no more , the angrier she grew the further Lucy went ; but when she forced herself to be quiet and good , Lucy still kept her distance . There was a light in the next window and she drew back into deep shadow . The off - season hotel had been empty when she arrived . They were expecting Club 1830 , but she would be long gone before that intrusion . Company she did not want . You will find us very quiet , the manager had said , c est la vie . In some cases the disqualification is not only from a particular event within a tournament , but from the whole tournament . The second thing to note is that each offence carries its own scale of penalties , and penalties for one offence are not added on to penalties imposed for a different offence . Thus if I incur a verbal warning for stepping out of the area , I do n't then expect to receive a half - point penalty for a slight contravention of another rule. You will not be penalised if you are propelled from the area ! Prohibited actions and behaviour Refereeing I 'm going to conclude this chapter with what I know will be offensive to some referees and judges ; yet it is not only my opinion . I refer here to the tendency of refereeing officials to expect a certain person to win a bout . This happens when an lite performer draws a newcomer . I have seen the newcomer soundly beat the lite performer , yet have none of his techniques acknowledged by the refereeing panel ! The second important point is , do n't kick unless you have a target . Many people seemingly throw a kick in the hope of hitting something . As you might expect , this inevitably leads to bruised insteps , toes and shins . The cocked fist in a reverse punch travels just over a metre to its target . The instep must travel two metres or so to reach the opponent 's head . This must of necessity put you in a very weak defensive position and I would maintain that this is responsible for losing more bouts than any other factor . The kick misses , recovery is slow and the alert opponent has scored before you know what 's happened . It therefore makes sense to use kicks judiciously only when there is a clear opening and the opponent is not expecting a kick . Bag work is essential for training competition kicks . Much modern training aims kicks against the air , so the effect of recoil is never experienced . Then a shin guard is pulled over the whole thing . However , before competing again you must present yourself to the tournament doctor to have both the injury and your bandaging accepted . Tournament organisers and the refereeing panel expect competitors to come to the tournament in a fit state to compete , not shrouded in bandages ! Therefore you may find that a bandage is not allowed if you did n't incur the injury in that day 's competition . Severe forearm bruising may be covered with both a crpe bandage and a shin pad ( but not a shin/instep protector ) . We had better torment our own man next . No , said Cameron , wishing that James would think harder and spoil less for a mere sporting occasion . James MacDiarmid will be expecting us , so we will let him stew a bit . Allan here can keep an eye on this place , and handle ambitious little Robertson if he tries to nail up his damned lists . I think we should cover Dull , and see whether the man there has had his wits cleared by the smell of fresh shite under his nose . I fear not , for indeed they hearkened not unto Moses , they murmured against him , and against Aaron , which is to say , they murmured against the Lord , for was it not the Lord Himself , speaking and working in Moses , who had brought them out from the land of Egypt ? And so the words turned back on themselves , phrases reappeared , seeming to confirm other phrases , merely repeating themselves , clicking into place with a semblance of logic which nicely disguised the truth that all these words were nothing but a glittering fabric which hovered above the ground , unwinding endlessly , slipping between the fingers , beguiling like a mirage , taking on whatever shape the conjuror wanted , and leading nowhere . Cameron now expected a glancing reference to Exodus 32 and a figuring of Aaron the idolator as the rebel and troublemaker who seduced the honest Israelites with the golden calf of dangerous principles . But if Mr Menzies had thought of this he must have been keeping it for another Sunday . Evidently he had decided to finish on a note of grave and reproachful dignity . He pointed across the river at a squat grey house on the far bank with a stand of trees behind it . And further down there is Hope Steuart of Ballechin a hard man to crack , no doubt . And Alexander McGlashan of Eastertyre you know them all , and they know you , and by now they will be expecting us . Well will we disappoint them ? Will we ? She glanced repeatedly at her daughter in the long white linen gown which had been her own wedding dress . But Mary was delighting quietly in the atmosphere of freedom . The ordeal she had expected had turned into fun . Her father stood behind her , sweating and beaming , and behind the bridegroom stood the Duke , tall and shaggy , holding a long pine branch covered with fresh green cones . The clusters of needles spread above the young couple 's heads like a canopy . And we wish and trust that no ill will of man or woman , and no act of government , will ever come between you . The piper was moving into the ring of people . When everyone expected him to break into a nimble tune , he played a slow air that sounded Irish in the long luxuriant unfolding of each phrase . People listened entranced , laced together by the tendrils of the melody . It finished , he tapped his foot , one two three four , and then he did launch into a jig , springy and violent . Cameron chewed slowly . His gums were aching . He eyed the door , expecting the handle to turn or a key to rattle in the lock . It was perfectly quiet ( no sounds ever reached him from the rest of the Tolbooth ; it was hard to believe that it existed , the street below was more real ) . He put the platter on the floor and got up stiffly . He spent many hours of darkness , sweating lightly in spite or the autumn and early winter cold , wishing some of his replies unsaid , and wishing above all that he had said anything at all after the examiner 's last remark . His silence must have seemed like complicity . Now they expected information from him. When he turned out to have nothing to give , how would they punish him ? As for their hint of a concession , he hated the thought of that loophole being closed . It 's iniquitous . And divisive . I was n't expecting the press to get hold of it , mind you ; but it may be no bad thing . I would have thought your work was whatever Mellowes told you to do . As I 've said , she does n't understand these things . Don raised his head while his heart sank . They could have it done professionally , he supposed , wearily imagining a pile of builders ' estimates . The house was full of little flights of steps where he least expected them . There were many dark , stained rooms . I would have had it done , said the owner , a small , pale woman , but I 'm selling up to go and live with my sister and it did n't seem worth it . He jumped to his feet . Gillian , you must be Gillian . I was n't expecting anyone at all like you . What do you mean ? Is there something wrong ? The Emperor of Trame leant forward from the opposite side of the table . A pleasant surprise for you , I imagine , President , he said . You cannot have expected such a satisfactory development for the World at such a late stage in the debate . You are not at all satisfied , Susan said softly into the President 's ear . Nor are you pleased . ( a ) scientific , and in particular physiological , observations have provided any additional , independent evidence in support of the impingement theory of perception/experience ; ( b ) the impingement theory , with its physiological embellishments , goes any way towards explaining perception . One might expect , a priori , that no empirical ( that is perception - based ) observations could provide evidence in support of a metaphysical theory of perception ; that perceptions would not enable us to get to the root of perception . By unmasking the circularity of physiological explanations of perception that have been developed within the framework of the idea of the impingement , I shall show that the a priori principle is upheld . The Neurophysiology of Perception : Critique Then he raised them and met hers . Mammy am I Irish ? Olive had been expecting so many horrors that hearing the question she almost laughed with relief . Well of course you 're Irish . Haven't we been home loads to times to where Granny and all your cousins Even though I did n't say a word in the uproar and drank only water , I was standing there like them in the crowds and smoke , proud and glad and sure of myself . As soon as he entered my room that night , he declared provocatively that I must be rich to have such a bed and quilt , as well as cassettes and a television and a video . He 'd expected it , he added , since he noticed that I had my own plate and cup at work , and bought tea for whoever was sitting with me . I smiled , nodding my head , not unhappy that he 'd jumped to the wrong conclusions , but surprised that he did n't know the secret of paying by instalments . He flung himself down on my bed , trying it out in different positions . From which country does the Ellesse brand originate ? 2 Name the American , a former Wimbledon Champion , new retired from competitive play and expecting her first child , who is one of the company 's longest serving contract players ? 3 What are the two colours used in the Ellesse half tennis ball logo on its clothes and shoes ? Strategy After the fundamentals , Segura was eager to focus on strategy with Jimmy . We expected players would serve to Jimmy 's forehand , explains Segura not his strong two fisted backhand . To compensate , I told him to move to his left on the return of the serve . Allow more time to play that forehand shot . It 's not always the stronger player , with the big serve who wins . It 's the player with purpose , whose return is going to be where he wants it . The winner is alert as to what to expect next . Generally , when you played Jimmy Connors you understood you were going to stay out on the court for four or five hours , at least . Connors ' best match as Segura recalls , was played against Rod Laver in Las Vegas . In this first in a series of extracts from the Tennis Workshop ( Crowood Press ) , Alan Jones , with Barry Wood explain the often neglected area of practice once the lesson is over . A very important factor in the teaching of tennis is the value of practice once the lesson is over . Many players are guilty of having a lesson and almost expecting a magical remedy to their problems . Over the years , most of the players I have taught at all levels have benefitted from sensible practice , that is , well - organised drilling . You will discover , especially with the better players , that particular drills are valuable in ironing out their weaknesses . Crisis loans are repaid by weekly deductions from benefit . Community Care Grants are to enable people to establish or maintain themselves in the community rather than having to be in hospitals , nursing homes and residential care homes etc. You must be on income support or be expected to get income support when you move into the community . Grants may be made for items such as the installation of a prepayment meter , reconnection charges and essential household equipment such as cookers and heaters . Community care grants do not have to be repaid . There will still be a system of rebates for people on low incomes but there will no longer be a minimum contribution so some people will be entitled to 100 per cent rebates . There is to be a period of consultation lasting until the middle of June 1991 when individuals and organisations can put forward their views . It is expected that the new system could be in place in the year 199394 . However until then the community charge will remain . Details of the community charge reduction scheme were produced in January 1991 and then modified in March 1991 . Like transitional relief , community charge reductions will provide payments to some people who face high increases because of the changeover from rates to community charge . Community charge reductions are worked out after the bills originally set by councils have been reduced by 140 as explained on page 2 . Because bills are now lower , fewer people face large increases , so the number of people entitled to a reduction will be less than originally expected . The rules are more generous than those for transitional relief and some of the basic points are : Community charge reductions are only available to people who have not moved since 31st March 1991 . Under the old regional arrangements , the entrepreneurial independent tour organisers had been able to profit handsomely ; especially those who catered for the insatiable demand by railway enthusiasts to travel new lines behind favourite or unusual diesel types . Now there were hard times . Only operators able to fill their trains could expect to make a reasonable profit . Traditionally operators with insufficient passengers simply cancelled ; BR now insisted that 10 per cent of the train hire charge in some cases as much as 500 be paid as a non - returnable deposit . Since previously only about one in three advertised charter trains actually ran ( there were indeed up to a hundred independent rail tour operators ) , the new regime immediately brought a crop of casualties , including in 1985 the Rail Tour Operators Association , the very organisation which had been established at Ward 's insistence to negotiate train hire on behalf of all independents . Existing traction resources were trimmed severely as the new , more efficient types entered service . Less favoured designs such as Classes 25 , 40 and 45 were withdrawn completely , and the Railfreight sector relinquished its claim on the costly Class 50 . A major life - extension programme was carried out on nearly half the Class 37 fleet , with a number of variants designed specifically for freight haulage and expected to survive into the next century . Some important changes were made to maintenance arrangements , whereby locomotives became attached first and foremost to specific traffic flows rather than to a defined geographical area . Many diesel depots ceased to carry out maintenance for the Railfreight sector , with some facing the axe such as Gateshead and others concentrating on work for other sectors such as Bristol Bath Road . It originally closed to freight traffic on 14 May 1984 . One worrying aspect concerning the reopening of freight lines to passengers is that invariably where such revivals have taken place , BR has badly underestimated the level of business . The line to Bathgate , reopened to passengers on 24 March 1986 ( including two new stations at Uphall and Livingston ) at a cost of 1.5million shared by six public bodies expected to see a top figure of 400,000 passengers annually . This figure was rapidly exceeded and by 1989 was carrying one million passengers annually , necessitating lengthening platforms at several stations along its route at a cost of 60,000 . Worthy of mention in this review of closures and revivals is the widely applauded reprieve by Chris Green , director of Network SouthEast , of London 's Marylebone station on 30 April 1986 . The score for La Fille Mal Garde ( 1789 ) reflected the new revolutionary ideas pervading France and contained several folk and popular airs . This example was followed by Gavin Gordon , singer - composer , who borrowed street songs and cries for his score of The Rake 's Progress . Audiences today expect choreographers to satisfy current demands . The influence of jazz and Latin American rhythms caught the attention of Les Six , Walton and Lambert and in turn inspired choreographers such as Ashton . He used music by Walton and words by Edith Sitwell for Faade . In fact they were stereotypes , well known in the popular theatre and instantly recognised as are supercilious members of the upper classes , superior servants and prostitutes . This is useful when telling a story , particularly as prostitutes appear in many ballets . One expects and sees silk stockings or nowadays fish - net tights on made - up hussies with split or very short skirts , or brief frilly knickers , low - necked bodices or tight gaudy corsets , elaborate hair - dos or hats , and so on . They are found in ballets by Jooss , Massine , MacMillan and others . Yet in The Rake 's Progress de Valois found something new to say about the ladies of the town when she made their leader kick off her shoes , pull up her long yellow skirt and roll down her red stockings before bursting barefooted into a riotous dance on a great salver . While whole hops are repeatedly claimed to produce the best hop character in a beer , problems may be encountered . First is the liability of hops to deterioration by oxygen in the air . As might be expected this is accelerated by heat , making cold storage essential . Oxidation of hops causes a loss and alteration of flavours . Catty and stale aromas may develop and taint the beer . At the Red Lion , for example , Jim Stevens says that two barrels a week are pulled through his handpumps . The popularity is put down to a good flavour with its tight creamy head it 's similar to Tetley 's the lack of any other light bitters in Nicholson 's range that compete with it and a slight price advantage of around five pence . I disputed the latter with Tony who conceded that the differential existed more because it was expected by customers than in any attempt to persuade them to buy the beer in preference to another . Nicholson 's customers are not price sensitive explains Tony , although he stresses that this is different to not expecting value for money . He said : Our strengths are the freehouse image , the quality of our property and the standards set by our managers . The popularity is put down to a good flavour with its tight creamy head it 's similar to Tetley 's the lack of any other light bitters in Nicholson 's range that compete with it and a slight price advantage of around five pence . I disputed the latter with Tony who conceded that the differential existed more because it was expected by customers than in any attempt to persuade them to buy the beer in preference to another . Nicholson 's customers are not price sensitive explains Tony , although he stresses that this is different to not expecting value for money . He said : Our strengths are the freehouse image , the quality of our property and the standards set by our managers . If we get these areas right then price is not particularly relevant . With the resurgence in the popularity of cider we could well see increased competition between the Big Three : Bulmers , Showerings and Taunton , the last named now under its new management buy - out ownership . This time last year Bulmers shares were at 170p , today they are near to 260p . With a good harvest in prospect and cider sales expected to stay steady the Hereford firm looks set fair to face any new challenges from Taunton and Showerings . Hoskins gloom LEICESTER brewers Hoskins held their annual general meeting last month and reported a 167,000 loss for the year to March . The pockets became smaller and further apart , as did the protection . Now that we knew the line , we progressed quickly into the wild world of the seemingly blank walls and hanging stances that made up the meat of the route . The two pitches of VII , which we had innocently expected to be the crux , were rapidly overcome with the confidence that comes from prior knowledge . And there we were again , at the foot of the pitch of our failure , two pitches from the Fish . We had a short stop for refreshment , got out the pegs and the skyhook and secured an open krab onto the end of a three foot cheating stick ( which we had carefully hauled up all the way from the woods ) . We were in Kenya , and our buffalo encounter was in the Leroghi Hills , a small range to the south of Lake Turkana , the Jade Sea of John Hillaby 's book . The main objective of our visit was to climb Mount Kenya , Africa 's second highest mountain , but walking in the Leroghis formed an important part of our preparation . Before leaving Britain we 'd learnt that the hike up to Mount Kenya 's walkers summit , Point Lenana , was not too demanding , and that the climbing route up to the twin summits of Batian and Nelion was graded mainly Diff , with a few patches of Severe , so we were n't expecting any technical problems . But Mount Kenya is over 17,000ft ( 5100m ) and we 'd also learnt that many walkers and climbers fail to reach the top simply because of altitude sickness . So , instead of going straight for the big one , we decided to build up our acclimatisation by first visiting some of Kenya 's other mountains . A less strenuous 5c in this area is Gougousse . The old test - piece Pepsicomane , a hard 6b , locates the sector which contains many classics of 5c/6a : Franco - Belge , Marabunta , Touloum and others . Although , as I 've said , you cannot expect to find anything easy here , it is worth a visit . It 's a beautiful valley and if nothing else you can get a close look at some ridiculous overhanging walls decorated with lean supermen ( and women ) swinging around on one finger . The cautionary phase here is watch where you 're putting your feet . Netting is likely to be made from either polypropylene or polythene . Ordinary polythene netting will deteriorate within two or three seasons , but manufacturers usually add a uv stabiliser , which considerably extends its useful life . Different manufacturers claim widely different life expectancies for both materials , but you can reasonably expect a five - year life from most types ( but as some manufacturers claim a life of only half this , and others double , check before you buy ) . The majority of bird netting is likely to be knotted ( this produces a fine and very flexible net ) or knitted , but the thickness of the thread is likely to be more important than the type of assembly . A reinforced edge adds strength and is useful for a fruit cage . However , Bonhams auctioneer Alastair Laird believes the actual numbers of artwork coming on the market is not as great as 10 years ago. When we first held these sales , we 'd have up to 600 lots but now it 's less than that , Alastair explained . Whatever the current market climate , Christie 's expect success with the Man 's Best Friend auction , which features works by celebrated artists John Emms , Maud Earl , and John Henry Lorimer . However , George Earl 's oil painting St Bernards in a snow drift , ( above ) is expected to attract the highest bid . It is valued at 18,000 . by David Appleby PLAYING FOR KEEPS Owners of domestic dogs do not normally expect their pets to be out hunting prey , bringing it down and killing it , in the same fashion as their wild cousins the wolf on the Arctic Tundra or the Cape hunting dog of the African Serengeti . In fact , most owners would be horrified if they did . But often , unknown to them , their dogs are exercising those inherent hunting instincts . I bit her nose only a little and the tiniest bit of blood . She screamed , I laughed and she dropped me . I expect you 've guessed by now I 'm a dog . I went to the smallest girl who grabbed my tail and hit me . I bit her , too ! The Crime and Punishment notebooks expend considerable effort trying to establish an overarching reason or at least an empirical scatter of factors , and failing . Compare Dostoevsky 's attempt , frustrated by the good angel of his genius , to explain Raskolnikov 's motive for his crime . In the novel itself , where we might expect Marmeladov to speak of solace , respite , forgetting , companionship , he grasps the paradox that he drinks because he is in search of suffering , of tears and tribulation . And , he adds , I have found them . This has the same free , metaphysical bearing on his being a drunkard that Raskolnikov 's wanting to dare has on his being a murderer . That the members of the quintet will be bound to each other in secret guilt by the cement of blood , having been tricked into thinking Shatov is a danger and must be removed , is another and a promising rationalization which reveals a local shrewdness like Iago 's . I stress local : Verkhovensky 's group psychology is plausible enough but it does n't engage with anything wider or further that he proposes to do . He postures as a political activist , and the solidarity forced on the quintet by Shatov 's murder might be expected to make them a more effective instrument . But the notion of an instrument turns out to be as empty as his posturing . There is nothing he wants to use the quintet for . To take one 's finger off the bounding narrative pulse of Crime and Punishment and to open The Possessed to open it anywhere is to find oneself out in the sticks once again : the our town of the novel and the voice relating its affairs bring back the we of convict life in The House of the Dead and the more sketchy collective of that remote Siberian community outside the prison walls . The same dilating and contracting principle informs both novels , a first - person narrator who moves between we all thought and it was just my hunch , though the swing is greater in The Possessed and its figuration much more complex . If any House of the Dead notebooks had survived I would expect them to contain sudden leaps of discovery and creative arrivals like Most important it 's a chronicle 'and I 've had breakfast . I 'll keep the secret . Stepan Verkhovensky has only himself to elope with , and it remains an open question whether he will go on enduring the indignities of his hanger - on position , or cut and run , somehow , somewhere . He remarks to his son that unhappiness is just as necessary to mankind as happiness one of those cherished convictions of Dostoevsky that get slipped in when our attention is elsewhere . But , as Peter immediately tells his father , this is just the sort of bon mot to expect from an idler who is being kept in the lap of luxury . Such taunts hurt . They are bound to come to something , Stepan confides to the narrator ; usually in our world things come to nothing , but this will end in something , it 's bound to , it 's bound to ! Useful demo files plus the Mini - Tour section of the manual demonstrate many of the most - used features of TableCurve . Up to 1500 data points can be accepted on a 640K machine , or up to 3000 points through use of expanded memory . If data is loaded from a spreadsheet file , for example , X and Y variable columns to be used can be selected , and default labels the program expects to use can be edited . Automatic prescan of data follows for the summary screen , and calculations can be made on a range . If the range maximum is 40 but 100 is preferable , then Y=Y*100/40 could be entered to transpose the range before plotting . Data sets precluded from analysis are well documented , but the great bulk of typical experimental data will be handled . I thoroughly recommended it . Its price reflects the fact that it is not in the category of software expected to sell in millions of copies . But it is undoubtedly easy to use . I was up and running with the package within ten minutes , applying the automatic mode of analysis and making sense out of it without reference to the manual . Spectron of Santa Barbara has already recognised this requirement and produced a real - time operating system for DSP applications . Referred to as Spox , the OS can be hosted by Texas Instruments third generation products and by the Motorola DSP96002 processor . Normal features expected in an OS are present including task scheduling , interrupt handling and resource management . DSP based products will represent a rich blend of several engineering disciplines , signal processing , digital and analogue hardware design , systems engineering and software engineering . Finding engineers able to master all these areas is going to be difficult . Leavis 's judgements were very much his own , laboriously arrived at , and presented with subtlety and rigour . But these judgements were then taken over and pre - packaged for pedagogic purposes , so one had the spectacle of the Leavisite schoolmaster or university teacher who presented his students with duplicated copies of , say , sonnets by Hopkins and Rossetti , which they were invited to compare and contrast in evaluative terms . There was no doubt that they were expected to admire the former and scorn the latter ; anyone misguided enough to get the preference the wrong way round , would be regarded as at best nave and misguided , and at worst corrupted in sensibility . Denys Thompson 's Reading and Discrimination ( 1934 ) is a collection of such comparative exercises . Leavisism assumed that its rewriting of the canon had a once - and - for - all quality , so that it was inconceivable that anyone could come to admire Shelley again , though this is precisely what has happened under the influence of Harold Bloom , who is dedicated to overturning the Eliot - Leavis version of poetic history . There is , of course , an immense amount to be learned from good critics , but the critic 's role and tone are not those of a teacher . Critical seminars within the university may sometimes blur this distinction if they contain elements of genuine intellectual exchange . Leavis defined critical discussion as taking the form , This is so , is n't it ? expecting the answer , yes , but ( though never , I very much doubt it or No , in thunder ! ) . This formula may characterize the best form of discussion . But it is disingenuous for academics to pretend that they can participate in such discussion on terms of complete equality with their students , for there are questions of power and authority involved ; at the end of the day , grades and marks , assessing and examining , come into the picture . CULTURAL STUDY , POETIC ART I Consensus is too much to expect in the present state of English Studies , but I detect a convergence of ideas among those whose starting - points and ideological assumptions are very different . There is an emerging belief that the study of literature as literature needs to be replaced by , or incorporated into , a form of cultural studies . On the Left it was advanced by Raymond Williams ; Dollimore and Sinfield , in their introduction to Political Shakespeare , argue for cultural materialism , which brings together historical context , theoretical method , political commitment , and textual analysis in an effort to overturn established readings of Shakespeare . But Hell , the review of Binyon 's Inferno , is particularly important ; for it may well be one of the most careful and illuminating acts of criticism that Pound ever performed . It includes this passage : I do not expect to see another version as good as Binyon 's Few men of Binyon 's position and experience have tried or will try the experiment . You cannot counterfeit forty years ' honest work , or get the same result by being a clever young man who prefers vanilla to orange or heliotrope to lavender perfume . Its share price closed on Friday at 474p , valuing the group at 282.2m . A rise of 14p amid speculative interest added almost 10m to the value of the bathroom fittings and showers business on Friday . Analysts expect the company to make 36m pre - tax profits for the year to March . The price has risen by 119p since Caradon announced a possible bid on 31 August . While MB is refusing to comment on what it called market rumours , senior executives , including chief executive Murray Stuart were involved in meetings at MB 's head offices yesterday . According to the Fintech Mobile Communications newsletter , the UK is still by far the largest market with almost 700,000 subscribers split between Racal Telecom 's Vodafone and British Telecom 's Cellnet . But although the UK now has 12.28 cellular telephones per 1,000 inhabitants , Norway leads the penetration stakes with almost 40 handsets per 1,000 inhabitants . Apart from the UK and Scandinavian countries , penetration is still low in Europe , but this is expected to change over the next few years as telecommunications markets are opened up. West Germany , for example , is to introduce a digital cellular radio service in competition with that offered by the Deutsche Bundespost , and France has already licensed a private operator . The real boost for cellular radio will come in two to three years ' time with the introduction of the Europe - wide service , GSM . As always , the interest is not unconnected with a little matter of price . At last Monday 's weekly London tea auction , prices reached their highest for three years . Many in the trade expect prices to go up further today , and possibly for quite a few auctions to come . Richard Howell of Sheppards , the London stockbrokers , has been following tea and plantation shares for 20 years . My anticipation is that we will certainly see a rise on Monday not of the same proportion , but there 's clearly going to be a rise . Sir Derek Alun - Jones , Ferranti 's chairman , announced on Friday that the beleaguered company would have to write off 185m . Ferranti is now convinced that it was the victim of fraud perpetrated by International Signal and Control which it took over two years ago. A report by Coopers Lybrand into suspect ISC contracts and the nature and extent of any fraud is expected to be delivered to Ferranti today or tomorrow . Ferranti then hopes to decide on a course of action and in particular on how to restructure its capital base . It has already undertaken to sell off 100m worth of businesses and to raise 150m through a rights issue or by attracting a suitor . Meanwhile , the company hopes to go ahead later this month with the launch of its Creditphone mobile telephone service . Ferranti is one of four licencees starting these low - cost services , intended to bring mobile communications to the masses . The company also said that it will continue with its application to the Department of Trade and Industry to operate a personal communications network , which is expected to present the same opportunities in the next decade as cellular mobile radio is doing in this . Lawson 's battle for base rates By PATRICK HOSKING , Banking Correspondent By PATRICK HOSKING , Banking Correspondent NERVOUS investors and hard - pressed mortgage borrowers face another anxious week as Chancellor Nigel Lawson battles against continuing pressure to lift base lending rates . Analysts expect the pound to come under renewed pressure in the run - up to Thursday 's Bundesbank meeting , which will decide whether and by how much to raise West Germany 's key Lombard interest rate . The markets have already fully - discounted a half - point rise in the German rate to 7.5 per cent . However , a full one - point rise would probably trigger another run on sterling and force a one - point base rate rise in the UK . Nobody could deny the place of Michelangelo , Shakespeare , Newton , Mozart or Voltaire in the firmament of European culture . I was surprised by two conclusions that came from making such a list . I had not expected the twentieth century to show such a steep decline both in numbers and in quality , though I was less surprised to see the cultural importance of the nineteenth century . I was also surprised to see how great the Germanic contribution to European culture had been . No doubt one could easily design a more Francophone list , but with nine Germans and three Austrians , the German - language contribution was close in number to the 13 English - language and outnumbered the eight French . One of the candidates this year is the entire population of Peking , apparently in keeping with the tradition of off - beat nominees for the prize . The 1989 awards are each worth 300,000 , 20 per cent more than last year , due to particularly good returns on investments made by the Nobel Foundation . Hungary 's Communist Party is expected to formalise radical political and economic changes at its special congress on Friday . The congress has been brought forward by a year , in what is being interpreted as a victory for the leader of the reformist wing of the party , Imre Pozsgay . He is reportedly hoping to oust Karoly Grosz as General Secretary . If no accord is reached by Friday , the directive will die anyway , under a time limit rule. Botswana goes to the polls on Saturday , when seven parties will contest 34 seats in the country 's single chamber . President Quett Masire is expected to be nominated again as the presidential candidate of the Botswana Democratic Party , which has ruled since independence in 1966 . Finally , a special celebration takes place on Friday , when the famous Parisian cabaret , The Moulin Rouge , celebrates its 100th birthday . Genscher cheered as 4,000 refugees leave for the West To the immune systems of the animals that it may infect , the resultant mutant virus will look as if it is rabies and so will trigger antibodies and generally stimulate immunity against the disease . But because the virus is really vaccinia , the infected animal will suffer none of the ill - effects of rabies while becoming proof against infection by any real rabies virus . We stand to derive immense benefits from such releases of genetically engineered organisms into the environment providing they do what we expect them to . But there is a risk . What if , by some unforeseen mischance , the vaccinia - rabies hybrid turned into an organism that actually spread rabies - a disease that has always been comparatively difficult to catch with smallpox - like contagion ? Deposition of nitric acid in particular may contribute to the equation as a fertiliser as well as a pollutant per se . This is because the increased supply of nitrogen may encourage tree growth at a faster rate than the amount of magnesium in the soil can support . The mechanism which Roberts proposes might be expected to work anywhere that spruce is grown . However , forest decline was far more extensive in Germany and continental Europe than , for example , in Britain and Norway . This he attributes to our oceanic climate . While Senna 's steady but swift progress made his 20th Grand Prix victory look easy , the reigning world champion says this race has been one of the toughest . This is a very difficult circuit , Senna said . I expected it to be hard because , when we tested here last February , I did a full race distance and it was hard work , very painful . After almost two hours at the wheel yesterday , Senna limped away from his car , the only obvious sign that he had suffered from brake trouble during the last quarter of the 73 - lap race . I had cramp in my right leg , the Brazilian explained . Two hundred fans arrived without tickets and there were 3,000 in the town causing all manner of problems , terrorising elderly women and children , he said . The FA will also investigate Dunstable 's bizarre exit from the FA Cup on Saturday when the entire team walked off in their second - round qualifying tie at Staines after having three players sent off in the first 38 minutes . The Southern League team are expected to be expelled from the competition . Kevin Drinkell , the Rangers striker , will join Coventry City today for 800,000 and make his debut against an old club , Grimsby , in the Littlewoods Cup on Wednesday . Peter Davenport , who joined Middlesbrough from Manchester United for 700,000 less than a year ago , may seek a move after being left out of the squad for Saturday 's game at Watford . St Helens . . . . 27 New Zealand . . 26 THE meagre attendance of 6,940 at Knowsley Road was hardly surprising , given Alex Murphy 's under - selling of his own side , but the Saints supporters who stayed away missed a rare and unexpected rugby league treat . Tony Gordon 's Kiwis , who will now find it difficult to go through the remainder of their tour undefeated , are not as tight and efficient a force as Graham Lowe 's team of four years ago , but with a virtual Test side out , should have been far too strong for Murphy 's collection of reserves . That Saints managed to cause an upset with nothing more than direct running and honest endeavour , bodes well for Great Britain , though the Kiwis cannot be expected to enter the Test arena in such a generous mood . Gary Freeman , for instance , the scorer of the tries which knocked Britain out of the World Cup last year , was yesterday to be seen vainly flapping after Roy Haggerty , prior to Neil Holding 's all - important drop goal . The Kiwis wasted two excellent try opportunties with careless forward passes , and gifted St Helens the opening try when David Watson allowed Alan Hunte a 15th - minute interception . Lacking a goal that might have altered its chemistry , it remained a matter of dull physics . Yet many of the crowd were kept interested by the possibility of victory , which is , I suppose , what derbies are about . They are so frequent these days in London , which has eight of 20 First Division clubs , that we must expect aesthetic considerations to be overridden . Why , though , could these supposed championship contenders not have tried to emulate the fine passing that had sprinkled the previous weekend 's Merseyside joust ? The simple answer is that Chelsea are in a false position and Arsenal , on this evidence , slightly jaded champions . Although the policy review will be endorsed by the conference , giving Neil Kinnock the freedom to go on to the offensive against the Conservatives in the run - up to the next general election , there are a number of areas of potential conflict . Calls for consideration of electoral reform and a new form of black representation are both expected to be defeated . Ron Todd , the general secretary of the transport workers ' union , said that today 's vote on the multilaterist nuclear defence policy would not yield the massive and overwhelming majority predicted by right - wingers , and he warned that party leaders could not expect everybody to goose - step in the same direction once the policy had been carried . The conference opened with Labour buoyed by a series of weekend opinion polls giving leads of from 5 to 12 points . Soviet Union faces serious energy shortage Amersham International dropped 9p to 408p . County NatWest West WoodMac has downgraded . Interim figures , due next month , are expected to be 7m against 10.8m , with the year 's results predicted at 20m ( 25.3m ) . Problems in Japan are blamed for the setback . After a flat opening beers perked up when it became known that August beer production was up 8 per cent and the year 's output had edged 0.6 per cent ahead of last year 's corresponding performance . Blue Arrow , with 70 per cent of its capital now held by US investors , is to adopt the American quarterly reporting policy . But there are , apparently , no plans to move the group from the UK . Andrew Mills and Brian Sturgess at Barclays de Zoete Wedd expect full - year profits to fall from 75m to 70m . They rate the shares , at 112.5p yesterday , a sell . View from City Road : AMP tries to knock out Pearl View from City Road : Grim prospects for Ferranti By DEREK PAIN FERRANTI'S shares return to active trading today after a three - week suspension and are expected to open at around 45p . That is a sharp decline from the 73.5p at which they were suspended and reflects the financial havoc which has been wrought on the company 's accounts as a consequence of the problems at its ISC Technologies subsidiary . Ferranti has said that its revised net worth will have to be reduced by 185m forcing the company to abandon the final dividend payment for the year to March 1989 . THE ACQUISITIVE advertising and marketing company WCRS Group more than doubled pre - tax profits to 38.1m for the year to June , largely the result of a first full year contribution from its French affiliate Carat . The result , on revenues which totalled 568.86m ( 407.68m ) , was bloated by a 14 months accounting period as the UK - listed group fell into line with French reporting practice . Even so , the slightly better - than - expected performance translated into earnings per share which rose 26 per cent to 26.92p , fully diluted for preference share conversions . WCRS is paying a 5p final dividend , up from 3.95p last time . The group , which began as a four - way partnership in 1979 , is on the verge of lifting its stake in Carat , Europe 's largest independent media buying company , as part of its continuing metamorphosis . But its decisions also have implications for an international debate on the frontiers of medical science , morality , government action and individual privacy . The three abortion cases , which may be reached in December , are unlikely to lead to a clean reversal of Roe v Wade , the 1973 Supreme Court ruling which granted an absolute right to abortion in the first three months of pregnancy and an almost unrestricted right in the next three . On the basis of a 5 - 4 majority in a Missouri case judged in July , the cases are expected to lead to expansion of the right of individual states to pass laws regulating abortions . Laurence Tribe , Professor of Law at Harvard University , said he thought the session would continue to chip away at the broad right to abortion . The court may never say Roe v Wade is overruled , but it is likely to say , Roe v Wade never heard of it . ' In two cases , involving a Minnesota state law and an Ohio law , the court must decide whether a teenager should inform one or both parents before having an abortion . Mr Cheney greeted General Yazov , who was resplendent in his uniform and military ribbons , and the Soviet ambassador to the US , Yuri Dubinin , in the pouring rain outside the Pentagon . The two men then retired for goodwill talks , which one US official described as not negotiations . General Yazov is expected to meet President George Bush on Friday . Today he is to visit Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , the site in 1863 of the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War . In the afternoon he will go to Capitol Hill for discussions with members of Congress . Lord James Douglas - Hamilton MP , Scottish Office environment minister , said it would be additional to the public road building programme and could start by 1992 or 1993 against a delay until the next century if it had to await public funding . He added : At this stage I ca n't give you any indication of what level the toll might be it depends on the amount of interest from industry and commerce . He expected it to become toll free after 15 to 20 years . The project is contained in a Scottish Office consultation document proposing 200m - plus of improvements to the trunk road system south of Edinburgh . It describes the suggested fastlink stretching 25 miles from the M8 Edinburgh - Glasgow motorway to the M74 at Douglas in Lanarkshire as the most important road proposal to emerge from the study . Coverage for an initial eight - month experiment starts next month alongside the introduction of cameras to Parliament . The contract , which contains the same strict rules as those governing coverage of Parliament , has been awarded to Barraclough Carey Productions - which Mr Carey founded with a BBC documentary producer , Jenny Barraclough - and Sevenday Productions , whose director , John Underwood , is a former ITN home affairs correspondent . Mr Carey , 46 , a distinguished BBC journalist for 23 years , said he expected to liaise constantly with broadcasters on what footage they required . Payment would be based on a pooled system : if everyone wanted the same coverage costs would be shared . If only one broadcaster wanted something , it would bear the cost . It was the first time our national and international network had gathered together in one place and made us all realise just how much the work has grown . Three visitors from Frankfurt , Germany , recently visited ACET 's offices before returning home to begin a similar service , Christian AIDS Help ( CAH ) . Interest was expressed in all of the organisational aspects of home care including nursing , equipment loans and the volunteer programme . Like ACET , CAH will give both medical and practical help to AIDS patients in the home . Letters to the Editor The appeal followed numerous reports that Iraqi Government forces were committing these and other human rights violations following the recapture of cities and town in the northern Kurdish and southern Shi'a areas of the country . Many Kurds and Arab Shi'a Muslims were reportedly deliberately killed by Iraqi forces as they fled to Iran , Turkey and the then US - occupied region of southern Iraq . In its appeal AI also expressed dismay at reports that Iraqi Kurds who returned to Arbil in northern Iraq following a government announcement of an amnesty for Kurds on 5 April were arbitrarily arrested , summarily executed or subjected to forms of cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment . AI also sent urgent appeals to the governments of the United States , Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in April , urging them to ensure that Iraqi refugees then under the control of United States - led coalition forces were guaranteed effective and durable protection against human rights violations by Iraqi Government forces . AI stated that it strongly feared that the refugee population would be at risk of certain torture , disappearance or execution if returned to Iraqi Government control . Such knowledge could , however , continue to be useful when used in a regional context , which is what the RANs do , enabling members to react to a wider range of human rights violations in any given region . At group level , the days have gone when three prisoners per group ( one from the West , the East and a non - aligned country ) were obligatory . Nowadays , impartiality need not be expressed quite so crudely , and a look at any group 's case load will show that a balance is always maintained . In the 1961 Observer article that launched Amnesty , Benenson listed the aims of the organization . They included : to enlarge the Right of Asylum and help political refugees to find work . Venturi was a university teacher , son of a famous father , Adolpho Venturi , who had made a substantial contribution to the publication of documents of Italian art . Venturi 's survey started with classical times , the uncertainties of writing by Xenocrates , lists of lost works such as the treatise by Apelles , and settled down to comment on two fundamental categories of criticism , the lives of artists , and the critic 's encounter with the work of art . For the latter he quoted a sentence by Lucian , the second - century Greek rhetorician : A work of art requires an intelligent spectator who must go beyond the pleasure of the eyes to express a judgement and to argue the reasons for what he sees . For Venturi , an important development in art criticism came in the eighteenth century which saw the foundation of aesthetics and the rise of philosophies for which art was an indispensable ingredient . Writing as he was in the 1930s , he expressed his pleasure at the extensive documentation and reference material available to the student of art , instancing the growth of libraries and art historical teaching . By modernity I mean the ephemeral , the fugitive , the contingent , the half of art whose other half is the eternal and the immutable . Modernity also had other manifestations . In his review for the Salon of 1846 , Baudelaire wrote : To say Romanticism is to say modern art that is spirituality , colour , aspiration towards the infinite , expressed by every means available to the arts . The real benefit of reading Baudelaire himself on the art of his contemporaries is the chance of recovering some of the excitement the poet felt . It is an additional pleasure to recognise his prophetic power of divining where the best art was to be found . The influence of an international market is not easy to be precise about , though the appearance of work in a Biennale or an art fair can be impressive in itself . The critic here may be acting as an exhibition organiser or co - ordinator , critical decisions being mainly limited to selection . Private collections are examples of critical judgement in action , so that both their catalogues and the opinions expressed by collectors are worth consideration . The collector may have pronounced views . Albert Barnes , the rich American industrialist who formed an outstanding collection between the wars , certainly promoted his personal theories . Literary careers can be founded on the impersonation and adulation of privileged behaviour ; but the literary works which have been written and inspired by English snobs and sports are by no means all boastful or complicit . The supreme text of recent years is James Fox 's account of Lord Lucan and his set , with their boffes de politesse . Patrician insolence has quite often appeared to express a perception of the activities of the levelling Labour governments which have come and gone since 1945 . Behrens 's book , however , pays no attention to politics or to public matters . His story begins at a time when , as at other times in this century , the patriciate , and the merely rich , had slipped down into marked collusion with the smart , with upstarts and bohemians . This is a generic something : I am speaking here of a literary practice long and widely and variously undertaken , in relation to which Roth is both critic and executant . But it should also be said that some elements of this description of mine could be taken to characterise the activity , sometimes ominous enough in its human implications , of all imaginative writers , however remote they may be from the dualistic confederacy . The caveats expressed in The Counterlife apply to all occasions when , in whatever genre or style , autobiography imposes itself upon , overwrites , the world . By Roth , as by his predecessors in the dualistic art , this definition has been correlated with breakdown , madness , though , as we have seen , Zuckerman seeks to exert a counterclaim in his letter to Maria . And it has evolved in contrast with character that other , earlier product of the literary imagination and with purpose and achievement . Policing issues are never long out of the headlines ( Chibnall 1977 ) , and this media obsession has been transmitted into a wealth of analyses of policing which have mostly been carried out by outside observers . Indeed insider accounts have largely consisted of bland reminiscences in the style of my greatest arrests and cases and it has been left to investigative journalism to redress some unacceptable police activity , by calling attention to the limits and abuses of police authority , power , and accountability . Concern also continues to be expressed in some quarters over the increasingly authoritarian attitudes and methodology which surrounds some police practices and there is a commensurate fear about the growth in policing and the exercise of their extensive powers , which look set to become increasingly centralized and wieldy . Thompson ( 1980 ) has warned of the potential danger of a strong police autocracy , conscious , no doubt , of the slim line which exists between the democratic use of power and its subversion by a more centralized totalitarianism . And the forty - three forces in England and Wales now contain some formidable units , amalgamated out of the small borough , city , and county forces of the pre - 1960s , many of which were prone to the whims of corrupt local politicians ( Simey 1988 ) . a ) Use their own discretion on the use or reproduction of such information . b ) If in any doubt , seek the advice of a senior officer of the rank of Superintendent or above . c ) If it is considered imperative that such privileged information should be included on the paper and which sic falls within the terms of the concern expressed above , then the whole should be submitted for approval by a Chief Officer who will give a ruling as to its use and circulation . Nothing in this order changes the already existing practices exercised in connection with courses or papers overseen by the Regional Inspector Training Unit or Police College . In these cases a Senior Police Officer has first read of any papers and all other personnel involved have been required to enter into an undertaking to respect the security of the information . Both were old enough to feel keenly the savage blow , one from which Leonard suffered in particular , albeit outwardly in guarded silence : The deeper the sorrow , the less tongue it has , said the rabbis . His mother sought to protect him from the usual customs such as summoning the relatives to his father 's bedside , but the trauma was nevertheless very deeply felt . Leonard recently referred to the memory of his father as a dark mass or mountain , of which , clearly , the details were too painful for the young boy to register or the adult to express . ( The image actually appeared in a somewhat different way in The Favourite Game : Concerning the bodies Breavman lost a man on the mountain , a reference to the cemetery on Mont Royale probably . ) Loss , the most alienating of all experiences ; the most unbelievable , and therefore the most easily forgotten ( or repressible ) thing . He was also a disciple of Ezra Pound , more ( one suspects ) because Pound was the most controversial , dynamic and stimulating figure in modern literature , than for personal rapport between the two men . Pound was a bohemian figure , despite his Quaker origins , who espoused an anti - credit economic philosophy which thrust him into anti - Semitism . Leonard found this hard to stomach , and frequently expressed himself vehemently against his professor 's defences of the founder of Imagism ( which advocated free rhythm as well as concreteness of expression in poetry ) ; and against his disdainful , if teasing , comments of those who came from Westmount . Nevertheless , Leonard was to learn much from the Pennsylvanian , who helped to inspire his interest in Eastern thought , not least through his translations of the Chinese poet Li Po . I love Pound , Leonard said to us late one afternoon . The spice - box itself is one of the most suggestive symbols in Judaism ; one which forcefully elucidates the Sabbath festivities , or at least their completion . Whatever we may make of Leonard 's Judaism , he is a man seized by its traditions , its scriptures and their imagery . His mind is replete with it , and no real understanding of it , as expressed in poetry or song , should omit it . In the simple Sabbath ceremonies , much of Judaism 's genius finds expressive recollection . It is a wonderful experience to sit with him in the quiet peacefulness of his home , the table cleared ( in addition to having had the house duly cleaned by his daily ) to make room for the Sabbath candles , its bread and wine . Even as the BeSHT delighted his listeners with his pearls of wisdom , his stunning turns - of - phrase , his aphoristic acuity , so Leonard was learning his own , parallel metier ; the butterfly was following him down the hill . The negative side of all this was ben Eliezer 's polemics against straight - faced , over - serious rabbinism ; against those whose understanding of God 's nature was austere and unfatherly ; those who , while seeking to elevate the Most High , merely put him out of touch with his own children ; debarred them from his welcoming presence by a system or learning that became frivolous in its intensity : not that its perpetrators could be frivolous : black was their colour , even as severity was their posture as becomes the frozen - in - soul . For such , God only frowns on the world , and stirs it to judgment ; the butterfly cannot break loose into flight ; it merely expires , as Leonard expressed it , ending its life in three flag - swept days. It was hard for Satan alone to mislead the whole world , declared the grandson of the BeSHT , Nachman of Bratislava , in one of his more caustic diatribes , so he appointed rabbis in different locations . And not only rabbis , one might add , but priests and nuns , monks , ministers and bishops ! I should be the Man of Destiny and you should be the Woman of the House ? Perhaps nowhere else is the mood and tone of love more beautifully expressed than in his poem Beneath My Hands ( The Spice - Box Of Earth ) : Beneath my hands your small breasts She was the sort of woman to evoke poems , from Leonard not least , and lastingly . The spice - box is delectable in its fragrance , Chagallian in its rich mixture of images and responses . As Leonard expressed it in the poem which in title and texture counterbalances the title of the book : Out of the land of heaven Down comes the warm Sabbath sun . As in Jacob 's dream of old the movement is from earth to heaven . At its simplest , associationism is the theory that a mental content has the meaning it does because of the things that tend to follow , or precede , it into the mind . So the word red means red because thought of the word tends to be succeeded by a mental image of the colour , or vice versa . This can be expressed in Hume 's terms of the tendency of the mind to pass from one to the other , but one must be careful how one interprets such a tendency . It is tempting to think of it as a felt tendency , so that one is somehow aware of where the mind is going . This will not do , for it is no different from saying that when one experiences red one thinks or conceives of the colour , whereas the point of the theory was to explain what such thinking , or conceiving , is . Where does the meaning come in ? It can only come in as some kind of emergent property of all these causal interactions . Well if that is the case , then this is just another way of expressing the holism of the mental . Now for the second difficulty with the mental - sentence view , taking this view , remember , as the most sophisticated expression to date of the representational theory of the mind . It is about the possibility of learning . And there has been a remarkable interchange of ideas between computational theorists and neuroscientists , in which attempts to create computer models of neural function have not only generated powerful new tools for the interpreting of the brain but have also fed back into computer theory and practice . At every level from the simple oligosynaptic circuits involved in the tropisms of primitive organisms to the complex neural activity implicit in human perception computational models dominate scientific thought . The converging conceptual worlds of computational theory and neuroscience are expressed in the huge and powerful neural nets of parallel distributed processors and in the emergent science of cognitive neurobiology in which the brain is approached as an immensely complex information processor ( see Chapter 7 ) . A third reason for the accelerating rate of advance in neuroscience is that there are simply larger numbers of better funded people engaged in research in this field today than ever before . And they come from diverse backgrounds : not only physiologists but also physicists , molecular biologists and mathematicians are attracted into neuroscience which threatens to displace physics and even molecular biology as the queen of the sciences . She feels imperialized , that everything familiar to her is being disturbed , the peace is being disturbed , and that our ways of telling ( form ) and what we have to tell ( content ) are simply not something that should be on an agenda of any kind . Which is interesting because here the three of us are , thinking about what it means to belong somewhere , what it might mean to belong to this idea called theatre . And we are discovering that we are not interested in exploring the finer points of alienation with tea cuppery , but that the theatre can be a bridge of bone between sickness and health that our language will somehow always be on the edge of poetry and that image and metaphor are our natural tools they best express whole worlds and histories in collision with each other. Why do n't you just talk straight - Madam Mosely sucks a mint with vigour . When the Kurd talks to his mother in Teheran from the telephone in the common room , he can hear bullets being shot just outside her front door , and we hear him tell her to take the phone away from the window . In addition , customers asked for a deposit may now appeal against the decision by BT to charge a deposit . The changes , announced on 15 August , come after an investigation into BT 's deposits policy by the Office of Telecommunications ( OFTEL ) . OFTEL had expressed the concern that the level of the deposit had amounted to an effective denial of service to some customers . BT is also revising its credit procedures to reflect the credit - worthiness of potential customers more accurately and will allow appeals against unfair ratings . BT will no longer make deposit decisions based on a customer 's address the major criterion used to determine the level of deposit under the old policy . A booklet and set of cards form a training exercise which aims to stimulate discussion about the needs of informal carers , and to confront some assumptions on which services are based. The package is designed to be used with staff from health , social services , housing , voluntary and private agencies . The three stages of the exercise are : examination of personal values of the participants ; evaluation of existing services in the light of values expressed ; and a focus on ways of changing services so that carers can have access to valued lifestyles for themselves , as well as for the people they care for . New lifestyles for carers : a training exercise for staff and carers based on the principle of normalisation by Hilary Brown and Thurstine Bassett . 26pp plus two overhead projector transparencies and one set of New Lifestyles cards ( sufficient material for two groups of up to twenty - four people in total ) . Hospital Trusts appear to have the freedom to choose what they provide , and as they increase in number and DHA provision declines , it is possible that long - stay care will become a residual service , separated from profit - making , attractive services . GERIATRIC AND PSYCHOGERIATRIC SERVICES Similar concern might be expressed for the continuation or development of geriatric and psychogeriatric services . Recent developments have seen the growth of such services closely linked with other locally - based care , although in many areas services are not adequate to need . The devolution of responsibility to hospitals , DHAs and FPCs may prevent the broadly - based planning which is necessary to ensure that such services continue to grow and prosper . There are roughly three kinds all of which can use one or a mixture of dance styles . The story ballet A story ballet demands that the circumstances and events occurring as the plot unfolds will be seen to affect the lives and personalities of the characters involved and that dance and gesture will express moods ' emotions and action . Since Fokine broke away from the rigid categories of dance or mime , twentieth - century choreographers , following his example , have usually created a continuous design of expressive movement which interprets the story by means of mimed dance or danced mime ( see page 58 ) . The stories can range from the most tragic such as The Rake 's Progress , Romeo and Juliet and Mayerling to the lyrical fantasy of The Dream and from the subtle and poignant A Month in the Country to the happily funny La Fille Mal Garde or the rumbustious Pineapple Poll . Some of the same movements are repeated yet again in the final pas de deux , when the Prince raises her high above the glistening Stars before leading her away to the land where they lived happily ever after , where all fairy tales should end . Dance leitmotifs can be found in most of Ashton 's ballets and are sometimes marked by his particular use of one step or pose . This was first apparent in The Quest ( 1943 ) where the arabesques danced in many ways became the movement through which Una ( danced by Margot Fonteyn ) expressed the emotions aroused when she is assailed by the four false Knights and then her joy when rescued by St. George . Ashton has other ways of creating a leitmotif to link incidents pertinent to the plot throughout a ballet . These are not necessarily created through dance and music . Generally speaking , choreographers can approach their task in three different ways . An objective view Choreographers wish to express themselves through dance because a story , theme or music has inspired them . Their work will require strict adherence by the dancers to a distinctive style of dance and gesture , which is designed to communicate thoughts , moods , emotions and actions as the plot , theme or dance unfolds . They insist that there must be no deviation from that style and demand such loyalty that their dancers lose their own identity and become absorbed in the world of that particular ballet . This definition should be understood as the choreographer 's ability to establish a style of movement through which the audience will feel and understand what the performers are communicating through a particular way of dancing . The style must disclose and be expressive of the moods , emotions and actions of the roles played even where few personal feelings are allowed to show , as in such ballets as Ashton 's Monotones where all that is needed is a calm , unhurried and seemingly endless weaving of the dance design in all its dimensions . Nevertheless the three dancers in Monotones are expressing their close relationship to each other and to the space in which they dance and above all to the flowing lines of the design and of the musical phrases . The composer Satie confessed to his friends that his music was probably inspired by a study of the friezes on ancient Greek vases . It is surely not surprising that Ashton was similarly inspired . Characters in demi - caractre ballets Literally translated demi - caractre means half character , but that gives little understanding of its implications in ballet . It should describe how the characters , usually non - aristocratic or less educated , express moods , emotions and actions as they would in real life . The types of character and the plots in which they play have existed since the Dorian mimes first began to lay the foundations of the theatre . The art of mime was developed by the commedia dell'arte and is still being developed by such artists as Marcel Marceau and the mime theatres of Poland and Czechoslovakia . If choreographers study the above works of Ashton and MacMillan , they will understand how far the art of choreography has developed since Fokine changed its structure and texture . They will perhaps understand even better if they pay particular attention to the fine details of every movement . It is no longer the case that the romantic style means dancing classically from the feet to the waist and above that allowing the body , arms and head to express themselves to describe the moods , emotions and actions of the characters . It is well known that only a great dancer - artist can suggest the development of the sixteen - year - old Aurora , happy at her birthday , into the dreamy figure the Prince meets in the woodland glade and on to her final entrance as a triumphant princess fully awake to her responsibilities as Queen - to - be . The enchanements she dances thoughout the three scenes do not change in style or content . Definition of Character and National ballet A Character Ballet is one in which classical technique is discarded except where it is used to depict particular and usually fantastic characters as for the dolls in Petrushka and La Boutique Fantasque . Instead , a particular style of dance is used through which the performers play strongly defined characters who express not only social status in a particular community but also moods , emotions and actions , which are alien to the calm spaciousness of classical dance . Such ballets range from The Green Table ( Kurt Jooss 1933 ) and Faade ( Ashton 1931 ) to Robbins ' Fancy Free ( 1944 ) . A National Ballet is one which is based firstly on the traditional stories , dance , music and customs of a particular country and/or secondly on the atmosphere , texture and typical life of a country . These shapes are built into moving pictures which are inspired by those drawn by Blake to illustrate stories from the Bible . Because the dancers ' gestures register despair , anger , appeals for help and then resignation , the emotional content of the whole is overwhelming . No one stands out , although some emerge from the group in brief solos to express their personal sense of loss . But these soloists are the links between one group or grouping and another . Everyone is part of the whole design . Susan Williams , London . Range West is in the best hands Although agreeing in principle with the views expressed by Jim Perrin in his article Range War ( May issue ) , I feel I must take issue with one or two of his conclusions , which I think require further examination . Opening an area such as this to the public means just that , and together with genuine walkers and climbers arrive the wild flower pickers , the egg stealers and the litter louts . And despite the Ramblers ' Association suggestion of management etc , we have not made too good a job of protecting other wilderness areas open to the public . But One grey - haired captain , a rough old chap , sat and sat not saying a word , mute as a mackerel , then suddenly got up in the middle of the room ad , you know , said aloud as if speaking to himself , If there 's no God then what sort of a Captain am I after that ? , ad seized his cap and threw up his arms and went out . He expressed a rather sensible idea , said Stavrogin , ad yawned for the third time . A wine - breath intellectualism hangs over the sturdy little comedy of the captain who has found his own words for declaring God to be the ground of his being . And if there is no God ? The following letter from Panasonic ( UK ) , the Technics holding company , present Matsushita 's position : We can be certain that the designer of Class AA ( an undergraduate student ) did not read your article in Wireless World unless it was translated into Japanese ; he cannot , read , write or speak English . As far as the involvement of one of his tutors is concerned , this is purely surmise on his part , and was always expressed as such . Basically he felt that as Class AA was his freshman project , any exposure to your article would have had to have been indirect via his teachers . However , he has never stated that this was in fact the case . Those who feel hostile to much recent literary theory but are unwilling or unable to formulate their objections often lazily dismiss it as merely another Parisian fashion , citing the rapid displacement or structuralism by poststructuralism as evidence that the writings or Barthes , Derrida , Lacan and their American epigones constitute a craze rather than a serious intellectual movement . There may be some justification for the ( insular ) suspicion that when the Emperor is restocking his wardrobe he usually shops in Paris ; but the rashionability or ideas does not or itself constitute an honest argument against them ; indeed , to offer this as one 's main response is to betray intellectual bankruptcy . It is less easy , but more interesting , to try to understand why ancient radical doubts about the ability or language to express a genuine extra - linguistic reality have been revived in recent decades to the point where they seem to have achieved an almost popular appeal . Tallis sets himself the task of showing that much of the structuralist and poststructuralist enterprise is based on a misreading of Saussure . Two aspects of Saussure 's thought that have become well established in popular - academic consciousness are the distinctions between ( a ) langue and parole , a language - system and its particular manifestations ; and ( b ) signifier and signified . Many of them would do perfectly well in disciplines which are less idiosyncratic than English and have a more obvious international currency , like linguistics or economics or marketing . But in this respect , at least , English in the English academy , as Leavis liked to emphasize , is not just another subject . It expresses a mystique , is to a high degree culture - specific , can seem elusive , and is not easily reduced to the rules and agreed procedures of other disciplines . It is not just overseas graduate students who have problems . We must all have known home undergraduates who have worked very hard on an English course , who may be ambitious to do well , and who still , to their intense disappointment , end up doing badly . Despite the contempt expressed in the past for the American principle of publish or perish , British universities are more and more looking at volume of publication otherwise , performance indicators as a sign of virtue . Quantity is easier to consider than quality , of course , and I have found that a promotions committee can be thrown into bemusement and mild disarray by suggesting that many of the publications on a candidate 's CV might better have not been published . To express such thoughts is to feel oneself uncomfortably situated between opposed concepts of what a university is . Leavis , Lewis , and Gardner shared traditional values , even though Cambridge and Oxford spoke with different accents . Common to the passages quoted above is the assumption that it is possible to denounce academicism or professionalism whilst being a member of the academic profession . This seems to be intimately connected with another principle , which is more radical and therefore more important : that of quantity , of syllables as being , in relation to their contiguous syllables , either long or short . The variation between English - language speakers about what syllables , in effect what vowels , they treat as long or short , is so great that there can be no question of imposing on English verse a quantitative metre such as was used for ancient Latin ( doubtless with some strain for those who spoke classical Latin with dialectal variations as to quantity ) . This granted , it remains true , as anyone 's experience of his own and others ' speech - habits will confirm , that some English vowels are experienced and expressed as relatively long , others as relatively short . Not just unmetrical poets like Pound ( for the most part ) and Bunting , but also a strictly metrical poet like the later Yvor Winters , came to think that the finest auditory effects in English - language verse were attained by those poets who attended to the quantitative elements in British or American speech as an incalculable dimension super - added to the recognized and calculable dimensions of syllable - count and stresscount . Quantity in this sense , duration , is what musicians and musical composers are continually concerned with ; and so it is not surprising that poets of this way of thinking , like Pound and Bunting , show themselves avidly interested in poetry which has been , not at a level of theory but as a fact of performance , intimately associated with music : poetry that has been set , or has been written in the hope of being set , to music . Under the apparent terms of the Transportation Secretary 's new regulations , BA would have to slash its contribution by 500m probably killing the staff buyout and would effectively lose its representation on the UA board . Changing the ground rules has angered investors on both sides of the Atlantic , and Mr Skinner 's mandate for this is being widely questioned - particularly as foreign carriers are already represented on US airline boards . British Department of Transport officials have expressed concern about the probable restrictions and urged an open and free investment climate . The irony of Mr Skinner 's re - regulation of the airline industry , say Wall Street analysts , is that it comes after the shake - out among domestic carriers has taken place and serves only to reinforce the advantages enjoyed by the surviving majors . Mr Skinner 's real concern is not United 's loyalties in the event of an Anglo - American war but the bargaining strength of the US industry in international negotiations . We need to show this generation of British players that France are not unbeatable in Paris . It 's especially important for the seven England players because we have to come here in the Five Nations in the New Year . Andrew might also consider it a useful opportunity to further his England captaincy claims , for which he has a growing number of supporters although he expresses no such wish , since his old school - mate , Will Carling , currently holds the job . Athletics : British athletics may be torn apart by ITV contract From STEVE BALE in Paris As this date did not come within ITV 's planned winter programme of Sunday afternoon games a new date was proposed , December 22 , a Friday night with a kick - off at 8.05 , prime - time viewing guaranteed to capture a huge audience in holiday mood . Neither club was pleased , supporters were furious and Liverpool were reported to have protested strongly . There was much concern expressed on Merseyside about the safety aspects of a match kicking off that late in the evening on the day when all the tradtional pre - Christmas parties are held in offices and factories . In the past it has taken great efforts by the Merseyside and Greater Manchester police to keep supporters apart in what is widely thought to be the most intense antagonism in the League . Granada 's Head of Sport Paul Doherty ruled out any likelihood of a Saturday afternoon fixture being screened : We have contracted events , notably indoor athletics . After taking on water and supplies , she returned to regular duties within 24 hours . Alacrity is the Navy 's West Indian guard ship , on routine patrol duties in the Caribbean . The international community , which has expressed overwhelming support for President Barco 's offensive , is under pressure to be seen to be doing something to help , and quickly . But so far , efforts have been focused on purely military solutions . The United States sent 65m ( 40m ) of military aid to Colombia , but this has been called inappropriate and is alleged to be more suitable for fighting Colombia 's left - wing guerrillas than the cocaine mafia . And it illumines too the politics of personal relations : the vital fabric of social life that exists in the silence between people exactly that space which is filled by music : As the person talked to me in a conventional conversation , I knew , I heard that , inside himself , the person perhaps wept . Opera is the communal act of listening to this silent voice from inside : it is not surprising that so many people are hungry for the experience it awakens . The result of this hunger could simply be that opera houses survive the dog days of Thatcherism with full houses for Carmen etc. , or it could be the creation of new works that express and mirror the social and political needs of our culture in opera 's emotive language . But are there composers ready to seize this chance ? Many composers now crave the chance to write operas , but will they acknowledge the duty to communicate with the audience ? It is not , however , precisely by suffering as such that this redemption is brought about . ( I am about to re - read Celebration to see whether Dr Spufford ever really suggests any such thing . ) We are saved through the loving obedience of Jesus which is not just a mental state but is expressed and only could be expressed in bodily pain and death . The world is redeemed because of the sanctity of this man Jesus , because of the love for his Father and for his sisters and brothers which made him totally accept his mission from the Father . He was sent to be , commanded to be , the first completely human being , the first to be wholly at one with the human race , to be , therefore , wholly at risk from us , to be the victim , the scapegoat on whom we could project our guilt and our fear of being human , of being loved . A private West German television company , SAT 1 , will pay more than 5.2m per year to broadcast the tournament and other ATP events in Germany , and the mayor of Frankfurt , Dr Volker Hauff , has promised to showcase the event with a week of concerts , exhibitions and international symposiums . Tiriac is still miffed that the ATP final did not come to Stuttgart : The ATP told me to join the auction , but I am too good to have to do that . He expresses scepticism about Frankfurt 's boast of being able to fill their stadium for every session : I do n't think they will get 9,000 every day , but I would have achieved that here , where we have developed an audience for the game . Frankfurt is not a traditional tennis city . It is not like Hamburg , where they have had a tournament for a hundred years and people would go out and watch tennis at 7 am , even in the freezing cold . Rank - and - file party representatives , when they debate the economy in Blackpool next Thursday , are bound to reflect the strong reaction of high - level mortgage holders in the Conservative heartlands of the South . Mr Lawson , who has never found it easy to win the affection of the party conference , now faces the trickiest political test of his career in attempting to avert unseemly attacks on his competence from the Conservative grassroots . Tory MPs were last night angry about the rise in interest rates and expressed fears that a further rise might be necessary . But ministerial aides said it was better to get the increase out of the way this week , rather than have it happen during the conference . Party leaders will be making efforts to ensure that Mr Lawson is not openly attacked at the conference . Letter : Repression of Sudanese unions From Mr KEN GILL and others Sir : We write to express our deep concern and profound fears over the continued detention of scores of prominent trade union leaders and activists in the Sudan and the banning of all union activity . Recently 55 more trade unionists have been arrested , yet those who were detained immediately after the 30 June coup have been neither interrogated , charged nor given an explanation of the reason why they are being held . Those held are imprisoned throughout the Sudan including in the main prison in Khartoum North , Kober . Panama 's President Francisco Rodriguez should have been there , too ( it is a Group of Eight meeting , after all ) , but his country is in the doghouse because of the controversial behaviour of his boss , General Manuel Noriega . President Alan Garcia will take the opportunity to host a mini - summit on drug policy with the leaders of the other two big cocaine - producing countries , Virgilio Barco of Colombia and Jaime Paz Zamora of Bolivia . Security will be tight : Peru 's Maoist guerrillas , Sendero Luminoso , expressed their disapproval of the whole business by setting off a number of bombs in Ica last week and murdering the wife of the rector of the local university . The Norwegian parliament reassembles on Wednesday , and on Friday the Prime Minister , Gro Harlem Brundtland , and her cabinet will present their resignations , to forestall a vote of no confidence . Jan P. Syse , the Conservative Party leader , will then put together a centre - right coalition government . Bonn speaks of deep dismay over clashes From PATRICIA CLOUGH in Bonn THE WEST GERMAN government yesterday expressed great concern and deep dismay at police violence against East Germans demonstrating for reform at the weekend . It urged the East German leadership to respond to demands for freedom not with the police but with understanding and open - mindedness . The oppressive police violence , arrests and the jamming of a West Berlin radio station had thrown further heavy shadows over East Germany 's 40th anniversary , the deputy government spokesman , Dieter Vogel , said . Fears were growing last night that the enforced departure of almost all foreign journalists from East Germany by midnight would signal the beginning of a sharp crackdown on all dissent . The fifth decade of the German Democratic Republic had dawned with many hundreds of its citizens behind bars after the brutal suppression of demonstrations throughout the country which continued late into Saturday night . The West German government expressed its concern at the police violence against protesters on Saturday , and political leaders in Bonn urged East Germany to bring in political and economic reforms . East Berlin remained virtually sealed off for the fourth successive day yesterday , but in Poland a further 300 East Germans took refuge with the West German embassy in Warsaw . In East Berlin alone , the state 's fortieth anniversary on Saturday was marked by 7,000 protesters marching through the city chanting Gorby , We 're not afraid and We 're staying here . And I 'm giving a voice to the hundreds of people who do n't have a voice . It 's an incredible responsibility , but I was blessed with a chance to do these things . It just so happens that Berlin has expressed interest in a loan show . By substituting tar ( like a thick black oil ) for paint , he intends to prompt thoughts about tar as both preservative and something more sinister a symbolic tarring and feathering of Britain 's homosexuals . While the Danes have just legalised marriage between gay couples , the British have not progressed beyond the Oscar Wilde trial . More generally , Roach has reservations about the direction the music took after bebop There was a change - over : it went into dance and party music , functioning as an entertaining vehicle rather than an intellectual , enlightening thing and he sees the effects of this slackening of purpose in the playing of a number of later - 1980s musicians . Roach is a busy man : as well as continuing work with his quartet ( currently touring the UK ) , his double quartet , a percussion ensemble known as M'Boom and a forthcoming collaboration on a play about the Harlem Renaissance , he 's also involved with New York rappers in a project called From Bebop to Hiphop and Then There 's Max . Many jazz - players , often to the detriment of their later careers , rise to prominence through a single performance or achievement and find themselves saddled with an epithet expressing public expectations . An example of this typecasting has been US alto - saxophonist Lee Konitz , customarily referred to as Doyen of the Cool School . Not that he resents this : Categories are essential for describing phenomena and I 'm a phenomenon of some kind . The Goverment is spreading the incentive net wider than in previous privatisations . Every member of a household down to the youngest child will be eligible for perks , whereas for British Telecom and British Gas they were limited to one set per metered outlet . This may account for the relatively high level of interest being expressed in the issue . With two months to go , more than 2.5 million people are said to have pre - registered , more than invested in either British Telecom or British Gas . Bonus shares will also be available for non - customers , but on a less favourable basis of one for 20 up to a maximum investment of 7,500 . It is the only energy available in the quantity we need that does n't damage our atmosphere . And it is also the only source of power we know that will still be available when coal and gas supplies run out . Several delegates expressed disappointment at the delay in the electricity privatisation timetable , but Mr Wakeham said he would make no apology . It was the biggest privatisation ever . The Government wanted to get it right and ensure genuine competition . This is uncomfortably similar to the endemic guilt of constituency agents like me , since it 's our role to believe that everything die Partei does at all times is absolutely right . And of course it is . Other sections of the Partei ( except the government speakers ) are allowed to express dissenting views . They are even allowed to say we have , here and there , made a cock - up. We agents , however , must represent anything with the air of a cock - up only as an opportunity to demonstrate the Partei 's brilliance in extricating itself from it . It does not quote Jack Straw , the Labour education spokesman , who is opposed to private tuition fees . It is nifty footwork . What has not yet been made clear is that the vice - chancellors are seriously split over the issue and some are expressing grave misgivings over the direction being taken . Dr Clark Brundin of Warwick University said : We did not say at our meeting in Leeds and this is where we have shot ourselves in the foot that no government is going to meet the cost of higher education . We did not accept that . BAe 's stockbroker , Hoare Govett , was in the market again yesterday but is not believed to have added significantly to the stake . A huge volume of Ferranti shares has changed hands since they returned to trading just over a week ago and a number of other potential bidders are believed to have built up small stakes . Ferranti continued with presentations yesterday to the group of more than 10 companies believed to have expressed an interest in bidding for the company or providing it with equity capital . Mr Zilligen is to relinquish his posts as chairman of Ferranti International USA and chief executive officer of Ferranti Italia though he will remain a main board director and assist Mr Dodd at ISC 's Lancaster headquarters in Pennsylvania . Surprise has been expressed in some quarters that Mr Zilligen has been allowed to stay on the Ferranti board given his key role at ISC during the 215m deception . Thames Water , the biggest , has traditionally been thought the most attractive . There are far more potential shareholder - customers in its region than elsewhere and there are greater potential profits from property disposals . However , some analysts have expressed doubts about management continuity . Lowndes Queensway loses 16.9m pounds halfway : Jason Nisse examines the problems which have dogged James Gulliver 's company since last year 's takeover By JASON NISSE His explanation for this defeat in the leadership elections - that some right - wing MPs voted for Michael Foot in order to justify their subsequent defection to the SDP looks fanciful to say the least . But his failure represents a great lost opportunity to have avoided both the damaging interlude of the SDP and the antics of the loony left which kept Labour out of the office for a decade . He twice turned down the chance to become Secretary General of Nato , and the ideas on defence and deterrence outlined here compare favourably with much of the output of the Beltway Bandits and their fellow theorists in Paris or Moscow , save only that they are more readably expressed . The prospectus for the Nineties with which his book concludes is a thoughtful text which could with benefit be read by anyone interested in foreign affairs . The whole manuscript is illuminated by a genuinely cultured temperament . September 's 7.6 per cent inflation rate follows one of 7.3 per cent in August and compares with a current peak of 8.3 per cent in May . Although inflation in October is expected to decline to around 7.2 per cent , because a 1.25 per cent increase in mortgage rates in October last year will drop out of the annual comparison , the recently announced increases in mortgage rates will send inflation back up again in November . Economists yesterday expressed concern that the increase in prices was becoming more generalised . Excluding the impact of mortgage rates , regarded as the best guide to the underlying trend , inflation rose 0.1 points to 5.8 per cent in September , which suggests that high interest rates have yet to subdue inflation significantly . But there was little reaction to the news in the London market . All these look , to Western eyes , childish as well as amateurish . The paper is coarse and absorbent ; little is even typewritten ; the predominant style is Blue Peter make - your - own - revolution : large lettering and primary colours . The most professional is a leaflet expressing solidarity from Poland . Above , on a page torn from an exercise book , is a handwritten question : Where was our solidarity with Poland under martial law ? But coming in from the shabby streets outside , which smell of coal and cement dust and Wartburg exhausts , the effect is of life and excitement . But while their leaders considered these lofty goals , the party 's bureaucrats had more immediate problems on their hands the prospect of unemployment . Now that the party can no longer call on state finances , it will have to streamline its bureaucracy , and has already decided to hand back to the nation all superfluous assets , including the party 's holiday homes , hotels and its headquarters . The East German leadership at last showed some reaction to the enormous vote of no confidence expressed by its citizens over the past weeks . The Politburo issued a statement regretting for the first time the mass exodus to the West . It even admitted that there were problems a slight euphemism , given the tens of thousands of people who had attended mass protests up and down the country and hinted that the government might be to blame . Drug war support From TIM KELSEY in Ankara BOGOTA ( Reuter ) Francois Mitterrand , winding up a four - day Latin American tour , expressed Europe 's support for Colombia 's fight against cocaine barons . It seemed to me necessary to bring the testimony of our solidarity for the courage and determination of Colombia to fight a danger that extends beyond the borders of this country , Mr Mitterrand told President Virgilio Barco . Gaddafi to visit Egypt Early yesterday morning in a nightclub in Adana , a member of an extremist right - wing paramilitary group , the Grey Wolves , demanded she sing an old nationalist song . She refused , and so he shot her . Doctors , expressing surprise at her robust physical condition , believe she will survive . China fury at British base move By KEVIN HAMLIN Its collection is from the cream of Dutch art , rivalling the Rijksmuseum 's in quality if not quantity . It has three Vermeers ( only 30 exist ) , notably Head of a Girl and View of Delft ( to Proust , the most beautiful painting in the world ) , a dozen jolly Steens , full of lasciviousness and coded morality , a dozen or more great Rembrandts , and Paulus Potter 's huge Young Bull . These are the products of an age when the Dutch were the richest people in the world the Japanese of their time and they expressed their wealth by painting , not scenes of classical grandeur , but homes and streets , faces and families . The Mauritshuis galleries are made to match : comfortably sized rooms that let your eyes do the work , not your feet . Beside the Mauritshuis is the Binnenhof , the homely Dutch Palace of Westminster . While this contributes to crime prevention , especially with respect to joy - riders who steal and drive cars at speed at might ( which requires neighbourhood men in West Belfast to work might duty ) , it has none of the wider community service functions evident in Easton . Casual encounters on the beat are kept to a minimum by the public , primarily , the police claim , as a result of intimidation , and constables get few opportunities to display the interactive skills that might foster good community relations , although the rare occasions when this happens are seized upon by the men and recalled with pleasure thereafter . Moreover , neighbourhood police expressed a sensitivity to the effect which these casual encounters might have on the safety of those they talked to for you do n't know who 's watching . Therefore , they try to conceal the fact that they are talking to people , sometimes by giving the impression through non - verbal behaviour that they are issuing directions , or by calling at their homes . However , casual or conspired encounters with the public are infrequent and a primary duty is to deliver court summonses and warrants . Though the news was at least relatively balanced and impartial , the balance was achieved by giving time and attention to a variety of alternative viewpoints , not by suppressing diversity . None the less , viewers seemed to resent their lack of choice and lack of control over what they saw . The variety of television news ( and current affairs ) programmes allowed them to choose the degree of depth and detail they wanted , but not the political viewpoints expressed . In Britain , unlike some European countries , there is no choice between a right - wing and a left - wing television news channel . So while television scored well in terms of public service , it scored less well in terms of freedom of choice . Resistance of this kind was to keep the authorities extremely nervous throughout 1922 , and one has the sense from the enormous detail of the Smolensk Archive that fear of outright revolt and even counter - revolution was ever present in the local Party 's thoughts . Roslavl ' officials would have lain quieter in their beds at night if they had bothered to read Maxim Gorky 's book On the Russian Peasantry published that same year . He pointed out that peasant opposition to government did exist , but on account of Russia 's huge distances it expressed itself more by evasion than through open fighting . This psychology naturally lingered on into the supposedly liberal atmosphere of NEP in the form of the utopian hope that obligations imposed from the Centre , as the peasants put it , could be avoided , whilst retaining economic rights . At the end of the winter of 19212 a cautious directive went out from Roslavl ' Party headquarters to all local head collectors of the tax in kind . Lectures and concerts were to be given , for which topics of current interest should be very carefully chosen , and which had to be free for all comers . Throughout the year the anxieties of the Party were focused on local workers and soldiers rather than on the surrounding sea of peasants . Great concern was often expressed about lack of military interest in political affairs . At a meeting of the commissars of the Roslavl ' garrison the military commander of the town hospital admitted that the political cell in his institution did not really exist , although there were occasional discussions of newspaper articles . The automobile workshop , likewise under tight military control , had a cell with ten members , but the commander reported that few attended its Marsiksii ( sic ) circle . The Prince calls for everyone to realise that it is time to take adequate stock of such landscapes , our collective effect upon it and our responsibilities towards it . I have written before about the controversy raised in Scotland over the National Trust for Scotland 's mountain properties and breaking the rules set by its mountaineering benefactor Percy Unna , who wanted the hills kept natural . Prince Charles comments on this in the John Muir Newsletter and refers to Unna 's wishes first expressed 50 years ago. He says His rules made good sense then and they make better sense now as the pressures grow inexorably , yet they have been ignored in certain sensitive areas , with results which are both plain and heart - rending to see . Prince Charles also supported the Torrin purchase financially . It seemed to provide an envoi to the policies and economics of consensus , which had coincided with decades of calamitous financial and international decline . Few doubted that Britain 's position had eroded substantially . This was powerfully expressed in a valedictory message from the retiring ambassador to Paris , Sir Nicholas Henderson , who was about to succeed Peter Jay at the British embassy in Washington . The gloomy terms of his report to the then Labour Foreign Secretary , David Owen , were widely leaked . Henderson drew a sharp contrast with the years after 1945 when Britain was still a major and respected force in world affairs , the dominant power in the Middle East down to the time of Suez , the second most important power in the Far East at least down to the 1954 Geneva Conference . As in 1926 , so in 1985 the old legend of the impact of workers ' solidarity and union power had been exploded . It was the climax of a long , and indeed largely popular , campaign by the Thatcher government to undercut union monopoly in the labour market , and to exorcize memories of the winter of discontent . Along with privatization , supply - side finance , and union - bashing , the government expressed its radicalism with a series of assaults on major segments and institutions within British society . In effect , the security and strength of major professions were undermined for ever . This meant in particular a direct attack on public - sector institutions and their custodians . Guests can enjoy trips to local beauty spots , dancing at a local hotel , and visits to local theatres . During 1990 , 450 guests benefited from convalescence at the Home , and the Association has received many letters of appreciation of the good food , the good company and the kind care of the staff . Central Council would like to express their gratitude for the many generous donations and gifts which help to maintain the high standard of care given to the Home 's guests . Sussexdown Working Out in the new physiotherapy department War Pensions The word drama , with its suggestion of a stage - play , did not please everyone . The idea of a day of creation being flashed upon the screen by Genesis , as the report said , was incongruous . And at one point , showing how the books were formed into the New Testament by the early Church , the report expressed the belief that God gave the early Church its three gifts of ordering of the New Testament , creeds like the apostles ' creed , and the ministry of bishops in their succession from the apostles . This did not please everyone . The Church of England Newspaper said , unkindly , that the weakest part of the Lambeth Conference of 1958 was its report on the Bible ; and that this would have been an excellent report for a Lambeth Conference of 1858 not 1958 . The employers acknowledged that , in addition to the force of public opinion , another way to curb prices would be to establish a body ( probably a prices commission ) to examine particular prices and report on them publicly . The employers acknowledged that if over a period profits should rise more than incomes , the balance should be redressed by taxation policy . This last was expressed in other words as willingness to see the ratio between profits and incomes preserved at a reasonable level by a tax which would become operative upon all industry when a certain figure was exceeded by profits as a whole . Now , when you find management the representatives of enterprise and risk capital standing up in public and saying that they have a responsibility to keep prices stable , or lower them , that individual prices ought to be reported on by a commission , and that profits ought to attract special tax penalties if they exceed a certain level , then it is a sign that either the millennium has arrived or else something is going very seriously wrong indeed . I am afraid it is the latter rather than the former . The commission has no criterion , because it can have no criterion , to decide which prices ought to go up and by how much , or vice versa . As long as the public is not prevented from choosing one thing in preference to another , people will express their choice by what they are prepared to pay for the one compared with the other. Every change in the preferences of the public at home or abroad , every alteration in supply and demand those dreadful archaic words had to be pronounced sooner or later will express itself in a change of prices . But the only way to find out which prices and how much change is to suck it and see . Either the commission intuitively knows how supply and demand will change in which case the commission is miraculous but unnecessary or else the commission is applying some other unspecified standards and judgements of its own in which case the commission will be a tyrant if it can impose its decisions and a laughing stock if it cannot . However complex the outward manifestations of the religious life may be , at bottom it is one and simple . It responds everywhere to one and the same need , and is everywhere derived from one and the same mental state . In all its forms , its object is to raise man above himself and to make him lead a life superior to that which he would lead , if he followed only his own individual whims : beliefs express this life in representations ; rites organize it and regulate its working . This passage sheds much light on the method of Mr. Eliot 's Sunday Morning Service where the self - mutilation of enervate Origen is placed in the same lineage as the sexual origin of the Word , and where the initial sapient sutlers of the Lord who Drift across the window - panes is a passage with an ambiguous , or better ambivalent , reference , since it holds together in one term both the sable presbyters who bring offerings to church and the bees who bring pollen from one part of the plant to another and so perform the Blest office of the epicene . Religion is presented as a response everywhere to one and the same need : the need for rituals of fertility . Damyata . Shantih shantih shantih Charlie Mears does not express himself in Sanskrit , but the narrator of the text knows who will most appreciate Charlie 's story . He tells it to an Indian friend , and soon ceases to speak the tale in his own language , substituting instead the Indian 's . After all , it could never have been told in English . He wondered if art could continue to exist or be justified if it left behind its primitive purposes with the result that aesthetic objects became direct objects of attention . Sweeney Agonistes , as much as the later prose of Arnold , is an attempt to come to terms with this situation and to react against it . Eliot 's solution was to attempt to revive what anthropology had revealed to him as the very oldest form of ritual and express it through the phenomena of stylized contemporary life , uniting the savage and the city . That he thought this possible is suggested by his comments on Frazer whom he saw not as an investigator of a remote and hence irrelevant past , but as someone whose researches are like Freud 's , of apparently universal application , applying not to a particular historical period but to the soul . Frazer , through setting out to study an essential ritual of the primitive dead , had done what Eliot hoped modern literature , including Sweeney Agonistes would do . It also liberated his critical faculty ( Ellmann , Oscar Wilde , 270 ) . Conformity angered and bored Wilde . It is not clear which , the anger or the boredom , was thought to be the more insulting , but both were expressed as that arrogance for which he was often hated . Yeats recalls receiving a letter from Lionel Johnson denouncing Wilde with great bitterness ; Johnson believed that Wilde got a sense of triumph and power , at every dinner - table he dominated , from the knowledge that he was guilty of that sin which , more than any other possible to man , would turn all those people against him if they but knew ' ( Yeats , Autobiographies , 285 ) . Maybe Johnson was paranoid ; that does not stop him being correct . Perhaps that is also why Mubarak says , or at least why Genet recalls him saying , that if he wants his book ( Prisoner of Love ) to be read he must write it in a voice that 's sweet but inexorable ( p. 151 ) . With the fedayeen , love always at once complicates and simplifies the narrative . One of his most vivid memories is of three separate groups of fedayeen , each situated on a different hill , singing to each other just before dawn ; it was a polyphony , a great improvisation performed among the mountains , in the midst of danger , heedless of death , expressing and eliciting love ( pp. 36 40 ) . Elsewhere Genet writes of a 19 - year - old , washing the clothes of his friend who is shortly to go and fight , declaring that he loves the revolution and all the fedayeen , but his friend especially : Yes . It is love . A number of local authorities , for example , put out refuse collection to private tender . The privatization programme also covers schemes to promote deregulation and competition in the economy . Within the state sector , the statutory public monopoly of electricity supply and express delivery service has been ended . The 1980 Transport Act , by relaxing controls over licensing and fares , has increased competition on long - distance coach routes . In January 1986 any operator was automatically licensed to run on any route outside London . David Howell did not remember his time in Cabinet with much pleasure some arguments just left such acrimony and ill - feeling that I ca n't believe they really could have been enjoyable I think the general atmosphere in the government of which I was a member was that everything should start as an argument , continue as an argument and end as an argument . Her frequent denunciations of high levels of taxation and public expenditure , of big government , and of the diminution of individual freedom and choice are passionate and deeply felt ; they are expressed in attacks on the baneful , almost immoral , effects of inflation and of governments which debase the currency , or borrow rather than balance their income and expenditure . For all the pejorative talk of her being an ideologue , however , she is a practical Conservative . She traces her beliefs back to her upbringing in Grantham and to the personal experiences of the 1970s , rather than books . In 1988 and 1989 the Public divisions between the Prime Minister and her Chancellor were Politically and economically damaging . The view that Britain was moving to Prime Ministerial government was largely encouraged by Mrs Thatcher 's dominant personality , which became more marked following the Falklands war . But there were other factors as well : her ruthless dismissal of Cabinet dissenters in 1981 and sacking of the Foreign Secretary in 1983 , the abolition of the CPRS , her close involvement in the promotion of Permanent Secretaries and her tendency , by publicly expressing her own views on controversial issues , to pre - empt Cabinet discussions . She has reduced the number of Cabinet and official Cabinet committee meetings , and fewer papers are distributed to the Cabinet the very stuff of collective decision making . She has relied more on her Policy Unit and ad hoc groups , and intervened more in departments . In the past , Mrs Thatcher had easily fended off challenges from Tory wets . When , however , internal opposition was determined , as Heseltine 's was , the danger materialized . In his resignation press conference Michael Heseltine complained explicitly about Mrs Thatcher 's style and performance as Prime Minister , claiming that she had acted unconstitutionally in refusing him permission to discuss the issue in Cabinet and in forbidding him to restate views he had publicly expressed in the past . There is a long list of sacked ministers who have objected to her style . Sir Ian Gilmour mourned the downgrading of Cabinet government . I have noticed this during the last two or three days that I have been sitting here , being able for the first time in this House , to see the faces of my old associates , I have admired the way in which they have cheered to keep their spirits up , and I have admired those who have done that knowing knowing that only a few weeks , possibly , remain , before the place that knows them now will know them no more . Snowden , unlike Samuel , was willing to agree in late September to a prohibitive tariff on luxury goods . On 26 September , before the Cabinet had seriously begun to consider whether an election should be called , Snowden declared that an early election could not be avoided ; and on 2 October , Neville Chamberlain noted in his diary , Snowden expressed strongly the view that imports must be controlled . There is some evidence that it was Snowden who suggested the formula of the doctor 's mandate , at a Cabinet meeting on 5 October , under which the component parts of the National Government were each to issue their own manifestos , with a separate personal appeal from the Prime Minister , According to Neville Chamberlain , Snowden produced the suggestion that the Prime Minister should issue his own manifesto asking for a free hand i.e. on tariffs and the two Party leaders should each issue their own programmes and to our astonishment this was at once accepted by the Liberals , ' Amery , who perhaps got the information from Chamberlain , wrote in his diary on 6 October , Apparently when the deadlock seemed most complete Snowden suggested that the PM should issue his own manifesto , each of the other party leaders issuing theirs . ' Tom Jones , whose source was Lothian , also said that the formula was Snowden 's . It is ironic that , after the National majority had been safely won , and shown itself , as might have been predicted , protectionist , Snowden reverted to the role of stubborn free trader , and gave currency to the view of MacDonald as a feeble halfwit , without principles or dignity , Yet MacDonald , although no doctrinaire free trader , had fought harder to reach a formula that the Liberals , Snowden 's free trade allies , could accept than Snowden himself had done . In the end Maxse 's impatience with and apparent willingness to consider abandoning established institutions meant that he stretched his Conservative credentials to breaking - point , and it is important to note that when at his most extreme Maxse was most isolated . In this sense it was Maxse 's radical Conservatism and not his more dangerous notions that brought him so close to the hub of Conservative politics in the decade before 1914 . That the views of Edwardian Conservatives elided so easily with those expressed by such a maverick as Maxse is evidence of how threatened the Conservatives felt and how far they were prepared to use a radical voice to pursue Conservative ends . That they were not prepared to countenance Maxse at his most radical confirms that those ends were indeed Conservative . If it was the Conservative Party 's circumstances that gave Maxse 's brand of radical Conservatism its appeal , it was also the change in the party 's circumstances wrought by the war which relegated Maxse to the margins of Conservative politics . THE DRIFT TOWARDS AUTHORITARIANISM The second facet of continuity from pre - colonial times is the authoritarian nature of most African governments . In Chapter 3 it was argued that pre - colonial society was indeed authoritarian , and that this expressed itself in a great stress on the conformity of the individual , and on a hierarchy of relationships between young and old , between chiefs and people and between men and women . In the course of the colonial period , the outward form of these relationships underwent great changes to become , in some cases , almost unrecognizable . The changes did not , however , alter the underlying assumptions about the need for authority , or create a climate in which individual dissent , as in the Anglo - Saxon tradition , was considered necessary to the health of the body politic . Dave added the Nuneaton area was starved of good fisheries , and that the only choice for locals who do n't wish to travel is a couple of stetches of canal . The Nuneaton and Bedworth Council claimed it had received letters of protest from residents opposed to a trial scheme to allow fishing on three lakes in the borough . Councillors were told anglers spoiled the enjoyment of members of the public who liked to stroll around the lakes , and labour councillor Owen Granfield expressed concern over the environmental impact of stocking fish into park lakes . Meanwhile , at Stratford , the district council banned fishing on the popular 300 - yard stretch of the Avon just above the swan sanctuary following complaints from nearby residents . One , Yvonne Morgan , said anglers on the riverbank were an invasion of her privacy and claimed she had been subjected to abuse and foul language . Finally , in a further stage of development , the inequality within the family develops into slavery which is already latent in the family . This stage is reached not just as a result of the increasing complexity of the productive technology , in this case the development of agriculture , but because agriculture implies a growth in population density , an intensification of social intercourse , and an increased division of labour . The division of labour here is a notion used in part to express the fact that with more complex technology one gets more specialization in society , however for Marx and Engels such differentiation also always implies inequality . In this idea Marx and Engels are different from earlier writers such as Adam Smith , or later writers such as Durkheim , who say nothing necessarily inegalitarian in the division of labour . The tribal stage , with its three subdivisions , is itself followed by one of two alternatives : either by the stage of the city state or be feudalism . Formen , as these notebooks are often called , offers the background to two of the most famous remarks in the whole of Marx 's work . The first is the remark in Volume I of Capital that commodity exchange ( a necessary prerequisite to capitalism ) begins where community life ends . The second is the statement of a clear evolutionary sequence in the Preface to a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy , the work where Marx expresses p. 83 most coherently his theory of history : In broad outlines Asiatic , ancient , feudal and modern bourgeois modes of production can be designated as progressive epochs in the economic formation of society . If the evolutionary scheme given in the Preface seems absolutely clear and definite , this is not the picture which emerges from the less systematic Formen . As in The German Ideology , we seem to start with a similar early evolutionary stage which is roughly described as tribal and which in itself divided into three . A problem with this point of view is that there is in fact no evidence of descent groups having ever existed without these two levels and it seems difficult to treat all documented cases as transitions from a stage for which there is no evidence . In any case , the contradiction which Marx stresses very largely disappears when we realize that it is a matter of the context in which claim to land is expressed . From the point of view of the outsider the descent group appears as undifferentiated and this will be expressed by statements of the commonality of the resources of claim while , from the point of view of the insider dealing with other insiders the descent group appears highly differentiated . There is however an implied point in the discussion of the gens which , I believe , is justified in all societies principally organized by descent group ( though not necessarily all societies where descent groups merely occur as one among many other social institutions ) . In such societies one does not find internal differentiation based on differential wealth , and if such differentiation appears to develop , it is resisted . There are , I think , just three statements which count as unequivocally critical comments on SI in the Scrapbook . They appear in the documents section and therefore do not , we may take it , represent the views of the editors . Firstly , Art Language 's piece Ralph the Situationist expresses considerable misgivings about the Situationist project : The texts are effectively incorrigible and self insulating ; bland incoherence a self - contradictory absurdity a moral ground to give up reading and remembering , and so on . Whatever gave Francis , or whoever it was , the idea that Art Language had anything to do with the Situationists ? On what basis is this reference made ? The case for Merz , Pistoletto and Buren may be different , but it is not unreasonable to expect a rationale for the proclaimed indebtedness of Arte Povera and Conceptual Art to the Situationists . Nowhere in these publications are these connections argued for : they are merely dogmatically asserted . Given the withering contempt expressed by the Situationists for prositus , one shudders to think what Debord et al . are going to make of the quasi - situationists discovered in America by Elisabeth Sussmann . On the basis of her understanding , it appears that any artist in the USA who uses the conventions of the mass media in such a way as to produce a critique of the media ( and I can think of a good many ) is veritably a quasi - situationist . Repair and repointing work was kept to a minimum and new pointing was carefully matched to the colour of the original joints . Features such as cranes , loading bays and the 25m ( 83ft ) high free - standing chimney were retained and the original windows were replaced with steel casements of similar pattern ( Plate 49 ) . The importance of maintaining the relationship between the building and the river was expressed not only in the provision of the boat jetty , which is linked to the common room , but also in the balconies , connected to the main circulation galleries of every floor , which overlook the water . Clearly , all flats located in the northern part of the building enjoy views both up and down the river , because the building is located in a concave curve of the Thames . Several flats have living rooms in which the loading - bay doors of the original warehouse have been converted into fully glazed French windows sited behind simple steel railings . There was genetic inheritance , of course , and Paul was well crude , like all boys , but it did n't work the way Omi was suggesting , nothing like it . The trouble was that she was n't quite sure how it did work . She made a mental note to listen more attentively to her lessons in biology and in Marxism , and then , to divert Omi from the views she was expressing , Erika said : Uncle Karl will be back soon , Omi . Then we can have the party . Ah , Karl ! Exactly , and remember , art and sport have this in common , they are both means of self - expression . But they are more than just that . A child screaming is expressing itself , or like those artists who daub things in the West they say they are expressing themselves . It was clear from Frulein Silber 's face that she did not think highly of modern art . But with discipline , art and sport are ways of developing one 's personality . The East region committee and supporters were thrilled in early January when the extent of team support for a field Officer reached the target for the first year . Sadly , Brian Rowe 's personal circumstances have now changed and he is not able to take up the post . The committee express their thanks for the work he has done in a voluntary capacity over the past months . Two highly successful Scripture Union events in February at Colchester and Newport Pagnell , where committee members contributed , highlighted the demand for a worker . Watch this space ( and People ) for news of the appointment of a new Field Officer . One thing that struck me was the great need to bear children . I myself have five children and in England this raises an eyebrow , but in Kenya I was often asked would I be having another soon . And frequently women would express to me their need to be pregnant again . Passing on life to another generation is seen as a great privilege and joy . And it is important that the west does not crush this African life - style with our selfish talk of over population . The lighting cameraman may have been going through a bad patch , or simply been driven crazy by the sort of director who ca n't make up their mind about anything . It may have been that the editor did n't know how to cut a scene , or that the financiers called in a hack to re - edit the picture . Critics are free to express opinions on such matters , but most of what you hear is pure speculation . What one knows is that , when a film works , it 's because writer , director and producer were working in harmony and could inspire everybody else on the project with their joint vision . So when one producer or studio is responsible for a string of hits , it 's only necessary to find out what distinguishes its operation from that of other , less successful , operations , or what has changed when the same producer or studio hit a bum run , to discover what makes for successful film production . And yet one sincerely wishes them well , but there just does n't seem anything to say . But while the gap between the filmmakers and the critical culture could seem an unbridgeable chasm , there were people with feet in both camps who were discussing how to wrest British cinema away from its dual dependence on the stage and American models . In a letter to the London Evening News of the late 1920s , Hitchcock expresses his own sense of how Hollywood models could be redeployed in a British context : The Americans have left us with very few stories to tell . But there is no reason why we should not tell stories of English boys who leave the village and make good in the city why rural drama should not be found and filmed among the mountains of Wales and moors of Yorkshire . He also imported cameramen , make - up staff and editors from Europe and America , so that those working at the studio could learn the more advanced techniques . Most important of all , he inspired the people who worked for him with a vision of what they were doing . Just as the Hollywood moguls built an , albeit mythic , vision of the American dream , so Balcon , from a Jewish immigrant family , felt that films should express England . This conviction brought forth the rebuke from Michael Powell that Balcon was suburban , but it was the sense of purpose Balcon gave to his employees that distinguished Gaumont - British from other local studios . This interest in national subjects could have led to cosiness as it tended to during Balcon 's time at Ealing Studios , but at this period he was under pressure from the Ostrer Brothers to maintain a diversity in his output and aim for the international market . The group began with mothers responding to my invitation and deciding tentatively whether there was anything in it for them . Several women felt too vulnerable or exposed to remain ; another left dramatically , announcing that her anger would destroy the group . The beginning was also a time when I was asked if I , too , would soon let them down like all the others and when being there was expressed for all by Janet : I 'm only here because my daughter is the way she is . I 'd rather not be here . Or by Shirley , who cried soundlessly and then protested : I 'm not crying for myself ; I 'm crying for the others . THEY were brave women and often poetic . Zena , a sculptress , took on the responsibility of caring for her Down 's Syndrome grand - daughter when the mother upped and offed . She described how she walked around for months with a pain , almost a physical pain , in my heart ; of how she avoided friends and pulled her hat over her face if she met them in the street ; of how , at last , she knew she must express her thousand emotions about her little grandchild in the way she knew best , in clay . And when she took this most precious creation to art school , the teacher said : Zena , why did n't you tell us ? Then she could cry and let people comfort her . Steve Cauthen rode his 163rd winner of the season on My Lord at Leicester , where ten races attracted a crowd of less than 600 , and announced that he would not be riding again on the flat this season . He also made it clear that he will not be participating in the all - weather racing . Ray Cochrane has expressed similar sentiments . Back to jumping and there is a divergence of opinion among the bookmakers about Saturday 's Mackeson Gold Cup . Hill 's make Prize Asset favourite at 11 - 2 but Beau Ranger leads the market at the same price with Ladbrokes . The decision to open that border , and the prospect of German reunification , will virtually paralyse the military side of the alliance . Even the Nato arms controllers meeting in Vienna , whose job it is to negotiate East - West reductions in conventional armed forces , can only pursue their objectives on the basis of confrontation between their alliance and the Warsaw Pact . Although the proposed treaty will be signed individually by the 23 states in the two blocs , the reductions will be expressed as collective ceilings , to be enforced by the two integrated military commands . Until now , this paradox was merely an awkward problem for the lawyers . How do you arrange for sovereign democratic nations to constrain their defence programmes ? Kiwis deserve belated fruits Paul Fitzpatrick on New Zealand 's quest for recognition . THE New Zealand Rugby League tourists must envy the amount of publicity and the financial rewards currently being enjoyed by their countrymen from the unsullied amateur world of Rugby Union as the latter grind their remorseless way around Wales and Ireland . Earlier in the tour Hugh McGahan , the Kiwis ' captain , expressed his surprise and delight at seeing his men given comparable prominence to the All Blacks in some northern editions of the papers at least . But in truth their tour , the English section of which ends with the third Test at Wigan today , has been persistently downbeat . They must accept a share of the blame . There was very little patience . The stakes were down. There was an inarticulate sense of loss , often expressed with anger or violence . Vietnam was one of the historical tragedies which would eventually follow from this insecurity . Freedom of the market . POLLOCK had stood the art of painting on its head , reversed it , negated it . The negation had nothing to do with technique or abstraction . It was inherent in his purpose in the will which his canvases expressed . On these canvases the visible is no longer an opening but something which has been abandoned and left behind . The drama depicted is something that once happened in front of the canvas where the painter claimed to be nature ! His complaint , at the annual meeting of the NCC , led to an intervention by Mr David Trippier , the Environment Minister . Mr Trippier said the Government had the best interests of nature conservation at heart and invited the NCC council to meet him before the Government makes the reoganisation details public . Sir William , who was expressing a personal view because of internal differences over the reorganisation , said that to split the NCC into three would remove a strategic overview in formulating national policies . Separate country agencies for England , Scotland , and Wales , with their limited responsibilities and sectional place , could not carry sufficient clout . And the grant of 40 million would need doubling to provide the same level of service . Tony is to be admitted but wait for it to yet another hospital ! If I ca n't take him he will have a two - hour wait for an ambulance . I 've heard of a pub crawl but a hospital crawl ? 4.00pm We set off again ; this time via Tony 's home to collect a variety of possessions , finally arriving at hospital no.3 . 4.55pm Tony is ushered into a side ward with three doctors and I stay outside with Mum . This works out at the equivalent of just 10 per day . All our programmes need your continued support . Despite the fact that we do n't hear so much about AIDS these days the problems are increasing . If you would like to support the work of ACET then please complete the coupon and return it to us today . Thank you . MIND YOUR OWN BUSINESS . TWO OUT OF EVERY THREE GOVERNMENTS STILL TORTURE THEIR OWN PEOPLE . Amnesty International does not want to hear any more excuses , from governments or from anybody else . The horrors must be stopped everywhere once and for all . Human rights can be won even against overwhelming odds . Draw her attention to the case of ecumenical community worker Maria N. Santa Clara and her colleague Angelina Llenarasas who were arrested by men in plain clothes in a village near Naga City on 26 April 1989 . Maria was last seen shouting for help inside a military jeep that evening . Her family heard she had been taken to the Regional Command Military camp in Legaspi City . She has not been seen since . Members of her family have received death threats . The immense task of gathering , analysing and confirming allegations of human rights violations from around the world falls to the Research Department at the International Secretariat , Amnesty 's headquarters in London . We are obviously not there when someone is being tortured or killed . When we hear of such cases , we investigate and draw on as many sources as possible to find out what happened In one sense it 's very much like good investigative journalism , explains Malcolm Smart , Head of Research at the IS . The information comes to the IS through myriad channels , some of them formal over 1,100 newspapers , journals , government bulletins and transcripts of radio broadcasts are sifted and others that are less predictable . The plight of an Argentinian clerk , Perico Rodriguez , imprisoned and tortured because of his criticisms of the military government , was brought to Amnesty 's attention by an English couple who had previously befriended Rodriguez two years earlier when they were hitch - hiking across Argentina . Each Amnesty member participating in letter - writing actions and each local group involved in adopting or investigating a prisoner case is a researcher of potential new information : as part of their campaign to free Sudanese POC Bashir Abdelrahim , members of the Leamington and Kenilworth group wrote to the Prison Commander at Shalla Prison , where Bashir was held , in the remote Western Sudan . No reply was received but the group later heard that Bashir had been released . Time passed . Then earlier this year the group received a reply from another prisoner at Shalla who had been given their letter to Bashir by mistake . After two hours Ii managed to get David to sign the papers knowing full well that , after over 12 years of living in those conditions , I would probably want to die myself . Those awaiting execution will spend their last days almost entirely alone . They will be moved to the death house into a room that is often adjacent to the electric chair where they may hear the chair being tested at regular intervals . Some states even go to the trouble of having two switches , one a dummy , so that everyone can say , it was n't me who actually killed him. It is a separate tragedy altogether that , in a country where there is no nation health service , anything up to three million dollars can be spent killing someone . One notable example involved the disappearance of eight members of the family of General Mohammed Oufkir . Following his death in suspicious circumstances in 1972 , his widow and six children , together with a female cousin , disappeared . Nothing was heard of them for fifteen years . In February 1991 , they were released , but are still subject to restrictions on freedom of movement and association . Right : A demonstration in the early 1980s by families of political prisoners . Things would deteriorate rather quickly , for Alberto would return to his hotel in the evening with a sculpture eight to twelve inches tall under his arm and come back the next day with a piece no more than three or four inches high I later realized that I had posed during a crucial period , and the tiny bronzes that resulted ( for that size prevailed ) continue daily to touch me . Another example from the 1980s allows us to hear a conversation between the critic Norbert Lynton and the painter Ken Kiff . Kiff set out to make an image of a man writing . Mayakovsky 's poem An Amazing Adventure of Vladimir Mayakovsky surfaced as he worked . This appears to be a key point , but it is one that is left controversial . It is possible to imagine that for some people such consolation might make it easier to reconcile the two , and to wonder what it was that made the difference in Fraser 's case . There were other things that had to be reconciled , and we hear presently of a role of inherent superiority which came to me from outside , from the servants among others . Inside , however , I felt inherently inferior , inadequate to fill the role . That was the split Whether or not she has talked to God , she has certainly been reviewing for him. Levi , the expert on metals , would have had no difficulty in telling the difference between gold and tin . I have heard that he was saddened by these writings of Fernanda Eberstadt 's , in which his own writings are faulted . Two months after the Herling piece was published Levi committed suicide , throwing himself down the staircase of the house in Turin where he was born and grew up , where he wrote about his life in the camp at a desk which stood where his cradle had stood , a house he shared with his wife and mother . He was 68 years old . These statements are from The Wrench , where Faussone is good at his job and Levi is good at getting this across . There can be no doubt that he had an ear for what such people have to say for themselves . Faussone talks about the way we bent our elbows an expression ( for eating or drinking ) which I have heard spoken in English , but which I had never before seen written down in a book . Book - writers , Faussone says , produce works which may be beautiful and all that , but , on the other hand , even if they were a bit defective , excuse the expression , nobody would die , and the only loser is the customer who bought them . I have heard that before too , but not from any writer . Such harmony is in immortal souls , But whilst this muddy vesture of decay Doth grossly close it in , we cannot hear it : For do but note a wild and wanton herd Or race of youthful and unhandled colts Fetching mad bounds , bellowing and neighing loud , Which is the hot condition of their blood , If they but hear perchance a trumpet sound , Or any air of music touch their ears , You shall perceive them make a mutual stand , Which shallow laughing hearers give to fools . A jest 's prosperity lies in the ear Of him that hears it , never in the tongue Of him that makes it : then , if sickly ears , Deaf 'd with the clamours of their own dear groans , A.R Of course you cannot teach confidence but you can teach a way of acquiring it . We always want to see and hear confident actors . D.S. Exactly that , although God knows confidence is difficult enough to hold on to . D.S. Exactly that , although God knows confidence is difficult enough to hold on to . But you do have a right to be there and to be heard . Announce yourself clearly and think of what you intend to do . Take your time and do it . Harry MacAdoo , then the Church of Ireland archbishop of Dublin , on several occasions put forward the argument that Southern protestants were a minority group with their own culture and traditions , and thus deserved to have schools for themselves in order to hand on their own traditions . When considering the merit of this argument , one does have to bear in mind the particularly precarious nature of the Southern protestant grouping . Protestant opposition to integrated schooling is sometimes heard in the North , particularly from the fundamentalist camp , who not only fear catholic infiltration of state schools but are opposed to anything other than Bible protestantism in religious education . But usually the opposite is the case and popular protestant support for integration is expressed . perhaps if integrated schooling were more widespread in the North , more protestant voices would be heard against it , particularly if there was a possibility that a nun or priest might show up as a teacher in such an integrated school . Protestant opposition to integrated schooling is sometimes heard in the North , particularly from the fundamentalist camp , who not only fear catholic infiltration of state schools but are opposed to anything other than Bible protestantism in religious education . But usually the opposite is the case and popular protestant support for integration is expressed . perhaps if integrated schooling were more widespread in the North , more protestant voices would be heard against it , particularly if there was a possibility that a nun or priest might show up as a teacher in such an integrated school . There is also evidence of hardline evangelical indoctrination by some protestant teachers in state schools . In addition , Roman catholic schools in Ireland , in continuity with the belief and practice of Roman catholics in a number of other countries , have a different concept and practice of teaching religion in the schools from that of the majority of protestant traditions . But what if the motorless machine is what it is all about ? Goldberg , pushing back the typewriter and drawing the pad towards him , began again . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , you may be amused to hear that one of my sons spotted you the other day training with Korchnoi and the Brighton and Hove Albion football team . We all knew of your friendship with Korchnoi , he wrote , how could we not , the papers have been so full of it . We have also followed his preparations for the world title bout with Karpov , some of us , it must be confessed , with a certain amount of incredulity , since , however much these world championship matches are now dependent on stamina rather than brilliance , it has struck more than a few people that a chess player is not a footballer , in particular a fifty - year - old self - exiled Russian Grandmaster is not a footballer , and that to think that by training like one he will become as fit is not only an illusion , it is a dangerous illusion . Bah ! So Harsnet . And Goldberg , in his pad : I have never said or written any of the sentiments attributed to me here , though I have heard them from the mouths and read them from the pens of others . It is typical of painters , he wrote , to make these wild accusations , wild generalizations . If he only . Only if you do that will you be able to say with confidence that I am wrong , that what I am suggesting has not yet come to pass , that there is still time . His words were taken up by many who would not have dreamed of opening any of his more technical works , and he came to be in great demand as a speaker at rallies and at the numerous conferences and seminars on the death of images organized by the Universities , the Churches and the innumerable Humanist organizations which had mushroomed in the immediately preceding decades . Even those who had never heard of him mouthed his words , repeating them to others as though they had just thought of them themselves , which perhaps they had , for there is surely such a thing as a spirit of the times . But it did not bring an end to the speculation and confusion which was rending the civilized world . As a leading writer put it , after casting doubts on the appropriateness of the philosopher 's imagery , just because his answer was probably the right one it was in effect no answer at all . JONATHAN BODLENDER Chairman , Horwath Consulting , 8 Baker Street , London W1M . TECS RESPONSE A BIG HELP FURTHER to your article TECs slammed over funding red tape ( Caterer , 2228 August ) , I thought you might be interested to hear the other side of the coin . As an individual who worked for over 10 years in relatively senior positions for two of the major brewers , I thought it ironic that here was one set of red tape specialists accusing another . As the managing director of a recently formed company with , to date , only one outlet , I was quite naturally looking for any help I could get , advisory or financially or both . Sven Hjerson asked with sudden anxiety . In Rome I was in the similar predicament . But I had heard that in the South things are better . Oh , the vegetables are all right , I suppose . It 's no porridge at breakfast that gets my goat . No , there 's a whole party of them . Woodleigh , the girl , the Hon. Peter Horbury and Mrs Lettice Horbury . He 's Woodleigh 's cousin , and his heir , of course , unless that 's the older Horbury brother who ran off to Australia years ago and has never been heard of since . And then Woodleigh 's secretary even came out last week , so I gather . Some trouble at home , and he sent for her . Hauling it open , she thrust in her peroxided head and called out something . A moment or two later a man who , from his lanky form and fine - boned features , could only be her fianc , Lord Woodleigh , emerged , evidently doing his best to overcome a certain reluctance . Darling , Jilly Jonathan said , her voice ringing out for all to hear , do n't fug away down there . It 's super up in the sun . And , look , Capree 's getting nearer and nearer . Perhaps , my dear fellow , since you 're some sort of detective , you 'd try to get through on the telephone to the Carabinieri . They should pick her up without any trouble . But Sven Hjerson appeared not to have heard . He had made no attempt to pursue the fleeing secretary and was sitting as if in a trance staring somewhere between the chairs occupied by the new Lord Woodleigh and Jilly Jonathan . Yes , he said eventually . It is because the villain of this piece is none other than he himself . There was a sudden silence . You could have heard a pin drop if anyone in the room had dropped one . Eventually the little man cleared his throat . Very ingenious , he said , The classic smokescreen . I 'm not feeling particularly kind at the moment , Mrs Doran snapped . I 'm not surprised , said Mrs Clancy . I hear your husband was blackballed when he tried to join the Country Club . Wonder who did that ? That finished me off . The girl must have cracked . Disloyal to letter boxes , I said to myself and went down the passage where I could laugh without being heard . If there 's anything that is totally spasmo it 's girls . From my place on the gallery I could keep a watch on Claire 's door and on what was happening in the hall below . The last but two King Teddy as he became . You 're too young to remember , my girl . But I 've heard the stories ! Anyway , there she was in her own room , and no call if she did n't want to to open the door to anyone , not even her husband . Especially not her husband , said Thomas . If she did , said Cook heavily . Everything about Cook was heavy , except her hand with pastry . I 've heard no hevidence so far that the poor lady did . I did her room when she was here last year , said Mary , the second housemaid , and Ethel 's great ally . Going by form she 'll have had someone in there with her . Everything , said Ethel . The old sex urge , and do n't run it down , Mrs Cornforth . Still , he 's a married man , and his wife is in her seventh month , from what I hear : that 's why she had to send her apologies at the last moment Well , if you go by character it 'll be the husband or one of the Heptonstalls who did it . But of course you ca n't just go by character . Well , I slipped out , of course , as mistress likes us to They expect servants to be invisible , but they expect the work to be done all the same , put in Ethel . anyway they never saw me , but before I went I heard her say , in a slinky sort of voice . It would be a pity if your wife got to know . I believe she 's delicate the nervous type , is n't she ? You 're right ! It had gone completely out of my mind . I heard last summer that she 'd This needs to be looked into . I shall telephone Sir Harry 's butler . It brought a tear to my eye . Home - made , Mr Tyler , by Cook , according to Mrs Beeton 's recipe with cream , white wine vinegar , a little castor sugar and some mustard and horseradish , of course . I have heard , said Henry slowly , that on occasion by accident , usually aconite has been known to have been mistaken for horseradish . Picked by Cook herself in the kitchen garden , said Inspector Milsom with evident approval . She says that when she asks the gardener for produce she feels she does n't always get the best . Detective Inspector Milsom said with deep feeling that this had not helped in the investigation so far . They both insist that there was no way in which their hostess could have been poisoned before their very eyes and both the parlourmaid and the cook swear that she did n't take anything afterwards . What with the doctor going straight out and the deceased going down to the kitchen to thank both staff for a very good meal there was n't time even if she took it herself , which is unlikely from all I hear . That means Edith and Cook liked her , said Henry at once . And I understand there were no money troubles . He looked up. It 's not a conjuring trick , Inspector . I 'm glad to hear it , sir . It 's a question of how to get the cream to float on top of the coffee . Very difficult , I 'm sure , sir . There was a sound of scuffling from within . Maybe he 's got a girl in there , I thought . I heard someone coming towards the door . I half expected some floosie to open it but no , it was Charles . Ah , Dorothy , do come in . Months passed . A detailed description of that period would be impossible , as nothing of any substance happened . I applied for the occasional post that I thought might be interesting , but never heard anything back . Unemployment had then just begun its big rise but there were still jobs going I was just being silly about which ones to apply for . My resolve not to go back into education hardened , if anything , rather than softened , as I became more and more determined that the sacrifice I had made was not going to be in vain . I 'm sorry if I offended you . I 've had a rather difficult time of it of late and it may be affecting my attitude to people . I 've heard every story in the book , darling . Your room 's on the first floor . Thank you . My sister still lives in Berkhamsted , where she and I had grown up and where she and John had subsequently made their home . A very old friend of the family wrote to me when each of my parents died , and from her I had learnt that Sarah had decided to have no more children after Emma , and that Emma had gone to medical school so she is presumably now a doctor somewhere . My parents both died before I left the School of Italian Studies so I had heard nothing about my family for over ten years . However , I knew that Sarah and John had to be still around . On the Saturday of my third weekend at the Palace Hotel I looked their address up in one of the telephone directories in my local library . Dorothy , I said . Dorothy Streeter . I hear things are n't going too well for you at the moment . Er , well , I 've nowhere to go and it 's causing me something of a problem . Well if you 've no place to go you should stay here . I wandered off to Harwich . The walk was a bit up hill and down dale and it rather tired me out . One memory stands out the sound of a child crying which I heard when I was walking past some flats . It made me think of the Palace Hotel . How far have I really got ? Both the car and the trailer were badly damaged , but because the glider was securely held in by the fittings , it survived the trailer going over on to its side without damage . As a result of this incident , I am very cautious and rarely drive above 80 k.p.h . ( 50 m.p.h. ) with a loaded trailer . It is a frightening experience , and I have never heard of anyone doing it a second time . With a trailer that you have not towed before , your first priority should be to explore its stability carefully . You can do this by driving on a quiet , wide road with no traffic about , gradually increasing your speed and moving the steering slightly to produce a very slight weave . You should fix the smoke alarm on the ceiling in the centre if possible , but at least 30cm 12 inches from any wall or light fitting . Smoke alarms need to be close to where a fire is most likely to break out , but also in a position where an alarm can be heard throughout your home especially when you 're asleep . Don't fit smoke alarms : She bit back the unwordable sweet pain of when Lucy had whispered : I love you , I love you , there you are And what had she said , stunned by her apocalyptic vision of lovely Lucy , Lucy in love with her ? From another life , she heard herself : I 'm so glad so glad . She put her head on the table and wept . Jay with no ace in the hole . She 'd robbed those stolen kisses of their delight , and if not ever in love , then why , what the hell had she meant ? How can her eyes and hands and breasts meet and mingle and Lucy say categorically , like not for one minute or second or fleeting flit of time , never never never had she been in love . Chin up , Jay , she told herself , you needed to hear that . You have to let go or go mad . She let the silence go on , and wondered about just getting up and leaving right then without one word , not one word of the torrent foaming in her guts . I was never in love with you . CHAPTER THIRTY She was coming to the end of months on the barren atoll of Pity Me when she heard the moth rattle against her window , between tacked - up scarlet and black batik fabric and the glass . Jay had a horror of moths flying into her face and hair ; she liked to think of herself as someone who cups her hands for moths and spiders and frees them . But she did n't . However , there will always be a pause of at least one minute between successive stages . Bout time The first bell you hear is the 30 seconds ' warning . Don't confuse this with the time - up bell , especially when many areas are in close proximity and all are using the same type of bell . Always wait for the referee to stop the bout and never drop your guard on the bell . Don't confuse this with the time - up bell , especially when many areas are in close proximity and all are using the same type of bell . Always wait for the referee to stop the bout and never drop your guard on the bell . Also , step back from engagement , never forward ; an exciting bout generates a great deal of noise and sometimes the opponent does n't hear the referee 's call to stop the bout . I have seen a disengaging contestant step forwards straight into the path of an incoming technique . Scoring If you deliver an effective technique at the very moment that the time - up bell sounds , then your score will be accepted . Notice that the bell and not the referee calling a halt is the deciding factor here . Often the referee does not hear the final bell and allows the bout to continue , but even if this does happen , no points can be scored . If your technique is delivered after the referee called for a halt , then as well as not scoring you may also pick up a penalty . A full point score is given for a powerful , skilful and controlled technique to the opponent 's scoring areas This depends very much upon the individual , but peer - group support is often invaluable . Train as a unit with your team in order to develop interdependence , from which comes strong support when you are on the mat . It is comforting to hear your team - mates shouting their encouragement during a contest . Sit with your back straight and head erect . Control your breathing and visualise a peaceful scene James poured , then held the spout of the jug over Cameron 's glass . Why was he saying nothing ? asking no questions ? Surely this was the news they had most wanted to hear . Angus ? he said , but Cameron was looking past him at Allan Stewart , sceptical and intent . He said at last , So what plan has come out of all this buzzing and swarming ? But if Mr Menzies had thought of this he must have been keeping it for another Sunday . Evidently he had decided to finish on a note of grave and reproachful dignity . For those were troublous times , he said on a downward - curving cadence , and such times have come again , but take heart : for when Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted , he said unto Moses , There is a noise of war in the camp . And he said , It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery , neither is it the voice of them that cry for being overcome : but the noise of them that sing do I hear . He finished , face raised and eyes closed , and at once gave out the final psalm . They are to serve as long as the war lasts , and a month on top of that , they are to serve in Scotland only someone cheered or so it says , and you can ask Widow McCulloch , or Widow McGregor , if they have heard that anywhere before . The parish schoolmasters are to make up the lists , and I am sure they will oblige . Every man from nineteen to twenty - three is liable , except for married men with two or more children , and sailors , and apprentices whoever heard of apprentices as old as that ? he jeered , and the crowd jeered with him. And except for ministers , of course we cannot do without them ; or schoolmasters the Lord Lieutenants will need them to draw up more lists and sign away more lives when the six thousand have bled and died in France , or Spain , or India . A hoarse , angry noise came from the crowd and faces turned to look at Fleming the teacher , who was standing near the manse under a yew tree . Well , we have a duty to draw up the lists , and manage the ballot , and by God we will carry it out and support Sir John , or else there will be madness and misrule here for evermore . Now dress yourself and come . He went out and Robertson heard the hooves of his garron clopping on the road . He got up and dressed as though in a trance , and set off for the Castle with the hangdog look of a condemned man. In the smithy house at Dull , Jean Bruce hail lain silently under the covers until her four little sisters and brothers had stopped fidgeting in the oppressive atmosphere and her parents had started to snore . He got up and dressed as though in a trance , and set off for the Castle with the hangdog look of a condemned man. In the smithy house at Dull , Jean Bruce hail lain silently under the covers until her four little sisters and brothers had stopped fidgeting in the oppressive atmosphere and her parents had started to snore . When she heard the shrill call , like an owl but human , she slipped out and joined her lover in the little barn beside the byre . She and Donald had started to take risks they wanted each other so much that the reality of other people had dimmed for them , half the time they felt cloaked in invisibility . And now that Donald 's name was on the militia list , the thought of being parted obsessed them and they made love as though each time was the last time . Menzies felt in his pocket . Yes , it 's safe . , The low thick door had swung open . As the factor came out , it shut behind him and they heard the bars and chains go on . Robert Menzies was nervous , his eyes flickered everywhere , but he had his message pat . Sir John will meet a spokesman this afternoon if you have anything particular to say . That is right , of course it is . But why pick on me ? I have no You have a black coat and a long tongue , Angus they can hear you from the back of the crowd . I should have stayed at home , said Cameron . Not at all , said James Menzies . Now Donald was bracing himself to take the weight of the heavier outer door and Donald McLaggan was helping him , easing it up off its hinges . The guests were crowding slowly past the wedded couple , kissing them , shaking their hands . Sandy McGlashan had arrived late , his hair plastered down with sweat ; he was spluttering over the tale , to whoever would listen , of how he had come up flemyng and Menzies of Bolfracks , in the street at Aberfeldy , they had their heads together and were plotting something wicked , no doubt about it , if only he could have heard what they were saying . Young Donald listened sceptically for a moment . Jean was pulling him by the hand towards the dance . Let them put it on you and you are done for at last food for the cannons , and the swamp - fever , and the hulks . But remember he had lifted an arm now and was prodding with his forefinger as though pointing to the furthest corners of the country ( he was feeling the attention of the crowd and letting it recharge his energy ) , the people are mightier than a lord . He paused , letting the crowd dwell on the proverb ( hearing the rooks caw above his head ) . The people are mightier than a lord , and if we know that , we can not be put down. Each of the words came out separately with the force of an oak peg hammered into a hole . Och , he comes snapping about , with his dogs and his man. He calls McHarg the factor his man. I heard you were busy at other things . Ella where was I hearing the news ? Down at Atholl , when you went for the new blades , his wife answered from beside the fireplace . He labours scornfully for this Simon Giles , faintly comforted by a corner in Classical studies which has been granted him for reasons to do with the firm 's image . Between Patrick and Mrs Giles there flows , or gutters , a current of dreary sexual electricity . He fancies that Simon is Jewish , and that he gives off a slight hot smell . We are later tolerantly informed in the presiding idiom of the book , by a narrator keen , as ever , to monitor Patrick 's impressions that the smell was not atrocious : not strong but easily perceptible , like a large zoo passed at a distance . By then , however , Patrick has been informed , by an office placeman and fuddy - duddy who believes that trendiness has ruined everything , that smelly Simon , though he may be obnoxious , is not Jewish . Or race of youthful and unhandled colts Fetching mad bounds , bellowing and neighing loud , Which is the hot condition of their blood , If they but hear perchance a trumpet sound , Or any air of music touch their ears , Even more ineffectual than the first . All I did was to out on a raid unofficially . And when the sun came up in no - man 's - land , it was hot . A beautiful summer morning . I took off my tin hat to feel the sun on my face . They say no , 'cause I 've got a police house . Look , mate , I 've got nothing against these Indians , Chinese , Pakistanis , Blacks you name 'em I 've got nothing against them apart from them being here . But what I want to know is this how come a Pakistani hot off the banana boat can get a mortgage when a decent cop with 25 years service in the force cannot ? Look mate , what this country needs is someone to look up to . Someone to stop all this weak kneed nancy pancying pussy footing soft balls hard luck Jim have another large scotch . What must we do ? One solution to paint those moments when world is frozen , when we experience time as standing still : when we look in mirrors , or on hot afternoons . Bonnard painted hot afternoons in mirrors . Magritte did it by playing with paradox : day and night both ; picture and landscape both . Moving at best , but too often tricksy . Basta . Good work the past few nights , he wrote . Very hot . Windows wide open . Drunken shouts from street , Common . The thick porridgy liquid is left for several hours while the natural sugars in the malt dissolve into the liquor . When the mashing has absorbed the maximum amount of sugar , the liquid now known as wort is run off through the slotted base of the vessel . The remaining grains are sprinkled with more hot liquor to remove any last remaining sugars , a system known as sparging . The wort is then run into a copper where it is boiled for an hour or more with hops . Without hops , beer would be unpleasantly sweet . It ruled that packed lunches are supplied in the course of catering and are liable for the 17.5 % standard rating of VAT . The back dating of all VAT not charged on packed lunches could lead to hefty bills for hoteliers . When VAT was introduced on hot takeaway food in 1987 , amendments to the Finance Act were made after Parliamentary consultation . Packed lunches remained zero - rated . The arbitrary change to existing law was made by Customs Excise Commissioners . Chinese markets sell the juncea leaves , usually by their Cantonese name pak choi . They look like young spinach and can vary in taste from bland to quite pungent . The leaves can be pickled in brine ( sometimes with added hot Szechuan spices ) and served with pork dishes . The seeds alone , as anyone who has dabbled in Indian cookery knows , are not pungent . They require the catalytic action of water to release hotness . Crushed and wetted , a chemical reaction occurs between the enzyme myrosin and a glucoside , a sugar - related chemical , to create the essential oil of mustard . The change takes place only with cold water , a point worth remembering when preparing English mustard from powder . Use hot or warm water and it turns bitter and unpleasant . Garlic , cloves , chives , tarragon , peppers and even nettles are among the many ingredients often combined with mustard Colman 's , which enjoys a virtual monopoly of mustard powder , is a mixture of juncea and alba with added wheat flour and turmeric . Her ARC colleague La Linster bastes a saddle of young roast pork with honey , mustard and coriander , a cross between Apicius and the old English way of glazing hams . Italian cooks have always combined mustard with honey or syrup and fruit . The most notable recipe , in historical terms , is mostarda di cremona , a 17th - century grape marmalade , made with whole grains and crystalised fruit , it is more of a hot - and - sweet preserve and good with bollito . In the USA , mustard is the most commonly used spice after pepper . It 's time to give it more of a chance here . But Arabella Buckley , with a murderer who was not one of us almost under her thumb , was not going to let him go so easily . Dash it all , she said , Lord Woodleigh spoke very sharply to the fellow when we were on the boat . And these Italians are fearfully hot - headed . Everybody knows what foreigners are like . There was a chorus of agreement . But there will be a great many more , soon , and they 'll be asking a great many questions . Oh dear , Mrs Feather said . And it 's so hot . That was true enough . With the tent flap closed , the heat had been building up under the canvas . Above again numbers 3 and 4 and the lavatory for all ; above again , numbers 5 and 6 , and a sort of cupboard where lurked the two understudies and Johnny , the callboy/Assistant Stage Manager . The air was close , soured through with the smell of size , canvas and stewed tea , and , around the entrance cubbyhole of Bert , the stagedoor - keeper , Goldflake cigarettes and the chancey whiff of Flossie , his aged spaniel . It was a hot August afternoon , a Wednesday matinee . The smell of rotten oranges from the alley was strong as the swing - doors were pushed open . Bert looked up from his Star . Nor enter that dressing - room . He sat down on the top step of the landing outside numbers 3 and 4 . The concrete was cold to his bottom , and he stared at the stairs down which Bunty had fallen , his throat and his face and his eyes seeming to swell up in a great hot surge of grief . And there , on the third step , upside down in the corner by the wall , was Bunty 's other sandal dainty lacy white straps with the arched instep and the two - inch heel hanging half off . He focused , stared , reached out and picked it up. Arthur got an electrician to come in and do it during the week . Clever stuff , exclaimed Tom as Edith brought in the puddings . She placed a hot Normandy pudding for the doctor to serve and a crme brle for her mistress to offer to those who preferred it . A great nation , the French , said Mrs Locombe - Stableford , eyeing the puddings . In some ways , yes , said Henry , a Foreign Office man to his fingertips even on Saturday evenings . Tre ( Cuba Gooding Jr ) , Dough Boy ( Ice Cube ) and Ricky ( Morris Chestnut ) , are three young blacks brought up in an area where violence prevails . Shot entirely on location in South Central LA , the film aims to give the first true picture of what life is like in the LA Hood . It was not uncommon during production , for police helicopters to circle above nearby houses , for gang members to object that actors were wearing an opposing gang 's colours , or for police cars to speed past the set in hot pursuit . But in the midst of these distractions , another side of reality was filmed the lives of the people in the community who do n't make news . It is that real - life drama that Singleton decided to explore and recreate on film . Bring pot - grown chrysanthemums into the greenhouse by mid - September and spray plants with a good combined fungicide and insecticide . Continue to ventilate the greenhouse as necessary , watching out for hot September days and chilly nights . Temperatures can fluctuate a great deal at this time of year . Be ready with thin canes to support hyacinth blooms in particular if they start to bend and droop under their own weight . Keep them cool Flowering bulbs will last much longer in a cool room or position rather than a hot one . Always bear in mind that when they flower outdoors at their natural time the temperature is unlikely to reach 60F ( 15C ) for more than a day or two . This temperature may be too low for comfort in a regularly used living room , so try and find a cooler spot for a longer display . The beans have now reached the top of their 6ft canes and I 'm praying that any autumn gales will be delayed until the beans are all safely harvested . In spring and summer last year , pollination of the runner beans was generally poor . Experts were divided on the cause , with some blaming the hordes of pollen beetles that descended from fields of oil seed rape on to garden crops , other believing the hot , dry weather caused a change in the development of the reproductive system of the plants . But the eventual consensus was that runner beans , which of course rely on insects for pollination , simply were n't getting enough attention from them . In anticipation that the same problem might recur this summer I tried sowing some sweet peas with the runner beans . Massed conifers cast dense shadows and their fallen needles can upset the acid/alkaline balance of the soil . Some thinning may be necessary to admit enough light for plants such as rhododendrons , pieris and hostas to thrive . Unless very dense , the shady conditions produced by most garden trees can be turned to advantage by creating a miniature woodland that will suit shade - loving plants and offer a cool oasis in a hot summer . Even branches from a neighbour 's tree overhanging your garden can be exploited in this way . With a little unobtrusive thinning , you can regulate the amount of dappled shade and filtered sunlight to suit the kind of plants you would like to grow . in bathrooms or kitchens , where steam or cooking fumes could set them off . above heaters , air - conditioning ducts or heating vents , or in very hot or cold rooms , such as a boiler room , or an unheated outhouse . in a garage , where exhaust fumes could set off the alarm . The lines humming , Jay wordless . Chit - chat , chit - chat , and see you tomorrow . Night and a bottle of hot - blooded Spanish wine brought a poem to Jay , the first one for years . She looked at it and could see no fault ; she thought of Lucy and did n't care. My heart , my life . Heart ? Mind ? said Francis with a giggle . Pardon me being basic , but is it going to be nights over a hot typewriter with champagne and a little heavy breathing on the side ? We live in hope , said Jay . The first exhibition meeting was at Lucy 's flat . She concentrated on the culinary . She knew what to do there . First there was Caribbean sea - food , a trip to Brixton , fresh limes , hand - ground spices , fresh coriander , hot - juiced ginger , a sloosh of Barbados rum . Shoppin ' in endless malls , waitin ' for phone calls She changed Phoebe Snow for Fela Anakupalo Kuti , a dive into Desmond 's Hip City Dionne slung on a Dietrich tape and she and Jay escaped to the kitchen , leaving Jamie and Francis screaming along to a soul - searching Burt Bacharach number . A bit of role playing , my dear , she said . The men can sit and camp in the lounge and we girls will slave over a hot stove . Now tell me what 's frozen that gorgeous face of yours . Since Dionne 's serious no to a casual affair , Jay had found it hard to talk to her . CHAPTER TWENTY - SIX the day after feeling complete , replete , like a cat sleeping in the sun has all four paws buried under its furred belly , sun too hot to move , tail wrapped over its sleeping nose , I went back to our bed to curl up next to where you had been . Hadn't shifted one crease from the pillows where you sat and smoked and drank coffee , my hand on your warm naked breast . I lay as if you were there and loved the shape your back had made , had a sense of your silky warmth , my body curling round the heat and wonder of you in my arms . She was too far away to speak before Jay realised they had n't even exchanged names . She strolled upstairs . The air was incredibly hot , and she opened the balcony doors . Caught sight of her neighbour 's small grey shape against the blanched sand . She poured herself more brandy and sat on the balcony , invisible against the dark room . Carefully he tried again but Cameron took his arm and told him not to hurry unduly , the joists had only been pinned in place and they were still waiting for the long nails from Grandtully . Work slowed to a halt until Donald Steuart clattered up on his cart and began to lift down hefty canvas bags from the tailboard . Sorry , Angus , he was saying , my lad from Ballinluig never turned up , I had to get my father to blow the bellows ouch ! some of them are still hot that bag has charred , spread them out to cool , or keep them for tomorrow . Unless you want to burn down Flemyng 's mill before it is up. Aye , why not ? said Iain Logan . Early visitors , she said with a keen look . And I have no water boiled yet for the porridge . We must get on the road at once , said Cameron , still diplomatic , while Menzies longed for a hot drink . Take a bite of cheese with you . Aileen Gillies was all brisk agreement as she wrapped up some food in a cloth and gave it to them while her husband busied himself with laying the fire . Invisible grasshoppers were churring like little birds . When Mary came out , she found him standing still with his back to the sun , looking down the river towards the shady woodlands round Grandtully . He had started out to make a rough count of the houses to be visited and then let his thoughts drift into a reverie of his own old home , the far tropical look of the mountain skyline beyond Loch Arkaig on the rare hot days. Where is the boy gone ? her voice broke in sharply . His rake was here no other sign of him. Three sides of a square surrounded them with high walls and rows of windows . Cameron and Menzies stepped down , staggered , and were supported into the inn . In a brown - panelled room smelling of tobacco they sat on opposite sides of a cold hearth full of cinders , swallowing hot wine and water under the blue eyes of Sergeant Collier , who was looking at them with intent curiosity like a man staring at a two - headed dog in a freak show . If only they had saved us . They should have held solid at the bridge . Aaron the priest was thus the spokesman , even though the authority was that of Moses . ) The temple ritual turned out to be of passing significance to Judaism . In the history of the nation , the temple and its associated ritualism rose and fell , as oppression and persecution ( not to speak of the Israelites ' hot - and - cold religious attitudes ) promoted or denied its expression . By AD 70 , that fateful year of Roman conquest and banishment , the temple had fallen for good , and the classic priestly ritual was no more . Never again , except in the nostalgic hopefulness of a few would the ceremonies be performed ; gone were the offerings , the blood - shedding , the fire and incense , the gorgeous ( and the plain ) robes , and the rest of the sacred imagery which fenced - off God 's otherness from the people and brought them close to him in awe and penitence . Why not give the flowers to the survivors ? She imagined herself turning up at Alan 's bedside with an armful of freesias and went hot all over . Too hot to go back to sleep . She picked a bunch of flowers for Alan once . On his birthday . At least they would n't be bored this year , Sara reflected as she rummaged in the kit . Holidays could be difficult . She sometimes thought that if they went somewhere hot and beachy as most people did the Seychelles , the Maldives , the Caribbean they would spend the whole day swimming or sunbathing . But they had long since agreed that there was nowhere to touch the English countryside . Plus none of that awful hassle at Gatwick . Play chess ? No. We 'd go for long walks and eat hot meals and watch the sunset . We 'd kiss with the wind in our faces . I 'd hold you close and feel your heartbeat . I had a similar problem when I wanted to rout a decorative edge around small components . I could n't hold the component in a sash cramp , itself held in the vice , because the bearing at the base of the router fouled the sash cramp . I eventually solved the problem by two small blobs of hot stick glue which temporarily glued the component to a scrap piece of wood , dimensioned so that the component overhung the scrap all around . The scrap was then clamped in the vice , and the routing was easy . The final procedure was to split off the component from the scrap and clean up. Where possible I allowed the cutter to go through to meet a similar cut . I found the Woodcarver to be an ideal tool for fast removal of waste as well as useful , with care , as a modelling tool . In the softer areas it worked like a hot knife through butter and large areas could be removed , shaped or modelled in an astonishingly short time , in comparison with traditional mallet and gouges . I felt that on this particular piece it did struggle through the heartwood at times , especially on the figure 's right - hand side as this was extremely hard in places , with dense interlocking grain where a branch or branches had formed . It soon became obvious that I was probably pushing the cutter and grinder too hard and had to adjust my force . Wisdon and compassion have been captured in the flick of a chisel . So by now you feel your skills are barely born . This is great for the soul but not so hot for business . This time , business was my purpose . Ahead of me was a chancel screen , a filigree of Gothic tracery . A Raw linseed oil is lighter in colour than the boiled variety but they are both used in wood finishing . Oil polishing is a lengthy and strenuous process which brings out the beauty of the wood like no other finish and imparts a most durable , dull sheen . It is particularly suitable for table tops on account of its ability to withstand accidental spillages and does not blister when hot dishes are placed on it . Either raw or boiled oil may be used . Raw linseed may be better on light coloured woods because its darkening effect is less than boiled oil . Then I retrieved a 251 metal container , with a good - fitting lid , from a skip . I cut two holes int he lid and fitted a couple of turned spigots , using plastic pipe to keep the bore as large as possible . Then I sealed the lid with hot melt glue . The large shavings and heavy stuff drop out in the container while the finer dust goes through to the cleaner . My particular cleaner came with two sizes of suction tube , and experiment has shown that for maximum suck the large diameter pipe must go from the cleaner to the container . Rinse dishes in cold water . Don't wash under a running tap . Repair dripping hot taps . Use the right size pan to cover the burner or ring . Don't over - fill kettles heat just enough water for your needs . CATERING THE 1980s opened with British Transport Hotels ( BTH ) still running around thirty traditional railway hotels ; with its Travellers - Fare wing sprucing up its portfolio of dull , old - fashioned refreshment rooms , and restaurant cars continuing to suffer declining patronage as journey times shortened and eating habits changed . The HSTs had effected one major positive change : an increase in hot snacks in the age of the microwave . The decade ended with the railway hotels not merely privatised but in many cases under second and third owners , generally poorer in standard and distinctly without the nation having benefited ( since they ran at a profit anyway ) , with Travellers - Fare privatised and healthier ( both profitwise and in what they served ) , and with InterCity rethinking the role of the restaurant car and with many chefs still preparing meals on board . It was in station catering , so long the Cinderella , that the changed order of the 1980s made its first mark . Each step can be found in the classical vocabulary . Spring dances lightly and happily with fresh energy in the pale sunlight and soft breezes , with generous ports de bras to greet the dawn . Summer shows all the languor of a hot , breezeless day as the dancer lazily brushes her hand over her brow . Autumn is blown hither and thither by an ever - changing tempestuous wind . Winter sparkles in the frost ( see page 79 ) . In a maltings the grain is allowed to germinate , with roots breaking through the husk of the barley , and is then heated in a kiln to produce a pale or darker malt according to the brewer 's needs . In the brewery the malt is ground into a coarse powder called grist . It is thoroughly mixed in a large vessel called a mash tun with hot pure water . The sugars dissolve into the water and the sweet liquid , called wort , is pumped to a copper . The flowers of the hop plant add bitterness to beer and the oils in the plant also guard against any infections during the brewing process . Fondlers of fresh hops will be acquainted with the sticky oils and resins released from the lipulin glands on hand rubbing . The typical character of fresh hops is pungently rich in floral , spicy and citrus aromas . During normal brewing with leaf hops these flavours are released rapidly into the hot wort and are often appreciated in the vicinity of the brewery during boiling . In addition hops provide bitterness as well as flavour . Bitterness is contributed by chemicals called iso - a acids . Just look at that crack , Graham plotted . Aye , but that ramp to its right , I schemed . Ambitions soon melted under an unseasonally hot sun . Graham led a lovely rib , slabby and clean , though it did n't test our mettle too severely . Indeed the heat and glare were taking a heavier toll , and my head was buzzing . Mechanical , sliding nut devices never seem to have become that popular in Britain . Perhaps it 's just that we do n't have enough of those long , thin granite cracks . Yet climbers appear willing to put an inordinate amount of faith in a long line of brass nuts and then show surprise when they pull like a hot knife through butter . Lowe ball - nuts have been around for a while and they are one of the best devices of this sort that I have used so far . The principle is a simple one . Attach a shallow - seal bath trap to the waste outlet , then connect to the waste pipe by means of a swept - tee 5 The hot and cold water supply pipes can be simple handbendable sections . Bend the pipes to connect each tap tail to the supply pipes 6 Most of the other pups were shipped out to other units and their respective fates are unknown , but Dave and his mates two others based with Dave at RAOC/EFI Headquarters at Claygate , Surrey , and five more still stationed in Germany were determined to hand onto their new recruit . At the end of the Gulf War , British Army authorities announced they would have to destroy all dogs which had been picked up and kept by British units in the war zone , but Dave and his colleagues decided they were n't going to let this cruel fate befall Des . Letters were written ; faxes were sent ; phones rang hot as Dave set the wheels in motion on the mission to rescue Des . That 's where Dogs Today was able to take a hand . We contacted British Airways Flying Pets Club and they kindly agreed to fly Des home . In a notebook , beneath the underlined word tone and NB penned three times , Dostoevsky has written among other jottings summer , dust , mortar ; and in this case the man and the artist are at one . This is that city which readers of Crime and Punishment carry with them for the rest of their lives . The novelist stayed away from stinking petersburg during the unbearably hot summer of 1866 , to avoid his creditors but also on his guard against what he called false inspiration . He relied on his mind 's eye and ear and nose . The result is a townscape of terrible despairing cries which mean , and mean more than , that the drunks are leaving the pubs between two and three o'clock in the morning , the pubs that reek of alcohol and cucumber and fish . Tikhon knows the passage by heart and recites it word for word . Its burden is : I know thy works , that thou art neither hot nor cold : I would that thou wert hot or cold . So then because thou art lukewarm ad neither hot nor cold , I will spew thee out of my mouth . The lukewarm state is of course a biblical and transcendental and authoritative anchoring of indifference . Its burden is : I know thy works , that thou art neither hot nor cold : I would that thou wert hot or cold . So then because thou art lukewarm ad neither hot nor cold , I will spew thee out of my mouth . The lukewarm state is of course a biblical and transcendental and authoritative anchoring of indifference . It isolates and ratifies the reason among so many reasons which Stavrogin himself gives : the disease of indifference . We ca n't win but we must keep trying . Although the electronics industry has changed greatly , possible the greatest change is that very little component level manufacture is done in this country . In general , designers no longer work with a heap of transistors and a hot soldering iron . Systems are build from board level products designed and manufactured somewhere in the Far East . Their assembly into something functional requires the subtle application of a screwdriver allied with a complete grasp of the operating software . Judiciously patting junior on the head when mum is watching may be a useful way of doing it . Dr Chris Barnard works in the Department of Zoology at Nottingham University . Cool solutions for hot climates : David Spark looks at tropical temperature controls for vaccines By DAVID SPARK WHEN smallpox was wiped out by a campaign led by the World Health Organisation , the campaigners were fortunate in that smallpox vaccine remains effective even when stored at relatively uncontrolled temperatures . But once I have passed my test , I am not allowed out on the road without insurance . If such stipulations are made for so mundane a practice as motoring , they would seem to be reasonable precautions for protecting our environment for the rest of time from possible damage by man - made creatures . How hot summers brought us stripped pines : Scientists now believe a dramatic loss of conifer needles which struck West German forests may have been caused by the weather , rather than pollution . Martyn Kelly reports By MARTYN KELLY In 1984 , foresters found that 20 per cent of the Norway spruce in West Germany 's forests had lost more than a quarter of their needles . By 1988 this had dropped to about 15 per cent of spruce , and other species such as pine and fir showed similar improvements . In other words , the symptoms were at their worst during the hot , dry summers of the early Eighties and started to improve in subsequent wet summers . It is , cynics might say , exactly the conclusion one would expect from scientists in the pay of the CEGB . However , Mike Roberts , now director of the Natural Environment Research Council 's Institute of Terrestrial Ecology ( South ) , is quick to point out that acid deposition does exacerbate the problem , in particular by washing magnesium from an already nutrient - poor soil . By JOHN KARTER OIL RICH beats filthy rich every time , but after several years of battling to remain buoyant in the remorseless wake of the Maktoums , Robert Sangster clambered back on to terra firma with his most significant win for a long time in Saturday 's Hoover Fillies ' Mile at Ascot . Silk Slippers enabled Sangster slowly - sinking in the super league of owners to regain a foothold by wearing down the red - hot favourite , Moon Cactus , owned ironically by Sheikh Mohammed , in the dying strides of an event that has become a fertile proving ground for Classic fillies . What a difference a few precious centimetres can make in this game of high stakes . On both her outings Silk Slippers has thrust her attractive nose in front just where it matters and in so doing has established herself not merely as a valuable stud prospect , but an exciting candidate for next year 's 1,000 Guineas and Oaks . In Warsaw , dozens of East Germans were last night waiting in front of the embassy , filling out forms and wondering where they would spend the night . As the East German trains pulled into the border station of Hof the first refugees , many of them in tears , were greeted with cheers , applause and a local youth group singing the Beatles song Let It Be . They were welcomed by government officals , Red Cross teams with hot tea , soup and nappies , and local people with clothes and toys . Doctors had been deeply worried about the 4,000 refugees from Prague , who had been camping in the embassy grounds in squalid conditions , surrounded by ankle - deep mud and sleeping in shifts on the available beds . They were quickly sent on to reception camps . Problems in Japan are blamed for the setback . After a flat opening beers perked up when it became known that August beer production was up 8 per cent and the year 's output had edged 0.6 per cent ahead of last year 's corresponding performance . But many had anticipated far stronger growth following the long hot summer . Environmental engineer Wheway slipped 2p to 142p . Nearly 95 per cent of its one - for - four rights issue was taken up , with Panmure Gordon placing the remainder at 140p . The major setback to profits came in Sears ' footwear division , about 40 per cent of total profits , where the trading surplus fell by almost a quarter to 31.6m . Sales , spanning Curtess , Trueform , Dolcis and Saxone , fell by 1.5 per cent on a store - for - store basis as volume was flat and prices fell . Michael Pickard , chief executive , says that the hot summer weather favoured sales of sporting shoes , where Sears ' footwear division is under - represented . Sales here rose by 18 per cent , and the Miss Selfridge subsidiary also put in a strong performance with a sales gain of 17.5 per cent on a store - for - store comparison . Against that Wallis women 's wear and Horne had a tough half - year while Selfridges , helped by a return of tourism , held up. Only amid the mud and chaos of the West German embassy in Prague did they try to explain where they were going . He still does not quite understand . Civil - defence workers serving hot soup from their mobile kitchens on Hof station have tears streaming down their faces . They are used to all sorts of emergencies , but there has never been anything like this : their own people , prepared to face appalling hardships , possible arrest or even death to get out , arriving exhausted but so happy to be free . Unless your country has been divided too , you just cannot imagine what we feel like , says a middle - aged secretary . By JOHN PIENAAR LABOUR'S hard - left crammed into their Campaign Group meeting . It was hot , and everyone was very cross by the time Tim Peacock from Broxtowe summed up the general consensus : We 've been stuffed , writes John Pienaar . One by one , Tony Benn , Eric Heffer , Audrey Wise and the formidable Joan Maynard dubbed Stalin 's granny by the ungallant right blazed away at the mood of meek obeisance abroad in Brighton . I was a shop steward at Cammell Laird , reminisced Eric . FOR immigrant communities Italians , Jews , and others who have the passion for good , simple food bred into their souls a traditional delicatessen is the centre of the universe . The name of the old homeland may have been wiped off the map , the native Tuscan village may have mutated into Chiantishire , but in London 's Soho or downtown Manhattan , in Glasgow or in East Coast America 's polyglot suburbs , these are the places where history private and collective is still alive . Originally , the deli was an antidote to culture shock , where all the salt , sweet , hot , sharp , garlicky flavours of home could be conjured up between two pieces of bread . Meals were eaten on shop premises noisy , welcoming outposts of the mother country . To post - war generations , the deli has become a way to stay connected , through the taste buds with their roots . There are eight varieties of olives , bulk and bottled , including a Californian one stuffed with jalapeno ; olive oil , most famously Carbonell whose comely wench pictured on the labels must be the emblem of Spanish olive oil in British imaginations , comes in gallon tins rather than fancy little bottles . A wide range of deCecco pasta , among the best of the dried brands , jostles for space on the shelves next to pretty tin boxes of turron , Spanish almond nougat . In the compact bar space at the back of the store you can perch on a stool and eat tapas , sandwiches or a hot meal , washed down with cappuccino or Spanish beer . The Ricots make paella almost every day by popular demand ; the Saturday special is churros ( fried twisted dough ) and a hot cup of chocolate for 1 . ( Linda Sue Park ) La Galicia , 148 Clapham Manor Street , SW4 ( 01 - 622 0599 ) . A wide range of deCecco pasta , among the best of the dried brands , jostles for space on the shelves next to pretty tin boxes of turron , Spanish almond nougat . In the compact bar space at the back of the store you can perch on a stool and eat tapas , sandwiches or a hot meal , washed down with cappuccino or Spanish beer . The Ricots make paella almost every day by popular demand ; the Saturday special is churros ( fried twisted dough ) and a hot cup of chocolate for 1 . ( Linda Sue Park ) La Galicia , 148 Clapham Manor Street , SW4 ( 01 - 622 0599 ) . Open 9am - 7.30pm Mon - Sat. The careful , thorough examination continues : each charge in the pamphlet complained of is brought out and evenly dismissed . Do you have the blood of 70,000 men , women and children on your hands ? Certainly not. The hot - air hand - drier was almost certainly invented by lawyers : instead of the quick , rough efficiency of a towel , you must stand there miming the washing of hands over and over again until the soap has been extracted from every last crevice . This is very much the way in which the law approaches the extraction of the truth , and it is different both from the vivid imprecision of ordinary life and the intimacy of a police interrogation . Above all , the questions to be decided in a libel case stand at a curious tangent to the stories that lead up to them . The best - known is Les Grands Sables , over a mile long and backed by cliffs where the gorse - bushes were explosions of butter - yellow fireworks . On the Cote Sauvage is Port - Donant , where the surf is exciting and sometimes dangerous . It is popular with summer bathers , but at other times the water is cold and the fine sand dotted with jellyfish like complicated hot - weather dishes : semi - transparent yellow - streaked boeuf en daube and deep magenta grape aspic . The central part of the island seemed at first to belong to another and less dramatic world . We passed gently rolling pastures where fat sheep and cows grazed , empty dusty roads edged with white convolvulus and daisies , and fields of grain rippling in the soft wind like beige velvet stroked by an invisible hand . Nowadays the bourgeoisie is more likely to patronise the city 's luxurious food and clothes shops , all housed in the medieval streets . The oldest tavern is the Vlissinghe , of which mention was first made in 1552 , but there are hundreds of little bars and cafes , many of them housed in olde - worlde buildings that have the Americans squealing with delight . Plenty have terraces from which to watch the world go by accompanied by a hot waffle or a glass of beer . There were once 40 breweries in Bruges , and although now there are only two , the choice of Belgian beers is still enormous . One cafe lists 300 . MICKY STEWART , the England manager , gave his son , Alec , a gruelling introduction to cricket on the Indian sub - continent when he put the Surrey wicketkeeper - batsmen along with the rest of the 14 - man England squad - through a three - and - a - half hour training session in temperatures of up to 100F at the National Stadium in Delhi yesterday . Just a short sprint leaves you struggling for breath , said the younger Stewart , on his first tour with England . Can you imagine what it 's like when it 's really hot out here ? England , who have arranged two practice games against local sides later this week , play their first match in the six - team Nehru Trophy against Sri Lanka on Sunday . Australia , India , Pakistan and the West Indies complete the line - up for the one - day competition . The prosecution alleged that the men had been responsible of 222 acts of terrorism which it then reduced to 193 . The defendants admitted 20 , thereby conceding the government 's main case . The trial ground on through the long hot summer in Pretoria . It drew to an end in April 1964 with Mr Mandela 's four - hour speech from the dock , in which he defended the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe and said he had done what he did for the ideal of a free and democratic society , an ideal for which I am prepared to die . The only question was whether they would indeed be executed . Golf : Seve on a road that Jack built From TIM GLOVER at Wentworth LIKE the Burma Road itself , Seve Ballesteros was showing distinct signs of wear and tear after a long , hot season . Manipulating a lump of putty from finger to finger , hand to hand , he looked as if he was auditioning for the lead role in The Caine Mutiny . The air was thick with paranoia as the conversation turned to the perfidious question of appearance money . He came back later to claim another victim and the hosts were dismissed for 126 with 5.2 overs remaining . It was a pleasing performance after just two days practice over here , Micky Stewart , the England manager , said . It gave everyone a good introduction as to what we can expect the weather was hot and the pitch typically flat . The only disappointment for the tourists was captain Graham Gooch 's failure . He fell for eight , bowled by 22 - year - old welfare officer , Srinivasan . The only difference was that the mortar bursts were further away than yesterday , some were even landing in the village . The sniping was still fairly accurate and still concentrated in and around the orchard . Someone brought me a mess tin half full of very hot tea ; it tasted good . Looking down towards the Orne I could see a thick mist over the water and patches of mist hanging over the cornfields . Commandos were now moving about the road in front of the farmhouse . Wakey , wakey ! I sat up , removed the camouflage square from around my head and crawled to the entrance to the trench . Taff thrust a mug of very hot tea into my hands . He appeared to be in a very good mood about something . Morning , Taff , thanks for the tea . How are things at 6 Commando area , Piper ? he enquired , The attack by the Black Watch has not gone too well judging by the number of wounded passing through here ! A flare lit up the sky as Taff was talking , casting eerie shadows among the trees . I got into the trench and opened my tin of soup , pouring the piping hot liquid into a mess tin . You 're right , Taff . The attacking troops are certainly not getting it all their own way and the shelling from both sides is causing casualties in the Commando positions . I gazed upwards and could see a few stars twinkling in the sky , one seemed much brighter than the others . You see that star , Taff See how much brighter it is . I looked at Taff sitting opposite me in the gloom , his hands wrapped around his hot mug of tea , his shoulders hunched forward . He was silent for a few moments , then he raised his head , took a couple of gulps of tea and remarked very slowly , Jesus Christ , Piper , you must be bloody bomb happy ! We are all living in holes in the ground having all kinds of shit thrown at us and all you can talk about is one star being brighter than the others . There was a cry , followed shortly by a pounding of feet past the trench and down through the orchard , then silence , except for a rumble of artillery somewhere in the distance . At 6 a.m. the mortar team started to drum up for breakfast . I waited until the tea was ready then joined them for a warming meal of steak and kidney pudding , followed by a very hot mug of tea into which was placed a measure of Navy rum . Yesterday the spirits and beer ration had reached us ; rum for the Officers and beer for the other ranks , but as we were all involved in the war , everything was shared . As I crouched against the wall which offered some protection against the rain , the mortar team Corporal got up from the grass where he had been sitting and , crossing over to the small pile of H.E. Penny for your thoughts , Piper , the Corporal remarked . Just enjoying the taste of the rum , Corporal , I replied , getting to my feet and swilling out the mess - tins and empty mug as I made my way through the drizzle to my now very muddy slit trench . By noon the rain had stopped and already the trees and grass in the orchard were almost dry as the hot sun shone through the leaves . Hello there , Piper . Fancy a run down to the river Orne to collect some water ? There was no more talking from the Germans , and no more mortaring , the remaining part of the night passed fairly quickly with no further signs of tiredness as we lay and listened . As dawn came up in the sky we made preparations to move back to our own lines , covering our withdrawal and keeping careful watch for any signs of the enemy . After a hot mess - tin full of oxtail soup , I was more than ready to get into any old slit trench to have some desperately needed sleep . As I curled up. in the rear of the trench , wrapped myself in an old Army blanket , I could hear the sound of the German sniping starting up for the day . As my section settled into the straw - filled barn , I dumped the rucksack , and slinging the rifle over my shoulder , went off in search of something to eat , coffee or whatever was going . A few French Commandos were making their way across the farmyard in the direction of a large barn where it appeared that someone was attempting to prepare breakfast . I joined the others with great anticipation , of , possibly , hot coffee , French bread , maybe fried eggs awaited us in the barn . I could certainly smell coffee brewing . All thoughts of tiredness had now gone as I prepared myself for breakfast and quickened my pace towards the barn . Jesus Christ , I thought , to have marched all night , then someone blows up the kitchen ! I was awakened by a French Commando nudging me in the ribs with the toe of his boot . As I looked up at him he placed a steaming hot mess - tin full of what looked like Machonachie stew on the floor of the barn beside me . 'Ere you are , Piper . This is your breakfast , he said with a large grin on his bearded face . But on the hill , crouched against a stone wall which may or may not be providing protection against wind - swept rain , such a dainty arrangement fast loses all its attraction . In such conditions what is needed is something which will fill the hunger gap quickly and with as little movement as possible when passing food through the little Niagara Falls running off the hood of my waterproof deeply envied those astronauts who can squeeze a whole meal into their mouth from a plastic toothpaste tube . Oh how I have longed sometimes to crouch with my head in my rucksack and give myself a squeeze of self - heating steak and kidney pudding , followed by a quick squeeze of hot custard and delicious spotted dick . But it is not just bad weather which takes the gilt off the packed - lunch gingerbread . On those rare days when the weather has run out of rain and the sun has driven away the clouds , the wrong packed lunch can be just as disastrous . We abandoned the moped by a spring where clouds of orange butterflies came to drink the spray . We too drank gratefully . I was now hot so we filled our water bottle and set off up the track towards to skyline . The terrain here was more open , like something out of the Wild West , with deeply eroded crags and ravines . The rest was silence a deep , beautiful silence . My one reservation concerns their performance on wet rock however I 've never found a sole that really grips well on it . The uppers , made of one piece calf leather with leather bellows , well padded tongue and collar , provided the comfort I remembered from the first day . I liked the soft Cambrelle lining which incorporates the new Molto pren ( MTP ) interliner it cushioned my feet without making the boots too hot or sweaty on a warm day . I found the ankle cuff the right height and shape to provide support without restricting my movement . It is slightly cut away at the rear and so does n't put pressure on the Achilles tendon . Even so I did not expect my feet to be trouble - free after using them for the first time on a full day 's hiking in the Purbeck Hills . What impressed me most was the support the boot gave almost like a ski boot but with no compromise of movement or sensation of cramping . The Hydro - Stop leather , designed to improve breathability , was very effective my feet remained dry and not too hot despite serious drenchings . Other features include the attachment design for the Yeti Attak Gaiter and Cambrelle inner lining . Price : 99.95 Material : Hydro - Stop 12 calf leather , Cambrelle lining , Performance Flex Nylon midsole Sizes : 3648 Contact : Berghaus , 34 Dean Street , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 1PG . The Sri Lankan government has moved to try to counter the criticisms of its human rights record . In November , a Presidential Task Force on human rights was set up , consisting of senior figures close to President Premadasa . Its main function , however , appears to be to present a better image of Sri Lanka to the outside world . More promising was the inauguration in January 1991 of a Commission of Enquiry into new cases of disappearance . This Commission consists of five senior members of the judiciary and legal profession . They are capable of assessing modern art in its own terms , partly from experience gained through judging work of other periods within quite different terms . Meyer Schapiro , who had a specialist concern with Romanesque art , was an open - minded historian of this sort . He wrote enthusiastically about the later work of Arshile Gorky : Gorky 's atmosphere , veiling the hard opaque wall of the canvas , evokes a nocturnal void or the vague , unstable image - space of the day - dreaming mind . And he remembered the painter : I used to meet him most often in the museums and galleries fixed in rapt contemplation of pictures with that grave , searching look which was one of the beauties of his face . William J. Ivins was curator of prints at the Metropolitan Museum from 1916 to 1946 . In How Prints Look , first published in 1943 , he wrote an elementary introduction to the appearances ( the outward and visible signs ) of prints , and cautioned that : Most of the time spent over it should be given to looking at its pictures . The caption material under two images reads as follows : In the middle nineteenth century , before photography was in general use , Pilinski of Paris was famous ( and notorious ) for the deceptiveness of his copies of old woodcuts . This is an enlargement from an original fifteenth - century woodcut . On the opposite page is Pilinski 's wood - engraved copy . A successful description of a self - portrait may not be difficult , but an illuminating interpretation may call on many references , especially other artists ' pictures of themselves . What can be deduced from a self - portrait is often controversial ; a critic is especially likely to read into a self - portrait some opinion held about the artist . When , as in the cases of Rembrandt and Van Gogh , there is a whole series of pictures to choose from , books can be written on the self - images of one artist alone . This theme is a useful one for assessing the quality of a critic 's writing , since it tempts the rash into speculation , while an impoverished eye will miss relevant and useful comparisons . A theme where personal psychology is necessarily absent is the Christian subject of the Madonna and Child . As in books on the philosophy of art , or aesthetics , many do not in fact contain any art criticism , in the sense of description , interpretation and judgement of individual works . Their strengths are rather in clearing the ground of preconceived ideas about the arts , and putting new points of view . When works of art are described only those aspects of an image important to the argument are included . It is in this arena that some of the fiercest intellectual fighting about art is taking place , though the contests range wider than the visual arts to politics and economics . For example , Chadwick states : There can be no simple category defined as feminist art history , since the effect of new ideas is that much recent scholarly writing has shifted attention from the categories art and artist to broader issues concerning ideologies of gender , sexuality , and power . A further example of abstract form which is not mere pattern is Tantric art . A Tantric painting or drawing has a spiritual purpose , to assist the user in meditation . As a sound is a mantra , so an image is a yantra , the two used together making a powerful combination for spiritual exercises . A description of a Tantric painting as a linear diagram may seem uninteresting , but then the effect of such a picture is not meant to be pleasure for the eye alone , but for religious use . WAYS OF DESCRIBING There are other ways of description , which may incidentally be employed by a critic , or can be useful to a reader as a check on the validity of a verbal description . In chapter 4 , on monographs , there were some comments on the photography of art as a complement to criticism ; there are some other issues about how accurate or misleading photographs can be . Perhaps this is the more important in the late twentieth century now that this means of image - making is so familiar that some people actually imagine that a photograph shows the world as it is . In truth , the camera is a ruthless editor of visual information ; this can be made plain by looking at a picture , say of the eighteenth century , and comparing it with a contemporary print , perhaps an aquatint , and a modern photograph . The images carry different information . After all , it is an original work in itself . Nevertheless , the differences between painting and print may be instructive , and help the interpretation of both . By other forms of reproduction an image may be more or less degraded , so that nothing can be learnt from them . There remains the courtesy paid by one art to another , as in the poem which Baudelaire suggested might be a high form of critical writing . Or it may be music , as in Mussorgsky 's composition which he entitled Pictures from an Exhibition . The testimonies in the book were obtained mostly from the underlings of the house , led by sly , supportive Bert , a man who was able to take and to give pleasure a fine portrait , which is also a self - portrait , of a second father . Bert 's testimony , and Ilse 's , are probably paramount . The image you give , Fraser tells Ilse , meaning the image she gives of himself as a boy , is one of dependency , extreme docility . It was my natural character , you think , evident from birth . Ilse had been trained in an orphanage , and he then tells her , with a smile : I would n't claim any privilege that an orphan was n't entitled to . Take , for example , the Jewish question as it arises in the novel . Patrick has been hired by an obnoxiously trendy mismated publisher . He labours scornfully for this Simon Giles , faintly comforted by a corner in Classical studies which has been granted him for reasons to do with the firm 's image . Between Patrick and Mrs Giles there flows , or gutters , a current of dreary sexual electricity . He fancies that Simon is Jewish , and that he gives off a slight hot smell . Levi was an author who , without detriment to the other people who figure in his books , wrote all the time about himself , both in autobiographical and in fictional form . The modes which he adopted were such as to license elisions and lacunae , to enable him to leave out bits of his life a procedure which would seem to be connected with his scepticism about what can be known about people by biographers . In Moments of Reprieve he remarks : What the true image of each of us may be in the end is a meaningless question . In The Periodic Table he mentions a woman dear to my heart who was murdered at Auschwitz : but the book on Auschwitz does not discuss his relationship with her . In The Wrench he creates the rigger Faussone , the practical man whose cranes girdle the world and who keeps returning , a little heavy - footed , to the house in Turin where two old aunts fuss over his welfare : Faussone was spoken of as my alter ego , and the book has to struggle to accommodate him as a second person , available for interview by Levi . Action , power , are thought to be contrasted , in Babel 's stories , with learning , devotion , resignation , suffering those Jewish things . His ambivalence is a bespectacled look at the long legs of the divisional commander , which were like girls sheathed to the neck in shining riding - boots . The image summoned by a narrator whose exhausted dreams are filled with girls is like nothing we would ever meet in the literal Levi . But the literal Levi is a writer who has his own way of interesting himself in the contrasts which have been attributed to Babel . Levi was interested in action , purpose , work , and capable of them : and the capacity may have been formed in contention with a desire to withdraw and perhaps to give up. Kelman makes Doyle charming , and it is impossible to read the book without gaining the sense of a fully - developed authorial fellow - feeling . Not that Doyle is n't taxing and maddening too . His consciousness delivers paranoid images of aggression and hostility . He is against racism and sexism , but is capable of reflecting : He was in love with Alison Houston . And he wanted to grab a hold of her . Act 1 , Scene 4 Comment This is a very well known piece , which needs vivacity and spontaneity in presentation ; Mercutio is enjoying himself , weaving his way through a fantastical set of images . The problem lies in sustaining the speech , for Mercutio is a hearty and boisterous character , seemingly at odds with the mischief and delicacy of this speech . Would such a man talk of fairies like this ? I began work on the big glass on 27 July 1967 , wrote Harsnet . Goldberg , images of their last meeting in the narrow entrance of the elegant little Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art dancing in his head , slipped a sheet of A4 into his old Olivetti portable and started to transcribe . I began work on the big glass on 27 July 1967 , he typed . I had been preparing myself for that moment for a long time , he typed , as Harsnet had written . And it has to be said , he wrote , that its opposite , a feeling of elation , equally physical , equally extra - physical , has also been a constant feature of my life , manifesting itself regularly though impossible to predict , a reeling in the chest this time , the chest and perhaps the throat , a feeling of the heart leaping and the blood pumping , it came when I first took up a brush and made a mark on paper , it came when I picked up the first readymade and felt it transformed by that very action , it came when Madge rang to say she could not go on , when Annie wrote to say she was not coming back , when the idea of the glass first popped into my head . So , wrote Harsnet , there is continuity as well as discontinuity , but that does not mean , he wrote , that there exists what is called character , personality , character , Goldberg wrote in the margin , personality , as they seem to think , wrote Harsnet ( and Goldberg went on typing ) , when they say you have such a generous character if you would only recognize it , or you have so much to offer , or it is not for myself I speak but for you , not for myself I mourn but for the waste of all that generosity , when they pour those words over you , character , generosity , warmth , looking sad , shedding tears , putting on a brave face , saying do n't pay any attention to me , or , it 's nothing , forget it , I 'm crying for the waste , meaning waste if it 's not directed towards them , but you have only to see what happens when one lets oneself be persuaded by that sort of thing , wrote Harsnet , you have only to see what happened to Hutchinson , MacMahon , Rollins and Goldberg . Taken in by the image of yourself they present you with , wrote Harsnet , instead of waiting in patience for the beginning , instead of waiting and then beginning , though beginning , having begun , he wrote , is not everything , is far from everything . It is quite possible , he wrote , that it will lead nowhere , even when one has begun at the right time in the right spirit , or at least not at the wrong time , in the wrong spirit , with the wrong plans and having made the wrong preparations , with the wrong tools and the wrong principles , on the wrong surface and with the wrong conception . Though it may well be , he wrote , that one actually achieves more working with the wrong plans and in the wrong spirit , with the wrong tools and the wrong principles , on the wrong surface and with the wrong conception , it may well be , he wrote ( and Goldberg typed ) , that one achieves more than working with the right plans and in the right spirit , with the right tools and the right principles , on the right surface and with the right conception , though right and wrong and more and less are relative concepts and what seems right at one moment to one person may seem wrong at the same moment to another Person or at another moment to the same person , and what seems more to one person at one moment may seem less to another person at the same moment or at another moment to the same person , right , wrong , more , less , relative concepts , scribbled Goldberg , in the margin , panting slightly as he bent over his old Olivetti Portable , there is only the beginning , wrote Harsnet , or rather , there is only having begun , beginning , scribbled Goldberg , aware now of the black stains on his hands left by the felt - tip pen , having begun , there is only the feeling in the pit of the stomach or the feeling in the chest , wrote Harsnet , the feeling of sickness or the feeling of elation , those are not relative , he wrote , those are absolute . 1 lb. onions , 1 lettuce ( cos ) , 1 bag oranges , 1 Pack sugar , 1 pack salt . Projection of another dimension or dimensions as when the sun breaks through a cloud and washing - up powder , launderette , what else was Jacob 's ladder ? he wrote , and Goldberg , staring at his friend 's manuscript all those years later , typed that in and put a little question mark in the margin of his typescript . Before 1500 possible to put ladder into image , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , no longer so now . Shadow of ladder yes , ladder no. Dali 's error . The density of the glass , he wrote . The intractability of the glass . Have to get to grips with what this does to the image . Its refusal to respond , as canvas and paper respond . Tried projecting negative of Bride from holograph enlarger , he wrote , but image thin and weak where I want it strong ( though indeterminate ) . Where is the image ? Where is the surface ? What is the status of the image ? Shadow of another reality ? Not imitation of shadow . Leave to Goldberg and Pizzetti , Moss and McGrindle . And Goldberg in his pad : N.B . his almost pathological need to denigrate critics and criticism . The image of the critic as scape - goat in post - Romantic art , wrote Goldberg . Keats . Wordsworth at Cambridge . As in Protevangelium ; And I looked up into the pole of the heavens and saw it standing still , and the fowls of the heavens without motion And of a sudden all things moved onward in their course . Every image , of its nature , he wrote , freezes the world . For centuries we have tried to pretend that this was not the case . We cannot , with the coming of moving film , go on with this pretence . Moving at best , but too often tricksy . How though to get sense of whole world pausing , before moving on ? Impossible if you think of painting as image of piece of world . But if you think of it as model of whole world , as great cathedrals were said to be , or physicists ' models today ? Marcus , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) . The choice is to ignore this or to draw attention to it . I cannot ignore it . So I have chosen to make an image of the failure of cause to relate to effect . Delay in glass is delay in life , he wrote . Fatal delay , he wrote . Exactly the same battlelines , with exactly the same watchwords and against much the same enemies , now urgently need to be drawn up to save the traditional British pub . An old - fashioned , romanticised image of the pub is common fodder for our national nostalgia industry . Cosy images of thatched country inns abound on glossy book covers . Christmas cards , chocolate boxes and tourist literature , proclaiming a timeless tradition that is supposed to be the envy of the world . Too often , though , myth and reality part company outside the door , behind the roses and the last flailing morris dancer . Director Roger Pomphrey 's documentary crew filmed UB40 at home in Brum and followed them down to London with their families and friends . Once at Finsbury Park , the cameras caught them at the sound check , in interviews , backstage , and relaxing before the gig . Uniting music and image , this unusual concert film provides insight into the staging of the event , the comments of the fans and the band . Featuring many of their greatest hits , the film captures the Brummie Band at their best , before an audience of around 35,000 eager fans . Brian Travers Associates are proud to show the world premiere of this new film in UB40 's home town at the Birmingham Film and Television Festival . It should not be despised , Bombay talkies , any more than Mizoguchi despised the melodrama he took from the Kabuki theatre . On the contrary , it offers great possibilities . Here too , Ghatak made use of Jung in his thinking about popular culture , looking for ways of using psychoanalytic concepts , unconscious motifs and images , in order to affect the audience at a deeper , less conscious level than most committed film . At the same time , Ghatak believed in experiment , in the need for an experimental cinema . He was interested in the work of Norman MacLaren , the Surrealists , Godard . In extreme cases anthropologists have found such a role impossible to live with , for the field situation was beyond their previous imaginations . Castenada ( 1970 ) , for example , found he was dealing with new events and totally new ways of understanding . As a result , he necessarily developed a new self - image , and took on a new social personality in the process . In Castenada 's case , he enters a world so different that he comes to accept reality itself as nothing but a social construct , with effects so devastating that ethnography becomes mysticism ( Goward 1984 : 90 ) . For Jeanne Favret - Saada ( 1980 ) , who set out to study witchcraft in the French Bocage , the only means of moving in on the discourse she hoped to understand was to become part of it . Just as the white - coated doctors in hospitals symbolize the clean and purifying nature of the healer , so the dark uniform of the police symbolizes not just the force identity , but also the presence of the avenger , who purifies through retribution rather than by cure . It is the marker of force and hence continues to sustain the continuing paradox of police force police service which remains unresolved , on which I will say more later in relation to the role of women police officers . The dark uniform we wore had a military cap with polished brim , and in our fashioned tunics of soft serge and shiny boots we presented an avenging image , clothed in the symbolic colour of death and darkness . Black is a light absorbent , non - reflective colour and most suitable for controllers who operate with a degree of social anonymity , upholding the rule of law and the abstractions of the legal system . In such a world , individuality is never a prized characteristic , and an attempt in the early 1980s to remove the one remaining individualizing feature the shoulder numeral or collar number was correctly rejected by civilians as a structural move towards an even greater anonymity . In such a world , individuality is never a prized characteristic , and an attempt in the early 1980s to remove the one remaining individualizing feature the shoulder numeral or collar number was correctly rejected by civilians as a structural move towards an even greater anonymity . As Reiner ( 1980 ) suggested , the riot gear in which the police are increasingly seen , with shields , visored helmets , knee - length boots , and flame - proof overalls , enhances their avenging appearance . I suspect it is no accident the politics of the times seems to parallel the growing toughness of the police image , or that the police have taken on an increasing resemblance to the black - clothed enemies of goodness who sprinkle the popular science fantasy films such as Star Wars , Superman , and the like . In these mass cultural replays of the eternal dichotomy between good and evil , the use of highly symbolic black uniforms as an indicator of anonymous evil predominates . Within the separate police forces , the nuances of uniform difference were always embroidered by real polises to produce symbolic boundaries from which to assess other uniform wearers . It always comes out different anyway . OK , said Marina , this is my version of psychoanalysis . Self - image and so on . Come on , boys and girls , drink up. They moved into a circle . Look at a particular point on the wall in front of you and try to relax . Breathe slowly and rhythmically , pressing the tip of your tongue against the back of your upper front teeth . Select a relaxing image , such as a sparkling brook or a restless ocean . Try to hear the sound of the water , feel its wetness against your skin and visualise its restless movement . If you concentrate hard enough , your mental activity will slow down. But surely it was right to warn the people , to make them feel their plight . It was a time for fierce tactics , not for scruples . But the scruples would spawn in his head , giving a cynical taint to his image of himself . He sighed tiredly , as though he had been working for a full day with stone and timber , and tried to listen to James Menzies , who was well away , drinking whisky with Allan and simmering with the news from the west , where the lists had been torn down from the church doors at Fortingall and Kenmore , and from Blair Atholl : the Duke 's factor had had to meet a crowd of more than a thousand and the Duke had signed a paper swearing not to impose the Act . James seemed in a fever . The fewer also to provide food . How to balance out these factors ? Their eyes followed thy bird as its image shrank and lost itself in space . All around them the shoulders of the hills were browned by the fading of the heather , dulled by the weakening sunshine , their expanses turned dusty - blank as though a great grinding had sifted down on them , decades of labour and hardship , and left them blinded . A desert , Menzies thought , a wilderness where you might just manage to survive for forty days and forty nights , especially if there was an angel at hand to minister to you . No good to say that Strathtay was not ready for them . If they had said this about the Paris workmen , Louis would still be on the throne Through all the turnings of his thoughts one image dogged him Colberg 's face , so sharply carved , his eyes a wee bit slanting at the corners , his nostrils cut on a long shallow curve , his forehead not rounded but angled above the glossy black hairs at the outside ends of his eyebrows . A professional cavalier , who enjoyed excelling at the game of soldiering , who gave his orders with the perfect authority of a corps whose drills have been tempered by a score of successful wars , a hundred victories , a million unsung deaths . They prepared Cameron for his appearance in the High Court of Justiciary by one final interview , a dry recapitulation of what had been said before , with the slightest of hints that it would go well for him if he divulged something about the United Scotsmen , who evidently still preyed on their minds . Leonard Cohen is a man of medium height , five - feet , eight - inches ( 173 cm ) ; lean , with a rugged , world - weary face . He looks like a man who should be heavier than he is , and one soon realises that an iron discipline keeps it that way . He enjoys his food and wine , but disallows its enjoyment to distort the image which is important chiefly to himself , and then to his public . He is frequently described as having the stoop of an ageing crop - picker and the face of a curious little boy which may have been true 30 years ago , but now belongs to the discard - tray with other caricatures : caricatures , as Oscar Wilde observed , are compliments that mediocrity pays to genius . Greying a little at the temples , Leonard unconsciously confirms why he is labelled one of Canada 's sexiest men , a handsome and elegant man with dark eyes ( they are said to be green , but that never showed in the light of Montreal , nor in its wintry sunshine ) . from now on he was an enthusiastic convert ; a propagandist , indeed . WORD AS DISCOVERY Poetry is images wrapped up in rhythm . Sir Stephen Spender The poem is the place where occasions are exhausted , where opportunities are used up. Omitting his radical change of direction ( i.e. of subject ) in his second year , it represents a demand of surrealist proportions , especially when one considers that alongside these he was reading French , Latin , Mathematics , Philosophy and History . His task , one of unending and heady excitement , was now well and truly under way ! Little wonder that he sometimes gave the impression of inattentiveness in class ; he was inebriated in a world of letters , engulfed by an avalanche of ideas and images , forms and metres , essays and critiques : a fast - changing , provocative kaleidoscope which took his already well - stocked and fertile mind to fresh heights . Paradise it was not ; but at least it resembled something like its antechamber . He plunged himself into all this and more , avidly reading everything that came his way ; especially poetry , and not least Spanish , Chinese and Japanese poets in translation , but chiefly that of Federico Garia Lorca and W.B. Yeats , of whom he mused , I loved Yeats ; his connections ( such an important code - word with Leonard ! ) his rhythms . Layton described the four things which stand out in Leonard , which give him the confidence to work as he does , and promote his work : The strong tradition of learning ; the business entrepreneurship of his family ; the broad philanthropy/charity which hall - marked it ; and , lastly , the self - awareness that comes from being a Cohen not understood as class - distinction , but from the high symbolism of the priest and his role . This latter is particularly interesting . It was raised by Dudek in somewhat different form when he said that Leonard always had an image of himself as a rabbi . We are talking of two very perceptive men whose mtier is perception ; and their recollection of Leonard at this young age , his late teenage years . Layton put it somewhat differently when he added that the two great qualities a young writer has are his arrogance and inexperience , and on another occasion he picked out the twin characteristics of precocity and independence . He , like his uncles , was a Cohen , with a rank and a calling . But , for all their excellence , he did not like , he could not agree with , what he saw . His self - image and his idealism were being threatened at the anvil of reality . He continued : No , his uncles were not grave enough . For her intelligence , beauty and charm he had the highest admiration ; it evoked a poem Party At Hydra : For Marianne . She was the sort of woman to evoke poems , from Leonard not least , and lastingly . The spice - box is delectable in its fragrance , Chagallian in its rich mixture of images and responses . As Leonard expressed it in the poem which in title and texture counterbalances the title of the book : Out of the land of heaven Down comes the warm Sabbath sun . As I shall explain in the next section , this earlier privileging of intellect was intimately connected with resistance to nominalism , and , in the seventeenth century nominalism triumphed . The emphasis on the mentality and immateriality of sense experience was associated with the denial that there was anything special about intellect . Even whilst developing the modern immaterialist notion of consciousness , the eighteenth - century empiricists and others were attacking the dignity of intellect and assimilating it to sensory activity by treating thoughts as mere images . As well as being a defence of mind , therefore , the early modern philosophy , through its nominalism , was also an attack on it . And , in certain important respects , the general form of this attack is preserved in contemporary physicalist theories . ( See the discussions of these developments elsewhere in this book , particularly Chapters 4 and 7 . ) And it has led to the introduction of new technologies for the direct investigation of the relationships between brain , behaviour and external events , the subject of the present chapter . Most current procedures for recording the electrical activity of the brain , or producing radiographic images of the living human brain , or investigating the accuracy and timing of behaviour are dependent on computing capacity which was not available twenty years ago. But many of the techniques which computers are enabling us to exploit are not new . By 1875 , the Liverpool physiologist Richard Caton had detected tiny fluctuations in voltages present on the surface of the brains or scalps of monkeys , cats and rabbits . So again , laboratory techniques were affording scientists a glimpse of their subjects ' mental lives . The brain is not only an electrical machine , it also has a physical and chemical structure and these too are now being monitored in the living brain . By using computers to integrate the information from a large number of different viewpoints round the skull , it is possible to visualize the appearance of a slice through the brain and build up a full three - dimensional image . The viewing medium can be X - rays , as in computerized tomographic ( CT ) scans ; magnetic resonance of atomic nuclei , as in nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) scans ; or emission from radioactively labelled substances incorporated into the structure of nerve cells as in positron emission tomographic ( PET ) scans . These obviously have considerable clinical value for localizing and identifying areas of brain abnormality , but they also enable areas of activity in the normally functioning brain to be pictured . The viewing medium can be X - rays , as in computerized tomographic ( CT ) scans ; magnetic resonance of atomic nuclei , as in nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) scans ; or emission from radioactively labelled substances incorporated into the structure of nerve cells as in positron emission tomographic ( PET ) scans . These obviously have considerable clinical value for localizing and identifying areas of brain abnormality , but they also enable areas of activity in the normally functioning brain to be pictured . The resolution of these pictures is still relatively coarse and they produce only a stationary image at a single moment in time . Nevertheless , they have demonstrated activity in the visual areas during an imaging task , in the language areas during a verbal task and even , on one - occasion , in the higher visual areas of a schizophrenic patient who subsequently reported that he had been hallucinating . Remarkable as these observations are , they are currently only confirming what was known already about localization within the brain . She lay on her bed for hours leading righteous riots of millhands against languid tophatted fops or hardfaced bowlerhatted men of iron and steel . Harriet , she regrets softly , I 've no answer for you . Harriet , your cornfield 's the spit image of the one at home . She remembers the way the sun would sink down as the combine sliced out the last ranks of the wheat . Rabbits would dash out of their losing darkness , and the village boys would chase them with sticks and yells , careful not to get in front of the two who had the guns . She feels imperialized , that everything familiar to her is being disturbed , the peace is being disturbed , and that our ways of telling ( form ) and what we have to tell ( content ) are simply not something that should be on an agenda of any kind . Which is interesting because here the three of us are , thinking about what it means to belong somewhere , what it might mean to belong to this idea called theatre . And we are discovering that we are not interested in exploring the finer points of alienation with tea cuppery , but that the theatre can be a bridge of bone between sickness and health that our language will somehow always be on the edge of poetry and that image and metaphor are our natural tools they best express whole worlds and histories in collision with each other. Why do n't you just talk straight - Madam Mosely sucks a mint with vigour . When the Kurd talks to his mother in Teheran from the telephone in the common room , he can hear bullets being shot just outside her front door , and we hear him tell her to take the phone away from the window . When it was time for them to go , she rolled up the carpet full of soil and put it in her bedroom . Later on she taught her grand - daughter how to sew , how to make tripe , and she taught her politics . Annie , now in her thirties , talks about what being working class means in terms of self - image and worth . Of how there are no accurate contemporary representations of her life , only this heritage stuff about happy agricultural labourers with straws in their mouths , or chirpy cockneys eating winkles . She says she needs to gather up , in her post - modern skirt , all the creative , affirmative , intellectual parts of her childhood ; she needs to know how her folk survived , and when she looks for them in England , on TV , at the theatre , in art galleries , in advertising , they 're invisible . When questioned about the contradictions between his enormous lecture fees and his supposed interest in the disenfranchised , Aveling replied , Well , it 's English you know , quite English . When Eleanor left , the Statue of Liberty had just been unveiled in New York harbour . Icon for future paperweights , imitation foam tiaras , and torches covered with foam flames , an image to be printed on bumper stickers , T - shirts and sweatpants , some of which , through donations , will find themselves passed out by evangelical missionaries in Central America one hundred years after the unveiling . But in 1886 , when Eleanor Marx sailed back to England , the statue was a symbol in its infancy , a giant thing , a gift from France , constructed in parts and shipped across the Atlantic . If you walk east from the Telephone Bar and Grill , you arrive at the block where Eleanor Marx stayed when she came to New York . WHAT PRICE THE FUTURE ? by John Parsons ( Daily Telegraph ) Seldom has Philippe Chatrier , a man renowned for his forthright views , especially whenever he has felt the advancement or the image of tennis was at risk , been quite so outspokenly blunt , as in his final Presidential newsletter he issued before ending his 14 year reign in charge ( which referred to in last month 's column ) at The International Tennis Federation . The focus of what could be seen as a heartfelt cry for commercial sanity to be restored to the sport centred upon one simple but now all - consuming issue money ! Make no mistake , he warns , money is now a cancer in the game . My grandfather had always taken a keen interest in my work , and I had an equal admiration of the stories of his time spent in Burma during the Second World War . Therefore it seemed fitting that as a tribute to him and his comrades I produce a sculpture with this tool . The strongest image I got from his stories and subsequent research was of the oppressive jungle and heat in which the soldiers fought . They given the colloquial name of Chindit . Particular units who operated for long periods at a time in the jungle became so adept in their surroundings they became known as Green Ghosts . Marketing too underwent a revolution ; old names the Tournament at Paddington , the Golden Frame at Sheffield were out , while in came the snappy new Quicksnack or Station Tavern that proudly proclaimed a new image nationwide . Everywhere , too , customers were finding much nicer things to eat . Sandwiches nearly 7 million sold on stations in 1985 lost their curly image ; the new order was Tuna Cucumber , Salami Coleslaw , or BLT bacon , lettuce and tomato . The immediate success of these fillings , and the brown bread they came in , reflected John Bull 's broadening palate . As the 1980s progressed , seasoned travellers observed that the offerings of railway stations , airports and motorway service areas were growing more and more alike . An even more exciting development was TrailerTrain , comprising a specially profiled road trailer which could be loaded on to railway bogies , again without the need for fixed equipment at the transfer location . Finally , one of the best kept secrets of the decade until its unveiling in 1988 was the Redland self - discharge aggregates train , a permanently coupled set of hopper wagons with a conveyor belt running underneath and a special unloading vehicle at one end . Railfreight Petroleum 's new image . Refurbished Class 37/7 No 37888 Petrolea passes Stratford with the 09.22 MicheldeverRipple Lane empty tank train on 3 November 1988 . The highcapacity wagons would be worked to one of the refineries at Thames Haven . All brewers use the female hop but lager brewers want seedless ones while ale producers need fertilised varieties with their more robust and earthy bitterness . English Hops is now busily developing the export trade and is helping growers to produce seedless varieties which means waging war on the hapless and horny male hop . YOU'VE got to get rid of the males , David Gardner said with such fierce determination that he conjured up an image of concentration camps for male hops in remote parts of Kent . It 's no good one neighbour trying to grow seedless if next door his neighbour has seeded hops blowing pollen over the fence . But before you rush to form the Male Hop Liberation Front , the little devil is still much in demand . Some shots , particularly the front and rear covers of the book , are quite stunning . But others are less impressive and I wonder how and why they made it through to the final selection . The chapter on Annapurna contains several images which I felt were well below the overall standard . Perhaps they have lost something in the printing , but the reader will never know . If you are looking for a picture book on Nepal for a present or a memento of a trip then this is certainly as good as , if not better than , many of its rivals . The various viewpoints and their approach walks are entertainingly described in the author 's competent , easy to read style and contain anecdotes , useful information about the legends , history and geology of the area along with other fascinating disclosures . The lengths of the outings varies from a gentle stroll to long mountain days , details of which are shown on maps in the now familiar pen and ink style of Mark Richards . The inclusion of John Cleare 's name on the book cover usually guarantees quality photographs , and the colour and atmospheric black and white images were no disappointment . Let 's face it , it 's usually good photographs that attract walkers to a specific place and often convey far more than words can . After seeing the picture of Scafell Massif taken in evening sunshine from the summit of Yewbarrow , I could n't help wishing I 'd been there . And recall Kafka on incidental madness in Dostoevsky ; it 's not just the children whom Svidrigailov terrifies . ) Raskolnikov is not with us either , but in the novel 's final text he could not have done or said any of the things I have just mentioned . Even his way of throwing his money about , what he has of it , is immediately distinguishable from Svidrigailov 's , while with both of them money is the very image of merely imputed and therefore reversible value in a loose - end world : You to the right and I to the left , or the other way round if you like . Cocooned in false - Napoleonic narcissism he reads about his own deed in the newspapers . He goes in for a sort of hall - of - mirrors self - impersonation , telling people how he would have done the murder if he had done it ( which he has ) . She has done something , something on a different plane from making a toy church or pipping a social rival at the post or committing a mindless atrocity . Her actions are unquestionably deedy ; they bear no theoretical burden , unlike Kirillov 's suicide ; they run deeper while she is on the job than the paper person in her , and they make a rigid , final opposing of the profane midwife and the God - seeking husband academic and quite inadequate to the novel . Nor does it get us anywhere to learn from Anna Dostoevsky 's Memoirs that the story of the frantic Shatov , where phrasing seems inevitable and images unsought it does n't help to be told by the novelist 's widow that these flawless pages lean heavily on his own behaviour while their first child was being born . It 's all a question of what a writer can use , what the work in hand will let him use . For example , there 's a minor character in The Possessed , a quarrelsome eccentric lady , and she believes Lake Geneva gives people toothache . The team , led by Professor Michael Rowan - Robinson of Queen Mary and Westfield College , University of London , includes astronomers from Cambridge , Oxford and Durham Universities as well as QMW , and from Caltech , Pasadena and Charlottesville , Virginia . They discovered the object with the UK 's 4.2m William Herchel telescope ( WHT ) on La Palma in The Canaries on the last night of a 40 - night observing campaign , studying very faint sources detected by the IRAS infrared astronomical satellite with optical ground - based telescopes . Subsequently the team obtained images of this mysterious object with the 200in Mt Palomar telescope and the WHT . It was slightly fuzzy and presumably a distant galaxy . The spectrum was that of a very distant galaxy with redshift of 2.3 ( spectral lines shifted in wavelengths towards the red by 230 % ) . Obviously there is a price to be paid in holding the liquid helium temperatures . But the group is convinced that it is only a matter of time before someone discovers superconducting semiconductors that will work at the economically viable temperatures of liquid nitrogen . Optical image of IRAS F10214+4724 taken with the Mt Palomar telescope . Ellipse shows the estimated location of the infrared source . F if the high redshift galaxy . To save or transfer drawings made on cad systems ; To save or transfer images from computer art systems , scanners , or acquired from a camera ; To control advanced printers ; A high - level approach , sometimes referred to as a drawing description or vector file , or meta file ; A low - level approach based upon the pixel information used to display a digital image , sometimes referred to as bit mapped , raster based , or image file . Drawing description files The main application of these files is in cad . This is exactly the kind of picture which we might want to save from a screen paintbrush job ; lovely blends of colour , subtle shades and shapes , and not a straight line anywhere . Images captured from TV , sent back from space , or more prosaically produced by a document scanner , are likely to fall into the same category . For this type of picture the bit image file comes into its own . The picture is written to file in terms of pixels , individual spots of light or ink which , in suitably large numbers , create the picture . In some cases a bit image is little more than a memory dump of video ram . For this type of picture the bit image file comes into its own . The picture is written to file in terms of pixels , individual spots of light or ink which , in suitably large numbers , create the picture . In some cases a bit image is little more than a memory dump of video ram . Video ram like most memory , is usually organised in 8 - bit wide words , or bytes , but interpreted in a bit oriented manner . Fig. 4 shows the first few bytes of video ram , with addresses running from the base address upwards . This is illustrated in Fig. 6 , showing typical mapping from the start of the four bit plane base addresses and the first line of pixels on the screen . The main body of a bit image file consists of data bytes with bit mapping similar to figs 3 to 5 . Bit image files normally have a fixed format header giving general information about the file and its format . One way to handle different bit mapping schemes is to include in the header details such as the number of bit planes , bits per pixel , pixels per scan line , and the number of scan lines . This low level pixel oriented approach obviously makes sense for complex images with no formal structure , such as budgerigars . Bit image files normally have a fixed format header giving general information about the file and its format . One way to handle different bit mapping schemes is to include in the header details such as the number of bit planes , bits per pixel , pixels per scan line , and the number of scan lines . This low level pixel oriented approach obviously makes sense for complex images with no formal structure , such as budgerigars . It does , however , have its drawbacks . One is length . Since data compression relies on redundancy in the information to be compressed , performance is affected by the nature of the data . There are various methods which can be used for computer files ( see box Getting quarts into pint pots ) . Run Length Limitation ( RLL ) is probably the most common for bit image files , although the LZW algorithm is also in use . In the future , compression using techniques from digital TV , or based on fractal theory , could become important . Another problem is compatibility . In the future , compression using techniques from digital TV , or based on fractal theory , could become important . Another problem is compatibility . While a cad transfer file can describe objects with the accuracy of floating point numbers , a bit image file is restricted to a digitising process . Far from being device neutral , the image file is usually coded in a way which reflects the device which first produced it . How should it handle transfers between different resolutions ? Another problem is compatibility . While a cad transfer file can describe objects with the accuracy of floating point numbers , a bit image file is restricted to a digitising process . Far from being device neutral , the image file is usually coded in a way which reflects the device which first produced it . How should it handle transfers between different resolutions ? At first sight the obvious answer might be to convert all images to some enormously high resolution which would satisfy any possible requirement . Far from being device neutral , the image file is usually coded in a way which reflects the device which first produced it . How should it handle transfers between different resolutions ? At first sight the obvious answer might be to convert all images to some enormously high resolution which would satisfy any possible requirement . Mature reflection say two seconds makes this less attractive . However high you choose this super resolution , the day will come when it 's not enough . However high you choose this super resolution , the day will come when it 's not enough . Another point is that it would make most bit image files far longer than necessary . The best scheme , by far , is to do what is normally done , ie . , write a bit image file in terms of the resolution available at the time it is created . If you want to display it on a device with different resolution , you have the following options : If you want to display it on a device with different resolution , you have the following options : If the new resolution is greater than the original , you can show your entire image at its original resolution in part of your new display device , ie . , in a window of it . If you want to , you can expand it to fill the complete display by using a suitable expansion algorithm . If the new resolution is less than the original , you can show part of the original at full resolution , and pan it around if appropriate , or compress it to make it all visible . In any case , keep the original bit image file . It represents all of the available picture information , and no surplus information . Remember that any compressed or expanded version of a bit image will contain distortions of the original , however , intelligent the algorithms used . In any case , keep the original bit image file . It represents all of the available picture information , and no surplus information . Remember that any compressed or expanded version of a bit image will contain distortions of the original , however , intelligent the algorithms used . Examples of bit image file formats are : It represents all of the available picture information , and no surplus information . Remember that any compressed or expanded version of a bit image will contain distortions of the original , however , intelligent the algorithms used . Examples of bit image file formats are : Paintbrush/Frieze PCX format : Paintbrush is a screen drawing programme from Zsoft , and Frieze is a terminate - stay - resident utility which can be used by other applications to capture a screen to a. PCX file . I can find Frieze invaluable for capturing graphical output from number crunching software . The PCX format starts with a 128 byte header giving various general details , including bits/pixel , the number of bit planes , and the size of the image in pixels . This is followed by the binary pixel data , compressed with bit oriented Run Length Limitation coding ( see box ) . Bit Image ( IMG ) format : this is used by the GEM system . The header information includes the physical size of each pixel , in microns , thus linking the image firmly to its original representation . The binary pixel information is compressed by RLL coding which can define repetitions of a single bit value , or of a repeated bit pattern . Tag Image File Format ( TIFF ) ( file extension . TIF . ) This was developed by the Aldus Corporation and Microsoft particularly for images obtaining from scanning devices , and is widely used in desk top publishing . It is supported by many scanner manufacturers , and can in some cases be produced from fax . It is also supported by a number of screen based graphics applications . It is supported by many scanner manufacturers , and can in some cases be produced from fax . It is also supported by a number of screen based graphics applications . The format has a tree like structure which provides more flexibility than most bit image files , and a powerful range of alternative compression methods . Other bit image formats are GIF , which uses LZW compression and is widely used for clip art ; PIC , which is used by the Halo screen art programme ; and CUT , which uses the enhanced small disk drive RLL compression algorithm . Colour and dithering It is also supported by a number of screen based graphics applications . The format has a tree like structure which provides more flexibility than most bit image files , and a powerful range of alternative compression methods . Other bit image formats are GIF , which uses LZW compression and is widely used for clip art ; PIC , which is used by the Halo screen art programme ; and CUT , which uses the enhanced small disk drive RLL compression algorithm . Colour and dithering Like video ram most graphics files support colour by , in effect , indexing into a look up table . Like video ram most graphics files support colour by , in effect , indexing into a look up table . If a drawing description file refers to COLOUR 1 , the actual colour will be whatever colour 1 is set to . Similarly , if a 16 colour bit image file format refers to red , green , blue and intensity planes , this will only be true of the default palette settings . However , it is quite common for graphics files to allow a colour table to be included , thus defining the palette . A 16 colour PCX file header , for example , includes a 48 byte colour table . A 16 colour PCX file header , for example , includes a 48 byte colour table . Each colour is defined by 3 bytes , one for each of the primary additive colours , red , green and blue . Most printers are monochrome , but the often have a higher resolution than bit image date . Thus they can convert colour to a grey scale by a process called dithering . Although each printer pixel can normally be only black or white , a grey scale can be produced by varying the proportion of black to white dots . They need to be . The modern printer is normally a bit - mapped device with a wide range of facilities . Before printing a page , the printer 's processor assembles a complete bit mapped image into its memory . Like other graphics , fonts can be described in a high level manner , or as bit mapped images . Those stored in high level form are called outline or stroked fonts , and scale much more gracefully than bit image fonts , particularly to large sizes . Before printing a page , the printer 's processor assembles a complete bit mapped image into its memory . Like other graphics , fonts can be described in a high level manner , or as bit mapped images . Those stored in high level form are called outline or stroked fonts , and scale much more gracefully than bit image fonts , particularly to large sizes . A pixel addressable printer can obviously reproduce a bit mapped image , and page description formats have developed to allow this . A special escape sequence defines a rectangular area of the page and then introduces a block of pixel data , very similar in principle to a bit image file . Like other graphics , fonts can be described in a high level manner , or as bit mapped images . Those stored in high level form are called outline or stroked fonts , and scale much more gracefully than bit image fonts , particularly to large sizes . A pixel addressable printer can obviously reproduce a bit mapped image , and page description formats have developed to allow this . A special escape sequence defines a rectangular area of the page and then introduces a block of pixel data , very similar in principle to a bit image file . The pixel data may be in 8 - bit binary words , but it is common for them to be 7 - bit binary words , to preserve the capability of 7 - bit transmission or coded as ascii hex characters , ie . , 09 and a - f , thus also preserving printability . Those stored in high level form are called outline or stroked fonts , and scale much more gracefully than bit image fonts , particularly to large sizes . A pixel addressable printer can obviously reproduce a bit mapped image , and page description formats have developed to allow this . A special escape sequence defines a rectangular area of the page and then introduces a block of pixel data , very similar in principle to a bit image file . The pixel data may be in 8 - bit binary words , but it is common for them to be 7 - bit binary words , to preserve the capability of 7 - bit transmission or coded as ascii hex characters , ie . , 09 and a - f , thus also preserving printability . Such a bit image blocks are not normally compressed , and anyone using graphics in a document is familiar with the time it takes to load the printer . A special escape sequence defines a rectangular area of the page and then introduces a block of pixel data , very similar in principle to a bit image file . The pixel data may be in 8 - bit binary words , but it is common for them to be 7 - bit binary words , to preserve the capability of 7 - bit transmission or coded as ascii hex characters , ie . , 09 and a - f , thus also preserving printability . Such a bit image blocks are not normally compressed , and anyone using graphics in a document is familiar with the time it takes to load the printer . A similar process can be used to download soft fonts , which means that a bit mapped printer can be programmed to handle any font , including fonts designed by the user . The flexibility of such printers makes desk top publishing possible , and can also internationalise computer printout with non Latin fonts , such as Japanese characters . When wider bandwidth networking became available , the ability to move graphical information quickly around a network brought the cental multi user processor concept into the wimps era , and this has required clearly defined standards for the Graphical User Interface ( GUI ) . One such standard is the X Window system , developed by an industry collaboration group and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . It is largely based on the bit image approach , and assumes a resolution of around 100 pixels per inch , which could become a limitation in the future . However , X is very widely supported , and is associated with the Unix operating system and the move to open standards in the IT industry . A competitor to X is Sun Microsystem 's Network extensible Window System ( NeWS ) which in some ways is technicalsuperior . Eagleton 's Althusserian phase of the mid - 1970s was strongly attacked by a Marxist academic , Kiernan Ryan , who has since taken issue with another Marxist , Alan Sinfield , on the extent to which the great literary works of the past can transcend the reactionary ideologies that produced them . Sinfield believed that they were often irredeemably tainted by ideology , at best to be read only in historical terms , or subject to symptomatic readings , seeking the fractures and fissures in the mystified surface of the text that showed the true ideological conditions in which it was produced . Against this , Ryan advanced the humanistic belief that the major canonical texts are not inherently reactionary , and that they contain implicit images and models of human freedom which transcend their immediate historical context and which later readers can respond to . This is an interestingly eclectic argument which recalls Gadamer on the fusion of horizons ( the reader 's and the text 's ) , Marcuse on the utopian possibilities of high culture , and Sartre on the necessarily progressive implications of major literature . Ryan represents a kind of Marxism that non - Marxists might do business with , in the sense that one can make a rational engagement with it . The real problem is that the writers of such texts may make political difficulties within a department , or teach in ways difficult for students to understand . Again , English departments can be unhelpful about participating in schemes for training academics how to teach , claiming that teaching literature is less easily defined and methodologized than teaching engineering or economics . At a time when a good public image is essential for universities , English is unable to explain itself in ways immediately intelligible to the outsider , is notoriously riven with doubts and disagreements that prevent it from having a shared sense of purpose , and may at intervals erupt into crises that attract the wrong sort of publicity . It is time , it is thought , for English to organize itself in ways that make it more like a proper academic discipline , with clear procedures and goals . The adjacent social sciences provide the model for a genuine professionalism and accountability . It still seems to me that the acting critics of poesy are for the most part incapable of looking for more than one thing at a time , having got started about 1913 ( I mean a few of em got started about 1913 and a lot have started since ) to look for a certain plainness and directness of speech and simple order of words ; and having about 1918 got started looking for Mr Eliot 's rather more fragile system ( a system excellent for Mr Eliot but not very much use to any one else ) , they now limit their criticism to inquiring whether or no verse conforms to one or other of these manners , thereby often omitting to notice fundamentals , or qualities as important as verbal directness and even more important than snap . The meaning of snap in relation to Eliot 's rather more fragile system is at this date , I suppose , irrecoverable ; but the general drift of these remarks is clear . And this is not the only place in The Exile where Pound shows himself restive inside the image of himself that had been built up among initiates by his propaganda of fifteen years before , when he had taken over imagism and championed Ford Madox Ford 's ideas about a diction for poetry that should be plain and direct . At the end of this same issue of The Exile there appears from Pound a page headed Desideria : Quite simply : I want a new civilization . It is n't a lack of the amorous , perhaps , so much as it is a completely different sense of the amorous to that which post - Christian man contains , to that which the likes of Duncan , say , or myself may feel . Of the likes of Bill W. ? I am struck by the image of fire in Paterson . Maybe fire is the opposite principle to light , and comes to the use of those who do not go the way of light . Fire has to consume to give off its light . Ezra provided me with a standard ; and gingered me into an attempt to train towards it . Certainly it is the Pound of the London years , who had profited from Ford Madox Ford 's pronouncements on diction , that Phyllis Bottome must have had in mind when she wrote : The concrete image , unruffled by an adjective , was a thing Ezra would willingly have died for . Rhetoric was a thing he would gladly have murdered ; and he had already carried out his theory of honest thinking at the expense of considerable financial and perhaps emotional sacrifices . His passionate and austere sincerity acted like a torch upon the young intellectuals of his day . In fact the original eighteen poems of the Hardy sequence , ( in the Collected Poems of 1919 , he damagingly extended it by three extra pieces ) tell a story of the poet 's pilgrimage to his and Emma 's early haunts , matching the stages of the journey there and back to specific stages of Aeneas 's journey , in Aeneid 6 , to the abode of the blest . It thus represents , on the part of the supposedly non - modernist Hardy , a stratagem often taken to be definitively modernist : the use of an ancient fable to structure and resonate with a twentieth - century narrative , as the Odyssey structures and resonates with James Joyce 's Ulysses . Yet so firmly established is the image of Hardy as a rustic provincial that Virgil rates not a single entry in the index to J.O . Bailey 's 700 - page Poetry of Thomas Hardy , A Handbook and Commentary , ( University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , 1970 ) . Hardy undoubtedly read Virgil in the original ; yet we know that long before he taught himself Latin his remarkable mother gave him ( on his eighth birthday ) a copy of Dryden 's translation of the Aeneid . His mocking of his opponent , Lord Home , served not only to challenge the competence of the Establishment but equally to advertise the superior competence of Harold Wilson . Wilson said it all when he said after half a century of democratic advance , the whole process has ground to a halt with a fourteenth earl . He tagged the Tories with a grouse moor image and mocked Home for his matchbox economics . He used language , the politician 's only weapon , to build a momentum for change sufficient to carry Labour to power on a modernising platform . Here in Brighton this week reams of revisionism are being pulped through the decision - making process of the Labour Party conference , loads of ideological lumber jettisoned as Labour endeavours to meet the challenge and make the change . By the end of this week we shall know what the Labour Party no longer stands for , such as unilateral nuclear disarmament and full - scale nationalisation ; but what , in essence , does it stand for ? If it did not exist , would anyone trouble to invent it at a time when , from the Atlantic to the Urals , socialism in all its manifestations is losing the argument to liberal capitalism ? For we should not become too carried away by Labour 's changed face and tone of voice , nor too dazzled by the Peter Mandelson image - conjuring . The party may have put on a collar and tie but it is still the Labour Party , prone to its old reflexes ( as it reminded us yesterday on defence spending ) , prisoner still of its anachronistic structure , its mind set in 100 years of working - class history . Listening to the first day 's proceedings , I found myself not transported into the future so much as revisiting the past . The report says Mr Zappala 's experience along with his civic activities make him an ideal candidate for the US embassy . Spaniards and many diplomats may think otherwise . Gentler salute President FW de Klerk 's government is very keen to present a modern progressive image , to dispel any nagging doubts the rest of the world may harbour about what a deeply repulsive ideology apartheid really is . In line with this cosmetic policy , out went the sjambok , the rhino - hide whip used by police . As another step in this direction , the South African army is toning down its salute from the existing bellicose method of raising the entire arm above the shoulder . Mike Ward , the shelter 's manager , said birds covered in oil became waterlogged and were unable to fly , but the biggest danger was that they could be poisoned . Esso said a veterinary surgeon was also standing by . Grotesque and tragic images of the embryo overshadow debate : The pro - life lobby is to launch its biggest campaign to limit abortion . Sarah Helm profiles a leading group By SARAH HELM 62 Kenway Rd Earl 's Ct From 9 Oct , to 21 Oct. NICOLA JACOBS GALLERY First British show for the New York artist Marilyn Minter . Like Warhol and Lichtenstein , she draws objects , images and motifs from popular culture and advertising . Her sensual work addresses sexual stereotyping in mass and high culture . 9 Cork St W1 ( 437 3868 ) From tomorrow , 4th , to 4 Nov. Unused to internal democracy , party members continue to vote as their leadership obviously wishes them to vote . The plenum agreed a date for the 11th party congress , on 27 January , and called for elections for congress delegates under new democratic rules . The congress , which will be attended by up to 2,000 delegates , is intended to re - make the Party in a European image , as Party spokesman Jan Bisztyga has said . Leaving behind their Stalinist - era organisation and programme , Poland 's Communists want to become a left - wing parliamentary party capable of winning elections . If we remain in unity for three months then we will win the battle , said Mr Bisztyga at a briefing before yesterday 's Central Committee plenum . There was also uncertainty among experts as to whether it belonged to Picasso 's Blue or Pink period . It is now revealed to be Blue period but one of the last paintings of this series . It already uses the harlequin image which is characteristic of the Pink period paintings . The harlequin is enamoured of a young dancer who has been forced to marry the proprietor of the troupe . She sits at the marriage banquet , apparently in a cafe , and the harlequin has just presented her with a bouquet . That so - called soft subjects like health are now valid areas of inquiry and sport merits better and more detailed coverage has now been realised . The colour - printing facility , initially to be used only for advertising , may be used to produce a weekend leisure colour supplement early next year . I do n't believe in the fatal decline of the written word , says Mr Fontaine , but we are competing all the time not so much against television , because the screen image and the printed word complement each other , as against magazines , and against the time people spend getting to work and then their leisure time against music and the cinema . Not all the Le Monde journalists support the change , which is the result of two years ' market research and several dummy editions . A professional designer , Jean Bayle , with a track record for breathing new life into tired titles , was hired but the changes he favoured were deemed rather too radical and , in the end as is often the case on Le Monde where the staff hold a significant stake in the company the consensus view prevailed . Racing : Haines takes reins for sweet surgery By JOHN KARTER , Racing Correspondent THE much - maligned men of the Jockey Club have found a sugar daddy to boost their image with a little cosmetic surgery . That has been the typically cynical reaction to the appointment of Christopher Haines , a high - flyer from the sugar industry , as the Club 's first ever chief executive . Constructive criticism is a healthy thing , particularly where a self - electing body like the Jockey Club is concerned . Introducing Wired , his biography of John Belushi , Bob Woodward recalls how the rigours of research involved going to bed early so as to rise at 4am to visit one of the comedian 's favourite watering holes . Annotated , logged and indexed , his book scarcely illuminated Belushi 's demons , or the system that supposedly destroyed him. But it did summon up the delicious image of the straitlaced reporter gingerly dipping his toe , notebook in hand , into the showbiz underworld . The film of Wired ( 18 ) features Woodward ( J T Walsh ) as straight man to the podgy comedian , but though subtitled the laughs and times of John Belushi , it is woefully short on the former component . While the book charted his passage through Chicago , New York and finally Los Angeles , it largely skips the first two circles of hell . As the part requires an actor of substantial proportions , the obvious choice would be someone like John Candy or John Goodman ( of David Byrne 's True Stories and Channel Four 's Roseanne ) though he may be simply too nice to play Ignatius , and is anyway busy perfecting his bowling technique for his upcoming appearance as Fred in the live - action version of The Flintstones . From a slightly more elevated plane of cinematic endeavour comes news to warm the heart of Woody Allen . Ingmar Bergman , who for some years now has been insistent that Fanny and Alexander was his farewell to the moving image , has decided to stage a come - back with a project called The Good Will . Set in Uppsala at the beginning of the century , it tells the story of Bergman 's parents , and will be made for two different formats : as a four - part series for televsion , and as two feature films for cinemas . Unfortunately , Bergman has decided not to direct his own script , but has instead put it in the hands of the Danish director Bille August , who made Pelle the Conquerer , which won last year 's Palme d'Or at Cannes and which Bergman is rumoured to like so much that he has already seen it six times . Mr Bush has been having trouble with his speed , no doubt about it . After nine months in office he still is uncertain whether to go fast or slow on any issue from the Russians to oil slicks . The result is a presidency with an image of blandness much different from the glitzy campaign Mr Bush waged to win the White House from Michael Dukakis who , it is worth remarking , is governor of the speedy state of Massachusetts . But it could be that President Bush is aware of this , and it could be that things are about to change because of the return to Washington this week of one Sig Rogich . This untypically flashy Icelander , who has lived most of his life in Las Vegas , and worked on Mr Bush 's election campaign , has recently been in charge of polishing the images of Frank Sinatra and Donald Trump , the New York city real estate person . The result is a presidency with an image of blandness much different from the glitzy campaign Mr Bush waged to win the White House from Michael Dukakis who , it is worth remarking , is governor of the speedy state of Massachusetts . But it could be that President Bush is aware of this , and it could be that things are about to change because of the return to Washington this week of one Sig Rogich . This untypically flashy Icelander , who has lived most of his life in Las Vegas , and worked on Mr Bush 's election campaign , has recently been in charge of polishing the images of Frank Sinatra and Donald Trump , the New York city real estate person . No one ever accused Old Blue Eyes or Mr Trump of being behind the times . Supposedly , Mr Rogich arrived in the White House yesterday to re - style the President 's image ; to bring back razzmatazz to what he calls the beautiful people in the Bush cabinet . Zuglo , a mish - mash of high - rise estates , factories and prosperous suburbia , is the archetypal average district which usually reflects national opinion . But while the verdict of party members there was inconclusive , more than 80 per cent of them supported moves to abolish the present hierarchical structure which distinguishes communist parties from their Western counterparts . An overwhelming majority were also in favour of the mixed economy , suggesting that the reformers are opposed not because of their policies , but because of their image . The most sensitive issue facing congress delegates is the future of the party after next year 's elections . Mr Pozsgay wants the party to leave the factories and to allow managers to manage . Many East Germans say that , though they themselves do not want to leave , there is almost universal resentment at the official lies and the unbending attitudes of the authorities , who , by cancelling visa - free travel to Czechoslovakia this week , made it even more difficult to escape what one person called our cage . East Germany 's first organised opposition group , New Forum , its aims far from radical by comparison with those now being voiced in Poland and Hungary , was established last month even as the mass exodus began . Jens Reich , one of its founders , said yesterday : There is much anger that the reality and the portrayed image are so different . I think we have been silent too long , we 've tolerated too much for too long . He said that support for the opposition was growing , but many were still afraid not surprisingly , as opposition leaders have already had officially - inspired warnings that , when the weekend 's official jubilation is over , there could be a new clampdown . Even the minor characterisations in this book bristle with prickly detail ; the narrator 's unloved Aunt Mildred had a powdered look , like her own strudel ; Wolfe , one of Billy 's ghost - writers , builds up his reputation as a weirdo nihilist . He wants to become the Thomas Mann of science fiction . This dry contempt strolls out even when its target is invisible : the narrator telephones the Fonsteins ' house years after they have lost contact and is answered by a young man , on whom he forms an immediate image a thick head of hair , a beer paunch , a T - shirt with a logo or slogan . Act Up was a popular one . The conversation which follows is the last in the book , and the weakest , too , a stagey means of imparting some crucial news for Bellow to fulminate against all that is rotten and cynical in American youth . Cupid 's sights are being realigned from the Third Market to the USM and the company is aiming to add more strings to its bow through a placing of 660,000 shares at 125p each , raising 825,000 . Shares in the manufacturer of bridal wear and nursery products , which only made its debut on the Third Market a year ago via a placing at 100p , stand at 136p . Column Eight : The RBS tailors its image By SIMON PINCOMBE The Royal Bank of Scotland has probably guaranteed itself a future recruitment crisis with the introduction of a range of designer wear for staff . By JAMES RUPPERT FROM this month , all new cars submitted for British type approval , the test which allows them to be legally sold in the UK , must be able to run on lead - free petrol . As a result of this rule , and many carefully orchestrated publicity campaigns , the motor industry 's image has now changed from polluter to pal of the earth . If you can afford an environmentally friendly G - registered runabout , then the flora , fauna and children of the British Isles will have a lot to thank you for . But if you have a tight budget and a conscience , running older cars on lead - free fuel becomes a much more complicated issue . They are mixing Islamic art from the Middle East with Indian and South - East Asian . The sales combine items of charm at fairly accessible prices with some rare treasures aimed at big - time collectors . Homely Persian pottery of the twelfth to thirteenth century combines animal and bird images with sinuous plant motifs and marks the beginning of lustre wares ; they are mostly priced in the 500 to 1,000 range and rate high on charm . The Iznik pottery from Turkey dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth century explodes with colour on more sophisticated white grounds ; Iznik is now highly sought after by Turkish yuppies and prices run from 2,000 or so to 15,000 . Both houses combine elegant early metalwares ( twelfth/thirteenth century ) , bronze vessels with silver inlay which are expensive with nineteenth - century imitations , more flashy but in the mid - hundreds . They do not make the distinction between an image on canvas or panel and one on paper which seems so obvious indeed axiomatic to Europeans . They are aware of the fact that some of the greatest of their own artists Hokusai , for instance , and Hiroshige made print - making a primary creating medium . Japanese collectors also value the psychological security offered by the multiple image to like exactly what other collectors like seems to them a good and reassuring thing . The way the market in prints moves is very much governed by developments in Japanese taste . The first generation of collectors was very conservative , said Mr Osborne . Billingsgate is a good place for cheap fish , he says . There is a need for fish that has been on the market a couple of days. It is not the image which people like you want to know about , but it is true . The British like cheap food . Nicholas Roe concluded our conversation rather surprisingly by saying : Billingsgate is a really tough environment , you work long hours and grow old quickly . Ministers prepare to attack myth of new Labour image By COLIN BROWN , Political Correspondent A TWO - PRONGED counter - offensive is to be launched next week against Labour at the Conservative Party conference by Cabinet ministers , with a series of announcements and an attempt to explode the myth of Labour 's new image . Ministers will also be seeking to lift sagging Tory morale , by offering assurances on a range of issues , which promise to make this one of the most difficult annual conferences the party leadership has faced since Margaret Thatcher came to office . While the Labour conference was taking place the Prime Minister had a trial run with the televising of Parliament . Party leaders aim to lift sagging morale by attacking Labour 's successful conference week as a public relations exercise masterminded by Peter Mandelson , the party 's director of campaigns and communications . Ministers will insist that , despite the image management , the party remains dominated by the left . Nicholas Ridley , Secretary of State for Trade and Industry , will open the attack on Neil Kinnock , the Labour leader today with a warning that the party could revert to its left - wing image , if it were elected . Kenneth Clarke , Secretary of State for Health , will offer reassurances on the changes to the National Health Service , with a strong defence of the policies for allowing hospitals to opt out , establishing an internal market and giving GPs practice budgets . Michael Heseltine , the former Secretary of State for Defence , is the voters ' favourite to succeed Mrs Thatcher , according to an opinion poll published in The Daily Telegraph today . Toshack has wasted no time in putting his stamp on the side , moving the West German midfielder Bernd Schuster to libero , Michel from the right flank to central midfield , and giving the striker Emilio Butragueno a slightly withdrawn role . And those with their ears to the dressing - room wall have yet to report rumbles . Toshack has taken pains to play down the hard - man image he brought from San Sebastian , swearing that the extra training ordered after the poor performance at Castellon was not a punishment . While Real are unbeaten , the relative honeymoon will continue for a man whom the late Bill Shankly , with characteristic caution , once said was destined to become the top manager in the game . Toshack 's admiration for Shankly , who signed him for Liverpool from Cardiff in 1970 , is unquestionably deep : still the overwhelming influence on his career . All of Who life was here , the progression from R'n'B ( 'I 'm a Man ' through pop ( 'I Can See For Miles ' ) and pretension ( 'The Overture ' from Tommy ) to Dinosaur Rock ( 'Sister Disco ' . At least a third of it could have been cheerfuly excised : the highlights from Tommy , for instance , merely served to show how few there were ; and there was a serious lapse of taste in resurrecting their Laughing Gnome , Boris the Spider ( presumably performed to give nice John Entwistle his turn in the spotlight ) . But , against a huge backcloth of mod images , bold arrows and No Entry signs and Union Jacks , beautifully executed songs like Can't Explain ' Substitute and Magic Bus served to remind us how innovative a songwriter Townshend could be . The three best moments of his career were , appropriately , the concert highlights : Won't Get Fooled Again ' 5.15 and , despite the easy jokes , My Generation , whose lyrics still have some pertinence even when sung by a 45 year old . By the encore the chubby middle - aged chap in front of me , like many in the hall , had lost all touch with decorum , and , during Summertime Blues was standing on his seat , windmilling his arms over the strings of his air guitar . From PETER PRINGLE in Washington AS THE post - mortem into the failed coup in Panama continued yesterday , it emerged that President Bush had approved an order to the US commander in the Canal Zone to remove General Manuel Noriega using covert forces , but the coup fizzled out before the order could be executed . The debate is now focused on what the United States will do next time , if anything , to fulfil its declared policy of getting rid of General Noriega and avoid an image of timidity and indecisiveness when the chance comes . In a television interview , James Baker , the Secretary of State , said the Panama commander , General Maxwell Thurman , had been sent an order last Tuesday morning , the day of the coup , requiring him to seize General Noriega if there were an opportunity to do so without risking American life and without open military involvement , then he was free to go ahead . The order was , in effect , an authorisation to plan a seizure , not to carry it out . As far as the administration is concerned , the debate over what to do next is governed to a large extent by what the American people say they are prepared to sacrifice to force General Noriega to retire or return to the United States to answer drug trafficking charges . The polls show that about 70 per cent of American troops do not want to risk the lives of American troops to achieve such goals . On the other hand , the administration is also fighting the return of the president 's wimp image , which is being revived by the criticism from Capitol Hill . Argentina : Menem attacked on amnesty decision By COLIN HARDING But Rock Santeiro , which takes its name from a steamy Brazilian TV soap opera that delighted viewers throughout Portugal 's former African colonies , sits on a rubbish dump on the northern edge of Luanda , the capital of Angola . And in Angola , ruled since independence in 1975 by the Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , such free markets are illegal , officially anyway . Many visitors to Luanda leave with the image of a dead city , where large glass windows in state - run shops reveal mostly empty shelves , where sewage too often runs through the streets there 's a cholera epidemic now where the state has had to hire a private firm which imported Filipino lorry drivers to clean up a decade 's worth of rubbish . ( They have not yet succeeded . ) The 14 - year - old civil war between the government and Jonas Savimbi 's Unita rebels has brought about the collapse of the oil - rich Angolan economy , the story goes , and turned Luanda , once called the Rio de Janeiro of Africa , into one of the continent 's dirtiest capitals . Video workshop held at National Museum of Photography , Film and Television By HELEN HAGUE , Labour Correspondent A video image of Dale Kunzler , 10 , from Todmorden , West Yorkshire , is projected upside down on a screen behind him during a video workshop at the Let 's Make A Film Festival held at the National Museum of Photography , Film and Television in Bradford at the weekend . About 1,500 young people attended the event . Anxiety grows over integrity of statistics It is not just statistics that are involved , it is also research and information generally , he said . Informed public discussion of potentially controversial issues is being inhibited . The fact that the RSS is even considering a proposal for an independent watchdog is interpreted by academics and scientists as highly significant , as the organisation typically projects a reserved and conservative image . Until now , at least publicly , the society has played down the level of anxiety ; it has resisted taking any action that could be seen as anti - government . Privately , a number of distinguished members have decided that measures are needed because of a growing perception , nationally and internationally , that the integrity of official statistics was being eroded . The example of the installation at Edinburgh has led to several million dollars ' worth of business which , according to Meiko , would have been much harder to obtain without a such a proof of cost - effectiveness . What this power has meant to the scientific and industrial users involved in the ECSP was made apparent during the project 's second annual seminar last month . Applications ranging from molecular sequencing ( an important tool in bio - engineering ) to modelling oil reservoirs , image processing and high - energy physics were described . Modern science is critically dependent on high - performance computing ; studies of the world 's changing climate , structural engineering , and medical imaging simply could not have progressed to their present state without access to the sort of computing power that can only be provided by parallel machines . Much funding for the ECSP has been raised from industry . Trevor Brooking , that most mild - mannered of radio reporters was heard to utter the word awful on air . When he says something is awful , rest assured it is . Howard Wilkinson is rebuilding Leeds in the image of the kick - and - rush monster he created at Sheffield Wednesday . Worse still , the new Leeds are as sly and provocative as Don Revie 's sides , with none of the skills which made them the Liverpool of the Seventies . It must be added that they were the better team , had the outstanding individual in Gordon Strachan and deserved the victory procured by a touch of finesse which could have Vinny Jones drummed out of the cloggers ' union . Tory leaders hope to sell softer image By ANTHONY BEVINS , Political Editor MINISTERS HAVE opened a concerted campaign to sell a softer government image in a belated attempt to pre - empt rank - and - file revolt at this week 's Conservative conference in Blackpool . Kenneth Baker , the party chairman , said yesterday that Cabinet ministers would play a stronger role in government than they had done over the last decade , and there would have to be public spending increases in the 1990s to pay for an improved quality of life . He also said Nigel Lawson , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , had made a mistake when he pumped too much money into the economy after the 1987 stock market crash . The supernatural is as numbed as the natural : equipped with microphone headsets and miniature televisions , the witches are played as suave technocrats , moving among humanity with invisible malice , sometimes doubling as murderers . Only in the language spoken with clarity throughout , especially by Simon Tyrrell as Macbeth , and Peter Granger - Taylor as Ross does any slight consolation remain . Across ashen , unredeemable scenes , Shakespeare 's words resound with redoubled force and humanity ; they sound almost ironic , in their fruitless reaching towards the images and emotions which have drained away from a soulless , monochrome universe . There are times when this universe seems excessively , even arbitrarily , bleak . Like Peter Brook 's Endgame - inspired King Lear in the Sixties , this Macbeth takes the risk of narrowing the play 's potential dramatic range in order to create a particular emphasis . Pearl 's share price stands at 648p as hopes mount in the market that the Australian 's interest will flush out a more determined bidder which will offer more . Pearl has the unenviable reputation of being one of the more sleepy members within a sector not noted for a dynamic approach . Founded in 1864 , the group has maintained its image as a typical home service company , with a mixture of ordinary and industrial branch life business and general insurance business sold through a field force of up to 6,500 individuals , second only in terms of size to the Prudential 's of more than 12,000 . As a home service company , or so called industrial life insurer , it has specialised in arranging policies and collecting premiums on a door - to - door basis , with its sales force collecting small amounts of money on comparatively small life insurance policies . These policies have , in many cases , been taken out by individuals on low incomes merely to provide for the cost of funeral expenses . Coupled with desperately needed new construction , such as the cross - rail proposals , these existing routes could be made to really work for us at a fraction of the cost of new road - building , and with minimal land encroachment , pollution or disturbance to the environment . Labour 's radical plans are to be welcomed for the vision they bring of the kind of urban public transport that is more or less taken for granted in western Europe . In the race to present the greenest image in advance of the next election , the present government may find it prudent to revise its view that Britain cannot afford such luxuries . Letter : Official statistics From Professor B. W. SILVERMAN At a news conference later yesterday he declined to speculate about a cancer cure . That 's an imponderable at the moment , he said . Certainly we have a better image of what 's wrong with the cancer cell at the moment . In France meanwhile , Dominique Stehelin , a director of research for the National Centre for Scientific Research at the Pasteur Institute in Lille , said he should have shared in the prize . Dr Stehelin said he worked for Dr Bishop and Dr Varmus in their San Francisco laboratory between 1972 and 1975 , and was the principal signer of the first article in the scientific magazine Nature , in 1976 , that said a cancer virus was causing cancer by means of a gene it had captured from normal cells . Government legal service seeks bright new image By PATRICIA WYNN DAVIES , Legal Correspondent THE ATTORNEY GENERAL , Sir Patrick Mayhew QC , embarked on a campaign yesterday to rid the government legal service of its dull image with the launch of a recruitment brochure and training scheme aimed at attracting the best graduates . Adopting techniques long employed by the solicitors ' profession , the brochure sets out personal accounts of government legal work by serving lawyers . Sir Patrick said the brochure had a dual aim : to show potential recruits that government legal work was responsible and worthwhile ; and to dispel the notion that the service was for lawyers who had not made it in other parts of the profession . The beautiful blue groundwash is so sensuously placid and dreamlike ( almost aquatic ) , and the simple but elegant forms and lines animate the scene , producing in me a state of quiet limbo . I prefer to retain my initial response to this as an abstract work , although I realise that Miro and his fellow Surrealists were strongly opposed to the abstract movement . He was influenced by the leading French poets of his time : images seem drawn from Apollinaire 's play , Les Mamelles de Tiresias , including the large white form dominating the left of the canvas which , according to Miro , is a horse . Should we just enjoy the things that touch us in a painting or should it spur us on to learn more ? I know that I will continue to get great pleasure from simply looking at this beautiful image . Sky may do better than most people think , but it will not turn into another Fox , breaking even in its second year . The launch of BSB , still scheduled for next spring , will be the true test of the Sky formula , while an advertising downturn would take away some of the very good margin the UK papers enjoy , especially The Sunday Times which is operating in an increasingly competitive Sunday market . The Murdoch image has also taken a knock with the failure of Media Partners , when investors proved unwilling to back his management style . News Corp must be hoping that the sins of the son are not visited on the father . View from City Road : Water holds hidden perils Hamburg enjoys an extremely high level of film subsidy - approximately 6 million a year , or three times the sum available in Britain . This generosity is , it seems , partly due to regional rivalry . Hamburg 's local government had seen the results of generous film funding in Berlin : the city became attractive to film - makers , work came pouring in and attractive or interesting images of Berlin were sent around the world . Hamburg 's decision to follow suit looks like a shining opportunity for venturesome British outfits , but there are snags . Subsidies are granted only on the agreement that a set percentage of any budget must be spent in Hamburg . THE GOVERNMENT will spend more than 1bn before the next general election to take the sting out of the poll tax . More than half the extra money announced at the Conservative Party conference yesterday by David Hunt , the local government minister will be spent in 1991/2 , the last full financial year before the election . The announcement , coming alongside the announcement of a major green White Paper next year , signalled a clear decision by the Prime Minister to smooth the rough edges of Tory image and policy in the pre - election period . Conference representatives responded with evident relief . The extra cash , however , will only partly soften the impact of the introduction of the poll tax next year . Second - hand soul , funky horns , wandering blues - style vocals , all derivative life is here . The band , made up of sophisticated London rich boys , never really looked happy as teen heart - throbs . So perhaps their disappearance was a brave bid to shake off that old image ( two years is long enough to be forgotten in teen land ) and appeal to a broader church . Brave , but probably mistaken : even teen success is better than no success at all . l IAN McCULLOCH Candleland ( WEA UK : WX303C ) Ian McCulloch was the most memorable thing about Echo And The Bunnymen , the Liverpool acid revivalists of the early Eighties ( acid as in Syd Barrett , psychedelia and funny oily slides put over the spotlights , rather than mega - profitable discos in aircraft hangars and gate - crashing visits from the uniformed branch ) . Without proof that money was paid into an account controlled by Mr Gandhi , there is little doubt that the Prime Minister will be able to continue resisting calls for his resignation . But the steady drip of disclosures , which appears certain to continue right up to the general election later this year , could yet prove fatal to the Congress ( I ) Party 's chances of remaining in power . Mr Gandhi may not have been personally involved in the Bofors contract , but his government 's clumsy efforts to keep the case under wraps have smacked of guilt , and the Prime Minister 's Mr Clean image of five years ago has all but been destroyed by the scandal . Shared adversity unites old Communist enemies : Andrew Higgins , in Peking , examines why East Germany and China are blaming the West for their youth 's disenchantment with communism From ANDREW HIGGINS in Peking They cannot imagine him as a Prime Minister , and they cannot imagine that the British public can be persuaded to elect him to that post . They forget that many people once felt that way about Margaret Thatcher . Conservatives are foolishly lulling themselves with their own rhetoric if they think that the reformed Labour Party is an image - makers ' fantasy . The change will not endure another election defeat ; if Labour loses next time the party will probably tear apart . But it will survive right up to polling day and , if Labour wins , far beyond . We have sown the seeds , but we have failed to reap the harvest . If we are going to win , and win again , we must be as vigorous in promoting our cause as the Labour Party. Simon Lee , of Stratford - upon - Avon , said that although the party machine was getting a little bit tired , every member should accept their share of the blame for recent dents to the party image . But dozens of representatives shouted Yes when he recalled the European election campaign and asked them : Can any of us say in all honesty that we did everything we could ? Much of the blame for their slide in popularity could be attributed to Cabinet ministers arguing over their official residences , and backbench Tory MPs taking an independent line to further their own political careers . Mr Heseltine obviously has that potential . In both camps , there was agreement that an orderly succession with the Conservatives faring well would tend to favour Mr Baker . A narrow election victory , or a defeat , could spur a change of image and direction to the advantage of Mr Heseltine . Some Baker supporters , and those backing John Major , Tom King and Michael Portillo , a long - term , right - wing long shot , dismissed Mr Heseltine 's claim with equal vigour . Time and again , his resignation during the Westland affair was held against him. In future , he said , there wo n't be the same reference points , the same vocabulary , the same diction , the same touchstones . Ah well , they are refurbishing plenty of other things besides the buildings and the language . They are planning a 100 per cent digital phone system that will enable voice images and data to be carried on the line . It will be linked to videophones , picture mail , teletext and home banking . Is British Telecom itemising the bills back there yet ? Mr Kinnock exploited political and City tensions over sterling yesterday with a call for the Government to enter immediate negotiations to become a full member of the European Monetary System . John Smith , Labour 's Treasury spokesman , is to tour a number of European capitals next week to hammer out the party 's terms of entry . But the gaps in Mrs Thatcher 's address reflected her own standing instruction to Cabinet colleagues : to calm down the Government 's confrontational image . That message , and yesterday 's speech , contrast sharply with previous conference speeches in which the Prime Minister insisted that there could be no let - up in the long Thatcherite march . Nevertheless , she did give outright support to the stand taken by the Chancellor of the Exchequer . It is stories like these which help to protect Easton 's policemen and women from the loss of morale which Manning claims is an inevitable result of the contradiction between the image the police have of themselves and their work and the low - key nature of practical policing ( Manning 1977 : 349 ; also see Holdaway 1983 , 1988 , who makes a similar point ) . The conceptualizations of police work that are found in Easton not only fit what is known of police forces elsewhere , they parallel the portrayal of policing in the wider culture . The image of policing gleaned from police programmes on British and American television and in films is very much how Easton 's police see themselves , as others have commented with respect to police forces elsewhere ( Holdaway 1983 : 147 ; Hurd 1979 ; Klockars 1983 ; Morris and Heal 1981 ; Tuska 1979 ) . The popularity of these programmes among the section police in Easton is both cause and effect of the evaluations they make of their work . The excitement , suspense , and danger which seems the lot of the police on celluloid feeds into the definitions many of Easton 's section police give to their work experience , and the supposed similarity of this experience leads them to see police films and television programmes as an accurate portrayal , to be watched avidly because of this shared world . Those policemen who have racist views are faced with problems when the hero on celluloid is black , but when discussing such an instance , one policeman expressed his dislike for blacks but still found the film brilliant ( FN 9/10/87 , p. 57 ) . More importantly , this imagery affects the demeanour of these macho men when dealing with the public . Sensitivity to public relations is not a quality which accompanies the Rambo self - image , and sergeants sometimes avoid placing the policemen who live out this imagery in situations where their insensitivity can damage public perceptions of the police . Various studies have shown that the public evaluate the police in terms of the attitude the police show them when they are victims in need of police help ( for example , Jones 1983 ; Maguire 1982 ; Shapland 1982 ; Southgate and Ekblom 1984 ) . It is not always possible for low - ranking officers to anticipate the situations which Action Men need to avoid , and some instances were observed where the aggressive manner of the policeman acted as a form of amplification of deviance ( Young 1971 ) , transforming a minor situation into big crime . Moving on loitering youths is a policing situation ripe for such amplification , as other research has shown ( Southgate and Ekblom 1986 : 35 , 37 ; Young 1971 ) , and there were several occasions when policemen for whom this imagery is very important over - reacted to the presence of young people on street corners and were aggressive in the way they moved them on . On one occasion the aggression was returned , resulting in the person being brought into the station and charged . Of course , there are other situations when the toughness that accompanies the Rambo self - image is useful in disarming trouble - makers and preventing further crime , as happened more than once during field - work . The view of senior management is that policemen need to combine the qualities of compassion and toughness and know when each is appropri ate ( FN 11/11/87 , pp. 78 ) , although in practice it is difficult to strike this fine balance . Where it is seen by work colleagues to be getting out of kilter , informal controls can be used to restore equilibrium . Once again the weight of television coverage had no effect on party credibility ( though the nature of the coverage may have done so ) . Public perceptions of party unity increased between our Pre - Campaign Wave and the start of the final campaign . During the pre - campaign week we recorded no items on television news which positively projected the image of party unity . These rather artificial news items were very much the product of the final election campaign . In public perceptions the gap between Conservative unity and Labour unity narrowed sharply in the first few days of the campaign and again at the end , but actually increased very slightly in the third week . Ten years after the discovery of AIDS we are entering into a new era in the global pandemic , with growing concern about our ability to confront it successfully . New approaches are needed , with close partnerships between local communities , non - government agencies , governments and international organisations . I believe ACET has an important part to play in this process . He added , We are just at the beginning of the worldwide epidemic and the situation is still very unstable . The major impact is yet to come . He will be able to remind you of beneficiaries you might otherwise forget . Who will deal with my estate when I die ? It is most important to appoint at least one Executor when you make your Will . It is in fact advisable to name more than one Executor in case one of them dies before you . Choose people you know well and trust and with whom you can share the details of your affairs . CLASSIFIED ADS NATURAL FRIENDS is a unique friendship/contact agency . If you seek other sincere people who share your important concerns , there is a very good chance that we can help . For details please send a stamped addressed envelope to : PENUMBRA , a new fiction poetry magazine , is now on sale , price 70p from Dave Leggett Another significant development to emerge from the latest session of the Commission , held in March 1991 , was its decision to establish a Working Group on arbitrary detention . This will be the first UN mechanism with a clear mandate to examine cases of detained prisoners of conscience anywhere in the world . It will fill an important gap in the framework of protection established by the Commission 's existing theme mechanisms on disappearances , torture and summary or arbitrary executions . However , it was disappointing that a new international instrument on disappearances was held over for further study . Another new instrument that the Commission will be considering next year is a revised draft of the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture , which would set up an international system of visits to places of detention , aimed at preventing torture and ill - treatment . According to those at the vigil , the police only checked on the hose twice before the massacre occurred at 4am . The apparent failure of the police to act promptly and effectively , including their failure to apprehend a large group of armed men under conditions of curfew in the township creates the suspicion that police were colluding with the attackers . Despite the hype over the release of political prisoners , reports of police misconduct do not inspire confidence in the majority of South Africans , or in those all - important foreign investors . Police attack black workers in Johannesburg . REFUGEES He described this aesthetic response as the bed - rock of conservative criticism . For him , critical writing has to take up wider issues than enjoyment of a picture or a sculpture . A different sort of response to art is to use it as a means of learning more about the society in which it was produced ; this may be felt by a theoretician to be more important than to know the artist 's intentions , which , it can be argued , are determined by society . Or , the effect of a painting may be compared with those of other means of communication , such as photography , film or television . there is every reason to welcome such studies , though a reader hoping for judgements about quality may be disappointed by a theoretical writer 's greater stress on interpretation . As in books on the philosophy of art , or aesthetics , many do not in fact contain any art criticism , in the sense of description , interpretation and judgement of individual works . Their strengths are rather in clearing the ground of preconceived ideas about the arts , and putting new points of view . When works of art are described only those aspects of an image important to the argument are included . It is in this arena that some of the fiercest intellectual fighting about art is taking place , though the contests range wider than the visual arts to politics and economics . For example , Chadwick states : There can be no simple category defined as feminist art history , since the effect of new ideas is that much recent scholarly writing has shifted attention from the categories art and artist to broader issues concerning ideologies of gender , sexuality , and power . In an art museum works can be studied at leisure , and will receive attention from scholars and experts of many kinds . Besides , works can gain by the company they keep in a museum collection , a landscape being in a group of works of similar date and intentions , or a portrait seen among contemporaries . One of the important features of museum collections is the function they have as touchstones of quality and authenticity . paradoxically , it is in museums that the market in art is defined , since permanent collections place limits on what is available for collectors to purchase . Further , on the basis of knowledge about museum collections , artists can find help in choosing ways of developing the art of the present . The museum made the best of a bad job . Joseph Noble , the observant administrator , announced to an audience of eight hundred , It 's famous , but it 's a fraud . More than that , it was one of the most important classical art forgeries ever discovered . Some museums have prudently kept a collection of mistaken purchases , and even bought some forgeries deliberately . CRITICAL PATHS What relationship exists between the painting and the vision of reality that the artist has before his eyes ? At no time have I believed that environment is a complete explanation of art . I am sure , however , that it plays an important role . The photographs were taken over a period of ten years , and eventually they were brought together in a book in 1960 ; ten of the book 's essays originally appeared in Vogue , where the appealing mix of an artist 's conversation along with Liberman 's descriptions and commentary succeeded well . Here is one of the descriptions from the profile on Georges Braque : At the end of the twentieth century group exhibitions perhaps do not have the importance that they have had earlier in the century . There are many galleries through the world , and it is no longer so difficult for an artist to show work independently . Solo shows and mixed exhibitions are more common , with the group show playing a less important role in the market . Artists who group together for financial reasons may choose a name which is no more explanatory than a number or numbers . Thus in London at different times there have been groups which have called themselves the Society of Twelve , the Seven and Five , and One/Four . There are other ways of description , which may incidentally be employed by a critic , or can be useful to a reader as a check on the validity of a verbal description . In chapter 4 , on monographs , there were some comments on the photography of art as a complement to criticism ; there are some other issues about how accurate or misleading photographs can be . Perhaps this is the more important in the late twentieth century now that this means of image - making is so familiar that some people actually imagine that a photograph shows the world as it is . In truth , the camera is a ruthless editor of visual information ; this can be made plain by looking at a picture , say of the eighteenth century , and comparing it with a contemporary print , perhaps an aquatint , and a modern photograph . The images carry different information . The same angle was conspicuous in the title story of Naipaul 's previous book , In a Free State , where a coup in a new African country was studied , as it were , out of the corner of an eye ; and it also occurs elsewhere in his work . On these occasions the eye discerns a kind of visibility in an area of darkness : this , in fact , is the title of the book which records Naipaul 's experience of India . Enthusiasts for explanation , however , might want to explain that this darkness visible tends to obscure and diminish what deserves to be understood , and that , for him , there are important countries and unimportant countries , and that the coups and riots of the latter are severely diminishable . Here , he surrounds the politics of his imaginary country with darkness , distinguishes between its politics and what might be seen as the antics of bystanders , and concentrates on these bystanders . At the same time , the reader can be made to feel that , on closer inspection , the country 's politics might prove to be antics too . It has people in it , with lives to live . It has Charles in it , whose plight is more touching than anything in the nineteenth - century retrospects of Chatterton . It has its predecessors in the romantic tradition a tradition which includes the self - important single self nevertheless prone to dispersal and division , invasion and impersonation , which includes the victim and his alter ego . At the same time , both here and in Hawksmoor , Ackroyd , too , is his own man. For all his standard procedures , I do n't think he is actually imitating anybody . Ronnie , I think , could be held to be a precursor of P for Patrick Doyle in Kelman 's novel of 1989 , A Disaffection . Both works end on a possible return , on what might look like a bleak diminuendo but is really an anxiety state . There are important differences , though . Kelman stands much closer to the new hero , and more is made of what happens in that hero 's head . The new book is funny and depressing at considerable length , and there are moments when a wee terror comes of its expanded universe . This is a good Scots which is at once distinctly literary and faithful to the speech of the city . The deferred but as in There again but is a particular pleasure . There are many such verbatim effects , and indeed the oral dimension of the novel is very important . This can be reckoned to contain the succession of anecdotes that occurs and the fine detail of working - class life that is provided . Doyle , for instance , thinks to himself a Scottish thought : Would his grandparents ever have had sexual activity in the parlour ? So you want to be an Actor ? Everyone who wants to act professionally should try to see as much drama as they possibly can and this means in the broadest sense , watching television , cinema , visiting the theatre and looking at the actor 's work carefully and analytically . It is also important that you try and evaluate the dramatic experience of these different forms of presentation this is worthwhile , because it will make you think about the different ways in which an actor can work and the various ways in which his skills are used . Clearly , there is a difference in scale and dimension between the stage , the television screen and the cinema screen , which demand changes in direction and in acting technique . One of the things you will notice when watching the television is that close - ups are used very effectively , and so it is of vital importance that the actor has absolute control over his/her face and expression . Of course , if an actor is doing his/her work well , you will have to work really hard to notice all these things for the effect will be seamless . Reading It 's very important that you read widely , both novels and playscripts , and do n't just confine yourself to an exam syllabus . After all , an actor 's life is spent working with words , and it will be valuable for you to have a reasonable background in the English literary and dramatic traditions . Novels have been a rich source of material for the film industry since the talkies were introduced , and it 's very interesting to see how both classic and contemporary novels require skilled adaptation of the dialogue to make sufficient dramatic impact in a film . It 's true that extracts such as Phoebe 's Think not that I love him from As You Like It ( Act 3 , Scene 5 ) or Viola 's 1 left no ring with her from Twelfth Night ( Act 2 , Scene 2 ) may be all too well known to a panel , but I cannot agree with an adjudication policy that would ban these pieces from the audition . The selection is right if it truly works for the competing student , and it is the quality and force of the imagination that will carry off the performance of the piece . The most important thing is your firm knowledge that the selection is within your present range . It 's not much use arriving somewhere at ten in the morning clutching the collected works under your arm and wishing you had a wig and been born thirty years earlier in order to play Lear or for that matter the Duke of Gloucester . Major roles for older women are not so common in Shakespeare , but I think it is better not to choose a character such as Queen Katherine from Henry VIII , who needs a richness of seniority to convey the dramatic interest . Finding characters for yourself will , 1 think , depend a good deal on your personal taste in theatre at the time you are auditioning . And your choice of audition piece is often largely decided by the contrast it provides with the classical selection you have made . The question of accent is important too you need to be confident of the accent with which you are working , and it is always advisable to present an accent you are familiar with or at least can work with comfortably . The first piece of advice that 's necessary is that you should n't just try to be fashionable by choosing juicy speeches that catch your eye without knowing the whole play and having a working idea of how to perform the speech . And do n't let your search for material lead you to choose the obscure for obscurity 's sake , so you feel you will be sure to stun the panel with a piece that has no good professional background . Try to think of the essentials , as any good coach will tell you . For example , if you are embarking on Julia in Two Gentlemen of Verona and her Proteus letter , it is as well to have a sheet of paper that you can tear up to make the scene start with a dramatic focus and give the lines some action . Learning thoroughly the piece which you are going to do is important . Auditions are nerve - wracking for everyone who does them ( and for that matter , for everyone who watches them ) but being sure of your text is the least you can do . Should that unthinkable thing happen , and you forget your lines , do n't despair . Stage nerves are unlike anything else in the whole world , and many good actors will confess to them right through their careers . Stage fright is something else but it is usually self - induced and can be overcome , finally , with much rehearsal practice . When dealing with nerves , the most important single thing is to have a centre of concentration . Concentration has nothing to do with gritting your teeth and braving it out ; it 's the secret of being more and more relaxed and aware of everything that is going on at the same time . You will not only be sure of the text , but , more than this , of the character you are portraying . Comment Isabella can very easily come across as a prig . Her virtue is so important to her that she can more easily contemplate her brother sacrificing his life to save her virginity than that she might sacrifice herself for him. Isabella perceives clearly the game Angelo is playing : here she is angry and frustrated do n't try and make her too nice a character . Two Gentlemen of Verona by William Shakespeare Throughout drama school there will be continuous work on acting solo pieces , and both singing and acting tutorials are usually conducted on a one to one basis ( more on tutorials in chapter 7 ) . Of course the student also needs to learn how to co - ordinate dialogue with all of the necessary actions and movements which are part of the natural traffic of performance , and learn about prop handling . Classes help the actor to gain confidence in dealing with many things happening at the same time , and this is an important part of student work . Radio , television and film classes Most schools now offer classes on radio , television and film techniques . Small , little - known groups do n't generally muster a large audience , of course , but they are often a good way of commanding interest from future employers . Certainly the new actor should never remain idle but create chances wherever possible . This may sound like cold comfort when you 're desperately hoping for something to come along and get you going but continuing your work and maintaining skills is vitally important . Above all you need new audience experience now you are out of drama school . And , although nobody wishes to be exploited with low wages and very difficult conditions , it is frankly better to find the ways and means of presenting yourself somehow , than not perform at all . The new actor is generally operating in top gear and if this momentum is stopped it can be very damaging to the morale and can result in an actor 's technical skills going rusty something to be avoided at all costs . To speak of further training programmes now may sound like a mere desperate remedy , but it does n't mean anything as arduous or as expensive as the full training of your drama school . Actors who are serious about their work always look on the voice and movement class as an important part of their life . It is , and keeping yourself in trim is very important when you 're not working . A ballet dancer who does not practise every day loses a lot of skill , as does a musician . Can you say what the best things are from your drama school experience and what has been of most value to you during your first year in the profession ? J.F. The voice teaching and knowing how to keep yourself ready vocally ; that really is the most important thing , which you do n't realise when you start out . And singing is part of that too I did n't sing before I went into training even though I am musical and play both the piano and the flute . But being trained to use your singing voice is really good . The voice and movement work is very important but the professional requirements have changed , particularly in respect of film and television and there should be more training in this area . We had next to none when I was at drama school and young actors need to know more about what will be expected of them on film sets and television studios . And young actors have a greater instinct these days for film than they do for the stage , though this is not to say that stage training is not equally important ; nevertheless as working actors we are getting more and more camera conscious in our acting and will continue to do so . A.R. Would you say that with so much emphasis on film and the camera , theatre training is becoming less important ? For more information : NHS Breast Screening The Facts Although routine screening is available for certain groups of women it is still important for your to maintain an awareness of your own health . You should know what is normal for you and consult your GP if any changes occur which concern you . All women should register with a GP and ensure that they notify the practice of any change of address . After immunisation you must wait at least 1 month before becoming pregnant . Eat properly Eating well before and during pregnancy is very important . It keeps you fit and helps you to have a healthy baby . You do n't need a special diet and eating for two could mean you put on too much weight . Why Bother ? Healthy Eating Eating regular nourishing meals is important to keep yourself fit and well . Make sure you eat a wide variety of the foods you enjoy . Go easy on fatty foods and avoid adding extra sugar but include plenty of fruit , vegetables and cereal foods in your diet . Go easy on fatty foods and avoid adding extra sugar but include plenty of fruit , vegetables and cereal foods in your diet . You also need to be aware of certain precautions that should be taken in the handling , preparing and storing of food . For your health 's sake , it is important not to let yourself get overweight . See where you are on this chart . Smoking Your health could suffer do n't get any fatter ! Fat . It 's important for you to lose weight . Very fat . This is severe and treatment is urgently required . The Social Services Occupational Therapist will visit you to discuss the type of adaptation that Social Services would be prepared to support . He/she will work with you and your family to plan what is needed , using knowledge about what is available , what works well and your own experience . It is important that you a shared involvement in this process . The Occupational Therapist is there to try and help you find a solution to your problem . Once you have some ideas of what would suit you , you will need help to take these ideas forward . If a builder has already worked with you to obtain the above , he will also give you an estimate for the work . If not you will need to choose a builder an agent , architect or surveyor will help you with this , to give you an estimate . It is important to obtain detailed estimates . The Environmental Health Officer will advise you of how many estimates you need to send with your application . Choose a builder carefully your Environmental Health Department may have a list to help you . Adaptations can usually be done to a property to suit it to your needs . Both local housing authorities and housing associations will try to be helpful in finding somewhere suitable to adapt for you . It may take them a little while , but it is important that you contact them to make a housing application and let them know of your needs . Putting your name on their housing list also enables them to plan new buildings suitable for disabled people . SPECIALIST EQUIPMENT National AIDS Helpline Counselling and confidential advice 0800 567 123 Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Overseas development 071 636 8638 Haemophilia Society Serving the interests of Haemophiliacs 071 928 2020 SCODA HIV and drugs 071 430 2341 Immunity HIV and legal issues 081 968 8909 ACET 's local representative , Ana Ureche , reported that she was greatly encouraged that course participants had been lecturing to schools and other groups and had passed much of the literature obtained form the course to other colleagues for their use . Alison Maunsell , ACET 's East Midlands regional co - ordinator based in Northampton , has been invited to join H.I.V . T.E.S.P.I . ( Training , Education , Support Public Initiative ) , a forum run by the local health authority . Alison will represent ACET and the interests of clients . ACET 's London Home Care team will shortly be strengthened by the arrival of a new nurse , Catherine Murphy , to help manage the increasing number of referrals . Catherine qualified in general nursing at Dr Steeven 's Hospital , Dublin . I think I 'm in love How do I know if I 've met the right person ? Most experts say that the happiest and longest relationships are based on close friendship and shared interests , not just strong feelings . It take s lot more than just physical attraction to make a lasting , happy marriage . Strong friendship takes time to build . So if you are not a UK taxpayer you are advised not to enter into Deeds of Covenant , but to make your regular charitable payments by simple Banker 's Order without any covenant . You may in fact find that you do pay some tax in the UK . If you have dividend or receive bank or building society interest on which tax has been paid , tax will have been deducted at source , and this will enable you to sign a Certificate of Deduction of Tax so that ACET can obtain the advantages of covenant giving . Which spouse should enter into the covenant ? Since 6th April 1990 , married couples have been taxed independently , and each spouse is responsible for paying tax on his/her own income . If ACET did somehow reclaim tax on the payment then you would be liable to pay income tax to the Inland Revenue on the amount of your Gift Aid payment . So if you are not a UK taxpayer you are advised not to make a payment under the Gift Aid scheme but to make a straight payment by cash or cheque . You may in fact find that you do pay some tax in the UK If you have dividends or receive bank or building society interest on which tax has been paid , tax will have beed deducted at source , and this will enable you to sign a Certificate so that ACET can obtain the advantages of the Gift Aid scheme . 8 . Which spouse should make the Gift Aid payment ? ACET is involved in the planning and implementation of a Mobile Home Care project with the Church of Ireland Missionary Society and Diocese of Mwanza , funded by WHO . This will help prevent the spread of infection in local Tanzanian villages as well as provide basic community care. The Romanian Government , WHO and UNICEF have taken a great interest in our education programme and are actively looking for ways to use it as a model for Health Education in Romania . AUDITORS ' REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF AIDS CARE EDUCATION AND TRAINING We have audited the above financial statements in accordance with Auditing Standards . Jailed since 1981 for advocating democracy Write to : Wang Xizhe , a factory worker from Guangzhou , was an activist in the pro - democracy movement in China who helped to write and put up a 100 - metre newspaper wall in his city in 1974 which attracted worldwide interest . He was arrested and jailed for two years in 1977 . In April 1981 he was again arrested for articles he had written in association with democracy activist Xu Wenli , tried in May 1982 and sent to prison . Our American friend 's cousin in London is an art student . Her college library has interesting books , as well as the latest art magazines . Her course teacher has given her a reading list , and the library staff are good at helping students with all sorts of interests . As part of the course , she has to choose a subject of her own about which to write a paper ; one of her difficulties is to know how to form her own views , not just copy already received opinions . She is looking for critical views against which to pitch her own ; it seems that she may have chosen the wrong sort of topic , since on a holiday in Italy she had been stunned by the newly renovated Michelangelo ceiling in the Sistine Chapel in Rome , and although there were plenty of books about it , many of them went into extravagant detail . If the two girls compare notes one day , the New Yorker will complain about the useless articles she read ; the newspaper articles were almost always short , written maybe by hard - pressed critics who were only allowed short articles , further cut down by sub - editors . Still , by reading , and looking at Lee Krasner 's pictures in New York galleries , she was able to defend an independent liking for her SoHo artist . In London , it was a rather different story , since the literature available needed discrimination , much of it being historical and iconographic , establishing data of little interest to the art student . To her surprise , there proved to be perceptive judgements about qualities in Michelangelo 's work , almost hidden in catalogue entries ; more than one art historian , apparently , was not only learned but had an eye . ART CRITICISM AND ART HISTORY A further , and rather extreme way of dealing with a chronological survey of art is to eliminate the artists . Art history without names was a phrase used by Heinrich Wlflinn , in his introduction to The Principles of Art History first published in 1915 . Wlflinn was Burckhardt 's successor as professor at Basel , but his later successful career took him to Berlin , Munich and Zrich , a major art historian whose interests were primarily in the Renaissance and the Baroque . Wlflinn was naturally not ignorant of artists , but the famous phrase indicated an interest in the sequence of art seen as forms which develop as if of their own volition . Wlflinn 's writings are strong on observation ; this can be understood from his choice of terms to describe tendencies in form ; linear as against painterly , plane surface as against recessional depth , closed against open form , composite clarity against fused clarity , or absolute clarity against relative clarity . Of course , surveys will continue to be written about American painting or German art , British sculpture or Australian print - making ; this fact of publication does not mean that these activities have an inner coherence . Any reader is entitled to ask what purpose such national anthologies serve ; their best justification is making art more accessible , enabling those living artists represented to find and hold on to audiences for their work . The reader can beware of an element of self - interest in such anthologies , whether in the form of books or exhibitions . For one thing , a government agency may have commercial or political aims in commissioning surveys or anthologies . An international cultural agreement is made in parallel with a trading agreement ; trade , it is hoped , will follow the art exhibition . He concentrated on it because he loved it , and he thereby proved once more his extreme simplicity of character . For he had revealed one of the eternally popular effects of nature , one which is still quoted by simple people as a standard of visual beauty . Animals make up a category of painting with an uneven reputation , though the theme is one of obvious importance and interest in sculpture . Animal Painting in Britain was the title of a book by Basil Taylor , where he explained in his first chapter that the topic had been neglected since it was either assumed to be about sporting pictures , or about pictures of horses by such specialists as Sartorius . He quoted the dismissive comment of the writer of the volume on British Painting 15301790 in the Pelican History of Art : To discuss the Sartorius tribe and such painters is no business of the historian of art , no matter how bitter the accusations of neglect are wont to be from those specialist writers who sometimes confuse the history of art with praising famous horses . The Hudson memorial is not widely known , but the scope of this monograph is exemplary . Similar treatment can be found in works on great monuments and schemes , perhaps especially in the Italian Renaissance , when such projects as the Sistine Chapel or Tintoretto 's Scuola di San Rocco achieved a personal artistic unity of the highest standard . for art historians , incomplete schemes or dismembered works such as altarpieces have the attraction of needing detective work ; but a critic takes an interest in a reconstruction only if it throws new light on surviving art . The main strength of this sort of monograph is its potential for detailed interpretation . As a book on a single subject , there is a good chance that the need for description will be reduced by extensive illustration , while a favourable judgement on the work has already been implied by the choice of the subject for a monograph . The collaboration of artists with the stage was also brought to a high point by Serge Diaghilev , in his commissions to artists for the Russian Ballet . This connection between painting and the theatre was important to earlier European art in religious as well as secular performances . Critics no less than artists have wide interests in the arts , and may introduce comparisons in their interpretations . In the nineteenth century to say that a picture was poetic was a common term of praise . In the present century emphasis on formal qualities in the visual arts have made musical comparisons more frequent , emphasised by the use by artists of musical terminology , as when Kandinsky chose to call his works Improvisations and Compositions . You see an eye . This intention differed from the sculptor 's frequent artistic aim to make his small figures appear remote . The catalogue has the additional interest of a memoir by Silvio Berthoud , who had sat as a boy between five and eight for his uncle : I have very unpleasant recollections of sitting for him , for it was of utmost importance not to move but to fix him right in the eye and listen to him complain , saying as he always did that he was getting nowhere . It was not much fun , particularly at my age Carritt bought it , correctly identified it as a lost early work , and magnanimously sold it to the National Gallery , London , far below the market price . Auction catalogues do not carry critical comments on individual items for sale , but there are sometimes introductions with criticism . An example is the catalogue of paintings by Nol Coward , which was prefaced by a memoir of the playwright , describing his interest in painting . In marketing a sale of rather little - known works , too , there may be some explanatory text . It would be wrong to dismiss this sort of criticism as mere sales talk , particularly in grand auctioneers ' catalogues , though there is little danger of such publications being reticent . A profile of the artist is another form in which to review an exhibition . When such an article rises above the level of a gossip column , the artist 's profile can be a valuable format . One source of interest can be a description of where the interview has taken place , perhaps a studio , or maybe the artist 's home . After the Second World War , for example , the photographer Alexander Liberman decided to visit the studios of artists who had contributed to a century of painting in France , painters and sculptors closely connected with the School of Paris . He commented on his project : The more I explored , the more I became absorbed with the mystery of the environment . This distinguished alliance of landscape artists sought to invigorate their country 's artistic life by bold treatment of wild Canadian subjects . Tom Taylor , mentor and leader , had died before the group had its first exhibition , but remains classed with his friends . They subsequently developed individual styles and separate interests , as is true of most groups of artists , but their initial appearance was defined by a programme . Another sort of title for a group is exemplified by Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider ) . Forty - three works by fourteen painters were shown in 1911 at the First Exhibition by the Editorial Board of The Blue Rider , the publication concerned being an almanac which appeared in 1912 with a drawing of a horseman by Kandinsky on the cover . First of all , outside the city , next to a growth of forest , there is Thrushcross Grange . Named after the mansion in Wuthering Heights , this is a desolate agricultural commune run by Jimmy Ahmed , back from London , where he has been in some vague way a celebrity . He has extracted land and money from business interests , but his revolutionary experiment has foundered from the start . Nathaniel Hawthorne spoke of the phantasmagorical antics he had played in describing the socialist community which appears in The Blithedale Romance : the antics played in the commune conceived by Ahmed could also be called phantasmagorical . A nut - brown man by South Kensington standards , he is light - skinned in the West Indies : he is a Chinese Negro , who thinks of himself as a hakwai Chinee hakwai , he explains , being Chinese for nigger and who has not failed to notice that Emily Bront 's Heathcliff is rumoured to be the Emperor of China . A sense of mystery and futility is imparted by events at the Grange and on the Ridge , and that sense is heightened by what takes place in the city when the party catches fire and rioting breaks out . Politicians rush to the airport with their loot . Then American military helicopters drift about the sky : a show of strength which is meant to secure American interests on the island , to make it safe for the bauxite investment . Ahmed does not lead this revolution . No one does . Such people are impartial , up in the clouds , like good gods . The men in the bush are watched by gods who are barely a jump above their heads : these white gods are more remote . Salim reads about their doings in his magazines of popular science , and letting Ferdinand into the secret of his interest , he feels he is revealing his true self . But if his true nature is to be romantically on the rise , and to have ideas , it is also his nature to occupy the middle ground . It is n't lost on him that his reading matter popular science , pornography is junk . This aim has a sweepingness and a suspendingness which are apparent , too , in the novel to which it relates . Many poems contain a critique of poetry , just as many contain a critique of the self - portrayed poet , and of his intention to serve a social or doctrinal system , or of his claim to be a special case . The lyric is not generically debarred from standing out against the state , or from taking a generous interest in what goes on in the world . Mandelstam 's lyric about the Kremlin mountaineer Klima 's great Generalissimo , Stalin sent him to the camps . Ivan Klima could be called a lyric author , and the notion of what it is to be such an author is examined in My First Loves , whose gentle and deliberate stories read as if they have been grown and stored before being made public . In the opening story Miriam distributes milk to the tenement building and favours the boy with an extra helping : but he never gets to tell her that he is the lyric author of poems about love . About suicide . The second story is set in and around a country hotel , where the wife of a coarse doctor takes a more than kindly interest in a Klima wide - awake to the sights and sounds of this paradise . The story ends at a funeral , hovered over by a surreal balloon , from which hangs a fancied female acrobat . The boy 's hand is squeezed by the weeping wife . Roth has left off with his mythologising fury and his memoir lets us know that the benefits that come to the writer who tries , or even seems , to stick to the facts may amount to something more than those of hindsight . It informs us of the forces which shaped Roth 's tours de force of the Sixties and early Seventies , and it informs us of how he came to be where he is now . He has travelled from the liberated past , when imagination took power , to the liberation of an interest in fact a state which may or may not prove to have been , for Roth , partial or provisional , and which The Facts , in its totality , manages to enclose in an ironised uncertainty . He can look here at times a little like a man who has taken the first steps in a descent from the high ground of Self - consciousness , impersonality , fantastication and ironic indirection not that this has lately been , or has ever been , literature 's only ground . But perhaps it will come to be thought by his readers that these successive attitudes to the autobiographical , and to plain speaking , in art are equally valid , equally reversible . The friend felt Levi had survived so that I could bear witness . Levi goes on to insist that the real witnesses are those who died in the camps , and that those prisoners who did not were mostly compromised people or privileged people : Solzhenitsyn is cited as making the same point about the pridurki the prominents of the Gulag system . The book is no sequel to If this is a man , but its explications are never without interest . In the Lager , colds and influenza were unknown , but one died , at times suddenly , from illnesses that the doctors never had an opportunity to study . Gastric ulcers and mental illnesses were healed ( or became asymptomatic ) but everyone suffered from an unceasing discomfort that polluted sleep and was nameless . His work as a teacher does n't involve much in the way of teaching . Homework is a thing of the past . His classes are soliloquies and Socratic teases in which his interest in Classical Antiquity , in Pythagoras and Heraclitus , and in Hlderlin , Hegel and Marx , and in James Hogg , is imparted to the young ones . He is the sort of Sixties dominie who used to inveigh in class against the system . His relationship with the kids is one between equals , but they also seem to expect him to be a wise man , and this is what he sometimes expects of himself . ( Monday to Friday ) , giving a taste of the kind of stamina that will ultimately be required over a much longer period . ( At drama school the full - time course will frequently require the student to work until 9 p.m. and later when productions are being mounted . ) Because summer schools generate enormous interest overseas , there is nearly always a strong emphasis on the classical theatre , usually on Shakespeare , and there will quite probably be classes on classical texts and mini - production exercises arising from these . You may find yourself doing quite a bit of line learning . The daily schedule can be something like this : The most important thing is your firm knowledge that the selection is within your present range . It 's not much use arriving somewhere at ten in the morning clutching the collected works under your arm and wishing you had a wig and been born thirty years earlier in order to play Lear or for that matter the Duke of Gloucester . Major roles for older women are not so common in Shakespeare , but I think it is better not to choose a character such as Queen Katherine from Henry VIII , who needs a richness of seniority to convey the dramatic interest . If you do want to portray an older figure , it would be preferable to try Hermione in The Winter 's Tale she is a more fantastical character , without the added complications of historical authenticity , and so allows for greater flexibility of characterisation . Her trial scene ( Act 3 , Scene 2 ) which begins The actor is dependent on the stimulus of other faces and voices . Quite a number of new actors form small fringe groups and work in plays on a profit sharing basis and work opportunities may grow from such schemes . Small , little - known groups do n't generally muster a large audience , of course , but they are often a good way of commanding interest from future employers . Certainly the new actor should never remain idle but create chances wherever possible . This may sound like cold comfort when you 're desperately hoping for something to come along and get you going but continuing your work and maintaining skills is vitally important . In particular the protestant bloc lost the Southern protestant landowning gentry . The two alliances were ascribed territories in which to produce their social structures , political institutions , coercive bodies , informal and interpersonal networks of maintaining influence , and more clearly defined hegemonic cultures . The two societies gave expression to their own dominant interests as far as possible unhindered by each other 's interference . The process was assisted in the North by the self - exclusion of Britain from internal Ulster affairs by setting up the Stormont parliament which survived from 1922 to 1972 . Protestant loyalist domination , successor to the ascendancy , was circumscribed to one corner of Ireland while the catholic nationalist alliance asserted total domination in the remainder . While the party contains many who actively seek peace and reconciliation , it would be wrong to think of them in any sense as overcoming the basic conflictual components of bloc power in Ireland . Castle catholics , those who found a place in the Stormont administration and developed a stake in the union , have also voted alliance , but are probably now , in 1989 , switching their allegiance to the newly found conservative associations , which are seeking to bring British party loyalties to Ulster . The Northern Ireland statelet was founded on an alliance between the protestant loyalists of Ulster and British imperial and capital interests , particularly as represented by the conservative party . But that is what the arrangement was : an alliance rather than a consolidated interest or a genuinely shared culture . Protestant loyalists dominated the statelet from its formation . At least up to 1985 , the British government submitted to the threat of violence from the loyalist community and accepted the protestant loyalist veto on any change in the constitutional structure of their state . With the Anglo - Irish Agreement at Hillsborough in 1985 , it has sought to lay aside that veto , and establish in principle its political right to modify the structure of power and control in Ulster by involving the Republic of Ireland in a common policy on security . However , in the interests of Western European stability and its own financial position , the British government is perhaps still putting off the final offer either British withdrawal or some form of power - sharing with catholic nationalists in the hope of loyalists coming round to what is seen as a more reasonable position . The class structure of Northern Ireland is predictably dominated by protestants . Of course , with the development of international monopoly capital and multinational companies , additional sources of power have been brought into play . Their small church membership of around 10,000 hides the wider appeal Paisleyite politics has for the small businessmen and farmers of protestant Ulster . The setting up of a new form of Ulster Club organization involving paramilitary activity in the wake of the Anglo - Irish accord of 1985 , is an added dimension to the struggle for power within the alliance . It is likely that the inner core of local church laity , such as select vestry members of the Church of Ireland and presbyterian elders , provided and still provide one of the links between the material and spiritual interests of the groups in the alliance , as these laity were and are active in the business and commercial fields also . THE DOMINANT BELIEFS OF THE TWO ALLIANCES As we examine the dominant beliefs of the two alliances , it must be stressed that we are not looking at beliefs possessed by each and every person who identifies to a greater or lesser extent with either set of traditions . Added upset came in the same year from a speech by Dr W. Starkie , the commissioner of National Education in Ireland , who attacked school managers for not being up to their job . The attack was within the context of a speech largely praising the Roman catholic church in Ireland . But the church 's clerics still took offence , particularly at the point that local people should be encouraged to take an interest in the schools by having some financial responsibility for them through local government . As priests controlled the local school directly , this was seen to be a direct attack on their role in the school system . Eventually the Irish party was forced to return to Westminster to see to it that the appropriate denominational interests in England were strengthened and to show the Irish political leadership 's compliance with the similarly organized Irish system ( Miller 1973 : 7785 ) . But the church 's clerics still took offence , particularly at the point that local people should be encouraged to take an interest in the schools by having some financial responsibility for them through local government . As priests controlled the local school directly , this was seen to be a direct attack on their role in the school system . Eventually the Irish party was forced to return to Westminster to see to it that the appropriate denominational interests in England were strengthened and to show the Irish political leadership 's compliance with the similarly organized Irish system ( Miller 1973 : 7785 ) . This controversy was immediately followed by another . A specially appointed English school inspector reported negatively on certain aspects of Irish schools . The bishops were successful in urging the Irish party to accept the church 's programme for Irish education as a whole . Their success was founded on a dual strategy . On the one hand they subscribed to the annual Irish parliamentary party fund and , on the other , they publicly praised the Irish party as the true political representatives of the Irish people and its interests in the British parliament . Even a Castle bishop such as Archbishop Healy , now announced his conversion to the nationalist cause . In other words , support for the education policies of the church were the quid the Irish party had to give in order to obtain the quo of the bishops ' endorsement of the party as the genuine political representatives of the Irish people or nation . The total of those favouring denominational schooling in the initial survey was less than one - third . But , since the open opposition of the clergy , many of those attracted by the original idea were clearly dissuaded and the majority opposition dwindled away . The clergy had informed the people 's conscience on the basis of what they considered to be the essential religious interests of their flock . Alternatively , from another perspective , the clergy had acted to preserve the old divisions . Unfortunately , the one is an inevitable corollary of the other. Work as the fancy takes me , he wrote . A little bit here , a little bit there . Wherever there is interest on the day in question . The absurd idea , he wrote , that a work of art grows from nothing into something , from acorn into oak . Fostered by illusion of paint , which spreads out over the surface . Goldberg taking out his polka - dotted handkerchief and wiping his brow , his cheeks , his neck , pushed aside the typewriter and seized his pen . Dragging the pad towards him he found a clean page and wrote : Dear Harsnet , I know you never answer my letters or return my calls , and I know that you handed over your notes to me on the understanding that I could do what I liked with them and not bother you , but I have to say that while there is much in them that I admire , as I will always admire much in you , no matter what , there is also much in them that seems to me to be puerile and , to put it mildly , bigoted . I have decided , however , in the interests of posterity , to cut nothing , though I may take the liberty of annotating the text here and there , putting some of the facts straight and referring the reader to related documents , such as interviews you once gave or books and articles on you which have since appeared . I know none of this interests you any longer , he wrote , and that you hold yourself , or pretend to hold yourself , aloof from the world , and in particular from the world of art . You are , or pretend to be , indifferent to whatever may happen to your reputation . When the history of our times comes to be written , They Organized Themselves to Death will be the only possible epitaph . No doubt they mean well where the arts are concerned , he wrote , but for that reason they are the biggest menace . No doubt they think they have the interests of the artist at heart , he wrote , but for that reason they must be avoided like the plague . No doubt they see themselves as devoted middlewomen , bringing the truly important work of the time to the avid masses , but all they are really doing , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) is fucking up the lives of both sets of people . They bring time into what is essentially timeless , he wrote . Now I see , he wrote , that I must abandon it as I have abandoned everything else . There comes a moment when you know you have done what you could do with something and everything else would be fiddling . There comes a moment when you lose interest so totally that to touch it again would be a physical impossibility . When it is too late to go on and too late to start again . From the beginning it was too late , he wrote . If it was finished I would n't say abandoned , I said . Why ? he said . I 've lost interest in it , I said . Interest ? he said . Then : Can I see it ? Why did you abandon it ? he asked again . Again I told him why . Sometimes it takes a little while to realize you really have lost interest in something , I said to him. That it is n't that you 've got up on the wrong side or eaten something which did n't agree with you or just need a few days ' rest . It takes a little time to sec that you 're not moving forward any more , either because you do n't know how or because there is n't anywhere to move forward to . Indeed what we are now seeing in some cases as the genuine article are quality brewery refurbishments dating from the 1920s and 1930s , good Brewers Tudor , maybe , but hardly the stuff of the ancient , inglenooky world that the modern myth - makers the brewers and the tourism industry would have us believe still exists . Most of York 's old central pubs have fallen victim to drastic recent remodelling with yawning spaces , often indistinguishable from one pub to another , replacing the old rooms and idiosyncratic nooks and corners that previously gave individuality and preserved genuine historic character . That two dozen of these interiors are in buildings statutorily listed for their special architectural or historic interest say much for the low regard paid to pubs in the exercise of listed building control and indeed for the listing process itself . A striking example of this is the list description for The Blue Bell in Fossgate , the last perfectly - surviving Victorian pub interior in York and one of only two pubs left in the city of truly national importance . The premises is described as follows ; History , indeed , tends to show that public intervention can have the effect of reinforcing rather than curbing market excesses . It was the licensing system and licensing controls , after all , which helped to foster Britain 's peculiar brewery tie and concentrate pub ownership in the hands of the brewers in the first place ; and it was the same system which connived at and partly encouraged the modern contagion of open - plan pub designs . In addition , the 1989 MMC Report , conceived as an attack in the public interest on the monopoly power of the major brewers and requiring the untying of large chunks of their tied estates , may have devastating consequences for traditional pubs . For despite their other shortcomings , most of the major brewers have been able and willing to cross - subsidise many less profitable houses . Equally , the brewery - tie system has sheltered much pub property in tied tenancies from the harsh winds of the Market . Her ale , if new , looks like a misty morning , all thick . During the 20th century an historic architectural character perhaps most typically that of the timber framed building has become popular with , and desirable to , both publicans and brewers . In many cases this has resulted in the introduction of faked features and the associated destruction of existing features which , though often of architectural and historic interest in their own right , do not fit in with the designer 's concept of the pub 's ideal form . Artificial plastic beams are frequently introduced , ceilings are stripped of plaster to reveal floor joists that were never intended to be seen , other timbers are artificially blackened to create a supposedly traditional though in fact inauthentic black and white effect and render or plaster is removed from walls to produce rustic charm . At the Saracen 's Head at Towcester , for example , a recent proposal to historicise the pub involved extensive destruction of genuine historic fabric and the introduction of the worst cliches of traditional pub detail , such as bulls - eye glass and copper lanterns . Although the loss of the original front is regrettable , the present facade is in accord with the general architectural character of the street and retains original late - Georgian features , such as its sashes with glazing bars . The pub 's owner , however , wished to remove the 19th century facade and undertake a conjectural restoration of the jetted , timber framed front ( the design of which included various historically inaccurate details ) . The public clearly believed that this restoration would enhance the building 's interest despite destroying an historic element ; he must also have felt that a new timber framed facade , despite its inauthenticity , would give the pub an historic character that was more readily recognisable and instantly attractive to potential customers . If pub owners were prepared to emphasise the interest of genuine historic features , regardless of period , then this type of fakery , which disappoints or sadly deceives the customer in search of the traditional pub and irreparably removes much of a building 's interest for future generations , could be avoided . Georgian frontage of The Duke 's Arms , Presteigne , Powys ( Andrew Arrol ) . The pub 's owner , however , wished to remove the 19th century facade and undertake a conjectural restoration of the jetted , timber framed front ( the design of which included various historically inaccurate details ) . The public clearly believed that this restoration would enhance the building 's interest despite destroying an historic element ; he must also have felt that a new timber framed facade , despite its inauthenticity , would give the pub an historic character that was more readily recognisable and instantly attractive to potential customers . If pub owners were prepared to emphasise the interest of genuine historic features , regardless of period , then this type of fakery , which disappoints or sadly deceives the customer in search of the traditional pub and irreparably removes much of a building 's interest for future generations , could be avoided . Georgian frontage of The Duke 's Arms , Presteigne , Powys ( Andrew Arrol ) . Cruck Barn at Pincents Manor , Reading , Berkshire : the ludicrous spectacle of a bogus half - timbered bar in the midst of a genuinely medieval timber - framed barn ( Kenneth Major ) . An additional problem faced by many Georgian pubs particularly historic coaching inns is the treatment of re - use of stables and other related outbuildings . As Matthew Saunders noted in the 1983 SAVE/CAMRA Report : The freestanding stable wing , the coachmen and ostlers accommodation , the skittle alley and cobbled yard can be of the greatest interest and yet are very vulnerable to the ubiquitous need , often enforced by the planning authorities , for adequate car parking space . Indeed such is the pressure for adequate car parking that there are a surprising number of cases where brewing companies have applied for permission to demolish not only outbuildings but adjacent cottages , some of them listed A number of the larger Georgian pubs originally accommodated outbuildings to the rear . The multi - roomed and historically - eclectic pub needs to be protected against the ravages of the all - over designer look . As has been frequently pointed out , it is no use providing excellent beer or food if the pub in question has lost all of its charm and atmosphere ; and surely a multi - roomed pub , with a number of differing environments , is the best way to serve what is after all always a very diverse and unstandardised community . In 1976 the Lord Chief Justice , dismissing Bass Charrington 's appeal against a proposal to open up the interior at the Romans Hotel in Southwick , Sussex , declared that it might be undesirable in the public interest to see more public bars disappearing and more mergers of public and saloon bars of the kind in question here In addition , far better liaison needs to be established between the breweries and local authority Conservation and Planning Officers , English Heritage , the National Amenity Societies , local civic bodies and , of course , pub landlords and their clientele over planned pub refurbishments . In particular , licensing magistrates and fire and health authorities should be made more aware of the character and needs of historic buildings . The inter - war period saw the construction of a large number of new pubs to serve the needs of growing suburban communities and reconstructed city centres . These usually reflected Tudor or Georgian styles , sometimes with intentional accuracy , more often in an impressionistic way . The spread of motoring caused a revival of interest in the tradition of wayside coaching inns , since these were rediscovered as charming nostalgic examples of bygone days , and the charm of the wayside inn was celebrated in the verses of Hilaire Belloc and Rupert Brooke . Running a modern - day coaching inn became a fashionable activity after the painter John Fothergill took on the Spread Eagle at Thame in the 1920s and , later , the Three Swans at Market Harborough . A melancholic figure dressed in black , he seems to have specialised in overhung jugged hare and insults to his customers . E. Midlands shows worry over UBR A SURVEY of the tourism industry in the East Midlands has highlighted concern over the Uniform Business Rate ( UBR ) . And with 1992 and the dismantling of trade barriers within Europe fast approaching , the spring East Midlands Tourism Business Survey also reveals a disturbing lack of interest in language training . The survey , sponsored by Pannell Kerr Forster , the East Midlands Tourist Board ( EMTB ) and Nottingham Polytechnic showed that 63 % of all hotels in the region believed the UBR had a detrimental effect on business . And among medium - sized hotels with a turnover of between 100,000 and 1m , 54 % were concerned about the impact of the UBR . The main differences between the two styles of cuisine is in the way the Chinese blend ingredients , how they introduce colour into the food , and that up to 90 % of the work is done prior to cooking . Importing the ingredients through wholesalers has not been a problem . The lotus leaf needed to line the bamboo steamer for the Szechwan dish of steamed beef and rice flour was examined with interest , as were the ingredients used to make the rice flour short grain rice , cinnamon bark , star anise and special wild pepper which were then sauted dry for 15 minutes and ground into a semolina - type texture after the removal of the bark and anise . Left and above , chef Xu Zhengcai demonstrates to professional caterers at a master class Xu 's ingredients are fresh and he uses just one board Off - site training is far more effective , Charles Mobbs As Lodgistix account manager Phillip Wanbon points out , different packages require different timescales for training , but he adds : We do guarantee to stay on site until we are fully satisfied that all the relevant personnel within the hotel or conference centre are competent enough to run an efficient operation with minimal help from us . This is of course in our own interests . Training on - site can cost anything in the range of 200 to 350 per day . Training courses at the supplier 's own premises are typically charged on a daily delegate rate structured like the tariff for hotel conferences . Same day as Lord Woodleigh and that and his fiance . They are travelling together , just themselves ? Sven Hjerson asked with a sudden flicker of interest . Oh , no. Good gracious me , no. That is a suspicious circumstance . And the diminutive Belgian pursed his lips and frowned into his half pint of Old Parsnip Ale . At the far end of the room the object of his attention was exhibiting a reciprocal interest . Tell me , Constable , she said , sipping her drink with maidenly primness , the small gentleman lunching with your sergeant . He is not , I think , quite English ? It is that real - life drama that Singleton decided to explore and recreate on film . One scene among many that captures the ironic mix of commonplace and macabre has two kids battling over a football , just a few feet away from a dead body . This uncompromising look into the choices confronting young Black Americans has aroused considerable interest in the States . It is my story , I live it . What sense would it have made to have some white boy impose his interpretation on my experience ? Christian Routh , the Fund 's Selection Co - ordinator , will discuss the aims and objectives of the European Script Fund . As raising development finance for fiction projects is the most difficult stage of production for independent producers and writers , the European Script Fund provides seed money to European producers and writers in an attempt to redress the imbalance between indigenous production and the great amount of imported fictional material in European cinemas and television . The Script Fund is committed to the notion that without encouraging indigenous European stories of interest for its own audiences , our screens will continue to be overwhelmed by imported products and our national audio - visual industries will suffer . The grand total of awards made since the European Script Fund opened its doors in April 1989 has been 236 from over 2200 submissions received . A total of 3 million has now been allocated to European applicants . Oh , fine thank you . I went to Florence to do the Uffizi . I smiled a smile that was meant to signify interest in this excursion , but Carla was far too intelligent to believe it showed anything of the sort . I 'll see you at two - thirty then , Dr Streeter . Will do . Best of all , the wildlife is back ; ladybirds , butterflies , birds and bees , even frogs are all to be seen . He seems to have a natural ability which encourages plants to grow well . Would I be right in thinking that there really are people with green fingers and should we be doing more to encourage our younger generation to take an active interest in the garden ? Norma Gee , Basingstoke So grateful for gravel There does indeed seem to be little advantage in damaging the coat of modern varieties of sweet peas . However , it has also been observed that those with wrinkled testa ( coats ) appear to be slower to germinate and may well benefit from piercing , scratching or abrasion . I hope this may of interest to other gardeners . Martin V Dawson , Pontefract , W Yorks Tips for Titchmarsh Soft surrounding planting sets off spiky , yellow - bloomed bog irises Primulas and Berberis darwinii make attractive companions for springtime colour on clay An avenue of acers creates vertical interest in a formal plan , but potentially large varieties will need to be pruned back in later years . Wildlife Garden Out of the woods Then reinforce the whole with ground cover made up of herbaceous plants , flowering bulbs and , of course , the infinitely various and valuable annuals . What I find extraordinary is how each tree seems almost to suggest its own companion planting . On reflection , however , this may not be quite true , since anyone who sets out to plant a wildlife garden instinctively takes a much keener interest in , and is influenced by , natural plant associations and communities . In my own garden the twisted hazel , Corylus avellana Contorta , is underplanted with primroses , bluebells and wood anemones , for that is how I remember them growing , as they still do , along the banks of the rive Greta . It forms a composition both nostalgically satisfying and harmoniously beautiful . For an organic garden a pool is essential . A place for all kinds of wildlife to stop off and drink , it will attract them like a magnet . That 's good news for pest control , and even better for gardeners whose interest spreads to birds , butterflies , bees and other creatures . I 've spent hours crouching behind plants watching birds and insects , hedgehogs , often frogs and toads and on one memorable occasion a young fox . Somehow , I 'm sure that wild animals have a sixth sense that tells them they 're safe , even in the presence of their arch - enemy , man. Mostly 8 to 10in high , they are distinguished by brilliantly coloured flowers . Greigii tulips also tend to be short , in particular varieties like Sweet Lady , peach pink , and the impressive Queen Ingrid , producing rich red petals with a striking yellow edge . In addition their mottled leaves significantly extend the season of interest , so be quite sure to allow enough space for them to reach their full potential glory . Out of the increasingly popular species tulips , my favourite is Tulipa tarda , originally from Central Asia . Long - lasting flowers appear in spring , their green - tinged , white petals gradually shading th bright yellow towards the centre . Colborn induces violet longings Please can you tell me where I may purchase some dog 's tooth violets . I have been following with interest the Gardeners ' World programmes where Nigel Colborn had been designing a new garden , especially when he had been using plants for the shady corner . He mentions dog 's tooth violets and despite an intensive search , I have been unable to find any . Erythroniums are commonly known as dog 's tooth violets because their bulbs are curiously shaped and pointed , rather like canine teeth . Primula vulgaris ( primrose ) Silene dioica ( red campion ) In light shade , rogersias bring flower plumes and foliar interest Graceful polystichums are the key to this deliciously cool tableau Hamamelis ( witch hazel ) flowers in winter When students are learning to glide , the instructor is not only teaching them the technique of flying a glider , but also how to make decisions and judgements in the air . The final stages of training amount to the handing over of all the responsibility for safety to the student . Ideally , the student should be making all the decisions and choosing actions in the interests of safety and efficiency . By setting the student problems during the final flights before going solo , the instructor can test his ability to think logically and to deal with situations as they arise . An experienced instructor will stop helping the student at this stage and will refuse to comment until after each flight . Above all it is vital for every pilot to have the old adage safety first indelibly imprinted on their mind . In other words , if in doubt , do n't take a chance . The mature glider pilot would never hesitate to make a fool of himself in the interests of safety . However , it is not just beginners who make mistakes and get caught out . On one occasion a very experienced pilot in a Nimbus 2 was starting on a car launch when it swung off the runway into a K8 which was some distance ahead . Lost appetite Losing interest in hobbies , sport , schoolwork or friends Bouts of drowsiness or sleepiness Young people are often curious and like to experiment with the latest craze . If you feel that your child may be mixing with youngsters who sniff glue , you could talk to your child and warn him or her of the possible risks and dangers involved . Your interest and support are important to your child . Encourage them to talk to you about any worries or problems they may have . Sometimes young people take to glue - sniffing out of boredom . The Oxford Disability Information Network is a group of information providers both statutory and voluntary together with the users of services , who come together to discuss ways of improving information provision across the country . Oxfordshire Council of Disabled People . The above Council within Oxfordshire exists to promote the views , needs , interests and image of disabled people . It is supported by Oxfordshire Social Services , and makes representation to several departments within the County Council . If you would like to know more about O.C.D.P . they have a development co - ordinator who would be pleased for you to make contact . However , I have never seen a copy of this circulated at the subdivision level at any location I have worked ; and outside force HQ the availability of any research or analytic literature on policing falls off dramatically . HO Circular ( 194/78 ) describing British and American research literature on policing is another typically apologetic , anti - intellectual document , for within its first few paragraphs it admits : the implication of attempting to establish a central research information centre to give advice to chief officers about research findings , or collect , collate and distribute research of interest to the police service , and maintain an up - to - date index of research would be very considerable . There are no plans to establish such a centre . No one seems to have asked whether the Staff College could have taken on this job , but then again such anti - intellectualism is apparent even in the Bramshill Scholars ' Association . The form continues , listing other sections of the Act . It makes it abundantly clear that even the possession and academic presentation of information necessary for an ethnography could be actionable . For a considerable amount of inconsequential information owned by the institution is classed as confidential , even though its release could only be considered prejudicial to the safety and interests of the state by the most bigoted autocrat . The need to get the retiring member to sign such a document indicates the institutional fear of the outside lying behind the threats which Sir Peter Imbert issued to those who would write controversial memoirs ( Police Review , 26 August 1988 ) ; for the family demands silence unto death from its members ! And even if an uncommissioned but critical ethnography is not considered to be in breach of the Official Secrets Act , it will most likely be construed as structural espionage and lie in breach of the Police Discipline Code as set out in Police Regulations . Favret - Saada 's unique analysis ( ibid . 128 ) of the bizarre subjective position she found herself in is a masterful assessment of the difficulties which arise when the ethnographer seeks to gain knowledge of a social group which depends for its existence on misknowledge or silence : For anyone who wants to understand the meaning of such a discourse , there is no other solution but to practise it oneself , to become one 's own informant and to try and make explicit what one finds unstatable in oneself . for it is difficult to see how the native could have any interest in the project of unveiling what can go on existing only if it remains veiled . ( ibid . 22 ) In succumbing to the temptation of subjectivism ( ibid . 23 ) , she recognizes that it becomes impossible to put any distance between oneself and the native , or more importantly between oneself and oneself in such a situation . The hook was an exhibition they could work on together , a definitive work on pollution and the arts , the environment and how artists respond to it . Lucy had been approached by an international humanist organisation , there was funding , and Lucy was raring to go . But needed some kind of help : she 'd spoken about it for months before and was utterly thrilled when Jay drawled an interest . Jay sketched it out as a glass bead game lavishly illustrated ; the square squalor of modern conurbations as a desperate attempt to assert human life , defying destruction and repelling nature after wars and disasters . The way civilisations had to make their mark , just in case they might disappear without trace . You cannot pretend not to know our purpose , he began , so loudly that the laird 's head went back . We are all here as free men not tenants , and not plaintiffs or slaves but free people who are determined to remain so . Now this Act will bind six thousand of us I am not speaking in my own interest , I am well past the age but this Act will empty the glens of the young active men and how can they marry if they are in barracks and camps in England , or in France if you send them there you say you will not He was wandering now , his voice had dropped as he struggled to keep his thread and a restlessness at the back of the gathering broke out in shouts of Speak up ! What did he say ? and then Where is Cameron ? Counsellor : Marcy Goldstein . This report about your son 's adjustment to group life in camp has been compiled by the members of our staff who have been working with Leonard . We hope it will be of interest as well as help to you . It is not meant as a criticism but as a frank report of how we think your child gets along at camp as an individual and as part of a group . HEALTH : Lenny 's health has been excellent all summer . Philosophy , at 70 per cent , was significant ; but he barely squeezed by in Latin , taking a refusal at his second attempt and attaining a mere pass at the repeat stage ( thanks , no doubt , to his past opting out , which necessitated his taking Latin from scratch at university ) . Zoology , the joker in his pack , offered in his final year , also achieved 62 per cent . Perhaps the choice was his way of declaring his consuming interest in life , not learning , which was becoming an obsession . Readers of The Favourite Game will remember Breavman dissecting a frog , which arose out of such early experiences ; they will also remember his tearing up an economics textbook outside a bank on Sherbrooke Street another reaction to the struggles and disinterest he later recalled . The choices he made , and the way his achievements oscillated , show a decided lack of conviction , or perhaps of direction , in his thinking . Pound was a bohemian figure , despite his Quaker origins , who espoused an anti - credit economic philosophy which thrust him into anti - Semitism . Leonard found this hard to stomach , and frequently expressed himself vehemently against his professor 's defences of the founder of Imagism ( which advocated free rhythm as well as concreteness of expression in poetry ) ; and against his disdainful , if teasing , comments of those who came from Westmount . Nevertheless , Leonard was to learn much from the Pennsylvanian , who helped to inspire his interest in Eastern thought , not least through his translations of the Chinese poet Li Po . I love Pound , Leonard said to us late one afternoon . There are still lines that resound in my mind . Others of a similar ilk were Gregory Corso , Gary Snyder and William Burroughs . Their whole emphasis was against conventionalism in every form , not least the sexual , the religious and the artistic . It is almost certain that Leonard 's interest in Zen Buddhism was sown at this time , and his anti - intellectualism confirmed . It was the start of a serious counter - culture which achieved its apogee in the poetry and antics of Bob Dylan , The Beatles , The Rolling Stones et al . Not so quiet was a parallel revolution that was reshaping the music scene , with which Leonard had an ongoing affair . He looked straight at me . I assume you know the state of play in the admin assistants dispute ? No , I said with interest . And surprise . The admin assistants reported to Personnel , not to Mellowes . Then , in the afternoon , I came in from the garden and found her in an armchair , engrossed in a thick , glossy - looking book . Something new from the library ? I asked , taking an interest . When she did n't reply I crossed the room , stood with one hand on the back of her chair and watched her turn pages of colour plates of patchwork quilts . That library does you proud , I said . She shrugged . I 'm going to change , and went into the bedroom ; so he did n't find out what she was wearing underneath . What Amanda was wearing underneath had once been a matter of passionate interest to Don . After a moment he rose slowly , poured himself a whisky , returned to the Chesterfield and took a dismal sip . Amanda came back wearing a tee - shirt and black leggings , made herself a large gin and tonic , sat down and drank . Here is Piaget 's most well - known demonstration of the infant 's failure to relate actions to experiences . At about seven months of age the average baby is quite skilled at removing obstacles to prehension ; is well able , for example , to pull a cushion away to reach a rattle behind it . However , if the rattle slips down so far that it is no longer visible , the infant will at once lose interest and behave as if the rattle had also slipped out of existence . By about eight months of age most infants are capable of retrieving completely hidden objects ; but between eight and twelve months they show another intriguing pattern of errors . There are now two occluders , A and B , side - by - side before the infant . ( This does not , unlike the Piagetian methods , rely on the baby doing anything intentionally such as reaching . It allows the psychologist to determine whether the subject has detected a change in a stimulus or can discriminate between two stimuli . ) Initially the subject will attend to a new stimulus but will then gradually lose interest and start to look away ( habituation ) ; if the stimulus is then changed in some way and if this causes a re - awakening of interest ( dishabituation ) then we can assume that the baby has detected the change . Another technique is preferential looking . If the subject prefers to look at one stimulus rather than another we can assume that he has detected a difference between them . London papers in fact ate up the scandal , writing that the New York socialists would nevermore import a professional agitator from the effete monarchies of Europe . The luxury is too expensive . When questioned about the contradictions between his enormous lecture fees and his supposed interest in the disenfranchised , Aveling replied , Well , it 's English you know , quite English . When Eleanor left , the Statue of Liberty had just been unveiled in New York harbour . Icon for future paperweights , imitation foam tiaras , and torches covered with foam flames , an image to be printed on bumper stickers , T - shirts and sweatpants , some of which , through donations , will find themselves passed out by evangelical missionaries in Central America one hundred years after the unveiling . May be , but it is also surely the duty of someone like Mr Chatrier , as a leading official of an organisation responsible for the continuing prosperity of tennis worldwide and at all levels , to draw everyone 's attention to such dangers . Make no mistake , they are real . As Mr Chatrier put it : All I would ask of any successor is that he will always try to put the best interests of the sport before money . If it was not for the Grand Slam tournaments and the unique place they hold in the game , I am sure we would be losing this vital battle . In his 14 years as president , both tennis in general and the ITF in particular have undergone enormous development and Mr Chatrier can take much of the credit for the changes which have taken place . Styled to win The first Slazenger clothing collection designed by Coats Viyella is action packed both in terms of styling and colour . There is a very clear , clean cut approach to the whole collection with the accent on strong graphics and sports oriented motifs to create renewed interest in the contemporary classic shapes of the shirts , shorts , tops , sweaters , track suits , joggers and shell suits which make up the whole range . The colour combinations are very fresh and new : cornflower blue , guava and lime ; ; azure , emerald and purple ; and navy , mid blue and gold which complement the core shades of white , black , grey and ecru . Racquet sports , and tennis , in particular , are catered for extensively with sporty prints , including a series of graphic figures in action . Perhaps a more important advantage of Solvent Free Varnish is that it is touch dry in 20 minutes , and ready for a further coat in two hours . A considerable time advantage over polyurethane finishes , against which it is match . Roncraft are producing a range of clear and coloured versions , but I suspect that the clear gloss and satin finishes will be of most interest . Details from Ronseal Woodcare Advisory Bureau , 15 Churchfield Court , Churchfield , Barnsley S70 2LJ . Wirbel keeping the workshop air clean Sadly he died shortly afterwards and for many reasons it was some months before I used the disc . The advent of the Arbortech Carving Competition at the 1990 Woodworker Show gave me the idea of putting the tool to some good use . My grandfather had always taken a keen interest in my work , and I had an equal admiration of the stories of his time spent in Burma during the Second World War . Therefore it seemed fitting that as a tribute to him and his comrades I produce a sculpture with this tool . The strongest image I got from his stories and subsequent research was of the oppressive jungle and heat in which the soldiers fought . He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1738 , having been proposed by Sir Hans Sloane and other eminent scientists of the day . He read several papers before the society and his published works include observations on the laws of electricity , the height to which rockets can be fired and the influence which two pendulum clocks , in close proximity , were seen to have on each other. His intellect and range of interests were wide and profound . He died in 1772 . The Anniversary Organising Committee had felt that a clock should be commissioned to replace the one which had been stolen , and perhaps because I have for some years specialised in the reproduction of historic clocks , my name was one of those considered . It was a conversion experience , he says , I had seen his carvings in a vague sort of way already Esterly was then a post - graduate student at Cambridge and surrounded by some of Gibbons ' best work but I found myself looking at them there in St James 's as if for the first time . The scales fell from my eyes . He initially mistook his interest for an academic one and outlined plans to write a book . But as time went on he realised he could not convey how the style had evolved without understanding the techniques at first hand . So I bought a few chisels and some wood and had a go . At the end of August the first arbitration case was decided upon . The arbitrator stated that the elderly couple in question had been sold an unsuitable product and had not been given adequate risk warnings . However , in making his award , the arbitrator subtracted those moneys ( plus interest ) already received by the couple , who were awarded 9,000 against their current building society debt of 18,000 . At the time of writing it appears that the broker in this case has gone into liquidation without making the required payment , and the couple must now turn to the Investors ' Compensation Scheme , which can pay compensation in cases where ( a ) the broker has gone into liquidation , and ( b ) the original investment was taken up about 28 August 1988 . A number of the 150 people who have contacted Age Concern England about the debt they face took up their scheme before this date and will not be able to obtain compensation even if they are granted an award through arbitration or private legal action . Such policies also pay only for hospital - related treatment , and many exclude treatment which does not include invasive techniques . Thus , therapy for a particular ailment may specifically be excluded from a policy , whilst surgery would be covered . The choice of treatment may be skewed towards that which can be paid for , rather than that which may be in the best interests of or preferred by the patient . DRUGS BUDGETS . Age Concern believes that GPs should be encouraged to make rational , efficient , effective and economic use of resources in relation to prescribing , and that the use of drugs for elderly people should be closely monitored . The passenger scenario is more interesting . There seems to be no let - up with the continuing rise in patronage , even in the Network SouthEast area where the August 1989 approval to spend 257million on Networker units will inevitably attract more passengers when they are introduced . On the passenger side , interest in the 1990s will centre on Provincial 's split between the highly successful Sprinter Express routes and the also - rans . How do you privatise a business of numerous loss - makers ? With the roadorientated Department of Transport constantly pressurising British Rail to examine all its options on loss - making services , the spectre of bustitution is never far away . General Motors of America believed they had made a major breakthrough into the British market in 1985 when they persuaded Foster Yeoman to buy four specially constructed 3,300hp locomotives to haul heavy stone traffic from their Merehead quarry to locations in the South East . Rules were relaxed to allow the first privately owned locomotives unlimited access to the national rail network . By now urgently needing at least 100 replacements for its geriatric locomotive fleet , Railfreight initially appeared to show deep interest in its own General Motors stud , but in the event the order went to Brush Traction of Loughborough . The arrival of the first Class 60 Co - Cos in the autumn of 1989 would spell the wholesale demise of many thirty - year - old Class 20s , 31s , 33s and 47s . Farewell . Boddingtons and Greenall Whitley have both sold their breweries . Their beers are now brewed by Whitbread and Allied , intensifying the grip of the nationals . On the positive side CAMRA can point to the success of the independent brewers , many of whom would not exist today but for the interest in cask ale generated by the Campaign . They have been joined by a host of small micro brewers producing a limited barrelage but adding variety and choice in the genuine free trade . With little promotional support , cask ale sales are rising and now account for 20 per cent of the total beer market . We set ourselves the 30,000 target for our 21st birthday March 1992 , John said . Now we intend to carry on recruiting , towards 40,000 members , and beyond . Real ale sales are growing , and there is increased interest in Britain 's brewing heritage , but the threat to traditional pubs remains as severe as ever . More than ever before the beer drinker and pubgoer needs a watchdog to protect their interests . Membership reaches all - time high Faux , who also own Ward 's in Sheffield , told Cameron 's owners , Brent Walker , of their interest in early September . The proposed purchase would involve the Cameron 's brewery , 300 - plus pubs and associated assets and brands . We strongly believe that a North - east merger of Vaux 's and Brent Walker 's northern brewing and pub operations would be in the best interests of all , said Vaux chairman Paul Nicholson . But he warned that some rationalisation would be necessary . A merger , Nicholson added , is a more viable alternative to keeping the brewery open than the planned management buy - out . Not that Evan in his youth was one of these . His early infatuation was with motor - cycles , and he was a successful trials rider . The financial stringencies which accompany marriage and child - rearing caused this interest to be set aside , and once it had gone , the cultural tradition asserted itself to remarkable effect . Evan loved to tell you that it began with a minor domestic row . His wife Mable scolded him out of the house on a bright May Saturday afternoon in the late 1920s . He worked for the NCC for 18 years , until his retirement ( as Chief Warden for North Wales ) in 1978 . Honours flowed : an honorary M.Sc in 1956 from the University of Wales ; the MBE in 1964 ; and highest accolade of all , he was made a member of Bards in 1975 . Retirement allowed him the time to pursue his botanical interest , often in company with his children and grandchildren , between whom and Evan the devotion was mutual . One typically frenetic four - day jaunt took him to Pontresino in the Alps to find Eritrichium nanum , King of the Alps ( on the way home Evan 's chauffeur , the Snowdonia Park Head Warden John Ellis Reports , had to navigate by road - signs and instinct , Evan having filled the road atlas with pressed flower - heads of more common species ) . As a septuagenarian , he made the trip to Ireland on the back of his son Eon 's motor - bike to find the Killarney Fern long since believed gone from its single recorded site on Moel Hebog in Snowdonia . STENCILLING ON VARNISH Large areas of cabinet or wardrobe doors can look very plain . Stencilling is an easy way of producing a complex decoration that will add interest to any area of bare wood . Choose one of the many pre - cut stencil designs on the market , or make your own from card . The Ronseal varnishes used here can also be applied to a painted or previously varnished surface that has been rubbed down with a fine abrasive paper . So after the early strawberries have been protected , use the cloches as a fruit cage . KEEP CONTAINERS BLOOMING Windowboxes and other containers often begin to run out of flower power towards the end of summer , but it is usually possible to give them a boost to sustain interest until it is time to plant them up for a spring display . Dead - head regularly . Plants like pansies will flower for longer , but even those that flower for a long time anyway , like African and French marigolds , will look neater and tidier if dead - headed , and the dead flowers will not detract from flowers that are still blooming . I must stress that only aluminium cans are acceptable and , if possible , they should be crushed as they take up less room . Any readers who want to collect aluminium cans can either send them to me or contact local scrap metal dealers and take them there , where they can then donate the cash to a charity of their own choice . As a point of interest , our branch also collects used English and foreign stamps , while any foreign coins left over from your holidays would be welcome , too ! June Chapman , 22 Hosker Close , Oxford OX3 8EN WRITE TO ESTHER Some people are trying to include the Dobermann in that dangerous category . The Dobermann first came to the UK in the late 1940s , imported from Holland by a keen stockman , Lionel Hamilton - Renwick . Mr Hamilton - Renwick won Best of Breed at Crufts in the early 1950s , with Birling Rachel , the first of the breed to attract serious interest . Mr Hamilton - Renwick soon moved on to the Dobermann 's smaller relative , the Miniature Pinscher . The Dobermann really came into its own as a domestic dog in the 1980s and , subsequently , far too many were bred . The notebooks show Svidrigailov developing from a minor into a major character while Crime and Punishment was being planned and written , and they show his growth as interdependent with Raskolnikov 's final definition . In some early drafts Raskolnikov commits suicide , and the striking thing here is that it 's never suggested he does so out of remorse or because he thinks he 's going to get caught or even from some vaguer , larger self - loathing . He appears to lose interest in life . He is bored . Sonya asks him , I do n't understand : how will things be for you , how will you marry and have children ? of course thinking about his estrangement from human kind ; and he replies ( Dostoevsky 's italics ) : I 'll get used to it . But on the last Page of the novel life had taken the place of dialectics , and Raskolnikov is on his way home . Meanwhile Svidrigailov has taken over the suicide role , which is to say the blanket boredom has become positively terminal . You know , I take no particular interest in anything , he tells Raskolnikov musingly on their first encounter ; especially now , I have nothing to occupy me . In his time he has tried a lot of things : card - sharping , prison , wife - thrashing and perhaps wife - murder , child - violation , even good works . He contemplates balloon - travel and a journey to the North Pole . They also have a gain setting which will allow a field of this magnitude not to overload the output of the stage . This is useful in setting the zero field output correctly . Fields in the range of interest are usually measured in gamma , one gauss being 100,000 gamma . The total component of the earth 's magnetic field in the UK is around 47 000 gamma inclined at around 67 to the horizontal . The particular core and winding arrangement used in the design has an intrinsic sensitivity of about 12mV/gauss or 0.12V/gamma . Measuring current with light Another area of activity for King 's is in fibre optics . Research projects presided over by professor Alan Rogers include the identification of large molecules , such as those of interest in medical tests , the production of fibre lasers , and the design of distributed measuring systems . One of the projects close to commercial realisation uses optical fibre to sense a current flowing in a conductor . The interesting part is that the measuring fibre does not need to be part of the current carrying circuit , giving a high degree of electrical isolation . However , when the fibre is put into a spatially varying magnetic field , a phenomenon called Faraday rotation comes into play . This effectively changes the polarisation direction , and can cause coupling between the two modes . So , if the current of interest can be made to produce a magnetic field which varies in the right way along the length of the fibre , this can be used to measure current . Danny McStay and Welland Chu are the researchers working on the project . They have devised several ways of producing the required magnetic field , including a slotted busbar ( such as might be used in a power station ) around which the fibre can be wrapped . Once , Roland Barthes himself came . Kermode recalls the seminars as occasions of good humour and tolerance , despite sharp intellectual disagreements , and he laments that their humane spirit did not survive later events . By the late seventies some British academics were displaying a wary but sympathetic interest in early or classical structuralism , particularly as it was expounded in Culler 's widely read Structuralist Poetics , a lucid , urbane work which suggested that structuralism might , without too much difficulty , be adopted to existing academic practice . I was partly convinced by Culler 's power of persuasion , and for some time thought that the kinds of analysis he described could be assimilated to practical criticism and the English synthesis . Eventually I decided that assimilation was not possible , given Culler 's lack of interest in the interpretation of particular texts and his commitment to the uncovering of the generalized principles of literariness . By the late seventies some British academics were displaying a wary but sympathetic interest in early or classical structuralism , particularly as it was expounded in Culler 's widely read Structuralist Poetics , a lucid , urbane work which suggested that structuralism might , without too much difficulty , be adopted to existing academic practice . I was partly convinced by Culler 's power of persuasion , and for some time thought that the kinds of analysis he described could be assimilated to practical criticism and the English synthesis . Eventually I decided that assimilation was not possible , given Culler 's lack of interest in the interpretation of particular texts and his commitment to the uncovering of the generalized principles of literariness . In Structuralist Poetics Culler took an unenthusiastic view of deconstructionism , but he shortly returned to the United States and succumbed to the deconstructive wave that swept through the American academy in the late seventies , and into which I did not feel inclined to plunge . David Lodge was another established British academic and writer who took an early interest in formalist and structuralist methods and principles . Hawkes had dismissed the ideas of objectivity and truth in Structuralism and Semiotics , but Nuttall insists that such dismissals are pragmatically self - refuting . We may assert that there is no such thing as truth , but we regard that as a true statement . The point has a particular relevance to the work of those who believe , like Foucault , following Nietzsche , that truth is a mere rhetorical device , employed in the interests of oppression , and say so at length . What then is the status of Foucault 's saying so ? Nevertheless , the very concept of truth seems to be an irritant for some . Furthermore , attacks such as Crews 's are , as he acknowledges , not taken seriously and replied to in their own terms , but treated as symptoms of repressed disturbance . Freudians , like Marxists , cannot step outside their own forms of thought to admit that they might be wrong ( unless , like Crews , they undergo a deconversion ) . The recent revival of interest in psychoanalysis among literary theorists has come from France , and in particular from the work of Jacques Lacan , who brought together Freud and Saussure and produced the slogan , the unconscious is structured like a language . Lacan has been very influential , although he is an almost impenetrably obscure writer . The obscurity is not incidental , a product of carelessness or incompetence in writing , but a deliberate attempt to enact the wayward processes of the unconscious . At the same time , there is an ambiguity in this backwards opening of the canon . Much of the work that is rediscovered may have the literary qualities that will satisfy readers without particular feminist interests : the poems by women that Roger Lonsdale included in The New Oxford Book of Eighteenth - Century Verse are a small - scale , easily accessible instance . Nevertheless , in a feminist academic context writing may well be studied , not primarily for its literary but for its cultural interest . This question provoked arguments in America about the Norton Anthology of Literature by Women , some of the contents of which were said to have had little value as literature . A common feminist response is to say that the whole idea of literary standards , even standards as such , is a form of male domination . He remained some kind of Marxist , and his concept of the carnivalesque , drawn from Rabelais , was presented as a mode of ideological subversion , a pulling down of the mighty from their seats . It will take time for the implications of his work to be properly assimilated and understood ; the process involves transposition from a cultural context that is more remote than the French . But the growing interest in it suggests that it offers both a possible way out of present impasses and a way forward . WHO IS DERRIDA , WHAT IS HE ? During the 1980s the stars of French thought fell from the heavens at a disconcerting rate . Non - evaluative criticism , as propounded by the successive Merton professors , Gardner and Carey , has long been a popular ideal at Oxford . But another Oxford professor , John Bayley , sees things differently . Discussing a book on Dostoevsky , he remarks that while the author has much of interest to say about The Idiot she does not quite persuade one that it comes off , indeed she does not really try , because like many scholars today she is more concerned with showing how the thing works than with judging if it works well . From the beginning academic literary study was divided between those who saw it as inevitably involved with making judgements and those who did not. Cambridge English represented the former : Richards and Leavis wanted an evaluative criticism , because they did not believe that literature was simply a matter of disinterested individual response ; it was an index to the condition of civilization , which made judgements imperative . Venturing to propound a law of intellectual life , I suggest that evaluative criticism enters institutional literary study under the influence of practising writers , or of critics who have a close discipular relation to them , but that in time it is rejected , like an alien organ . Writers , whose criticism arises directly from the problems and possibilities of their art , are inevitably evaluative ; Baudelaire showed how being a poet also involves being a critic . Eliot 's early and best criticism was what he called workshop criticism , an attempt to realign literary tradition in the interests of the kind of poetry he wanted to write . Leavis , at the beginning of his career a whole - hearted admirer of Eliot , took over Eliot 's tentative critical models and systematized them . Later he responded in a similar way to D. H. Lawrence 's criticism , as well as to his creative achievement . She probably knows more about the nineteenth century industrial novel than anyone else in the entire world . How can all that knowledge be condensed into a fifty - minute lecture to students who know almost nothing about it ? The interests of scholarship and pedagogy are at odds here . What Roby , likes to do is to deconstruct the texts , to probe the gaps and absences in them , to uncover what they are not saying , to expose their ideological bad faith , to cut a cross - section through the twisted strands of their semiotic codes and literary conventions . What the students want her to do is to give them some basic facts that will enable them to read the novels as simple straightforward reflections of reality , and to write simple , straightforward , exam - passing essays about them . He had done his initial research on jane Austen , but since then had turned his attention to topics as varied as medieval sermons , Elizabethan sonnet sequences , Restoration heroic tragedy , eighteenth - century broadsides , the novels of William Godwin , the poetry of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and premonitions of the Theatre of the Absurd in the plays of George Bernard Shaw . None of these projects had been completed . Seldom , indeed , had he drawn up a preliminary bibliography before his attention was distracted by some new or revived interest in something entirely different . He ran hither and thither between the shelves of Eng . Lit . like a child in a toyshop so reluctant to choose one item to the exclusion of others that he ended up empty - handed . What better inspiration could a literature of theory have than an audience composed of theorists and critics ? This is not , I think , meant to be ironical , and it represents a quite logical development from the premiss that the whole production , definition , and reception of literature has now become intramural to the academy . In this context , what goes on outside , what is actually written by poets and novelists , is of minor interest . Paul de Man is reported to have said that a literary work is merely an event in the history of interpretation . A natural response to this state of affairs would be to say that theory cut off from the writing of literature is no more than a sterile academicism . Dempsey in Changing Places and Small World is an approximate British equivalent . ) Zapp wants the subject to be organized , systematic , objective , in a word though it is not a word he uses scientific . There is to be no nonsense about value , preferring some books or authors to others , or personal responses , which have a merely anecdotal or autobiographical interest . Working on Jane Austen was not all that different from working on trade cycles , or lowtemperature physics ; these were the kind of things that went on in the modern university . Admittedly , in his later appearances Zapp has gone poststructuralist , and abandoned system and objectivity ; but his commitment to professionalism is greater than ever . An awkward truth though is that in the twentieth century some of the most committed political criticism has come from conservatives , like Eliot and the Southern Agrarians . An erudite work by an Oxford New Historicist , David Norbrook 's Poetry and Politics in the English Renaissance , illustrates the structuralist truism that in a binary grouping one of the two terms tends to assume dominance . Norbrook 's interest is clearly far more in politics than in poetry . The most significant aspect of the New Historicism , political questions apart , is that it represents a move away from the contextless , intensive concentration on particular texts equally characteristic of the New Criticism , classical structuralism , and deconstruction . This has major pedagogic implications , since students can no longer hope to make sense of poems or plays just by reading them carefully , but must spend time in libraries getting up on the historical context . I am very sympathetic to it , and have tried to put it into effect in some of my own writing , but there is an accompanying danger that literature becomes absorbed by culture , and that literary values are superseded by cultural ones . This may seem innocuous and acceptable , but the implications should be understood . The kind of poem that a literary critic would regard as banal , ill - written , shallow in feeling , and platitudinous in sentiment , might have major human interest for the cultural historian . Granted that there is an absolute need for humanistic values to prevail in a neo - utilitarian and materialistic age , one is faced with a significant divergence in the nature of these values . The experience of reading major works of literature can have an overpowering effect on the responsive reader ( usually , but by no means invariably , the young reader ) . Malcolm Bradbury 's story , The Adult Education Class , nicely dramatizes the difficulties and dangers . Adult classes , in fact , require exceptionally good teaching , of a kind that may be remote from the professional ideals of many presentday academics . At the present time , there is much interest in the English past , evoked in exhibitions commemorating historical events , and evident in the spread of museums and the great popularity of visiting country homes . This interest has several aspects . One of them , as the Left disapprovingly points out , is a mythologized version of past greatness which obfuscates the disagreeable realities of the present . The Michelin Guide to the Cte de l'Atlantique says that this eerie and impressive cavern , which communicates by a passage through the cliff to the chteau on the summit , was probably made in the twelfth century to shelter the relics of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem brought back from a Crusade by Pierre II of Castillon , who at that time held the chteau . Now Pound has interested himself a great deal in the order of the Templars , to which Pierre of Castillon belonged . In fact it is the Templars , some of whose ritual survives in the practices of modern Freemasonry , who account for Pound 's interest in Poitiers , one of their principal centres . In the thirteenth century the King of france , abetted by a weak Pope , very brutally suppressed the Order of Templars and appropriated their enormous wealth . The Grandmaster of the Order at this time was Jacques de Molay . It would be tedious to quote and consider every one of the tributes that Pound paid to Binyon . One is at the end of Gaudier - Brzeska ( 1916 ) ; another is in a Criterion article of 1937 , D'Artagnan Twenty Years After ; in that year appeared Polite Essays , which includes Pound 's review of Binyon 's translation of the Inferno ( originally in The Criterion for April 1934 ) ; there are two tributes to Binyon in Guide to Kulchur ( 1938 ) ; in 1948 at St Elizabeth 's Pound was still pressing Binyon on the attention of Charles Olson ; and as late as 1958 he took the opportunity of Pavannes and Divagations to get back into print his appreciative note on The Flight of the Dragon . None of these items is without interest . But Hell , the review of Binyon 's Inferno , is particularly important ; for it may well be one of the most careful and illuminating acts of criticism that Pound ever performed . It includes this passage : The Teutonic mind , he said quickly , was no favourite of his : Mussolini , he implied , did not particularly dislike the Jews . It is necessary to turn back to Ezra 's childhood to find a key to that dire impatience which has led him into so strange a spiritual home as Fascist Italy . It is , alas , the spoiled and wilful child who makes whips and bloodshed take the place of wisdom and social interest ! Nevertheless in Ezra we are dealing with a creative artist who never however impatient he was sold his birthright for a mess of pottage . Ezra can be mistaken more thoroughly mistaken than most people but he has never been venal . By SARAH HOGG The Chancellor is trying to convince his political audience that Britain 's deficit ( now running at close on 4 per cent of national income ) is not a problem ; and to convince the markets not to sell sterling . In both arguments , the next two weeks which include a probable German interest - rate rise and an unavoidable Conservative Party conference will be critical . If Mr Lawson can hold off a base rate rise at least until he can blame the Germans , that will make his political task a fraction easier ; but not much . The balance of payments is a circular identity of inflows and outflows , which must necessarily match each other. In 1988 the group had 8,000 employees , of whom 500 were outside France . More important , perhaps , CB is an unusual organisation . As a massive lender which takes no deposits , a marketer of industrial and consumer finance , and increasingly a purveyor of insurance - related products to an under - insured French public , CB probably embodies a unique combination of strategy and interests . There is definitely no parallel in Britain . CB originated in the ruins of France one year after the end of the Second World War as Union Financiere d'Enterprises Francaises et Etrangeres . SINCE we are in the middle of the International Coffee Organisation meeting - how do they pass a week without a visible result ? I thought it appropriate to think about tea . It is not such a perverse idea , because a lot of people have recently become interested in that noble beverage . As always , the interest is not unconnected with a little matter of price . At last Monday 's weekly London tea auction , prices reached their highest for three years . Many in the trade expect prices to go up further today , and possibly for quite a few auctions to come . But he stressed : It 's only an idea , not a proposal , and it needs a lot more work . The Hill Samuel plan envisages splitting off the UK naval and avionics businesses and giving shareholders one share in the new company for every share they hold in the existing organisation . Talks are believed to have been held with Thorn EMI , whose defence interests are up for sale . A successful merger could create a defence company with estimated sales of 800m . Ferranti 's naval and avionics businesses are thought to have a turnover of about 500m . It is the business of the head of the established church to express his worries about the state of the nation and the moral mood of the times . It would be foolish and unseemly as well as counter - productive for the Prime Minister to enter into an undignified slanging match with him every time he does so . If Dr Runcie sees self - interest , self - righteousness and an intolerant and uncharitable disregard for the unsuccessful and the unemployed , it is not merely his right but his duty to speak out . If , further , he feels that the free market policies and values embraced by Mrs Thatcher have done much to create a divided nation , dominated by Pharisees , he should feel free to offer his opinion . This is not , however , to say that Dr Runcie is correct . There have been rows over cattle - grazing and other encroachment . Fortunately , this year 's monsoon was short but sharp , and improved water management has produced good floods . Dr Vijayan also reports that after a long struggle to arouse their interest , Pakistani environmentalists are aware of the threat to the bird . But the war rages on in Afghanistan , and crane protection is understandably a low priority in Kabul . The war , and the region 's complex geopolitical concerns , are also preventing naturalists from undertaking the most effective means of monitoring the Siberian crane - ringing the flock with miniature transmitters that could be tracked from space . Signalling the beginning of a lower - key campaign against the plans of the Lord Chancellor , Lord Mackay of Clashfern , to give increased rights of audience in the High and Crown court to solicitors , Lord Donaldson called on the Bar to put aside the trauma , the acrimony and the recriminations which followed Lord Mackay 's Green Papers and to abandon the hustings . Lord Donaldson said objectives due to be included in this autumn 's Bill were total freedom of choice for the client , unless the interests of justice otherwise require . When those concerned turn their attention to this problem , they may find they have to make a distinction between litigation in which there is a direct public interest in the result and that in which the public interest is limited to ensuring that an adequate system of justice is available . In the first category we have criminal cases , judicial review and cases which involve matrimonial status and the welfare of children or those under a disability . In many of them , particularly criminal cases , the interests of the client may be quite different from those of the public . When those concerned turn their attention to this problem , they may find they have to make a distinction between litigation in which there is a direct public interest in the result and that in which the public interest is limited to ensuring that an adequate system of justice is available . In the first category we have criminal cases , judicial review and cases which involve matrimonial status and the welfare of children or those under a disability . In many of them , particularly criminal cases , the interests of the client may be quite different from those of the public . In these cases the interests of justice may demand special requirements such as , for example , that the preparation and presentation of the case be in separate and independent hands . In the second category , general civil cases , parties should be able to choose their own lawyers because the interests of justice would be inherently less likely to fetter the client 's right of choice . In the first category we have criminal cases , judicial review and cases which involve matrimonial status and the welfare of children or those under a disability . In many of them , particularly criminal cases , the interests of the client may be quite different from those of the public . In these cases the interests of justice may demand special requirements such as , for example , that the preparation and presentation of the case be in separate and independent hands . In the second category , general civil cases , parties should be able to choose their own lawyers because the interests of justice would be inherently less likely to fetter the client 's right of choice . Lord Donaldson implied , however , that solicitors who exercised their new rights of audience in these cases ought to be expected to concentrate on advocacy . They will have to be approved by the Lord Chancellor and be subject to the concurrence of four senior Supreme Court judges , of whom Lord Donaldson will be one . In practice , initial drafts of rules will be the subject of ongoing discussions between all four parties . The four will have to have regard to the interest of justice objective . But on the other hand , the statute will also include a clear intention that extended rights of audience are put into practical effect as soon as the necessary conditions have been met . A majority of judges said in their response to the Green Papers that standards of conduct and competence might decline if lawyers who worked in partnerships and took instructions directly from clients ( most solicitors ) were allowed widespread access to the higher courts . Alternative dividing lines which have been informally mooted , such as simply restricting solicitor - advocates in Crown Court jury trials to the less serious cases , had been viewed as difficult to support as a matter of principle . Lord Donaldson 's remarks were greeted with cautious enthusiasm by Bar leaders . Desmond Fennell , QC , the Bar 's chairman , said that he was greatly encouraged by Lord Donaldson 's indication that the interests of justice objective would prevail . Roger Henderson , QC , the Bar 's public affairs spokesman , warned that the words used in the White Paper were open to different interpretations , but said : Lord Donaldson has plainly interpreted the White Paper on the basis that there has been a major change from the Green Paper . John Hayes , secretary general of the Law Society , said he regarded the entire matter as up for debate . The funding of higher education would become the responsibility of one body , rather than two . Labour 's Quality Commission would replace the Audit Commission. But there would be new regulatory commissions and consumer councils for every utility , along with ombudsmen , and public interest commissioners appointed by the Secretary of State . There would be Skills UK a locally structured training commission a Fair Wages Commission , a Health Technology Commission , a Health Quality Commission , an Education Standards Council , an Independent Sentencing Council , a Children 's Commissioner , an Environmental Protection Executive , and a Social Insurance Fund administered by an independent commission . The Labour Party Conference : Cook appeals for Labour to accept electoral reform Mr Genscher , who appears to have arranged the solution in talks with his East German , Czechoslovak and Polish counterparts in the United Nations , said his trip to Prague was the most moving of his career . The refugees were the same age as he was when he escaped from East Germany 37 years ago. In his special broadcast last night , Mr Genscher said he hoped President Gorbachev , who will visit East Berlin for the anniversary this weekend , will try to convince East Germany that political reforms are also in its own interest . Labour would keep tight rein on spending By ANTHONY BEVINS , Political Editor The fabrics side was held back by a decline in demand for batiks in West Africa . Conventional wisdom is that Tootal will add management expertise to Coats , but on the evidence of the first half neither is skilled at controlling working capital . Tootal 's is around 35 per cent higher than the group would like , and an interest charge that should be declining was a fifth higher than last year . Pre - tax profits this year will be lower than last year 's 42.3m and the shares , which slipped 1.5p to 127p , are only being held up by the Coats offer , worth 133p . If it fails , sell Tootal . The deal doubles Bull 's presence in the US and should boost turnover of the Bull group to about 7bn . Zenith Computer , part of Zenith Electronics Corporation , is a manufacturer of IBM personal computer clones and is an important player in the market for portable computers . But Zenith recently announced second quarter losses due to the strong dollar , high interest charges , and squeezed margins in the computer sector . The acquisition will pitch Bull into the front line of the competitive PC market and is part of the group 's overall drive to become a leader in international information technology . Jerry Pearlman , Zenith Electronic 's chairman , said that the net proceeds about 22m after taxes and expenses would be used to boost investment in lucrative consumer areas , such as high definition television . View from City Road page 27 Tunnel shock : Eurotunnel , the Anglo - French consortium which will operate the twin - rail tunnel when it enters service in June 1993 , announced that costs have risen by 2.2bn to 7bn . Outlook page 25 ICI green plant : Chemicals giant , ICI , is to build a 100m plant in Louisiana for the production of alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) , widely used compounds which deplete the earths ozone layer . Board demands : Trustees representing the interests of the Ferranti family have written to chairman Sir Derek Alun - Jones asking for the board to be replaced or supplemented by new directors . Page 24 and View from City Road , page 27 Gollancz buy : US - based Houghton Mifflin intends to purchase Victor Gollancz , the privately owned London publisher , subject to the approval of shareholders . Proposed terms were not disclosed . This is the first visible sign of a shareholders ' revolt against the chairman , Sir Derek Alun - Jones , since the discovery of a 185m fraud which threatens the group 's future . Sir Derek believes he should not be held to blame since the fraud occurred in the accounts of International Signal and Control , which had received a clean audit when Ferranti bought the company two years ago. Trustees representing substantial family interests have written to Sir Derek asking for the board to be replaced or supplemented by new directors . It is an accepted practice in dire situations such as this that the board is replaced or supplemented by a new board charged with the function of restoring the fortunes of the company and the confidence of customers , the letter says . You may care to consider whether this is not a practice to be followed in the case of Ferranti . The statements that have been made by the company have made no reference to board changes , the letter said . The family 's interests include shares owned by the estate of the late Basil de Ferranti , a former chairman of the company . Sebastian de Ferranti , Basil 's brother and now a director of Ferranti 's competitor GEC , is a trustee of the interests but it is not clear whether he shares these views . Basil de Ferranti was chairman of the company until it merged with International Signal and Control , a takeover which he supported . As part of the deal Mr de Ferranti agreed to stand down in favour of Sir Derek and to allow James Guerin , International Signal 's founder , to come on to the board as deputy chairman . A HIGH - POWERED group of finance directors has urged the Government to consider giving greater commercial freedom to nationalised industries such as British Rail and the Post Office rather than privatising them outright . They should be made to correspond more closely with private sector practice and allowed the freedom to borrow from the market place , the group says . They should also be given permission to issue some form of fixed interest profit - related bond , be allowed to raise a proportion of their equity direct from the public and be subject to independent regulation similar to that of privatised utilities . These are the main recommendations of a report from the Hundred Group of senior British finance directors , published yesterday and circulated to ministers and senior civil servants . At the moment nationalised industries are severely restricted in the way they borrow money . There were also a few devout Muslims . I was told that both the new right and those who support the Government 's view that the present blasphemy laws which protect only Christianity should be retained had been excluded . Members of both groups either behaved badly at conferences or had no interest in improving race relations . Fay Weldon and her allies had not been invited either , because , it was felt , they held racist attitudes , consciously or not. The liberal establishment believes that the law should apply equally to all religions . The most powerful is that the figures , inaccurate as they have turned out to be , convinced experts employed by big investors and banks such as National Westminster . Moreover , it is notoriously difficult to predict the costs of major infrastructural projects , almost all of which run wildly over budget . In this case , the construction timetable proved wrong , as did very optimistic forecasts concerning the rates of inflation and interest . Even so , the quality of project management is surely open to examination . It is not as if Eurotunnel was working at the leading - edge of technological innovation . They accepted an objectionable , racially - discriminatory basis on which Hong Kong citizenship would be decided . They accepted limitations on the jurisdiction of Hong Kong 's post - 1997 Supreme Court , and proposals which would diminish the independence of judges . They refrained from responding to a long series of statements by senior Chinese officials which contradicted both the letter and the spirit of the Joint Declaration - including an assurance , for example , that the post - 1997 Hong Kong press would be free for as long as it did not publish anything detrimental to China 's national interest . London was all too obviously selling Hong Kong down the Pearl River , despite its protestations to the contrary . Even now , and though the events of June triggered a brief period of reappraisal , the British still seem besotted by their vision of China as a billion - strong market for their goods and services and either unaware , or unimpressed , that their exports to Hong Kong itself are currently worth three times as much as those to its northern neighbour . We are strong now on women 's rights , the environment and disarmament . This sort of language dismays the traditional ranks of SPD supporters , especially the big trade unions , who fear their voice within the party is being muffled . It has not always been easy for those working class voters who see the Greens as an undisciplined bunch , inimical to the interests of industrial society , to keep up with the SPD 's enthusiastic appetite for environmental matters . There has been a noticeable shift of working class support from the SPD to the far - right Republicans not as much as the losses from the Christian Democrats , but enough to worry party managers . The differences in our electorate are much bigger than for the conservative parties , says Heidi Wieczorek - Zeul , a member of the party praesidium . There has been a noticeable shift of working class support from the SPD to the far - right Republicans not as much as the losses from the Christian Democrats , but enough to worry party managers . The differences in our electorate are much bigger than for the conservative parties , says Heidi Wieczorek - Zeul , a member of the party praesidium . Tactically to combine the interests of a miner and an environmentalist just does not work . It can only be done with conviction , with the sort of approach we used in 1969 with Ostpolitik . Today , ecological and women 's issues are the equivalent of Ostpolitik for us . The party leader , Hans - Jochen Vogel , a rather uninspiring figure , has nonetheless proved adept at managing this delicate evolution which , bolder than anything the Labour party ever contemplated , has avoided the sort of fratricidal bloodletting which ravaged its British counterpart . The traditionalist camp has had to swallow some bitter pills . Oskar Lafontaine , the SPD leader in the Saarland , has argued vociferously that a modern mass party like the SPD could not afford to have its policies confined to the narrow interests of employed industrial workers . In the party 's new programme , the trade unions have had to backtrack on their central demand , now accepting that a shorter working week will mean reduced wages . But Mr Lafontaine , standard - bearer of the up - and - coming generation , and the second most important figure after Mr Vogel on the committee drafting the party programme for the next decade , has certainly not had things all his own way . The white - bearded campaigner prided himself on blunt , outspoken views . Despite his lack of political experience , Clouthier 's 20 - year leadership of business organisations stood him in good stead . After the banks ' nationalisation he sold most of his interests in the dozen or so companies he had created and drawn his wealth from , and committed himself to combating the existing political system . He quickly established himself within the PAN , challenging its professional politicians with the support of his business colleagues and unifying the fractious party . He took conservative ideas on privatisation and land reform , gave them a populist anti - government bent and managed to woo over many poorer voters - especially in northern Mexico who previously feared that the PAN represented only business interests . Very much to the benefit of the college , Hargreaves had the personality and the authority of experience needed to implement the legal requirements in the academic workplace without causing rancour or resentment . Hargreaves continued the Sheffield pattern by mounting exhibitions by young artists in Imperial 's Consort Gallery , quality shows that soon attracted a following and that for years formed a regular feature of the London art scene . His advocacy aroused the interests of some of his many friends in the gallery world , bringing several artists to wider notice . Hargreaves was a rich amalgam of natural gifts and sensibilities . His lively and passionate nature , disciplined by a formal scientific training , was expressed creatively in his own paintings , his intense love of music , and in his relationships , personal and professional . Developers ' ancestors include such admired figures as John Nash , the Adams brothers together with the builders of Bath , Bloomsbury and the New Town in Edinburgh . The London we have now is predominantly the work of developers . Such people are not all motivated simply by money , but by an interest in building and in architecture and , like everyone else , they have to live with their creations . In theory , market forces ought to ensure that the consumer rejects inferior products and makes them unsellable . Of course , distance lends enchantment to the work of developers of the past . Commercial pressures are hostile to the creation of space , except in the most limited and functional sense , either inside or out . The ideal interior is neutral and unobstructed , while the demand for floor area pushes buildings to the limits of their sites , making public spaces , or any but the thinnest facades , unprofitable . As the creation of space is the primary concern , it is not surprising the interests of developers and of the well - being of cities are so often in conflict . The struggle between commercial pressure and good architecture is an unequal one , on which many developers are not prepared to expend much energy . They value their architects more for their business demeanours than for their designs , and choose them from a limited number of established companies , more valued for reliability than originality . By DEREK PAIN THE Goldsmith factor had beer shares on the hop yesterday . Grand Metropolitan , which is believed to be keen to sell its extensive brewing interests , came to life in late trading , jumping 21p to 599p as the story flowed that Sir James Goldsmith and friends were stake - building . Grand Met was also the busiest option stock , claiming nearly 2,800 contracts . It was suggested Goldsmith interests already had two per cent and were planning to build a significant shareholding to encourage the Grand Met board to consider a breakup . The price tag is expected to be about 150m . The businesses include two in waste disposal essentially landfill operations two in quarrying , two in the manufacture of scientific instruments plus a chain of builders ' merchants and a maker of specialised grouts . David McErlain , the chairman of Anglo , said over 300 potential bidders had shown interest in the eight operations . He said Anglo expects the sales to be completed by Christmas . These disposals will break the back of our 200m bridging finance , taken on to fund the bid , said Mr McErlain . He said Anglo expects the sales to be completed by Christmas . These disposals will break the back of our 200m bridging finance , taken on to fund the bid , said Mr McErlain . He added that the group would be making further disposals in the new year , including Coalite 's North Sea oil interests and its contract hire operations . Hargreaves Quarries is expected to excite the most interest . Many of its quarries are located next to sites owned by large players such as Tarmac and ARC . Even during the recorded period , however , there are persuasive reasons for believing that the actual quantity of reserves used for intervention was at least 650m - 700m . Sales of reserves were offset by an inflow of 260m of foreign currency receipts from the final instalment of the sale of British Steel shares . And the net change is reduced by interest on the 42.88bn of outstanding reserves probably worth between 250m and 300m a month . Then there is the tricky question of forward market operations . The Bank is known frequently to support the pound in the forward market . MB and Caradon agree on 338m pounds bid By TERENCE WILKINSON , Assistant City Editor MB GROUP , the heating , bathroom products and security printing group which also has packaging interests , has made an agreed 337.6m bid for Caradon , the Twyfords and Everest building products company . If the deal goes through , Dr Brian Smith will step down as chairman of MB Group to make way for Murray Stuart , currently group chief executive . Mr Stuart 's place will in turn be taken by Peter Jansen , deputy chairman and group chief executive of Caradon . The Caradon management team is joining MB Group and bringing their company with them . Dr Smith explained that MB Group , formerly Metal Box , had identified Caradon 18 months ago as a suitable means of expanding into building products but the company had had to reorganise itself and create a new management team to make the current deal possible . Earlier this year MB Group merged its world - wide packaging interests with the French Carnaud to form CMB in which it has a 25.5 per cent stake . This meant it could concentrate on two core businesses security printing and heating and bathroom products . Caradon was bought from publishers Reed International for 61m in 1985 and came to the stock market in June 1987 with an initial market value of 134m . Whatever form it takes , it offers no personal recognition or status , and nor should it . It is necessary , however , that society recognises the importance of caring for others as a fundamental part of living . No one would deny that enterprise and competitiveness are important ; but what we see around us today is the elevation of self - interest as something to be applauded . If we are brought up to accept the doctrine of looking after number one , it is not surprising to find the result of that upbringing reflected in society . This inevitably leads to a climate in which the likelihood of giving not only money but also one 's time is reduced . It is shrewd of Mr Kinnock to attempt to enlist this mood and to link Labour with such concepts as patriotism , efficiency and plain common sense , virtues which have more often been associated with the Conservative Party. Similarly , it is shrewd of him to play for the internationalist vote after a prolonged period of sullen Little Englandism during which Labour threatened to withdraw from the Common Market and called into question this country 's role within Nato . Increasingly the Prime Minister is regarded by many swing voters as unconstructive and isolationist rather than a determined defender of British interests . She , and not Mr Kinnock , is constantly at odds with the European Community and the Commonwealth . A stance which was appropriate for the Age of Brezhnev and Galtieri now seems out of date and out of touch with the spirit of the times . There is no question here of the swing of the pendulum . It is rather comforting in a way . Chesterton said that tradition is the democracy of the dead but in France the dead get a seat in parliament , together with three secretaries each , interest - free loans , subsidised foreign travel and an income of about 40,000 , half of which is tax free . Those who attack the Senate say that it should be abolished , that it is useless and corrupt . Those who defend it say that it repesents an area of moderation and wisdom in French democracy and that both are sorely needed . When asked later how he knew where to begin he replied , I did n't and Sir Hugh Casson said Just absorb the atmosphere . ' Serjeant sustained his increasingly serious illness with signal fortitude and uproarious humour . His many enthusiasms extended to owning a couple of elderly Rolls - Royces , attempting to restart a School of Architecture at the RA , submitting with success his own drawings to the Summer Exhibition and vigorously supporting home - town local causes , including the Malvern Arts Club . He had a passionate interest in music and opera which led him to design several operatic sets . In appearance tall , bald and gangling , eyes alight with pleasure , tufts of hair in disarray , he was the personification of a slightly mad professor . His ritual annual speeches , as he welcomed the assembly to the Royal Academy evening of the RIBA Council Dinner Club , were exponentially hilarious . DAVID KING , King of the Castle , was one of the great authorities on the medieval castle and author of a definitive catalogue of all castles built in England and Wales . Born in 1913 , he was educated at Clifton College and went on to read law at Bristol University . His service in the Royal Artillery in the Second World War took him to the Middle East , and there he was able to develop his interest in military architecture through the study of the citadel at Damascus , and the siege of the crusader castle of Krak des Chevaliers . The results were eventually published after the war . King lost a leg during war service in Italy , an event which makes his thorough surveys of castles , notably those in Wales , even more remarkable . For many readers , Le Monde 's view of the world is France 's view of the world . That view is presented in a classical French , rarely illustrated , and then only with the smallest photographs or the occasional line drawing . It follows an editorial policy that believes foreign news should lead the first three pages , that matters of national interest should be philosophically debated in the newspaper 's columns , and that half a page of sport either side of the weekend is enough . Having survived a financial crisis in the early 1980s , thanks to support from the banks and from a staff prepared to agree to a voluntary wage freeze , the paper is now making money and putting on readers , so why has the management now decided to modernise the title ? On first sight it might seem a case of plus ca change , plus c'est la meme chose . The grey sections were chucked out . So , said the chairman , we 're back to square one . At a Fabian fringe meeting , Andrew Neil , editor of The Sunday Times and executive chairman of Rupert Murdoch 's Sky Television , made a speech , of course in his own and his boss 's interest , which had a sense and vigour that the conference platform could dearly do with . How was it , he asked , that Labour was opposed to a poll tax in local government , but in favour of a poll tax ( the BBC licence fee ) in television ? Then we went back for the long - service merit awards . He frets that , when it comes to the point , the requirements for SATs may not tally with the requirements for GCSE ; that he may have to regroup the whole school to align pupils according to their ability rather than their age . And what , he asks , will happen to the child who does not , bureaucratically speaking , have special educational needs but who never manages to get past Level 2 in any given attainment target ? Mr Lenarduzzi 's sleep is also disturbed by the thought that the interests of the nation may only be served at the expense of local needs or , indeed , that purely academic considerations might distort the wider implications of a proper education . The needs of a rural , 11 to 18 school are very different from an inner - city upper school . We must have sport , drama and music to enrich the children , but I also have an objective to make the children aware of city life and the wider world outside the community of small agricultural villages . By DEIRDRE CHAPMAN IN THE LATE Fifties when news - gathering was still a soft - hat and trenchcoat job , Helen Mason became a reporter with the Daily Record . Real life was then a male preserve but Helen had no interest in the usual option of the women 's pages . She became one of those women reporters whose listening ear and less judgemental approach to people in trouble helped to make the distillation of news the more respected practice it is today . She was also fun . Court proceedings should be of a civil rather than criminal nature , she said . You often find the civil court has dealt with the abuse and the perpetrator in the context of what is in the best interests of the child . But she added that prosecution and imprisonment by a criminal court did not serve the interests of the family as a whole , or of the child who remained part of it , or how victims would deal with contact with the abuser after release . Ms Willbourne also called for the civil courts to be given new powers to exclude an abuser from the home instead of the child . The Ukrainain State Dancers start nationwide tour In a decision which was widely predicted , Mr Patten has declared himself minded to uphold the view of the department 's inspectorate that Consortium Developments , representing several of the country 's major home - builders , had not made a sufficiently strong case for the development of 4,800 houses in what is an abandoned quarry and a conifer plantation . Explaining a new policy drift which will respect local political will at the expense of new development , Mr Patten said : Over the next 10 or 12 years we are going to need substantial numbers of new houses . At the same time we can expect people 's interest in green issues and concern for their local environment to grow . The decision is part of a much wider shift in government thinking , in which Mr Patten has clearly been given Cabinet permission to distance his own policy from that of predecessors , such as Michael Heseltine , and , to a lesser extent , Mr Ridley , now Trade and Industry Secretary , who believed that economic success depended on getting the planner off the backs of business and citizen alike . Mr Patten yesterday issued a draft housing planning policy guidance note , which will update previous documents . At that meeting he will be able to announce to clubs that ITV has agreed to pay more than 7m over the next four years , an extension of a contract in which it paid 10.5m over five years . The debt goes deeper than money . Television , both BBC 's coverage for 20 years and ITV 's for the past five , not only attracted lucrative sponsorships but developed a greater interest among the young . The Pascoes and Fosters on the box fired the imaginations of the Coes and Crams and they in their turn the Jacksons and Backleys . Prime exposure , that 's the key benefit to any sport on television , and the presentation of a sport in a positive way , said Alan Pascoe , athlete turned TV commentator who is chairman of the sport 's marketing agents . This is pretty low for a speculative investment and assumes the company is capitalised at 12.5 times earnings in the year to 31 March 2017 . A combination of a six month construction over - run and attendance of only 10 million cuts the return to 12 per cent . Eurodisney and its advisers , SG Warburg , can feel confident that the issue will go well because of the interest already shown in France , where half the 607m of shares will be issued . They have fired this interest by spending 44m on the issue , aiming it primarily at the retail investor when one might expect an issue of this sort to be more suitable for institutions . As with a privatisation , small investors may be tempted by short term profits and , like Eurotunnel , the issue is a hostage to many variables . We would be happy to do more ventures involving cross - shareholdings , especially in Europe . The half year result was a 34 per cent rise over last time , and at the higher end of City estimates . The interest charge , at 35m against 24m , was lower than many had expected . Mr Tennant explained that this was partly because payments for the LVMH shares had been delayed , but added : We are not really exposed to UK interest rates . Most of our debt is in the form of US dollars or French francs , where rates are a good deal lower . Stockholders account for 60 per cent of the 20 million tonnes of steel sold in the UK each year . British Steel already held 15 per cent of the stockholder market through its own service centres operation . Walker , which bought out GKN 's steel stockholding interests two years ago , has a market share of 20 per cent . Sir Robert said British Steel would now rest content at the combined figure of 35 per cent . The acquisition of Walker will put British Steel on a par with its rivals in Germany and France which control up to 70 per cent of the stockholding outlets through which their steel is sold to industrial customers . Many building societies have pared this down yet further by offering loss - leader discounts on standard loan rates to attract new business . Roughly half the leading building societies ' borrowers repay on budget schemes . They will pay nothing more now , but will have the delayed interest on at least two mortgage rate rises to account for when the new yearly rates are fixed early in 1990 . The anticipated increase in rates to 14.75 per cent would mean a hike of 95p per thousand pounds borrowed without the benefit of income tax relief . The monthly bill for a repayment loan of 100,000 would cost 1,117.73 , an increase of more than 8 per cent after tax relief . Between a focus on Britain and a broad appreciation of the world of which it is but a part ? There is a particular problem with contemporary history . Schools have shown increasing interest in it , helped by such excellent organisations as the Institute for Contemporary British History , but there is limited room in the curriculum for the twentieth century , let alone for the period from when the text books end and memory begins . Attitudes to the recent past are largely shaped by experience and the nature and extent of these experiences vary . This is very much a generational problem . Once you accept outside Palestinians , you validate the concept of their right of return to their former homes in what is now Israel , a Likud source said . Likud sources are confident the disagreements over how to respond to the Mubarak proposals will not break up the government . It 's in no one 's interests to have a government crisis . The US does n't want one for three reasons . First , it will postpone any movement towards a peace process . The big traders were so supine , they just caved in after one letter . He said that only a couple of other booksellers in the country had been brave enough to ignore the letters . The Government initiated proceedings against Mr Marsh in September last year , but after a lengthy delay while he unsuccessfully tried to obtain legal aid , the case was dropped because it was judged to be no longer in the public interest . The case against two other booksellers was also being dropped . Mr Marsh was so incensed by the attempted prosecution that he took out a summons to obtain his costs , and yesterday at a brief hearing in the High Court the Attorney General agreed to pay his costs and not to take any further action on the matter . Ice Hockey : Devils in baptism of fire By STEVE PINDER WITH the season 's curtain - raiser , the Norwich Union Cup , now only of interest to three teams ( Cardiff Devils and Durham Wasps meet to decide who faces Murrayfield Racers in December 's final ) , attention switches to the Heineken Premier and First Divisions which start tomorrow . Devils , new to the Premier Division , look capable of beating anyone . In their imports , Steve Moria and Doug McEwan , they have two of the country 's finest forwards , and they also have Stephen and Ian Cooper on their books and have signed Chris Newton from Peterborough to back up Jeff Smith in goal . By HUGO BARNACLE Chevron surge : BP declined to comment on speculation it is buying Chevron shares , which analysts said were continuing a recent surge following rumours the oil company may restructure . They said speculation focused on BP because it has expressed interest in refining and marketing in the western US . Dollar firm : The dollar ended the week on a firm note . Sterling closed little changed in moderate trading . The period between 1939 to 1949 has been called the most productive and significant period in Canadian letters to date , which matches the 10 Lost Years of the post - Depression period exactly . Leonard was fortunate to come to it when he did , for he was able to enter into the fruits and the confidence born of it , as well as classical English literature . If , under Hugh MacLennan , he was able to form his judgment and turn his phrases under the eye of a skilful novelist , in Louis Dudek 's adroit hands he was able to fashion and test his poetic acumen to the full ; both were to be of absorbing interest to him. Moreover , Dudek 's scholarship was of a more penetrating kind than anything under which Leonard had yet sat , or was to sit , as became that of a Doctor of Letters from Columbia University . He was a highly reputable and incisive critic of art and culture as well as literature ; a bilinguist of note , and more important than all those ! a poet of rare accomplishment ; a poet 's poet . The days were truly apocalyptic ; sadly , many of the commentators and reviewers , the would - be art leaders , were merely apoplectic ; not least in fastening on to his overt sexuality , their criticisms of him shielding their own neuroses . The rabbis had a saying : Where there is too much , there is something missing . The excess to which some have pointed may well disclose the absence of something crucial , but for that we must defer judgment . In the meantime we may note that , right or wrong , balanced or not , Leonard spoke from the heart as did the prophets of old ; the sell - out qualities of the book demonstrated the need , as well as his astuteness in compiling his selection . He was proving himself to be not only an accurate witness to the times , but a respected one , too . In that sentence humour really is the only thing . Not the next man 's humour . A strange wild land out the other side of mockery , even of irresponsibility , indeed beyond all attitude and judgment . No other novelist can reach it . And as I say , some absolutely precious quarry is being stalked by means of Lyamshin and Mrs Virginsky . LORD JUSTICE BALCOMBE said that the point of substance in the case was whether the mother 's consent was unreasonably withheld . The leading authority was the House of Lords case of Re W ( 1971 ) AC 682 where it was held that when dealing with the question of withholding consent , the test was reasonableness , not culpability or indifference , and although the child 's welfare per se was not the test , it was relevant . Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone , LC , said that the question was whether a parental veto came within the band of possible reasonable decisions and not whether it was right or mistaken and that there was a band of decisions within which the court should seek to replace the individual 's judgment with his own . Those tests presented the court with a difficulty . It was very difficult for a court to say what a reasonable mother would have done in circumstances which were almost hypothetical . The appellant was convicted and now appealed . Judith Nutt ( Registrar of Criminal Appeals ) for the appellant ; Hugh Allardyce ( CPS , Croydon ) for the Crown . MR JUSTICE SAVILLE , giving the judgment of the court , said the appellant did not suggest that the co - defendant 's committing of an act of gross indecency with the appellant was not relevant to the question whether , at the same time and place , the appellant was committing a like act with the co - defendant . The appellant appealed on the ground that the co - defendant 's plea of guilty should have been excluded by the trial judge in the exercise of his discretion under section 78 ( 1 ) of the 1984 Act . Mrs Nutt submitted that it would be difficult , if not impossible , for the appellant to try and set about to prove that the co - defendant had not committed an act of gross indecency with him , that he was in effect deprived of any opportunity of cross - examining or otherwise challenging the co - defendant and that to admit the evidence would be simply to render the proceedings against the appellant wholly unfair . By DAVID SHIPMAN Correction ( published 11 October 1989 ) incorporated into this article . The following notes of judgments were prepared by the reporters of the All England Law Reports . Immigration R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal , Ex parte Khalid Hussain ; CA ( Lloyd , Glidewell , Stuart - Smith LJJ ) ; 5 Oct 1989 Under r 18 of the Immigration Appeals Procedure Rules 1972 , the decision of an immigration appeal tribunal considering whether or not to hear oral evidence to determine whether there were compassionate reasons for a person convicted of murder to be given entry clearance was a matter of discretion and could only be attacked on Wednesbury principles or other recognised rules . S Kadri QC and Harjit Grewal ( Penmans , Coventry ) for the applicant ; John Laws ( Treasury Solicitor ) for the tribunal . This , he said , would clear the way for an interim repayment to the depositors , and although there were some small administration problems , he saw no reason why this should not be done in the near future . He said that although Raper and his henchman , Allen , had unlawfully exported large sums of money out of the UK 's jurisdiction , by the terms of the agreement the bank liquidators would take no voluntary part in any subsequent proceedings relating to the contempt charges . After the judgment , Mr Ashton was approached by a group of irate depositors and questioned about the return of their money . He told them that around 10m of the lost cash had been recovered and a payment of this would be made . Brokers unable to meet VAT deadline Recovery by Mrs Fields : Shares in Mrs Fields , the troubled US bakery and cookie retailer , rose more than 20 per cent from their 12 - month low of 19p to 23p after it announced much reduced trading losses . Page 29 US purchase for FKB : Acquisitive sales promotion company FKB Group has broken into the lucrative US medical promotions market with the 41m ( 26m ) acquisition of a specialist marketing company . Page 30 Manx payouts : Some 4,000 depositors who lost 42m in one of Britain 's biggest bank crashes are to receive their first interim payment following an 11.7m judgment against City financier Jim Raper in the Manx Chancery Court yesterday . Page 27 Buoyant Borland : Borland International said it expected second quarter results to beat analysts ' expectations after buoyant sales of Paradox , the US software company 's database product . Page 29 World Markets New York : The Columbus holiday and Yom Kippur hit trading , and in low turnover the Dow Jones Industrial Average slipped before rallying to close 5.89 points higher at 2,791.41 . The rule dealt with persons who had the same interest in any proceedings . It made no express reference to proceedings between a named representative of a class and a member of that class who might well have sharply different interests , as betweeen themselves , as to the substance of the plaintiff 's claim . Paragraph 5 referred simply to enforcement of a judgment or order against a person who , under the rule , was bound by it . It did not purport to enlarge the class of persons who might enforce the judgment or order and there was no basis for attributing any such intention or effect . There was no reason to suppose that in proceedings under Order 5 , rule 5 , it was intended to enable a named representative defendant to claim against a member of the represented class without complying with the requirements of the county court rules . It made no express reference to proceedings between a named representative of a class and a member of that class who might well have sharply different interests , as betweeen themselves , as to the substance of the plaintiff 's claim . Paragraph 5 referred simply to enforcement of a judgment or order against a person who , under the rule , was bound by it . It did not purport to enlarge the class of persons who might enforce the judgment or order and there was no basis for attributing any such intention or effect . There was no reason to suppose that in proceedings under Order 5 , rule 5 , it was intended to enable a named representative defendant to claim against a member of the represented class without complying with the requirements of the county court rules . Accordingly the county court judge had no power under Order 5 , rule 5 to make the order by which , on the defendant 's application , the appellant was ordered to pay 861 . Andrew Nicol , for Mr Crook , told Lord Lane , the Lord Chief Justice , sitting with Mr Justice Macpherson and Mr Justice Pill , that his client had been zealous in trying to preserve the principle of open justice . Mr Crook is appealing against two secrecy orders imposed last month , and applying for leave to appeal against another also made last month . At the close of yesterday 's hearing , the court reserved judgment on the two appeals and gave leave for Mr Crook to pursue the third but not until the first judgment had been given . The judges concluded by imposing a publicity postponement order on the day 's proceedings under the Contempt of Court Act . Lord Lane said : No mention is to be made of any of the facts upon which these three orders were founded until after the conclusion of the last of the three trials involved , whenever that may be . Thus , a litigant who claimed any form of injunction had an unfettered right of appeal . So too had parents who disagreed with a judge 's decision on any matter , however minor , concerning a child 's education or welfare . Yet a judgment striking out a complete action for want of prosecution or for any other reason was appealable only with leave . A further , if slightly different , anomaly existed in relation to judicial review . In recognition of the general interest in avoiding the disruptive effect of such proceedings on the public administration no one could apply for judicial review unless they had successfully applied ex parte for leave . Michael Jordan of Cork Gully and Timothy Beer of Peat Marwick McLintock said they had recovered 13.2m of the missing deposits but 5.5m of this had already gone to liquidation costs and legal fees . That leaves 7.7m to be distributed but Mr Jordan said some of this would still have to be held back for litigation . The liquidators won an 11.7m judgment against companies owned by disgraced City financier Jim Raper in the Manx court on Monday but said they were not expecting to see any of this . Mr Raper is believed to be in Switzerland , in hiding from a two - year jail sentence imposed for moving assets out of Britain . Mr Jordan said a payout , the first of several , will probably be made in early December . The compact disc is sponsored by the insurer Legal General and the royalties are expected to raise at least 25,000 for the Aids charities and projects the Trust supports . Once the sum raised passes the 25,000 mark , royalties will revert to the Orchestra and Nimbus Records , the producers , while Legal General 's will continue to go to the National Aids Trust . News Round - Up : County court judgments fall By LORNA BOURKE INTEREST rates may be rising , pushing borrowers even further into debt , but the number of county court judgments against individuals in debt has fallen by 16 per cent in the first half of 1989 , according to figures released by the Registry of County Court Judgments . The Declaration was not surprisingly unaccompanied by any mechanism for the enforcement of the rights which it declared . In that respect it differed from the European Convention of Human Rights , to which the United Kingdom adhered in November 1950 under the auspices of the Council of Europe and which came into force in September 1953 . The Convention established a European Court of Human Rights , to which the signatory states accorded supranational powers , and before which at this moment Britain awaits judgment in respect of acts committed in Northern Ireland in 1971 . Significantly , there is no provision ( yet ) in the European Convention corresponding to Article 25 of the UN Declaration . However it would be unwise to conclude that , just because it has no enforcement mechanism , the Universal Declaration is as harmless as it is futile . And now we have come up before the beak for a second wigging , because on the application of one of our own citizens we are accused of degrading treatment or punishment inflicted in the Isle of Man . It is impossible to exaggerate the revolutionary significance of the recognition of a binding judicial tribunal external to the realm . There is no similarity between this and international arbitration , where a state voluntarily agrees in a particular case to accept the judgment of a tribunal , as two individuals might freely agree to accept the adjudication of an arbitrator . International arbitration is no more a transfer of sovereignty than private arbitration is an ousting of the jurisdiction of the courts . The European Convention is different in kind , and the British signatories of it , worthy predecessors to the signatories of the Treaty of Brussels in 1972 , put an end to a period of more than four centuries during which no causes have been carried out of this realm . The consequences strike at the right of the people of this country to live under the laws made and altered by their representatives in Parliament . This ceases to be possible where a document accepted as binding is bindingly interpreted by an external court . In order to arrive at its findings , the European Commission does what no court in this country can do , namely sit in judgment upon the policy and justification of an Act of Parliament . What is more , and equally incompatible with our conception of parliamentary democracy , the judicial interpretation of the terms of such a document as the Convention is not susceptible to statutory control or modification . In the system to which the European Convention belongs , the judiciary are the legislators , and their powers as such are the more sweeping because of the necessarily vague and general terms in which the socalled human rights are defined . By Sarah Boseley AJOURNALIST was yesterday ordered by the High Court to identify a source who gave him commercially sensitive information . Giving judgment in a case that has so far been heard in camera , Mr Justice Hoffmann ruled that Mr William Goodwin , a journalist working for The Engineer , must hand over his notes of a telephone conversation with his source . The judgment adds a new dimension to interpretations of Section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act , 1981 , which says journalists can only be required to reveal their sources if it is necessary in the interests of justice , or for the prevention of crime . Yesterday 's ruling suggests companies seeking to protect their commercial secrets may have a case under Section 10 . The judgment adds a new dimension to interpretations of Section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act , 1981 , which says journalists can only be required to reveal their sources if it is necessary in the interests of justice , or for the prevention of crime . Yesterday 's ruling suggests companies seeking to protect their commercial secrets may have a case under Section 10 . After the judgment , Mr Goodman 's solicitor , Mr Geoffrey Bindman , said his client would appeal . He said : It is the company 's security that this is all about . If the company does n't look after its documents , does it give it a justification for a journalist being asked to reveal his source ? The scene dealing with her adoration of Christ went no further than a few motions of the lips St Theresa 's moment of ecstasy was rendered by the image of Christ 's hand closing over hers . Earlier , Mr Richard du Cann , QC , for the British Board of Film Classification , defined blasphemy as an intention to outrage because of the contemptuous tone , style and spirit of the material . The committee 's judgment will be given later . Women face three times HIV sex risk . By Nigel Williams ADECISION on whether a trainee journalist should be jailed for contempt of court was yesterday adjourned until next month pending a hearing in the House of Lords . Mr Justice Hoffman said in the High Court that he had decided to suspend judgment until he knew how soon the House of Lords was likely to hear an appeal against an order forcing Mr William Goodwin , aged 23 , who works on the Engineer magazine , to reveal confidential information . After being assured by Mr Geoffrey Robertson , QC , defending , that the appeal process would be dealt with this week , he said he had decided to suspend judgment until January 15 . Earlier yesterday , the Court of Appeal refused an application by Mr Goodwin 's employers , the publishers Morgan Grampian , to revoke the order forcing him to hand over notes containing confidential financial information concerning a company , which cannot be named for legal reasons . The company alleges that the information came from a stolen document , and wants to take action against the source . There can be no sense in the DTI 's refusal to publish the House of Fraser report on the grounds that it might prejudice a Serious Fraud Office inquiry when it took the opposite course over Blue Arrow . And while one is busy throwing the rotten eggs , who can forget the duplicity of the DTI over the disposal of Rover to British Aerospace . It would be nice to write that despite these lapses of judgment , not to mention the occasional maladministration , investors and other stakeholders in business do not have to worry because of the safety superstructure which has been built since . But there is little in the current regulatory structure which is designed to inspire the confidence of investors . Indeed , even if supervision of Barlow Clowes had passed seamlessly from the DTI to the Financial Intermediaries , Managers and Brokers Regulatory Association ( FIMBRA ) there can be no guarantee the warning signs at Barlow Clowes , from intermingled funds to accounting inconsistencies , would have been unearthed . By Desmond Christy The Torch in My Ear , by Elias Canetti , translated by Joachim Neugroschel ( Andre Deutsch , 13.95 ) BERLIN in 1928 really was no place for a puritan like Elias Canetti . Back in Vienna he had been bewitched by the viciously witty judgments of the satirist , Karl Kraus . If Kraus judged Vienna so harshly , what words could be severe enough for Berlin ? Canetti , for example , could n't imagine writing for money . NatWest rap for DTI investigators . By Peter Rodgers City Editor DEPARTMENT of Trade inspectors should not pass judgments on individuals , NatWest chairman Lord Alexander yesterday told a Commons trade and industry committee hearing . Instead their reports should stick to investigating and reporting the facts , he told the MPs ' inquiry into the methods of company investigations . Conclusions about criminal or other responsibility should be left to the police or regulatory bodies such as the Bank of England to decide . If you have one man killed , you are not justified in bombing cities or killing lots of others . But if you can show a pattern of attacks , then you have a much stronger case . I do n't think we know enough at this point to make a judgment . Gen Noriega and his few remaining allies would be hard - pressed to argue against the US invasion in an international legal body such as the UN , the experts said , because he declared last weekend that his forces were in a state of war with the US . That was his biggest blunder , Mr Goldman said . It could change the community of bird species . But initial studies show there are higher concentrations of birds on the higher areas of the mudflats . The preliminary judgment is another hopeful sign that the barrage will receive government approval and could within the decade be feeding electricity into the national grid . A decision is expected before March on the barrage company 's application for a place in the non - fossil fuel obligation under the new Electricy Act , which gives the right to sell electricity to the privatised grid . There have been 270 bids . It stocks a relatively small range of products and plans to hit the supermarkets in the processed - foods business . But Aldi says it has had trouble : the Office of Fair Trading is investigating Aldi 's claim that suppliers , frightened of affronting their main customers , have been giving it the cold shoulder . A judgment is expected any moment ; but even if the OFT decides in Aldi 's favour , the matter will still have to be investigated further by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. It could be many years before the Department of Trade and Industry decided to take action or not , as in the case of the brewers . Long before then , though , market laws look likely to prompt changes . Commission officials say that implementation of the banking directive cannot be delayed until the others too are ready to go into effect . In theory , investment firms and insurers which , after January 1st 1993 , feel that EC legislation discriminates against them , might take the commission or the Council of Ministers ( or both ) to the European Court of Justice for creating conditions of unfair competition . Unlikely : court action is costly , and can easily last two years before judgment by when the playing field should be level anyway . The law of the City Lawyers in the City of London grew rich as their financial clients did . Now he talks of revoking some of the freedoms , including a freer press , that the Soviet parliament brought into being last year . He may yet suspend parliament itself . In the past , whenever he has erred on the side of too much order , the judgment inside the Soviet Union and outside has been that Gorbachev is as good as we 'll get . The likeliest alternative always seemed to be worse . But now Mr Gorbachev has made himself the unpalatable alternative . So the argument that Mr Major needs only to wait for the inevitable victory , after the inevitable economic recovery , should be taken with a fistful of salt . And there is more to politics than economics . People may vote with one hand on their wallets , but their guesses about future prosperity are tangled up with judgments of the competing politicians . These judgments are always crude , occasionally wrong . Caricatures tend to be sketched early , and then to stick . Why ? Jealousy ? Or did Mr Lawson simply let his natural rudeness get the better of his judgment ? And the man is rude : in the same debate , he was questioned by John Townend , a Tory MP who , while not exactly Socrates in a suit , is a perfectly amiable cove . Mr Lawson responded pleasantly : I am glad that my honourable friend raised that issue because , although it is an absurdity , it is believed by many people other than my honourable friend , who understandably picks up things that he hears other people say . The agency plans to assign its own ratings to bond insurers . Moody 's and SP try to stay above this fray . The principles of credit rating are immutable , they insist ; their credit opinions are never swayed by the judgments of others . This is hard to believe , but impossible to disprove . Yet the top two do not feel as smug as they may sound . His premonition proved to be well founded . The expectation that God would reward the righteous in this world ran parallel to the less attractive expectation that He would punish the unrighteous . Calvinists , for whom no event could be fortuitous , were especially prone to make judgments that divine providence was supposed to bring to fruition before their eyes . It is recorded of a Bishop , who was a strong Sabbatarian and disapproved of Sunday trains , that he was puzzled by statistics showing that train accidents were no more frequent on Sundays than on weekdays . Readers of the great Victorian novelists rejoiced to find in the final chapters how summarily justice was meted out to the villains ; some were perplexed that the Almighty often failed to knot up loose ends equally satisfactorily . He was n't asked so he supplied an alternative . I 'm not terribly good at blowing my own trumpet , though . The other two members of the Board laughed discreetly but the CO was delivering judgment . Well , Rifleman Willoughby , the Board will watch how you get on with some interest and we 'll interview you again in six months time . Charles no longer bothered to hide his disappointment , but his salute was impeccable and he made a lot of noise with his about turn and exit . There are powerful arguments in favour of saying that there are other killings where an intent to kill cannot be established , and yet where the moral or social culpability is equal to that in most intentional killings . Of course , one cannot be adamant about whether they merit the label murder , because that is a question of drawing the line between murder and manslaughter , which is not susceptible of any precise resolution . It is hard to argue conclusively that the category of murder should be smaller or larger ( unless the death penalty or a mandatory life sentence follows ) ; it is a question of social judgment . Let us briefly consider some of the possibilities . The fault element for many serious offences is intent or recklessness : why should this not suffice for murder ? And where have they taken Eleanor Thorne ? Madness had a smell , as Kathleen Lavender had watched the very old body move down the garden path . I should do something now , because perhaps it was for want of normal company that Eleanor Thorne lay until her mind turned the corner into madness and final decay , I should go out , I should not allow myself to brood , to carry out my sister 's peculiar whims and defer to the judgments she passes upon me . I should visit Alida , who is now also alone , and Dorothea , for she has her friend whose name I cannot remember , and that is yet another person for me to talk to , make friends with . I should not run home and stay here in fear , for my sister cannot harm me . She had been here for twenty minutes , during which time Alida Thorne had backtracked and made difficulties , pretended not to understand . It was a considerable strain . The solicitor can be of no help , she said at length , he has refused , he has passed judgment and there can be no appeal . Well , I simply cannot believe that , for it is not for him to say . You must change your solicitor . Keep your mind on Roydale . He belongs to a new owner . I want your best judgment . His form 's not brilliant , but nor is the trainer he 's come from . I want to know where we 're at . At the Essex Forest Eyre of 1277 it was presented that Alexander Not of Havering had entered the Abbess of Barking 's wood and felled an oak . He had been discovered by the abbess 's steward , Richard of Bernstead , who , when he resisted attachment , seized and bound him , took him to Barking , imprisoned him for three days and afterwards delivered him to the forester and the verderer . The judgment of the court was that because Richard was not a sworn forester , he was liable to amercement . In the execution of their duties the foresters often had to contend with armed bands of desperate men ; in many cases they were beaten and even killed while attempting to arrest Forest offenders . In 1351 Edward III granted John the woodward of Raskelf a pension of 3d . a day for good service and especially because his eyes were torn out and his tongue and his fingers cut off by malefactors in the Forest of Galtres in the time when he was one of the King 's foresters there . The Court ruled that : as the said John was elected verderer by the knights and others of the county of Stafford , in full county court , faithfully to serve the King in his office of verderer , therefore judgment shall be pronounced on them on that account . Verderers and agisters were on occasion , however , appointed directly by the king or by the Justice of the Forest ; at other times the warden of the forest was ordered to see that vacancies were filled . During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the verderers , regarders and agisters usually held office for life , provided that they discharged their duties faithfully and well , but in the fifteenth century the authority of the verderer , like that of the coroner , was brought to an end by the death of the king , and the sheriffs were ordered to hold new elections . If the verderers ( or their heirs , if the verderers had died in the mean time ) failed to present their rolls to the judges on the first day of the Forest Eyre , or if their rolls were deficient in any material particular , they were liable to amercement . At the Huntingdonshire Forest Eyre of 1255 the foresters and verderers presented a clerk and his page for a trespass against the venison . The judgment of the court was that because the verderers and the Steward of the Forest made no mention in their rolls of the name of the said page , nor of his delivery , nor of his escape , and the business of the King so far as it relates to the said boy is entirely undone , therefore they are in mercy . But the verderers were finally acquitted , The local gentry and others were presented for taking the deer , which they had probably been accustomed to do for generations with little interference . Other presentments concerned the unwarranted felling of trees and cutting of branches in the forest coppices , and the overburdening of the forest pastures with unauthorized numbers of cattle , sheep and pigs . To give judgment upon these presentments , the ancient machinery of the Forest Eyre was once more set in motion after a long period of general disuse . Between 1488 and 1490 eyres were held in the Berkshire and Surrey divisions of Windsor Forest , in Hampshire , Wiltshire , Northamptonshire , Essex , Buckinghamshire and Huntingdonshire . The court rolls show that the Forest law had been generally disregarded , and that the king 's deer had been hunted and the forest timber felled on a large scale . Interest rates would have to be higher and there is a risk that a Labour government facing difficult choices would be tempted to devalue sterling , as feared by financial markets . Despite Labour 's plans to raise taxes by 6.8 billion in a full year , the analysis says it would be unable to fund its election spending promises beyond initial moves to raise pensions and child benefit and a modest recovery programme . The report makes no judgment on Labour 's tax plans . However , it argues that VAT increases will be required whichever party is in power if public borrowing is to be reduced . Implicit in this analysis is the view that Labour would have little scope for raising additional revenue by further increases in income tax directed at the better - off . It was the greatest struggle despite all these economy measures to scrape together the VAT payable by July 31 , said the judgment . The result was there was very little money left in the kitty to meet the bill but even so the payment was just two weeks late . I have no doubt that it was this misfortune that caused the appellant 's financial difficulties , one huge bad debt and the loss of regular valuable business , said the judgment . Mr Anderson told the tribunal he could not apply for bad debt relief until 12 months after the debt had arisen while Customs had penalised him for paying the VAT a mere 16 days late . He says : I feel I have established a precedent for arguing that if there is a genuine reason why one has n't got the cash to pay the tax the surcharge should be waived . You ask : how do you advance the public interest , how do you provide for it in the best way ? Is this a 1992 socialist ? Catch him in Birmingham tonight and form your own judgment on the supposed heir to Bevan , Foot and Kinnock . Election 92 : Owen backs Major as best leader By George Jones Political Editor IWP is a holdings company with interests in the United Kingdom , Holland and the Republic of Ireland . City : Shipping safety SHORT - TERM political and commercial judgments can lead to commercial advantage but threaten a long - term commitment to shipping safety and quality , said Lloyd 's Register chairman Sir Roderick MacLeod in the 1991 report published yesterday . City : Cooper Clarke up BOLTON - BASED building products distributor Cooper Clarke returned to the black with a 126,000 profit in the eight months to end - December , compared with a 274,000 loss in the previous year to end - April . The scandal is that a supine and cowardly press has allowed itself to be intimidated into censoring the truth even though it distorts our entire view of reality . The question , Does it matter ? answers itself . Of course it matters if people are deliberately robbed of the means of judgment by suppression of facts which , in any other situation , would be regarded as necessary to make sense of what had taken place . Only one of the many newspapers I read mentioned the fact that the assailant was black and it was with the most extreme difficulty that I was able to ascertain from reporters and policemen , who all refused to be named , that the callous passers - by were also black . But it is very important ; it changes the whole picture . Personally , however , Diderot seems to have been genial and agreeable . He quarrelled with Rousseau after being on intimate terms with him , but then everybody did . He was jealous of Voltaire 's renown , but his judgment of him , not entirely favourable , was sound enough . He made , like many intellectuals , rather a fool of himself when flattered by people in power in his case , Catherine . All the same , despite his intelligence and charm , Diderot is perhaps less interesting in himself than as a symptom and influence . A measure of the difference between Mr Major 's personal standing and Mrs Thatcher 's is that , whereas a mere 19 per cent of voters on Friday and Saturday said they thought Mr Major would make the worst Prime Minister , nearly double that proportion , 34 per cent , thought the same of Mrs Thatcher five years ago. Voters clearly have no difficulty distinguishing between real politics and the American show - biz variety . They are prepared to rate the parties ' campaigns in the style of drama critics reviewing theatrical performances , at the same time forming separate judgments about the parties ' and leaders ' ability to govern . Asked to say who had campaigned most impressively , 32 per cent named Mr Ashdown and the Liberal Democrats , 27 per cent Mr Kinnock and the Labour party and only 23 per cent Mr Major and the Conservatives . Their voting preferences were , of course , in the reverse order . It was a brutal and cowardly attack on wretched creatures whose offences placed them at the bottom of the prison heap , he said . He told Taylor , who appeared in the dock wearing a dark suit with a small teddy bear mascot on the breast pocket , that Parliament had laid down a maximum sentence of 10 years for an appropriate case and to deter those who took the law into their own hands . In my judgment this is an appropriate case . I cannot imagine a worse , he said . The worst riot in British penal history started during a Sunday morning service in the Strangeways chapel . Emma Brodie died in Frenchgate shopping centre in Doncaster after being stabbed through the heart with a carving knife by Carol Barratt , 24 , who had attacked another child in the same place weeks earlier . Trent Regional Health Authority ordered an inquiry into why Dr Neil Silvester , a consultant psychiatrist at Doncaster Royal Infirmary , had authorised Barratt 's early release . It concluded that Dr Silvester had been guilty of a serious error of professional judgment and ordered him to take a six - month retraining course . Doncaster Health Authority confirmed yesterday that it had made an undisclosed payment to Mr Rod Brodie and his wife , Valerie , both 38 . It said : The health authority does not accept legal liability but , in view of the unique and tragic circumstances of this case , has agreed to make a contribution to the family of an undisclosed sum . Finally , he was publicly warned and barred from communion , and the people advised to have nothing to do with him. This was in order to convince him of his misery and the necessity of true repentance and reformation . After this he would rail and curse at Richard Baxter 's door and would prophesy judgments against Kidderminster in the market place . One time he tried to murder Richard Baxter in the churchyard . However , when he grabbed Richard Baxter 's cloak it came away , and before he could do any more harm a couple of by - standers restrained him and hauled him off to the magistrates . Put another way , it is discipline , not punishment , which constitutes the connecting thread running through the diverse range of probation practice . This point was made by one commentator during the first review of the Probation System at the beginning of this century : his comments remain pertinent for the Home Office in their current review at the end of the century . Probation is a test or trial of the character of a convicted offender under suspension of judgment , in order that the court may determine if the probationer be fit to retain his or her place as a helpful member of society , or being unfit , must be deprived of his or her liberty as a menace to society . It is established for the purpose of correction and oversight . It is a conditional freedom . Nor , it seemed , did they even suspect the existence of Station X. After all , Bletchley was an important railway junction , and the lines gleaming in the moonlight could have been an aid to enemy reconnaissance planes and bombers . Indeed , the R.A.F. was known to use railway tracks as navigational guidelines . But the location 's convenience for those Oxbridge dons who formed the nucleus of the original community had weighed down the scales against possible danger of discovery ; and this judgment was vindicated , because we were never bombed . This was as well , for even a single light raid would have reduced the flimsy huts to matchwood . For our part , we appeared to take for granted the Germans ' total ignorance of our presence , for we had no air - raid drill , nor did we have a single air - raid shelter , slit - trench , sandbag blast - wall , nor even so much as a steel helmet only a large poster which read : He poured out his heart to me . Instead of rejoicing at his release and the prospect of going home , in his unbalanced mental state , he spoke of staying in Britain with me ! I quickly talked him out of that , telling him that he must find out the truth before passing judgment , and reminding him that he had had a good marriage . Later , from South Africa , he wrote to thank me for this advice , but now he reciprocated by telling me , with great gentleness , that I should not go on hoping , as he himself had searched the P.O.W . lists , and Leslie 's name was not on any of them . Three months later , in October 1945 , sixteen months from the night when Leslie 's plane took off , came the cold official presumption of death : He had expressed so often the depth of his love and had made it clear to me that I had given meaning to his life . He would not have presumed to tell me how to conduct the remainder of mine . One of my friends said he was a romantic boy who thought he bore a charmed life , but I argued that this was a superficial judgment . Romantic he certainly was , but I feel there was a deeper layer of consciousness from which he had decided to take a calculated risk , fully believing he would survive . No one was more eager for life , and none better equipped to live it fully . The greater plantain ( Plantago major ) is known as Saint Patrick 's bowl . Hemlock ( Conium maculatum ) has the Gaelic name of , which it is suggested by Cameron , is possibly from the word for feathers , . Although there are also other Gaelic names for hemlock , the Biblical reference in Hosea X. 4 uses this name : ( Thus judgment springeth up like a hemlock in the furrows of the field ) . Hemlock water - dropwort ( Oenanthe crocata ) , however , has a Gaelic name that suggests another kind of imagery : bog , meaning gentle deceit . It was said to have been given to prisoners as poison from the time of Pliny , and most references agree that it was also the plant with which Socrates was poisoned . Many Christians started to worry that Christian faith was being made to rest upon the merely provisional conclusions of historians . Theologians pointed to what was dubbed the ugly broad ditch of A D. Lessing , namely that accidental truths of history cannot be the basis of necessary truths of reason . The beliefs of Christians could not , it was said , rest upon historical judgments , because these beliefs as truths of reason would then depend upon the truths of history , which were only accidental ( in other words , they might not be the case ) . A conclusion is only as strong as its premises . If the premises might not be true , then the conclusion also might not be true . But Dillon LJ said : if the LEA does not itself decide the special educational provision that should be made for the child , but leaves that to be decided by the school , with remedial classes and other facilities as may be available in the school , the LEA is not itself determining the special educational provision for the child within the meaning in section 7 ( 1 ) ; consequently , the LEA is not obliged to make and maintain a statement . A decision to leave what is to be done for a particular child to the school is not itself , in my judgment , a determination of the special educational provision for the child which would necessitate the making of a statement . The Lashford case thus demonstrates the extent of LEA discretion under the 1981 Act . Hannon 's prognosis of the Act , that LEAs will be able to draw the line between the statemented and the unstatemented where they please , would appear to have been accurate . What freedom teachers may have in this area centres principally on their delivery of the National Curriculum . In this regard reference may within the programmes of study teachers will be free to determine the detail of what should be taught , although it urged teachers to prepare schemes of work to ensure consistency within a school . There will be full scope for professional judgment , both in relation to teaching and organisation of the curriculum ; and there will be sufficient flexibility in the choice of content to adapt what they teach to the needs of the individual pupil . It would appear that all teachers will be placed in a similar position to that of teachers preparing pupils for external examinations , in that they will have set objectives , or learning outcomes , to be achieved , but will be free to plan their lessons as they think fit especially where the core subjects are concerned . Some of the other foundation subjects , such as art or PE , will have far less detailed ATs and PS . The camera swung again , but this time George looked above it , to a monitor screen hung on a metal rafter above the audience , to see his own face in close - up , the eyes staring upward in a way that gave him an absurdly soulful look . Immediately he looked away and stared instead at J. J. Gerrard , not caring whether or not he showed his dislike for the situation he was in . Dr. Briant , let me tell you here and now that we are not here to make judgments . We are all he swung his hand comprehensively , to take in the audience , the studio staff , somehow implying he took in the watching millions too we are all worried by what we have heard of your work . We ca n't deny that . Why you should feel it reasonable to subject a human baby to this distasteful experience George moved sharply . For someone who started out by stating he was not here to make judgments , you would appear to have a few already to hand , he said acidly . Unnatural , distasteful all words that apply to value judgments , would n't you say ? I stand rebuked , J. J. Gerrard said smoothly and swung his chair to face the audience . Families can stay together through an extremely difficult period but this can only happen if organisations like ACET are sufficiently funded . YOU CAN'T PROVIDE HOMECARE TO THE HOMELESS In other cases people do n't even have homes to lose . Men and women discharged from hospital with nowhere to live , or released from prison back into the community , are having to sleep rough or doss down wherever they can find a willing friend . It is hard for those wanting to make a fresh start , maintain good health and stay off drugs . I cannot sleep at night my heart is weak my feet are heavy I am unable even to say my prayers upright . Twenty - nine of the prisoners have already died , Pilot Mohammed El Shamey has lost his mind , one has taken his own life . Recently , an anonymous note , clearly composed from a dialogue between a prisoner and a sympathetic guard , was smuggled out . It described where the prisoners were held : ; the people of Tazmamert appear to be hardly aware of it or too frightened to talk about it . He first published a short history at the beginning of the century , but the passage quoted comes from the enlarged edition of 1923 . In discussing Drer , he treated him as the most versatile artist of a triumvirate , whose other members were Marcantonio Raimondi and Lucas van Leyden . Of the latter he wrote , Lucas van Leyden is an artist of frailer calibre than Drer , and prone to lose himself in imitation of stronger men , each of his contemporaries in turn dominating his style . Another book about the age of Drer , but on a different topic , is The Limewood Sculptors of Renaissance Germany , by Michael Baxandall , published in 1980 . The author started his career in the Victoria and Albert Museum , where there is an important group of this sculpture ; his book had a double origin in a museum exhibition and a series of lectures . No dugouts , though ; only the water hyacinths travelling up from the south , and floating away to the west , clump after clump , with the thick - stalked lilac flowers like masts . Outside the town , a polytechnic and seminar centre has been planted by Presidential fiat . It is headed by the big man 's white man , the Belgian scholar Raymond , who has lost favour with his patron and is sinking into ceremonies of highly - placed sagacity , Salim has an affair with the white man 's white woman , his stylish wife Yvette : radical chic persuades him that he never wanted to be ordinary again ' Hitherto a shameful brothel man , Salim is uplifted by their meetings in his flat : My wish for an adventure with Yvette was a wish to be taken up to the skies . Blood flows within the town ; Raymond 's work on a collection of the President 's speeches , which could restore him to favour , languishes . Foreign statesmen revere an oil - rich omnipotence : Now the whole world was at his feet . Before him were bowed heads , inclined necks and outstretched hands . Kapuscinski speaks of the liberals who lost out when the Shah was expelled , but Bakhtiar is not particularised . Bani Sadr he does mention , with sympathy . He says of the liberals that they were placed in a predicament by the fall : A democracy cannot be imposed by force , the majority must favour it , yet the majority wanted what Khomeini wanted an Islamic republic . The definition of personality which is harboured in such procedures has moved and influenced several generations of writers . The art that comes of them is one in which imagination takes power , the power to distort and exaggerate , in which difference of person is suspended , in which the experience of time is as it is in dreams . The story that is told is a story which never ends and which risks losing shape and momentum because it is a story told of himself by a living author , an author who has yet to end , whose isolate 's imaginative fury lives on to tell another tale , some more of his own story . This fury can look like an onanistic or a solipsistic fury . Mail that to your mother ! Very dear Siegfried . I have been in action some days. Our experience passed the limits of abhorrence : I lost all my earthly faculties and fought like an angel . You 'll guess what happened when I say that I am now commanding the Company and in the line I had a seraphic boy - lance - corporal as my sergeant - major . I have mentioned my excellent batman , Jones . Actors who are serious about their work always look on the voice and movement class as an important part of their life . It is , and keeping yourself in trim is very important when you 're not working . A ballet dancer who does not practise every day loses a lot of skill , as does a musician . The actor is no different , although for some reason it is often thought that you are somehow ready to act , magically , the moment you enter a stage door . Look after yourself , and particularly your voice and your memory , for without these you are dead meat . The civil war was not fought over the partition of the island as is popularly believed . It resulted from one group , the republicans , not accepting the oath of allegiance to the royal sovereign of the United Kingdom , a requirement of the constitution of 1922 . Though the republicans lost the war , they eventually won their case with their successful introduction of the republican constitution of 1937 . This shows the extent to which the republican ideal gained ground once independence was in place , furthering the ideological divide between protestant loyalism and catholic nationalism . Despite this development , the struggle between the two previously warring factions has continued , the original republicans developing a populist , nationalist party , and the former treaty party developing a concern with law and order , and moderation on the national question . He had ordered the opening of the city gates and capitulation . The boys barricaded the gates and mounted the city walls , a move probably as much a result of a popular rebellion against Lundy 's action as a defiant gesture . Once the blockade of the river leading into the city was broken by English ships , James and his besiegers lost heart and abandoned the siege . The mythical value of the siege for the construction of protestant loyalist hegemony should not be underrated . In his highly condensed and powerful analysis , Buckley ( 1984 ) details how the siege becomes interpreted by today 's protestant loyalists according to a key paradigm mediating their experience of the world . Under the treaty with the United Kingdom , the twenty - six counties which were to become the independent state were to remain within the British Empire with dominion status , and the British monarch was to remain head of state . These principles were embodied in the constitution . The prime reason for bringing in a new constitution in 1937 was the return to dominance of the republican grouping , the side which had lost the civil war , and which had retained the intention of establishing a republic . The new Fianna Fil Party , under the leadership of Eamon de Valera , was intent on asserting Irish independence to the full by leaving the empire and providing a president to replace the monarchy , thus becoming the Republic of Ireland . The 1922 constitution approved by Britain was considered a model of libertarian democracy . It was n't for you to see the point , he said . It was my painting . If that painting is lost , he said , I will never paint another , and you will be responsible . I am responsible , I said . That painting was mine , he said . Marcus , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) . That exquisite house , not another in sight . Complaining about losing his sight . Black glasses even indoors . Tony more subdued than I 'd remembered him. Now I see , he wrote , that I must abandon it as I have abandoned everything else . There comes a moment when you know you have done what you could do with something and everything else would be fiddling . There comes a moment when you lose interest so totally that to touch it again would be a physical impossibility . When it is too late to go on and too late to start again . From the beginning it was too late , he wrote . The Church is to the spirit as the inn is to the flesh , and , if good and well designed , they baulk the devil himself . ( Edwin Lutyens in The Builder , 15 October 1937 , quoted in Claire Hunt , The Public House in Manchester : A Subject for Conservation , unpublished University of Manchester MA thesis , 1989 ) When you have lost your Inns , drown your empty selves , for you will have lost the last of England . ( Hilaire Belloc , quoted in Christopher Hutt , The Death of the English Pub , 1973 ) It is an often - repeated truism to say that the institution of the pub is unique to Britain but it is still one which is well worth resurrecting . Much needs to be done . The multi - roomed and historically - eclectic pub needs to be protected against the ravages of the all - over designer look . As has been frequently pointed out , it is no use providing excellent beer or food if the pub in question has lost all of its charm and atmosphere ; and surely a multi - roomed pub , with a number of differing environments , is the best way to serve what is after all always a very diverse and unstandardised community . In 1976 the Lord Chief Justice , dismissing Bass Charrington 's appeal against a proposal to open up the interior at the Romans Hotel in Southwick , Sussex , declared that it might be undesirable in the public interest to see more public bars disappearing and more mergers of public and saloon bars of the kind in question here In addition , far better liaison needs to be established between the breweries and local authority Conservation and Planning Officers , English Heritage , the National Amenity Societies , local civic bodies and , of course , pub landlords and their clientele over planned pub refurbishments . The actual machine is replaceable , as are the programs which run on it but your data is unique and cannot simply be replaced by the local computer shop . Some people never have to use their back - ups , just as some people never need to claim on their insurance , but would you want to be uninsured ? You cannot afford to lose your data . If you have no back - ups , then one day you will lose it and that could be the end of your business . The most widespread type of computer in small businesses the IBM compatible PC can back up in several ways . Some people never have to use their back - ups , just as some people never need to claim on their insurance , but would you want to be uninsured ? You cannot afford to lose your data . If you have no back - ups , then one day you will lose it and that could be the end of your business . The most widespread type of computer in small businesses the IBM compatible PC can back up in several ways . As data security is such a fundamental issue for all computer users , programs which enable back - ups to be taken are supplied with each PC . See an opportunity , seize it . That 's how you win wars . And lose battles , Peggy thought . She waited , then spoke softly . Was it your daughter , Imogen , who made that trunk call from Scotland this morning ? He smiled at her in wry relief . Thank you , my dear . for a while there I thought I was losing my touch . WEDNESDAY MATINÉ ; E CELIA DALE So far as I can see it 's practically certain Mr Merrivale was in there with her early on in the night , said Ethel . They 're hardly making a secret of it , and after the exhibition they seem to have made , if Thomas is right , he could n't deny it . Mr Merrivale , clearly , had lost favour . I think the foreign gentleman thinks there may be more than one of them in it , said Thomas . He keeps going on about grey cells . But Bevan and Radclyffe quickly proved that Laundrette was not a one hit wonder by going on to produce WISH YOU WERE HERE , which made Emily Lloyd a Hollywood hot property , followed by the powerful and moving A WORLD APART . Chris Menges ' directorial debut which received critical acclaim and festival awards throughout the world . One of the strengths of the company has been their ability to produce films with a wide range of styles and subject , without losing their commitment to brave and adventurous film - making . Their list of successes includes PERSONAL SERVICES ( a Zenith production ) , CARAVAGGIO ( produced by Sarah Radclyffe for the BFI ) SAMMY AND ROSIE GET LAID , FOR QUEEN AND COUNTRY , PAPERHOUSE and FOOLS OF FORTUNE . They have also set up their own television production company , WTTV , developing projects including NEWSHOUNDS with Alison Steadman and Adrian Edmondson , which won the top prize in the Best Television Film category at last year 's BAFTA awards . How will BBC and ITV survive and how much will they need to bid against each other to acquire the major sports which audiences will wish to see ? Will the vast sums of money which are being asked for by the Governing Bodies of Sport mean that they will price themselves out of the market or will television continue to pay as they compete for audiences ? Sports and sporting figures are managed and packaged for television production and there is a fear amongst purists and some sporting fans that the spirit of sport will be lost in its relationship with television . Can sport retain its ethics and its involvement with huge financial bids ? What will be the role of sponsorship in the future of Sport on Television ? Twenty - two athletes spend five days for the most part watching their teammates do all the work , and at the end of it all , everyone is quite happy to settle for a draw . It 's rather marvellous , really , when you think about it . People do lose sometimes . True , but they have a pleasant time in the sun while they 're about it . What do you mean by us being set in our ways ? he asked , the tone of his voice changing when he put the question . For the next few days I was horribly inactive , gripped by a lethargy that I could not for the life of me understand . Fear was there , certainly , and also an inability to come to terms with what had happened , but there was something more . I see now that finally , critically , and most insidiously of all , I had started to lose my self - respect . You deserve this , I remember telling myself . This is all down to you , girl , and do n't you dare forget it . The next boat - train was to Ostend a bit further north than I had anticipated travelling , but that was n't the problem . The problem was a very narrow entrance to the platform and a very efficient - looking ticket inspector . I decided to try the little old lady who 's lost her ticket routine , but I was rumbled immediately and directed politely but firmly to the station manager 's office . I stayed for a while about twenty paces away from the platform barrier , numbed by the realization that I had fallen at the first hurdle . But no I had n't , not necessarily . I was very tempted to gamble the little money I had left in order to try and accumulate some more tempted also to have a go just for the thrill of it . But I held back . These machines are designed to make you lose , you twit , I said to myself . I went back outside again . I kept just killing time until it had gone eleven o'clock and all the cinema - goers had gone in for the late shows , at which point I decided to call it a day . So the tree that pollinates the triploid wo n't produce any fruit unless you plant a third variety flowering at the same time . Simple solution But if you simply do n't have room for two or more bushes or trees , all may not be lost . As Joan points out , bees love apple blossom and will range far and wide up to three miles to find it . So if you 're in an area where there are other apple trees , you should have no problem . White illuminates dark corners and en masse provides a still breathing space among more lively shades . Pastel colours are gentle and romantic , helping to restrain exuberant reds and yellows from overwhelming the senses . Save intensely blue , purple and crimson flowers for dramatic flourishes within a paler context , otherwise they will lose their impact and seem too heavy or lifeless . Set in front of a light background , these more dominating colours are not only vibrant , but suggest space and distance behind . Harmony and contrast With a cable break close to the ground there is always plenty of room ahead for the landing . If it is a slow launch , any wind gradient will make the situation even more critical . The speed will then be dangerously low by the time that the nose has been lowered , and even more speed will be lost during the descent through the wind gradient . As a pilot becomes more experienced , there is a real danger of the control movements becoming programmed . If this happens he will change the angle of climb automatically as the glider starts to gain height , and he will continue to pull it higher for a few seconds even if a power failure has occurred . However , wave flying has its own problems which a pilot must understand and recognise if such flights are to be made safely . Similarly , if you are going to fly in a cloud , it is important to understand the possible hazards in order to avoid them . Cloud flying , particularly in shower clouds , can be quite a dangerous pastime and on many days it would be totally irresponsible to risk losing a club glider by attempting to climb a large cloud . Competence The first essentials for any cloud flying in large cumulus are that the glider must be properly equipped for serious flying , and the pilot must be competent and experienced enough at instrument flying to be able to regain control from any attitude without having to use the airbrakes . The first essentials for any cloud flying in large cumulus are that the glider must be properly equipped for serious flying , and the pilot must be competent and experienced enough at instrument flying to be able to regain control from any attitude without having to use the airbrakes . Because of the risk of a failure of the battery - operated Artificial Horizons , I always insist that pilots are competent to fly on the Turn and Slip Indicator before even trying a Horizon . Many pilots find that they manage safely on their first few short cloud climbs but that they soon get tired and lose their concentration . It is after they have lost control for the second or third time that the real difficulties appear . One or two short climbs in cloud do not prove the ability of a pilot to cope with the required longer periods of concentration and more varied conditions in larger clouds . Because of the risk of a failure of the battery - operated Artificial Horizons , I always insist that pilots are competent to fly on the Turn and Slip Indicator before even trying a Horizon . Many pilots find that they manage safely on their first few short cloud climbs but that they soon get tired and lose their concentration . It is after they have lost control for the second or third time that the real difficulties appear . One or two short climbs in cloud do not prove the ability of a pilot to cope with the required longer periods of concentration and more varied conditions in larger clouds . However , there are a number of risks to be considered by even the most competent pilot , and these are outside the pilot 's control once the cloud climb has been started . As Cohen ( 1984 : 227 ) points out : by detachment I do not mean we have to distance ourselves emotionally ; that I think would be perverse . But we do have to attempt to maintain some intellectual detachment . In consequence it is becoming increasingly accepted that not only does the anthropologist have his own social history and subjective stance , but more importantly , that those accounts which ignore this seem to lose something in the telling . For my contemporaries in the postgraduate school at Durham in the early 1980s , the inclusion of the scientism of the self ( to use Okely 's phrase ) became part of doing the business ( to move to the jargon of my contemporaries in the detective departments ) . The ethnography we pursued and the seminar papers we created all tended to include the subjective I as part of the discourse , and we were encouraged to explore the effects of our history , our social , political , sexual , and economic influences and include our vision of what we had experienced during the fieldwork situation . at present good recruits often have to be chased to Bramshill on the lengthy command courses , because chief constables are not anxious to spare able men , and officers themselves are reluctant to be separated from their families and homes , as well as having a fear that they might lose from being out of sight , out of mind for promotion . And although always implied rather than broadcast , this rejection of intellectualism is so well understood throughout the service that it has even affected those to whom Bramshill scholarships to University have been offered , and many turn them down. I know several inspectors who have refused a college scholarship , arguing that the time spent away from the force was time spent in structural limbo , and it has become almost a common adage that time away is time lost in the promotion stakes . All that is required , they feel , is the offer of a scholarship from the Police College , for it serves the same purpose on the c.v . and reduces the need to spend time in limbo or the need on re - entry to reestablish oneself . The young officer , he concluded , must escape at the first opportunity or risk being classified as an unambitious no hoper at an early career stage . A keenly stated desire to move into some area of specialization is a necessity , and , as a result , uniform patrol work becomes synonymous with failure and punishment . Men get sent back from specialist posts to uniform duties as a punishment and the strength of this metaphorical move downwards or backwards ( you can never move up or forwards into uniform ) is not lost on young officers . Few prior to Jones had cared to admit this seditious point except in the columns of the Police Review , where disgruntled beat officers ( often anonymously ) indicate the paradox of being the revered and reviled base on which all the hierarchy is built . Jones 's book remained untouched on the shelves of Northumbria 's modest library in its first two years , even though it had good reviews ; and the influence of his research has been all but negligible . A less obvious example of this failure to take protective measures occurs when a contestant believes that a scoring technique has been delivered , and so disengages and dances around the area waving a fist in the air . Since one of the requirements for a score is that the contestant retains an effective defensive posture , the potential score is wiped out and a penalty imposed in its place . Any contestant who , in the referee 's opinion , becomes so over - excited that he loses self control may be disqualified from the entire tournament . You are expected to take adequate steps to protect yourself . In this example , the opponent has thrown himself forwards , with no thought of a face guard Controlling Stress Perhaps one of the greatest inhibitors of performance is fear or anxiety . A certain amount of mental arousal is necessary but too much causes you to lose confidence in your own abilities . If you find that you worry about the imagined outcome of the bout and fear the worst or if you have a racing pulse , then I would say you are over - aroused and in danger of throwing everything away . The problem is , how do you cope with stress ? His mother sought to protect him from the usual customs such as summoning the relatives to his father 's bedside , but the trauma was nevertheless very deeply felt . Leonard recently referred to the memory of his father as a dark mass or mountain , of which , clearly , the details were too painful for the young boy to register or the adult to express . ( The image actually appeared in a somewhat different way in The Favourite Game : Concerning the bodies Breavman lost a man on the mountain , a reference to the cemetery on Mont Royale probably . ) Loss , the most alienating of all experiences ; the most unbelievable , and therefore the most easily forgotten ( or repressible ) thing . There can be no doubt that he was devoted to his father his first book , published 13 years later , was dedicated To the memory of my father : Nathan B. Cohen and there are a number of references to him in Leonard 's work . It is difficult to avoid the feeling that this , one of his first university essays , is purely subjective . He is that eight - year - old boy . He knows how it feels to lose a father at a tender age . Moreover , a scar is always left on one of the survivors . The others , to his way of thinking , got away more lightly . Here is Piaget 's most well - known demonstration of the infant 's failure to relate actions to experiences . At about seven months of age the average baby is quite skilled at removing obstacles to prehension ; is well able , for example , to pull a cushion away to reach a rattle behind it . However , if the rattle slips down so far that it is no longer visible , the infant will at once lose interest and behave as if the rattle had also slipped out of existence . By about eight months of age most infants are capable of retrieving completely hidden objects ; but between eight and twelve months they show another intriguing pattern of errors . There are now two occluders , A and B , side - by - side before the infant . ( This does not , unlike the Piagetian methods , rely on the baby doing anything intentionally such as reaching . It allows the psychologist to determine whether the subject has detected a change in a stimulus or can discriminate between two stimuli . ) Initially the subject will attend to a new stimulus but will then gradually lose interest and start to look away ( habituation ) ; if the stimulus is then changed in some way and if this causes a re - awakening of interest ( dishabituation ) then we can assume that the baby has detected the change . Another technique is preferential looking . If the subject prefers to look at one stimulus rather than another we can assume that he has detected a difference between them . Instead of striking my face and grieving aloud because my hymen was no longer intact , I wondered , Is it because he 's an Englishman that he does n't feel proud he 's taken my virginity , or is he frightened that now I 'll try to force him to marry me ? I tried to tell him that I did n't blame him for deflowering me but he was n't listening . He just went on saying in a shocked way , as if he had lost his mind , You 're twenty - five , thirty years old ? And you 're still a virgin ? Jesus Christ , I do n't understand you . But who are they ? My English friend Annie was more or less brought up by her nan in a back - to - back in Manchester . Her nan had lost her hearing working in the textile m ills . Because she had no garden , she improvised a sandpit for the children to play in . She took an old carpet , filled it with soil and put it in the front room , where Annie and her brother spent the day . Mr Chatrier 's response would be direct and unashamed . In his view , there are times when you have to fight fire with fire , or , as he put it rather more eloquently during his defence of the Grand Slam Cup decision , It was a sad reality that we were left with no real option but to protect tradition with the modern deterrent money . Anyone who believes that Mr Chatrier 's remarks can be dismissed either as those of someone who has lost touch with reality , are also way off the mark . Few have done more over the years to encourage and inspire the growth and development of tennis by putting it on as professional footing as possible . The rise in the quality of French tennis over the last 20 years , culminating in the emergence of players such as Yannick Noah , Henri Leconte and now Guy Forget , coupled with the transformation of the French Open at Roland Garros into what the majority of players regard as the best organised of the four Grand Slams ( even though Wimbledon remains favourite as to the one they most want to win ) are due very largely to the leadership he has shown . Jimmy was intense under fire . At four or five - all in games , other players lapse their concentration . Quite a few champions lose ten or fifteen points in a row . Pancho played on the pro circuit and repeatedly saw this trend over the decades . Tennis is a cycle of momentum , Segura says . The 1991 Head racquet range has been developed from Head 's wide bodied racquet , Genesis . The Ventoris features all of the technical systems which made the Genesis such a successful racquet . The Head Nodal technology reduces shock to the arm helping to prevent injury , whilst the double power wedge strengthens the tip of the racquet , increasing power without losing control . The Ventrola tennis shoe is designed for comfort and performance . It supports and stabilizes the foot preventing rollover , whilst absorbing shock from impact . The characteristics of the clients are described , as are the circumstances leading to their requests for help . Around half of those approaching social services , and 60 % of those calling at a CAB , already had debts or direct deductions from their benefits . Often the need for help arose from a specific pressure such as damaged or lost equipment or from a life event like moving house or the birth of a child . The report then looks at how the fund was used , the outcomes obtained and the options for those refused help . Half the people in the study received nothing from a formal agency and the authors conclude that the Social Fund is largely irrelevant to most real - life situations within which the poorest people find themselves . It was a sad but inevitable outcome of not maintaining a proper balance between productivity and personality . Those who used large parts of the system regularly saw from daily observation that many staff enjoyed ever less satisfaction . Everyone has his own story of being ignored when requesting information and of being left uncertain what to do when things have gone wrong , such as connections lost . Management decidedly cannot rely on having its spokesmen on the spot in the shape of co - operative station staff . Which is not to say that much fine work is not achieved . No matter which kind of ballet is being performed , it must be drawn to a proper conclusion . It can be the outcome of a confrontation or conflict , e.g. Giselle and Romeo and Juliet . It can be a group picture , e.g. Enigma Variations ; a solitary figure mourning lost love and youth , e.g. A Month in the Country or enjoying himself , e.g. Les Patineurs ; or , more rarely , the curtain fulling on an empty stage , e.g. Gloria , possibly the most dramatic ending of all . Plotting a story ballet : the unities of time ? place and action There are other considerations to be taken into account when the ballet has a story . Choreographers wish to express themselves through dance because a story , theme or music has inspired them . Their work will require strict adherence by the dancers to a distinctive style of dance and gesture , which is designed to communicate thoughts , moods , emotions and actions as the plot , theme or dance unfolds . They insist that there must be no deviation from that style and demand such loyalty that their dancers lose their own identity and become absorbed in the world of that particular ballet . Fokine was the first choreographer to distinguish the need for a particular style for each ballet when he created such different ballets as Les Sylphides , Le Carnaval , Prince Igor , The Firebird and Petrushka . From his innovations have come many developments opening the way for similar independently minded choreographers . This happens in Giselle where Hilarion 's suspicions of Albrecht 's identity are already aroused before Albrecht meets Giselle . Hilarion 's discovery of Albrecht 's sword and later his confrontation with Giselle , with the sword in his hands , still does not convince Giselle of Albrecht 's duplicity . It is only later when Bathilde confronts her with the news that Albrecht is her fianc that Giselle realises the truth and loses her reason . The scenes between Hilarion , Giselle , Albrecht and Bathilde are reminiscent of the scenes that develop Tybalt 's hatred of Romeo from the first fight between Montague and Capulet to his discovery of Romeo with Juliet after their first meeting at the ball , and finally to the fight that ends in Tybalt 's death . These scenes heighten the tension and suggest that all will end in tragedy . Modern ballet If the choreographer has subordinated tradition to harmonise with modern thought or modern terms of expression ( see page 12 ) then in a literal sense , the ballet is modern . Since the publishers of Radcliffe Hall 's The Well of Loneliness and Lawrence 's Lady Chatterley 's Lover were charged before the courts for contravening the laws of obscenity and both cases were lost by the Crown , any subject can be discussed in public . Novels , plays , films and documentaries , both serious and frivolous , have presented taboo subjects in English ballet . MacMillan 's The Invitation was only one to have been staged by the Royal Ballet companies . It did keep the Albion brewery open for another 20 years , but brewing finally stopped in Mild End in 1978 . There was still one more big brewery left in the East End , however , the biggest the East End ever saw Truman Hanbury and Buxton of Brick Lane . Joseph Truman , based on papers now lost , is said to have set up business as a brewer in 1666 , the year of the Great Fire of London . However , he is not definitely found as a brewer in any records that survive today until 1683 , when he appears in the register of St Dunstan 's , Stepney , as a brewer of Brick Lane . One of Joseph Truman 's nine children , Benjamin , born about 1700 , became a partner in the brewery in 1722 . BUSINESS NEWS The Loe Down Iain Loe Walker on the ropes as bankers lose patience ARE we now into the final scene of the long - running Brent Walker City Saga ? By the time this column is read the curtain may have fallen on the empire created by George Walker , finally defeated by a 1.5bn debt burden . Toys should become the owners ' possession and be placed where Fido cannot get them . As often as possible , they should invite Fido to play and play nicely for some time so Fido enjoys himself . As the game progresses , owners should start to win the chase or the tug - of - war so , by the end of each game scenario before Fido has lost interest they are in possession of the toy , playing with it and not allowing Fido to have it . Finally , they should put the toy away . To Fido , this is a signal that he is subordinate to the rest of the family or pack . He picks up sticks and sits down to eat them . I try to get them off him but am not always successful . I 've taken some of his toys with me to get his attention , which works for a while but he soon loses interest . What can I do ? Karen Lavender Middlesborough , Cleveland And in this new version the philanthropic rationalist and utilitarian Raskolnikov has almost completely disappeared . And in his place we have a murderer fascinated by the Napoleonic idea . Repeatedly , he says that to brush a vicious old woman aside like a swatted fly and get on with life is to prove oneself a Napoleon not Napoleon himself who lost whole armies and forgot about them , but a Napoleon . He finds out that there is no such person . In a Napoleon he cannot discover anybody to be ; a Napoleon is a projected , dreamed - up , aimed - at type , a generalhuman . The notebooks show Svidrigailov developing from a minor into a major character while Crime and Punishment was being planned and written , and they show his growth as interdependent with Raskolnikov 's final definition . In some early drafts Raskolnikov commits suicide , and the striking thing here is that it 's never suggested he does so out of remorse or because he thinks he 's going to get caught or even from some vaguer , larger self - loathing . He appears to lose interest in life . He is bored . Sonya asks him , I do n't understand : how will things be for you , how will you marry and have children ? of course thinking about his estrangement from human kind ; and he replies ( Dostoevsky 's italics ) : I 'll get used to it . His argumentation is diminished and made much less coherent through successive drafts of the novel , while the sheer rattle or patter of those smooth large grains which are his discourse gets carefully worked up. It 's not that he ceases altogether to be the eternal student , but that he becomes reshaped and misshaped into an aberration . Nor is the consecutive argumentation the theorizing lost . It gets parcelled out among the society he moves in , or rather flits in and out of , while himself belonging elsewhere , which means nowhere . This is a novel of talk and opinions got out of books , and at one stage Dostoevsky proposed NB . The ideal of beauty and normality cannot perish in a healthy society ; and for this reason you ought to let art go its own way ad be confident that it will not go astray A single ma cannot divine fully the eternal and universal ideal , were he Shakespeare himself , ad therefore he cannot prescribe either the ways or the aims for art . The Possessed looked for a long time like losing its way , and Dostoevsky would surely concede that in so far as the design was , to use his own word , tendentious , this was bound to be so . And yet a novel does n't write itself , even if some of the very greatest ones appear to ; it is written by a man with aims and preferences . But these just happen to be his , he ca n't prescribe them for art ; what he wants to say must come to terms with what the form allows him ; art refuses to be imposed upon , to be dictated to , and Dostoevsky 's dictum will stand . It probably was , as the producer David Snodin and the director Nicholas Renton are one of the hottest teams in television drama . Last week , they were responsible for A Wanted Man ( BBC 2 ) , a powerful trilogy of plays by Malcom McKay about the police interrogation , trial and attempted rehabiliation of a murderer . A few months ago , Snodin also produced Tony Marchant 's acute and bruising Take Me Home , the best drama serial of the year , in which another Yuppie ( he does n't like them , does he ? ) , this time in a new town , lost his wife and lifestyle to a mini - cab driver . If you achieved such a quantity of quality work in the theatre , they would be tipping you to lead the RSC . In television , it just slips quietly by , but we should hope that there will always be people to run the kind of BBC in which such drama literate , socially sensitive and lovingly crafted can be done . They are undoubtedly right that it has now become clear that the Government will not pay for the expansion it desires at a level which will protect high quality . Though the powers of Vice Chancellors are considerable , they do not include the power to make two and two make five . They cannot deal with this situation by cutting quality : in a university , quality is the object of the exercise , and a university which sets out to lower quality is no more likely to survive than an army which sets out to lose its battles . Faced with a persistent excess of expenditure over income , they may cut student numbers or they may increase income . Since it seems they are not to be permitted to cut student numbers , they are attempting to increase income . Only a week ago , he was in New York beating the world champion , Abdi Bile , and the best of the rest at this distance . Nobody remotely approaching that calibre threatened him yesterday . Having won two of this series in the fastest times already , he would have had to finish four seconds behind the steeplechaser Mark Rowland to lose the first prize of 5,000 . Elliott was not entirely satisfied . He hoped to surpass Cram 's fastest mile time of the year to remove the last argument against his own selection , but after two laps of inadequate pacing , he was never in prospect . It left him dazed , bleeding profusely and minus a front tooth . Bowling took no further part in the proceedings , but he may think it a small price to pay for providing one of the turning points in a memorable match . It was a contest to restore one 's faith in a game which is allegedly losing its way . Llanelli , who had six of their best with Wales and several others injured , replaced experience with unbridled exuberance . Leicester , who arrived without four regulars , were no less adventurous . I have been in tennis long enough to know that it can . It is nice that we can play them again so soon , but since last year I think they have improved . Jones based her judgement on the fact that yesterday Indonesia crushed Malaysia in the qualifying round , losing just two games in their 3 - 0 win . In many eyes , Britain could leave Tokyo as winners anyway . In yesterday 's opening ceremony they wore one of the most striking two - piece outfits which put them in the running for the elegance award for the best dressed team . Another English selection for the team event , Jason Nicolle , the British Under - 23 champion , also came through , winning 15 - 9 , 15 - 11 , 17 - 15 against Florian Possl , the West German who recently beat the England No. 1 Del Harris in New Zealand . However , the Australian Geoff Hunt , joint holder of the record of eight British Open titles , just failed to make it . He lost the toughest tussle of the day , against another former world champion , Maqsood Ahmed . Hunt went down 15 - 9 , 15 - 17 , 15 - 13 , 8 - 15 , 15 - 5 . The Pakistani today plays the former British champion Geoff Williams for a place in the main draw . Mr Hawke 's handling of the dispute has come under increasing fire from business , unions and the press . The tourism industry , Australia 's biggest foreign currency earner , is losing A35m a day from the dispute , which would put its losses so far at almost A1.5bn . Nearly 15,000 tourism workers have lost their jobs and the industry has lost almost 300,000 tourists a week . Tourism industry leaders have called on the government to compensate them as well as the airlines . At the congress of the Australian Council of Trade Unions in Sydney last week Bill Kelty , the ACTU 's secretary , strongly attacked the pilots : They are not after an olive branch . In the absence of the big idea , one good phrase would be a help , something to focus the uncertain and suggestible mood of the country and put its finger on what it is that is missing and wanted after 10 years of Mrs Thatcher . By the end of this week we shall know what the Labour Party no longer stands for , such as unilateral nuclear disarmament and full - scale nationalisation ; but what , in essence , does it stand for ? If it did not exist , would anyone trouble to invent it at a time when , from the Atlantic to the Urals , socialism in all its manifestations is losing the argument to liberal capitalism ? For we should not become too carried away by Labour 's changed face and tone of voice , nor too dazzled by the Peter Mandelson image - conjuring . The party may have put on a collar and tie but it is still the Labour Party , prone to its old reflexes ( as it reminded us yesterday on defence spending ) , prisoner still of its anachronistic structure , its mind set in 100 years of working - class history . Much determination and hard work have gone into that attempt , but it is now seen to have failed . Without reforms , failure will become more complete . Yet if the GDR were to become a multi - party democracy , it would lose its identifying ideology and become a pallid shadow of the Federal Republic : less grossly consumerist , perhaps , but also less desirable . In Bonn it is hoped that there can be orderly change across the border , soon enough to convince more East Germans that life is worth living there . Perhaps because to think about reform is to think about its purposes , Mr Honecker and his colleagues keep their minds closed to such challenges . Our existing policies not only remain unchanged after the Peking incident , we will move forward in pushing forward the economic reform and open door policy . But if the anger has faded , and Hong Kong companies continue to trade with and manufacture in China , Peking 's crackdown has not been forgotten . While companies with factories in China show few signs of pulling out in a hurry , some have lost enthusiasm for further expansion . A survey conducted by the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce showed that 55 per cent of companies had postponed further investment decisions , while another 36 per cent were still debating what to do . For example , Tomei Industrial ( Holdings ) , an electronics company with 95 per cent of its production in China , accelerated expansion plans in Malaysia and Thailand , and hopes to cut China - based output to about 50 per cent of total production . Volunteers cook , clean , nightsit and carry out DIY and many other tasks . Our aim is to enable people to live and to die at home if that is their wish and appropriate to their needs . The stigma still associated with AIDS means that often those who have the disease are isolated . ACET ca n't replace family and friends but can provide the practical care and support to enable people with HIV/AIDS related illnesses to stay at home . EDUCATION Our nurses have been extensively trained in symptom control , home care and HIV/AIDS related issues . If you refer for our service you will be visited by one of the team who will discuss your needs with you . This means that you can decide on your own care support . Practical Support ACET volunteers are available to help whenever you need them , as long as you make arrangements with our volunteer coordinator and give us as much notice as possible . Complex social problems have to be tackled including homelessness , imprisonment , birth of an infected child and death of one or even both parents . I am pleased to report further extensions of home care over the last year to meet the growing needs in Glasgow and also to cover a greater area of the South Coast and the East Midlands . This means that around 70 % of all those with AIDS in the UK live in areas served by ACET Home Care . PREVENTION IN SCHOOLS Every day more young people are infected with HIV often completely unaware they have been personally at risk and risky behaviour is on the increase again . Two out of five ACET clients in Scotland are women and therefore we anticipate an increase in the number of children needing care. We already support over 70 children who belong to the families we visit . Practical support in the home means that family members may not have to spend so long in hospital . Families can stay together through an extremely difficult period but this can only happen if organisations like ACET are sufficiently funded . YOU CAN'T PROVIDE HOMECARE TO THE HOMELESS Secondly , the formal analysis which is second nature to a Western critic can be fruitful , even though it could be argued that this is a way of interpreting the objects of an unfamiliar culture rather than a description . A further type of difficulty arises in descriptions of works produced in far Eastern cultures . While a Western eye is familiar with the process of looking , as it were , through an image to what it represents or means , an Eastern critic looks also at the surface of a painting or a drawing , in which a poem or other calligraphic element may form an integral part of the work . Chinese painting and calligraphy are visual arts on much of an equal footing . A Japanese example is the surimono , a friendly greeting for the New Year through a drawing and a message which complement each other. A Tantric painting or drawing has a spiritual purpose , to assist the user in meditation . As a sound is a mantra , so an image is a yantra , the two used together making a powerful combination for spiritual exercises . A description of a Tantric painting as a linear diagram may seem uninteresting , but then the effect of such a picture is not meant to be pleasure for the eye alone , but for religious use . WAYS OF DESCRIBING We have thought so far mainly about verbal descriptions , the stock in trade of the art critic . A sense of mystery and futility is imparted by events at the Grange and on the Ridge , and that sense is heightened by what takes place in the city when the party catches fire and rioting breaks out . Politicians rush to the airport with their loot . Then American military helicopters drift about the sky : a show of strength which is meant to secure American interests on the island , to make it safe for the bauxite investment . Ahmed does not lead this revolution . No one does . When he returns to the town , he is arrested , but is set free by Ferdinand , an African promoted from the bush whose patron he has once been . Salim makes good his escape on the steamer bound , we take it , for his bride . The family slave boy , Metty ( the name means half - caste ) , who had come to live with him , is firmly left behind . Salim is now homeless in the sense that he has shed an old tendency to nostalgia : the idea of going home , of leaving , the idea of the other place , he takes to be weakening and destructive . This feeling is added to a previous illumination , to a stoicism which believes in the unity of experience and the illusion of pain ' The affair seems to him to belong to the town , to have no future , and they are parted when the town comes under fear and hazard . He finds himself considering the idea of flight , and the idea of defeat : 1 suppose that , thinking of my own harassment and Raymond 's defeat , I had begun to consider Yvette a defeated person as well , trapped in the town , as sick of herself and the wasting asset of her body as I was sick of myself and my anxieties . But the fit of jealousy in which he beats her would appear to mean something more than these words of explanation enable one to understand . This jealousy may be felt to be like Othello 's in having more to do with difference of race , and with the jealousies of race , than the jealous man , or than the work he belongs to , seems disposed to state . Three of literature 's myths underlie the narrative . Both inspectors are presented as more interesting than the colleagues and suspects they move among . With the James , we are told who did it ; in the Ackroyd , the matted fellow who is the chief suspect is never very securely identified as the author of the crimes it is almost as if the inspector could have done it : so that Ackroyd 's is an authorially uncertain work in which the authorship of its crimes is uncertain too . Meanwhile the interesting Hawksmoor is less interesting than Dyer , and may be meant to be . Time will tell , sir , a colleague remarks , and Hawksmoor replies : Time will not tell . Time never tells . Hora e sempre this motto is inscribed on the front of Hawksmoor 's , the real Hawksmoor 's , Classical house at Easton Neston in Northamptonshire : Easton Neston has been reputed or imagined to be the original of Mansfield Park , which may be described as a house imagined by an opponent of the Gothic novel . The motto refers to a dynastic permanence ; but it could be stolen for this novel , where a now and always is on show . We may be meant to think that time is simultaneous , in a way that may owe something to the simultaneity propounded , perhaps , in Eliot 's Four Quartets , where History is now and England ; or that it is cyclical , a turning wheel , with human depravity paling into insignificance as the wheel turns into modern times . Interpretation is allowed to copy what it finds , and to distort it , and it may be that the novel can be interpreted as an entertainment which conveys that doctrines of science and improvement ca n't encompass what happens in a frightening world , where motive is dark and ill - will ubiquitous . The Gothic novel was shaped to take account of such a world , and to do so , very often , in the guise of entertainment . The West has been grateful to Kundera , extravagantly so at times , and has shown an impulse to beat itself with his playful fictions . Heads have been turned , and have begun to swim , amid the flow of invention , delivered in works which have been Englished in rapid succession and which are not always easy to tell apart . Which is the one that has litost a form of self - pity and what does he mean by unbearable lightness of being ? Which of these two conceptions , for that matter , we may even sometimes wonder , is which ? But it seems safe to say that there are circumstances in which litost and glasnost can be recognised as enemies , and that this enmity can be recognised in the novel Life is elsewhere . Many of his most memorable literary effects attest to this . In The Unbearable Lightness of Being , the Czech exile Sabina disturbs her French friends by being unable to last out a parade held to protest against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 : She would have liked to tell them that behind Communism , Fascism , behind all occupations and invasions lurks a more basic , pervasive evil and that the image of that evil was a parade of people marching by with raised fists and shouting identical syllables in unison . The British reader , who is likely to have been spared certain of the varieties of suffering which are spoken of in the writings of Kundera and Klima , where a joke , or no joke , or nothing whatever , can sequester you for years from the people you grew up with , is in a position , for all that , to know what Sabina means here . The British reader has only to listen to the sounds that protest makes in his own streets , to the cruel , brutal voices that bellow over loudhailers about injustice and the disadvantaged . In thinking about what Stalinism brought to his country , Kundera thinks of the support this despotism has received from the writers of his country , and of other countries . Real life is elsewhere ! We are told that these last four words are Rimbaud 's and the Surrealist Andr Breton 's , and that in 1968 they were a slogan of the protesting Sorbonne students . They are words that can be made to mean different things , and are applicable as such to the story of Jaromil 's poetic progress from private to public , which can also be recognised as a simultaneity of the two , based on an enduring self - engrossment . Kundera asks us to join together two things that are often kept apart : lyrical effusions and public poetry . The quoted words point back to the privileged second existence which poetry had once promised Jaromil , and they point ahead : the old meaning has been reversed , with the claim that real life resides in a revolutionary solidarity . Everything will be subjugated to that goal Kapuscinski 's way with words entails adding , repeating piling up , for the space of a slim volume . But the and 's and or 's and the more and more rarely irritate , and are triumphant in the great set - pieces which mean so much to all three books like that palimpsest of faces in Addis Ababa . In 1975 , the year after the fall of Haile Selassie , and four years before the fall of the Shah , the witness of revolutions turned up in Angola for the abandonment of their colony by the Portuguese : the subject of the third of these books of his . Agostinho Neto , politician and poet , the leader of the MPLA , is about to preside over the new state , but two enemy armies are converging on the capital , Luanda : the FNLA under Holden Roberto and Unita under Jonas Savimbi . Crates belonging to millionaires were impressive : beamed and lined with sailcloth , they had solid , elegant walls made of the most expensive grades of tropical wood , with the rings and knots cut and polished like antiques . The passage takes off thereafter in ecstatic inventory . At the start of the book there are false notes , those of a Hemingway war correspondent : Every knock at the door could mean the end for me . I tried not to think about it , which is the only thing to do in such a situation . But matters are mended with the arrival of the crates antiques that epitomised an antique land , brief monuments to the old Angola . V. G. Kiernan 's recent book on the history of duelling the work of a historian who is able to grasp , as many historians now are not , that the literature of the past is evidence of the past discusses Lermontov 's real and imaginary duels . The book indicates that duelling and gambling have been co - ordinate activities : both , we may feel , are poised on a knife - edge between accident and intention . If there is an element of design on Pechorin 's part in the duel he fights , an element which incorporates a knowledge of the loaded dice to be employed by his opponent in the form of an unloaded pistol , the outcome can still be ascribed to chance , in a sense that must be meant to characterise the hero 's fine indifference . Kiernan reports suggestions that Lermontov 's own death ( like Pushkin 's in another duel a few months before ) may have been murder , a murder planned by court reactionaries . Outcomes are uncertain , games of chance can be rigged but this is not what we are conscious of in reading about Ursula . Patrick is a lord of language , as he was in the previous novel . But this novel has not just one but two barmen who could also at a pinch be hailed as lords of language . Even school - teaching Graham , who is meant to be amusingly boring , is good with words , in one of the ways that teachers sometimes are . And even Jenny , who is meant to be a mistress of plain speech , is allowed , in this comparatively austere book , a quiet felicity of phrase based on the justice of her perceptions . The lordship in question is the novelist 's , not only in the usual sense , often forgotten , that every word of the novel is his , but also because the speech of its characters can be like that of the narrator , and indeed like that of the writer of Kingsley Amis 's discursive prose . But this novel has not just one but two barmen who could also at a pinch be hailed as lords of language . Even school - teaching Graham , who is meant to be amusingly boring , is good with words , in one of the ways that teachers sometimes are . And even Jenny , who is meant to be a mistress of plain speech , is allowed , in this comparatively austere book , a quiet felicity of phrase based on the justice of her perceptions . The lordship in question is the novelist 's , not only in the usual sense , often forgotten , that every word of the novel is his , but also because the speech of its characters can be like that of the narrator , and indeed like that of the writer of Kingsley Amis 's discursive prose . This is not the first time that such considerations have arisen for readers of his fiction . Amis 's novels have always been full of opinions , and have , I think , become prone to a marked ambiguity of effect , especially with regard to questions of gender and race . Patrick has plenty to say on such subjects , and he says it in the lordly way which does much to furnish the book with its presiding idiom . But are we meant to sympathise with what he says ? Here and elsewhere , the method , for all that Amis would hate to hear it , is dialectical . In the novels I am thinking of he attributes certain ideas to certain characters and utters them in the prevailing manner of the novel , while also submitting them to question within it . Both this novel and the one which it resumes are hung books , in the sense that Parliaments are said to be hung . Adultery has been a hanging matter both in this and in the usual sense of the phrase for the literature of the past , and perhaps it could be suggested that both senses may at times be presented to the mind by what Amis does with the subject , and that there is no striking difference in this respect between what he did in the Sixties and what he has done in the Eighties . I do n't think this means that there is no saying what he is getting at in these works ; opinions can and will be formed , and for the extent of the present discussion I have been attempting to express one . Any such attempt has to look closely at their chastened but ultimately unchastenable hero , at his hostility , at his stylistic authority and command of the books he belongs to . Maybe there will one day be a novel from Amis which portrays the Patrick Standish of the Eighties more baleful , no doubt , on certain subjects , nicer to his cat , surrounded by the monuments of the New Right and by the debris of the swinging past to which he had once been a contributor . Patrick held both hands up in a gesture of peace , he smiled for a moment ; I 'm no trying to get at you personally but I just fucking feel that you cant expect the teacher to be the everything , the heavyweight boxing champion of the world . Arthur stared at him. Know what I mean , I 'm just being honest with ye . I dont think ye should expect the teacher to do everything . If you want your weans to get homework then give it to them your tucking self . Nor was Pat going to say anything further because he was fucking off home as soon as he swallowed what he had lying . There was no point sitting here yapping to a bunch of fucking prejudiced right - wing bastards . And Gavin turned on him once more : What d'you mean ye deny ye get long holidays ? I deny I get long holidays , that 's what I mean . Back it up. Naw . You show me what you 're talking about . I think I know what Paddy means , said Davie . Good , tell me , replied Gavin . I think I know what you mean Paddy . I think I know what Paddy means , said Davie . Good , tell me , replied Gavin . I think I know what you mean Paddy . Pat nodded . Ye dont think ye get long holidays because when you 're off from the school you 're still doing other things connected with it , making up timetables and all that . In the 1984 edition a further one hundred and thirty - four addresses were listed , which includes ballet schools , mime tuition courses , and others . There are still those who prefer to take their chances in the profession without any formal training . This used to be a lot easier to do than it is now : for one thing , working in the profession means that you have to belong to the actors ' union , Equity . Yet students who have completed expensive training face the same difficulties as an untrained actor in qualifying for an Equity card . This question is discussed later in the book , but it is still relevant to the potential drama student . The grounds were that he had used up his grant entitlement in qualifying to be a teacher . The three or four terms offered to post - graduate students condense the technical work of a three - year course ; on the whole there is greater emphasis on training the voice , movement , acting technique , fencing and dance , etc. since students will presumably have developed a fair amount of performing skill through their university drama departments or societies . This means that there is usually only one show - case production at the end of the year for agent and production managements to see . The one - year course is only to lay down the foundations of good technical training and it is widely recognised that the course simply pushes the student into the profession with enough practical experience to find his or her feet . There is an optional second year which students can apply for which joins up with the two - year diploma course . From the ashes there arose , by public subscription , a new Daily Citizen , responsible and relatively free . He leans towards Wagner I mean a free press which is edited by one of my relatives . He throws back his head and laughs . Act 2 They tell y ' stories about the past , y ' know , the war , or when they were fightin ' for food an ' clothin ' an houses . Their eyes light up as they tell y ' because there was some meanin ' to it . But the thing is that now , I mean now that most of them have got some sort of house , an ' there 's food an ' money around , they know they 're better off but , honest , they know they 've got nothin ' as well . There 's like this sort of disease , but no one mentions it ; everyone behaves as though it 's normal , y ' know inevitable that there 's vandalism an , violence an , houses burnt out an ' wrecked by the people they were built for . There 's somethin ' wrong . Naturally , with a cast of actors who are all approximately the same age , the casting of heavy character parts has to be considered very carefully , and of course not all plays are teeming with characters of similar age . Both classical and contemporary plays will be chosen , but problems are often encountered with the modern play which frequently has a short cast list . A finals company usually means there are some fourteen or sixteen students , or more , to be placed . It is possible for two productions to be mounted so that numbers are divided possibly four productions may be put on , if that is thought worthwhile . Arguably the modern play with a limited cast is more effective in drawing in professional agents and casting directors since there are fewer bit parts for students to get lost in . Press notices are , however , exceptionally rare these days. Once The Stage covered all finals productions from the drama schools , but now they may write up a play perhaps once a year . This is a pity , as it means that students find it harder to get their names known , and it means they lose out on a degree of publicity . The private tutorial In the last terms of the diploma course students often find tutorials , where they are given opportunity to talk about work in progress , enormously valuable . Drama school productions are staged with an awareness of the kind of demands the profession will make , and students are naturally anxious to be seen in the final production by people who 're likely to offer them work . Unfortunately , it is often difficult to get agents to attend these productions . Most drama schools final productions are staged over a similar sort of schedule , which means agents are asked to see students ' work over a fairly compressed period . Agents are notified of performances by the schools , and they also receive hundreds of letters from students inviting them to see particular performances . Remember , though , that badgering agents is quite useless ; if they want to come they will come , but telephoning them and overselling yourself can be just as useless as not letting them know that you 're alive and working . It will be the same story for many moons to come . Most of the drama schools now include a presentation of auditions for agents and managements at the end of the final term , in addition to the finals productions . This means that students then have the chance to present themselves as they would at a working audition , and this is often quite a good place to attract attention . Although an agent may be very impressed by the talent he sees , there are practical difficulties which affect how much agents can do for young actors . The whole thorny question of Equity membership is linked with the step from drama school to agent 's office and indeed applies equally at the audition for the first job . Your diploma is a mark of that preparation nothing more and nothing less . Clive Swift , in his admirable and essential book The Job of Acting says that when you were at drama school you were a big fish now you 're a tiddler . But being in an overcrowded profession does n't mean that you wo n't be considered . New faces are arriving all the time and in some cases actors make a quick start with a first job or they may have a relatively long wait before they get off the mark . This is true in more ways than simply obtaining an Equity card . Having been lucky with the only real audition I did which was for the RSC , I ca n't really complain about it . But I think it 's probably different for different people . I mean , sight reading is another thing and not everyone is good at that , but it helps if you are . My audition for Leeds was a sight reading job and it 's something that you get from drama training work that helps you cope with the sight reading at an audition yes . I mean , radio work classes helped a lot in that respect . I mean , sight reading is another thing and not everyone is good at that , but it helps if you are . My audition for Leeds was a sight reading job and it 's something that you get from drama training work that helps you cope with the sight reading at an audition yes . I mean , radio work classes helped a lot in that respect . A R Did you have any experience of a kind that helped you before you came to drama school ? They should have a provisional card for Equity at the beginning of their career . A.R. You mean that drama students who are graduating from training should have the chance to join Equity ? P.S . Certainly they should . Do you think typecasting is inevitable in one 's early days as an actor ? P.R. I think there is always an element of typecasting that is sensible , I mean it does n't have to be restrictive . In any case one person 's typecasting is n't always another 's . But , yes I read plays and I can see actors in the parts I hope I can see what is suitable to their personalities . This was despite the fact that the reform of Irish catholicism in the nineteenth century sprang mainly from urban areas . One must also remember that the bulk of the clergy both in Ireland and in the remainder of catholic Europe came from rural backgrounds , where the sense of God is , or was , part of the air one breathes ( Acquaviva 1979 ) . From de Valera 's point of view and the majority of the nation and its politicians would have concurred the fact that the Free State was over 90 per cent catholic meant that its moral and social outlook would reflect catholic beliefs . This was seen to be the democratic process at work . The results of isolationism in terms of human suffering were massive emigration ( some 20,000 every year to Britain up to the 1960s ) , and industrial and commercial underdevelopment until the late 1950s . We , the People The only way catholic nationalists can fulfil their present aspirations as a people is by extending the Republic of Ireland to the entire island . This would mean containing within their state one million persons to whom such a national identity would be totally antithetical . The Irish people are defined primarily by their allegiance to the present restricted or future enlarged republic , but it is popularly understood that they will normally have the further characteristics of Gaelic Irishness . The belief is still popular that such a race exists , rather than there merely being a cultural group based on nationalist , republican , and catholic religious sentiment . For protestant loyalists , the majority means themselves . In addition , protestant loyalist politics has always been a zero - sum activity : one either has a monopoly of power or concedes it to the opposition . Because the opposition is the catholic nationalists , concession means the end of the statelet as such . The meaning of democracy shifts even further once it is interpreted within the terms of the Calvinist principle of the Godly society , where it is the lot of the just to assume power and to guide the citizens in the paths of righteousness . With this religious overtone in Northern Ireland , the belief in majority dominance has justified ignoring the rights of the catholic nationalist minority within the Ulster statelet . 1952 solution was adopted because it reflected what had become a more theologically certain position on the matter . But even the new bill limited adoption to parents possessing the same religious identity as the child . This meant that couples who had married across the religious divide were not allowed to adopt at all . As will be seen in Chapter 7 , this itself could only have been due to current Roman catholic social teaching on mixed marriage . It was 1974 before that particular form of discrimination was removed by a new Adoption Act . It is sometimes thought , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) that , because there is no discernable principle of order in the universe or in our lives we should live in disorder . I , on the other hand , he wrote , have always held that precisely because there is no discernable principle of order in the universe or in our lives we should live in the greatest possible self - created order . The greatest possible self - created order , he wrote , compatible of course with the freedom to work , which may mean very little order indeed or may mean a great deal of order , depending on the individual and the circumstances . It is up to each one of us , he wrote , at every point in our lives , to decide how much order and how much disorder , how much discipline and how much freedom we need for the best realization of our project of the moment , even though that project may turn out to be flawed or even utterly mistaken in the short run , of course I am only talking about the short run , he wrote , in the long run , as I have already said , both success and failure are quite without meaning , the notion of meaning is quite without meaning . Long run , wrote Goldberg in the margin , wiping the sweat from his forehead with his sleeve , no meaning . We will see , wrote Harsnet , whether he parts with it or not , whether his greed gets the better of his sentimentality . A project is a project , he wrote , and once it is begun it should be carried through to the end , regardless of doubts about meaning , doubts about long runs , or doubts about anything else , unless the body screams for you to stop , of course one cannot go on for long against the screaming of the body , but then that merely means one has miscalculated , it merely means one has begun too soon or too late or perhaps that the entire project was a miscalculation . That does not mean , he wrote , that if the body does not protest the project necessarily has any value , though for reasons I have gone into already it is necessary to put such thoughts out of mind , they cannot help , they can only hinder , they cannot water , they can only blight . But it has to be said ( it has to be said ! ) wrote Harsnet , and Goldberg , typing , smiled to himself , it has to be said , wrote Harsnet , that if every project is likely , if not certain , to result in the addition of a little more shit to the shit that already exists , there is also the possibility , faint it is true but real , of the unexpected , and this is what delay makes possible and what the onward rush of time , the ever - increasing acceleration of time , perpetually denies , and in addition to the possibility of the unexpected appearing in the coils of delay , in addition to that , it has to be said , he wrote , that whatever the project , however trivial , however exalted , it will always say more than its maker knows , and , if genuine ( I will return to genuine ) , something will emerge which is distinct from whatever came before , from whatever elements went to make up the whole , a tone , a voice , which is not the tone or the voice of the maker but something else , something which , in my more optimistic moments , or perhaps my less clear - sighted moments , seems to be distinct from the shit though inseparable from it , a tone , a style , which links it to its maker 's other genuine ( I will return to genuine ) productions . But just as the mere thought of the long run is liable to blight any work on which one is engaged , so the thought of a tone distinct from though inseparable from the shit is guaranteed to bring even the most promising project to a halt . What is Metamorphosis except progress report on the disintegration of a body ? Kafka turns the secret weapon of the novel against itself . What do I mean by that ? he wrote . I mean that the novel has always given the impression that third person narration can narrate what it is I am feeling . ( Or first person narration for that matter . ) Kafka turns the secret weapon of the novel against itself . What do I mean by that ? he wrote . I mean that the novel has always given the impression that third person narration can narrate what it is I am feeling . ( Or first person narration for that matter . ) What Kafka discovers is that there is no direct relation between what I feel and what happens to me . Such questions should occur to the viewer , he wrote . And force him to ask the same questions of his life , and to reply : This is all there is and it is enough . Enough not because we must content ourselves with the minimum , he wrote , but because there is never more , if more means meaning , wholeness , salvation , redemption , all the rest . The glass itself must make that clear , he wrote . But tell story too , if viewer wants a story , a story about our desire for more and the folly of that desire , the desire for more and the inevitable frustration of that desire . It does n't concern me , I told him. Feel free to say what you like . You mean the ban 's off ? he said . That I can talk about it ? Whatever you like , I said . Goldberg called again the day after that , charged by her to find out . What do you mean abandoned ? he said . I mean I 'm abandoning it , I said . Like that ? he said . Unfinished ? Walked a lot , he wrote , despite the cold . Snow and slush messing up the pavements . What does it mean , standing there in the empty room , bigger than a man ? No answers to such questions . Too late to go back . Our country has more than enough pubs whose ruined interiors fail to live up to the promise of attractive historic frontages . A number of modern pub designers attempt to rescue a sense of intimacy and defensible space by dividing these open - plan arenas into token drinking areas . Yet a proper compartmentalisation of pub interiors means real choice for customers . It enhances a pub 's ability to cater for the different and sometimes conflicting activities and tastes of different customers under the same roof , and in so doing it keeps alive the healthy social and age mix that is a traditional hallmark of the true pub . The current obsession with pseudo - Victorian and other bogus historical styles imposed willy - nilly and quite regardless of the true age of the pub , seems to suggest two things ; firstly that pub designers and fitters have completely lost their way , both in recognising and respecting what is genuinely old and in looking for a wholeheartedly modern pub style ; secondly that there is some king of awareness , correct but misguided , that people like their pubs to look old and feel familiar . INTERIORS FOCUS ON DANESFIELD HOUSE , BUCKINGHAMSHIRE , ( above ) OPINION Why holidays mean more work THE tourism and leisure group of the National Economic Development Council ( NEDC ) has proposed that the UK reorganise its public holidays ( see page 11 ) . Good idea : this would extend the tourist season into late summer and autumn and bring Britain more into line with its European neighbours . Labelling system KROY ( Europe ) has launched Duratype 210 , a compact , portable handheld labelling system , for 150 . The unit allows messages of up to 55 characters to be printed and has a repeat function which means repetitive text need not be re - keyed . Gulf War spin - off aids stocking INTEREST in portable computers of all kinds has been stimulated by the Gulf War , when everything from tanks and armoured vehicles to airmen 's flying helmets were fitted with a range of increasingly smaller and more rugged technology . Tell me , she said , leaning forwards with a smile at once coy and overwhelming , I must know . Are you Mr Sven Hjerson , the famous Finnish detective ? I mean , you must be . I saw your picture in the paper here just last week . You 've been helping the Vatican in some mysterious business or other , have n't you ? Mr Hjerson , she said , are you Well , are you sure ? I mean , do n't you Well , do n't you sometimes expect to find mysterious deaths wherever you go ? Sven Hjerson nodded slowly . Choose to think that would be a reason for sending old Jack into the next world if you like , she said . But I 'm sure there are others with better reasons for wanting to get rid of him. Don't see who you mean , Arabella Buckley said , a blood - red blush rising up in her cheeks . I mean , I 've hardly met any of you , let alone , I am thinking , Sven Hjerson said , that Lady Woodleigh the new , is meaning someone else , not you , Miss Buckley . But I 'm sure there are others with better reasons for wanting to get rid of him. Don't see who you mean , Arabella Buckley said , a blood - red blush rising up in her cheeks . I mean , I 've hardly met any of you , let alone , I am thinking , Sven Hjerson said , that Lady Woodleigh the new , is meaning someone else , not you , Miss Buckley . He turned in his chair a little . So she decided to make away with him. But that 's ridiculous , Arabella Buckley bounced out . I mean , the girl was n't even married to him yet . She 'll be left with nothing now . She looked across at the film star , not with a great deal of pity . That is the motive . Well , yes , said Lady Woodleigh . But that does n't mean she killed him. She survived the fall down the hill . He might have done , too . His Majesty 's mails are not to be interfered with . This is n't France . You mean Belgium . The small man 's eyes flashed and he looked awfully cross . Ma foi , the world 's greatest detective is not to be interfered with either . All pure ingredients from the cleanest kitchen in Little Tuckett ask anyone . Well , you can see the colour of him , Dr Padgett muttered to Constable Perkins . It will mean tests , of course , but from his appearance and what Catlett described , I 'd say cyanide . It was very quick he still has bits of various decorations and cherries in his mouth . He turned and looked at the display of cakes on the long table . Her tone was very unpleasant . Maybe he 's keeping an eye on you . What do you mean by that ? Mrs Yardley demanded , her cheeks flaming . Mrs Doran just smiled and it was not a pleasant smile . She looked at each of the women in turn . Or anyone else 's . I do n't know what you mean , Mrs Doran said stiffly . She means you 're all hypocrites , said Shirley Yardley in an accusing tone . Her eyes filled with tears whether of shame , frustration , or grief it was difficult to tell . Or anyone else 's . I do n't know what you mean , Mrs Doran said stiffly . She means you 're all hypocrites , said Shirley Yardley in an accusing tone . Her eyes filled with tears whether of shame , frustration , or grief it was difficult to tell . You all had good reason for wanting Henry Phipps dead . But Annabel squeaked , Why ca n't you stay with us ? You could have Nanny 's room , next to mine . Well , if that meant Nanny leaving I could almost support the idea . Nanny is definitely a Lower Breed , but she does n't act as if she knows it . Except Nanny would never leave . Brilliantine leaves traces . Oh ho ! said Thomas . Lord Heptonstall , you mean ! He uses lots of it , agreed Ethel . But all the men use some . It 's outside that things are happening ! Outside ? You mean round her window ? That 's right . Five coppers from Addlesfield , and a French gentleman with moustaches you could uncork a bottle with who 's staying with the Chief Constable . Couldn't say , but he is sound on food and drink . How is it that their entertaining is so er reliable then ? Oh , you mean how is it that they can afford the pukka style if he is n't successful ? His brother - in - law 's brow cleared . That 's easily explained . I 've been stabbed in the back . Everyone stopped laughing and looked at me . What do you mean ? David stammered . What 's the matter ? What do you want to see me about , Charles ? This caught him off balance . What do you mean ? he asked , flustered . I thought it was you who wanted to see me . At your bidding , Charles , only at your bidding . Dorothy , I 'm trying to clear it with university administration that Paul should join our staff . I think he 's got an awful lot to contribute to our period and I , personally , would very much like him here . It would mean a reduced workload for you so I honestly ca n't see why you 're so set against the idea . Well it 's the first I 've heard of it , frankly . Oh , it 's been around the common room for some time now . Charles was out of his depth and floundering . He needed someone to throw him a lifeline and I decided it might as well be me . You do n't mean all this personally , do you , Charles ? He looked up , his face awash with relief . No I do n't . You complain about your friends never coming to see you , but when they do come , you give them such a hard time it 's hardly surprising they stay away . And you 're still dreaming this impossible dream about you and some fantastic job in publishing . I mean , if it was there , I 'd have it ! Those sort of jobs just do n't exist for people like you and me . They 're for those upper - class twits who turn up halfway through seminars and who never bother to get their essays in on time . People do lose sometimes . True , but they have a pleasant time in the sun while they 're about it . What do you mean by us being set in our ways ? he asked , the tone of his voice changing when he put the question . You tend to treat life as if it were a game of cricket , for one thing . Do we really ? I 've just got to get out of here . Dorothy , you 're nearly fifty - four , are n't you ? I do n't mean to be rude , but how on earth are you going to find another job the way unemployment is now ? It 's not like it used to be . No matter how talented you are , at your age employers just are n't going to want to know . No matter how talented you are , at your age employers just are n't going to want to know . I was unemployed for nearly two years before I came here , I do know what it 's like . I 'm sorry , Jeff , I did n't mean to be patronizing . My fault , I forgot . But what are you going to do ? Jeff . What ? I meant it when I said thank you . You ca n't imagine how much of a help you 've been to me . I 've been difficult material to work with , have n't I ? I looked down at the money again . You must have put it there by accident , I said . What do you mean , I must have put it there , you must have put it there . You stole it ! I did n't steal your money , you stupid bitch , you must have put it in the wrong apron . You must think the whole world 's against you at the moment . We 'd be happy with just a council flat but there are n't any going these days. I mean , I 'm not saying I want us to be living at the top of a tower block on some vandalized estate but there 's more to life than this , I know there is . How long have you got to wait before they 'll offer you something ? They said it would be as soon as possible but it takes years for some people . How long are you going to be gone for ? For good . You mean you 're moving there ? Sort of . Hey , look , you are going to be OK , are n't you ? Changes Congratulations to Brian Harris , former Manager of the Education Department , on his new appointment as Manager of a housing project for the Shaftesbury Society in Kilburn . Brian was one of the very first members of the ACET team and will be greatly missed . Denise Jones , responsible for grants and equipment loans , left at the end June to develop her own business , the Belgrave Beauty Clinic in Chiswick , West London . Maurice Adams , formerly Deputy Director with responsibility for new developments in the UK and overseas , is now General Manager of Acet with responsibility for all ACET operations . What 's happening upstairs ? Upstairs ? Bill is ministering to master and mistress and the house - guests , sick as a toad that he 's missing all the fun . It 's outside that things are happening ! Outside ? I remember a tear running down my cheek and me trying to smile it away . Speech ! one of the boys shouted , and we all laughed . I 'm going to miss you , I said . Thank you , I 'm going to miss all of you . Jeff made his rescuing entrance . Speech ! one of the boys shouted , and we all laughed . I 'm going to miss you , I said . Thank you , I 'm going to miss all of you . Jeff made his rescuing entrance . Nobody 's ever given a member of staff here flowers before , he observed with a twinkle . I 'm supposed to be an usher or an usherette in my case , I suppose . Forgive me . I think I must be missing something . Why do n't you want to go back inside , where all the fun is ? It went quiet again . September . That 's when I 'll be leaving here now . I 'm going to miss you . This place wo n't be the same with both you and Kathleen gone . Things might have changed for you too by then , you know . Green eyes . Her eyes were also grey like stones through clear water . Pre - Astrid , Jay had been in a dead job , art workshops with utterly disillusioned teenagers , every morning she coughed she rang in sick , malingering Mondays , rain seeped in the doors of the empty bus every morning , the bus to the High Street for the next bus , hoping to be early enough to miss the screaming leering sneering schoolgirls she had to face all day . She was a washed - out wash - out , Miss , why 're you such a div ? After she fell in love with Astrid , she became Dragonfly Moonchild , the world her oyster , and for the first time on the daily journey , she saw an adventure playground over the hoardings by the Elephant and Castle , and all the poles were painted like a carousel . How charming ! I like that ! I missed you today , said the woman . I played the Elvira Madigan Mozart , you would have liked it . I do , said Jay . Underline the follow - up by means of a loud shout to show that you have unified mental resolve and physical effort in the technique . This is an important point given that otherwise effective techniques sometimes fail to score because they are delivered without a shout . On the other hand , do n't make a habit of shouting every time you do something : this will cause the panel to switch off , and thereby perhaps miss an actual score . Slapping blocks The first of the few blocks that can be used in competition to be considered are the slapping blocks . Our general topic of discussion is perceptual consciousness and the problem that it constitutes for physicalism . In showing that cognition as a whole cannot be treated behaviouristically , I have not thereby shown that a behaviouristic treatment of sense - experience is false . So perhaps my overkill misses the target : perhaps the behaviourist analysis of perception is sound , even though a general behaviourism is not , and what BS lacks is not knowledge of the nature of certain mental states , but only the ability to respond spontaneously to visual stimuli , that is , to respond as a result of actually seeing them . Reflection on the nature of the argument against behaviourism in general , however , reveals that the argument refutes the behaviourist treatment of perception in particular . That argument showed that knowledge of the external world cannot be reduced to behavioural dispositions , for the very idea of a disposition functions only in the context of an unreduced grasp on the physical world . Didn't we share a bath when we were little , ride ponies together when we were bigger ? Just us , fair and dark , peas in a pod , little and large ( well , I exaggerate here , she 's smaller , more slender ; but then Jeff , he 's given me new trust in my ass ) . Won't you miss old England ? I 'll miss the kids . But I 'll be teaching again over there . Just us , fair and dark , peas in a pod , little and large ( well , I exaggerate here , she 's smaller , more slender ; but then Jeff , he 's given me new trust in my ass ) . Won't you miss old England ? I 'll miss the kids . But I 'll be teaching again over there . Just before the bell on her last day , Sharon and Maria dumped a huge card on her desk : of the Statue of Liberty togged out as Batperson , all welcoming Batcape . You really are going ? You wo n't miss us ? In the other voice she hears a softness and immediately , softly then , she hears herself answering I 'll miss you . And Mummy . Visit me , Harriet , promise ? How comfortable ! I 've never slept in a bed like this before . Was I hearing him right or had I missed the point as so often happened ? When we talked it was like two people playing with a ball : sometimes it went into the goal , sometimes it grazed the post , but most of the time it went high in the air and missed completely . He had n't slept in a bed like that before , yet there were all those advertisements for them on television , and they were on display in shop windows and in almost all the big stores in London so that I 'd imagined them in all the houses I could see from the bus . The ITF has more power than the ATP but the ITF needs the ATP . Explaining why he now supports the Grand Slam Cup , after refusing to compete a year ago , he said I have my word to the ATP that I would do everything I signed to do in my contract with them . I think I am the only one who has n't had to pay any fines for not missing a tournament . And this of course , included not playing in the Grand Slam Cup because I was defending the idea of the ATP Tour . Afterwards I realised that this idea was wrong . Michael , the second of three tennis playing brothers , took the 21 and under title with a powerful 63 63 victory over Graham Hobbs ( Dorset ) : whilst younger brother Craig , fought back from one set down against James Lake ( Lincs ) to win the 12 and under title 46 62 61 . Beating the Ingham family monopoly was Michael Calvert ( Yorks ) who won the 16 's title 76 46 75 against a tiring Richard Stamp ( Lincs ) . In the girls ' event , Catherine Wittenberg ( Kent ) , consolidated her position as leader of the Reebok 12 and under Grand Prix table by reaching the final , but missed out on maximum points when she lost to Claire Sewell ( York ) 64 61 . The 16 's final was an all Derby affair , in which Tina Crosen defeated Helen Frankland 62 63 , whilst the 21 and under title went to Lizzie Jelfs ( Oxon ) who outfought one of our top student players , Maggie Loughton ( Yorks ) 76 46 75 with an excellent performance . Tennis World INSTRUCTION Ashton , too , has made vivid use of occupational gesture from time to time as , for example , when his Swiss Miss milks her cow with the help of the three boys in Faade . One of his finest examples of occupational gesture as the foundation of a ballet remains Les Patineurs . Here he creates the many happy and not so happy incidents that can occur on a skating rink where even a professional can miss a trick . Jerome Robbins has a knack of using occupational gesture in many of his works and most particularly in The Concert , where the well - observed behaviour of the many different concert - goers arouses much laughter . Those in the audience who have had to suffer such behaviour in a concert hall , whilst trying to listen to a brilliant musician , know that his remarks about certain characters are only too true . Julie Brown , Coalville , Leicester It 's good to hear the stamp appeal is going so well . In case anyone missed it , Julie 's address is : We hope the stamps keep coming . I 'm sure the dogs at the kennels will love your prize . Charlie Chester obligingly broadcast the appeal on Radio 2 . The IEE has tried to negotiate with Thomson , offering help with writing and publishing his biography in time for the fiftieth anniversary of Blumlein 's death in June 1992 . But Thomson has rejected the IEE 's offers and it now looks certain that the anniversary will be missed . Some members want the IEE now to use more muscle , with threats of expulsion from the Institution , if Thomson does not at least provide a catalogue of the material he has collected and give rock solid guarantees on its long term security , after his death . Barry Fox The data in Table I ( drawn from work published by B R McLeod and Abraham Liboff ) assumes that H is exclusively the geomagnetic field strength . Doubling the frequency saves lives I am aware of the extensive experimental research which has focused on ion forms involving Ca++ Na+ etc2 , but what seems to have been missed in this prior research is the appreciation that water forms its own ion form in that it dissociates into hydroxyl and hydronium ions as listed on the table . It would seem that the prevalence of such ions and their rather special relationship to the 50Hz and 60Hz frequencies , both of which they encompass by their combined effect , and as illustrated in Table I , has to give the underlying basis for field induced activity in body fluids . However , this is not a critical point . Chance to damn Rushdie missed By NICHOLAS SCHOON BRITISH Muslims have missed a great opportunity to turn public opinion against Salman Rushdie , an Islamic scholar said yesterday . Ahmed Deedat told thousands of Muslims who filled the Albert Hall in central London that if they had only shown the non - Muslim majority that Mr Rushdie had grievously insulted the Queen , Margaret Thatcher and all white women in The Satanic Verses , then the author would have been condemned by all of society and the book banned . But Sheikh Deedat , who is based in South Africa , avoided a straight answer when asked if Mr Rushdie should be killed . New Zealand pushed out to 26 - 15 with a Kevin Iro try and a second from Elia , but after David Tanner had pegged two points back with a penalty , the winger claimed the try of the match by finishing a thrilling move between Phil Veivers and Mark Bailey . Paul Forber scored from close range three minutes from the end to give Saints a one - point lead and the crowd , such as it was , went wild . There was even closing drama when Shelford missed a penalty , and a chance to save the game , with the last kick of the match . It was entertaining viewing for Mal Meninga , watching the game with his Canberra colleagues , but the Australian declined a 50,000 offer , made after the game , to rejoin St Helens . Athletics : Elliott 's win saves blushes Why , though , could these supposed championship contenders not have tried to emulate the fine passing that had sprinkled the previous weekend 's Merseyside joust ? The simple answer is that Chelsea are in a false position and Arsenal , on this evidence , slightly jaded champions . They ought to have pocketed three points in the first half - hour but Tony Adams , a more threatening centre - forward on his forays than the current Alan Smith , missed the target with two headers and David Rocastle let Dave Beasant save a penalty , much as the stretch - version keeper had done for Wimbledon in the 1988 FA Cup final . Now an Arsenal team in peak health would have kept a grip on the match . This one could not. THEATRE / Patricia Routledge in Come for the Ride - Greenwich Theatre By KATHRYN MEAD One - man shows are the high - wire acts of theatrical repertory , and all too often performers miss the trapeze . In this case , however , the performer is Patricia Routledge , and such is the assurance of her grasp that the occasion is a masterclass in theatrical craft . The cloying PR bills the evening as unashamedly nostalgic . ( First Edition ) KEVIN DRINKELL , Coventry City 's record signing from Rangers , is set to make his debut for the Sky Blues in the Littlewoods Cup tonight , against Grimsby Town , the club where he spent the first nine years of his career . Drinkell will be joined by Cyrille Regis , the former England striker , at Highfield Road tonight . Coventry , who have not won in the three matches Regis has missed with a calf - muscle injury , trail 3 - 1 from the first leg , but Drinkell was optimistic , saying : It 's not irretrievable . All is possible in football . Coventry are likely to be without three regular players : Brian Kilcline , the captain and centre - half who is still suffering from a leg injury , midfielder Dean Emerson ( knee ) , and Micky Gynn ( bruised shoulder ) . All is possible in football . Coventry are likely to be without three regular players : Brian Kilcline , the captain and centre - half who is still suffering from a leg injury , midfielder Dean Emerson ( knee ) , and Micky Gynn ( bruised shoulder ) . Steve Bull , Wolverhampton 's England striker , has a hamstring injury and may miss tonight 's Littlewoods Cup tie with Aston Villa at Molineux . Bull , who has scored four goals in the last two games , did not train yesterday after picking up the injury during Saturday 's 5 - 0 win over Portsmouth . Bull 's absence would be a big disappointment for Wolves as his fellow striker , Andy Mutch , is almost certain to be sidelined for the third game in a row with a groin injury . ( First Edition ) CLIVE ALLEN , the Manchester City striker , may be back in contention for the visit to Arsenal on 14 October . City feared Allen would need an operation after the groin strain he sustained against Queen 's Park Rangers , one of his former clubs , on 10 September . Allen , who has missed the last four games , said : I must admit I was a little concerned and went to see the same specialist that did the operation on my groin before . He told me I could be back in a fortnight . Garry Parker yesterday signed a new four - year contract with Nottingham Forest . The mime and dancing is throughout spectacular , a delight to the eye . The performance of Durga Lal in the title role is a masterpiece of versatility and concentration : his delirium at the end of the first act is nothing short of hair - raising . To say that the recipe is naive would be to miss the point , but with the predominance of so much dance , drama is often lacking . For instance , the death of Ghanashyam is , frankly , anticlimactic with most of the emphasis thrown onto the lovely succeeding threnodic dance . In the first act , where the action is presented in a series of tableaux , the dance enhances the spectacle superbly . Now we can afford to restore it , and by doing it immediately it gives their athletes the same advantages England 's will have . The four home countries ' teams have been invited to a pre - Games warm - up meeting in Sydney , where the Kenyans and Canadians will also compete . But without television coverage , the promoters could not afford to meet the costs , and the Scots , Welsh and Irish looked like missing the opportunity . Tennis : Becker tells of refuge on the East side From JOHN ROBERTS in Stuttgart Tennis : Durie 's brief dream turns to grim reality : Our Correspondent reports from Tokyo From JOHN ROBERTS in Stuttgart THE LONG and winding road that Jo Durie 's career has followed over the past 10 years , took another nasty twist yesterday when she missed the chance to keep Britain in the Federation Cup . With Clare Wood having lost the opening rubber of their second - round encounter against Austria to Judith Wiesner in straight sets , Durie needed to upset the form book . For half an hour or so she had Barbara Paulus , ranked 21st to Durie 's 102nd , chasing shadows as she won the first set 6 - 2 . Cricket : Yardley 's golden age of graft By DEREK HODGSON NORMAN YARDLEY died yesterday , aged 74 , three months after suffering a stroke ; he will be mourned and missed by cricketers everywhere , writes Derek Hodgson . Yardley was a golden boy pre - war who achieved almost every prize life and sport had to offer except , probably , the two he craved most : recovering the Ashes from Australia and taking Yorkshire to the County Championship . As a right - hand bat and useful seamer , he captained St Peter 's , York , when hardly out of short trousers , won his Blue as a freshman at Cambridge and , in turn , captained his school , university , county and country . Jose - Maria Olazabal starts the defence of his title today in illustrious company , teeing off with Bernhard Langer and Mark Calcavecchia , looking to pick up a 55,000 first prize . With Severiano Ballesteros , Nick Faldo , Ian Woosnam and several leading Americans also in the field , Olazabal does not have the incentive of trying to gain a place in next week 's World Matchplay at Wentworth : he has already been invited to play in the event this year . The Australian , Craig Parry , misses Wentworth , but by his own volition . Parry has turned down an offer to play in the World Matchplay and with it , an automatic 12,500 reward , and has also decided to pull out of a couple of rich Japanese tournaments , so that he can play again next week in the BMW International . I feel there is more prestige in winning the order of merit , Parry said . I had a second X - ray on my injury last week and it showed that the crack had healed . I was surprised when the doctors said the injury had gone . The England captain , who missed the World Cup match with Sweden in Stockholm last month because of bruised ribs , was happy with his performance against Portsmouth , saying : I was pleased to get through the 90 minutes . I was involved in some fairly strong tackling and did n't feel a thing . Now I have another week to get my fitness up to the right level . On the verge of tears , Mr Wolk went on television to appeal to people to refrain from taking to the streets , and urged them instead to keep a lit candle in their window . Neues Deutschland , the GDR party daily , displayed a declaration by Erich Honecker , the country 's leader , that the existence of the Socialist German Democratic Republic is good fortune for our people , and for the peoples of Europe . US missed the chance to get rid of Noriega From CHRIS MCGREAL in Panama City GENERAL Manuel Antonio Noriega yesterday accused the US of planning and supporting Tuesday 's failed coup to topple Panama 's resilient military leader . The US was yesterday sheltering on its bases at least two participants in the coup attempt who were among the few to escape death or capture . A speculative report in the daily Critica said Major Moises Giroldi , the head of the elite Urraca battalion who spearheaded the coup attempt , had been killed in the dawn attack on the Defence Forces Headquarters . The failure of the second coup attempt against General Noriega in less than two years has disappointed and enraged some Panamanians who felt the US missed a golden opportunity to use its troops to dispose of the general , indicted by the Americans on drug - smuggling charges last year . Military sources said the key flaw was the plotters ' mistaken belief that General Noriega was in the barracks as the rebels attacked . They had planned to hold him hostage to secure the resignation of the strongly pro - Noriega General Staff . Meanwhile riots continue to scar the Dutch League ; one match was abandoned recently in Rotterdam . The Ajax case emphasises the danger to players , especially goalkeepers . Two years ago there was a similar , arguably worse , incident in Madrid when Real supporters threw sharp metal rods from behind a goal at the Bernabeu , narrowly missing Bayern Munich 's keeper , Jean - Marie Pfaff . He could have been killed . Real 's punishment was to play subsequent matches behind closed doors . From JOHN ROBERTS in Stuttgart BORIS BECKER disappointed his West German supporters for the second consecutive year when a knee injury forced him to withdraw from the Stuttgart Classic here yesterday . The Wimbledon and United States Open champion , who will also miss next week 's grand prix tournament in Sydney and is unlikely to be fit for Tokyo the following week , has now lost any chance of overhauling Ivan Lendl as world No. 1 before the end of the year . At least on this occasion , Becker had played his way through to the semi - finals of the eight - man exhibition event , organised by his manager , Ion Tiriac , before pulling out . Last November he arrived on crutches on the opening day with his left foot in plaster , having chipped an ankle bone . The League appear to be saying that the difference between scrapping and cynical wounding is just three matches . The other club to fall foul of the disciplinary committee yesterday was St Helens , who travel to Wakefield tomorrow without Roy Haggerty and Stuart Evans , both banned for four matches . They were dismissed against Oldham last week , Evans in the final minute of a 36 - 6 defeat , after missing the start of the season through injury . Evans , like Haggerty , is not in the Saints side for his cerebral contribution , though there was evidence against New Zealand last week that the giant prop is at last gaining an understanding of his league potential . The Kiwi tour continues at Wigan , where after the Oldham upset , the home side need a confidence booster almost as badly as the visitors , whose efforts so far have been disjointed . Becker and Graf won Wimbledon and the US Open and did not get their pictures on the front cover of any non - tennis magazines here . Becker 's photograph was in the German newspapers yesterday , accompanied by lamentations about his physical condition after a knee injury had caused him to abandon the Classic on Thursday . They were not taking the hero for granted , but missing him madly and praying that he would be fit to return for the Davis Cup . The feeling was mutual . The Davis Cup is definitely the biggest highlight of the rest of the year for me , Becker said . Boro 's captain Tony Mowbray has a foot injury , so Coleman , a 400,000 buy from Mansfield , starts for the first time . Bradford City v Brighton Adcock , City 's 190,000 striker from Northampton , makes his debut . Left - back Chapman , who has missed three matches with a twisted ankle , is in Brighton 's squad , and Curbishley makes his 400th League appearance . Hull v Swindon Hull , without a win , hope to have Whitehurst back in attack . Galvin , Swindon 's Irish winger , has recovered from injury , while Parkin returns to defence for the suspended Gittens . Robson , who watched Rocastle last Saturday , said : He has made a good start to the season . When he got on as a substitute against Sweden he was first class ; in Albania he was one of our best players . Steve McMahon , who is to deputise in midfield for the injured Neil Webb , missed England 's workout at Bisham Abbey yesterday along with Gary Stevens , Tony Adams , Paul Gascoigne and Gary Lineker , but their injuries are slight . Polish police said yesterday that they had called in army commandos to help control English fans . A spokesman said 1,500 police and commandos would escort the fans when they arrived in Poland . That the party and unions should set the level of fines that recalcitrant unions would incur . So it all comes down , two years before the election , to stating the level of fines . He seems to have missed my statement three weeks ago that fines would be deterrent , sufficient to secure compliance with the law. He then argues that it is not sufficient ( for me ) to tell the conference that there will be no return to mass picketing . Actually , I never mentioned picketing , mass picketing or otherwise , in my speech , but let that pass . The latter pair have been replaced by Sheffield United 's Brian Deane and Gary Owers of Sunderland . Rangers ' Richard Gough and Maurice Johnston will fill vital roles in Scotland 's World Cup qualifying match against France in Paris on Wednesday . Andy Roxburgh , the Scotland coach , said their consistency during the campaign made their return to the side essential after both missed last month 's defeat by Yugoslavia because of injury . Football : Knighton bid stands By FRANK KANE Had they stung Bristol into raising a game dampened by unremitting drizzle they might have suffered more . Even so , at the end , Irish were a enjoying a romp to hearten supporters who love nothing more than spirit and graft . They had also caused Bristol much discomfort and penalties in the line but Ian Aitcheson , the recruit from Waterloo , barely made amends with a drop goal and a conversion for not only three penalties missed in four minutes , but a couple of passes which made everybody wince and defence pulse rates surge . There were some highlights from Bristol , some back - row charges , a 50 - yard passing movement which saw Doug Woodman scoring the first of his two tries , and Paul Collings making a solo break for the third . Football : Rostron repays the loan : Phil Shaw reports on a surprising afternoon of Bull and void at Molineux Letter : The vital question on higher education funding From Professor MARTIN HARRIS Sir : The ongoing debate about the suggestion by the Committee of Vice - Chancellors and Principals ( CVCP ) that universities must identify the full costs of their undergraduate programmes and should examine various ways in which these costs might be met seems to me to have largely missed the main point at issue . Government , employers and educators alike are now convinced that higher education should be expanded radically during the next decade , to include perhaps twice as high a proportion of school leavers and others than has traditionally been the case in the UK . The question is how this expansion can be paid for , given that the new Secretary of State has said quite candidly that his present view is that higher education cannot expect a higher share of public spending than it currently receives . In a lecture he delivered on the fringe of last year 's Conservative Party conference , Mr Lawson said : While economic failure will most certainly drive a government out of office , economic success alone will not ensure that it retains office . He must wish he had rather more economic success to report this year , but the thought remains valid . If ministers spend this week in Blackpool trying to paint the Labour Party red again as Kenneth Baker seems to intend they will have missed the point and further demeaned themselves in the eyes of the public . The Labour Party comes to the fore when the distribution of resources comes to the top of the agenda . While people look to the Tories to make money , they look to Labour to spend it to more social purpose . The hallmark of Wyllie 's All Blacks is the ability to drive the ball forward repeatedly at close quarters , sucking in the defence before opening up and ruthlessly exploit any gaps . Against BC the gaps duly materialised and Joe Stanley , Va'Aiga Tuigamala a pocket - battleship of a wing Walter Little , Bruce Deans and Zinzan Brooke crossed for tries . John Gallagher , meanwhile , proved a more than useful stand - in for Grant Fox in the goal - kicking role , missing the sticks just once . Wyllie 's verdict was a typically gruff Kiwi understatement : There was nothing wrong with it . He then added ominously : In fact , it was a good score judging by the other teams who passed through here recently . When Chubei slashes his neck , a thread of scarlet spurts out . With its splashes of red standing out from the swirling whiteness of the snowstorm , this tableau combines the decorative and the dramatic in a manner reminiscent of the finest Japanese prints . And throughout the evening , making you almost afraid to blink in case you miss anything , Ninagawa fills the stage with a constantly shifting sequence of such pictures including a magnificent riverside landscape with clumps of reeds bleached by the light of an enormous moon . The plash of flowing water is authentically audible throughout this scene . And , everywhere in the production , there is deployment of carefully - chosen sound effects . She was an excellent shrewd local politician and a comfort to her at the end of her life was the defeat of the atrocious plans of the Merrell Dow Chemical Company to build a plant near her beloved River Blackwater , the last campaign in which she played an active part . Deeply kind and warm - hearted , despite her somewhat formidable exterior and a conversational style which could tend towards the monologue , she remained a generous radical to the end , one of the few of her generation who integrated the immense energy and self - confidence of the Ascendancy families into modern Irish life . She will be missed as much in the tiny village halls in County Waterford , where she was active in the Irish Country Women 's Association , as in fashionable dining rooms in Cape Cod or London . Obituary : Mark Dignam By GILES GORDON Pitting a slim - line orchestra against a jumbo choir might be hazardous with any body other than the CBSO Chorus . In the fast passages the choir sang as one voice and did much to render some mannered readings of appoggiaturas and dynamics thrilling . This performance was a rich mixture of styles : perhaps not one to put on record , but certainly not to be missed live . MUSIC / Pinning it down : The Marriage of Figaro - Glyndebourne By MICHAEL JOHN WHITE Sid Cordle , of the Yorkshire Conservative Trade Unions , protested that the basic state pension of 46.60 a week for a single person and 69.80 for a couple was totally inadequate . Despite the spread of private pensions , 75 per cent of pensioners lived on less than 3,500 a year . He said the Thatcher years would be seen as the time in which existing pensioners missed out on the prosperity afforded to the great majority in this country . Pensioners have not fared better than other groups and targetting has led to massive poverty traps . Mr Cordle was applauded as he demanded the abolition of standing charges for pensioners on gas , electricity and telephone bills as a first step towards helping them . For Jack read Seve . Ballesteros 's dilemma is not how much money to make but how much to reject . After Wentworth he will play two tournaments in Japan which means he will also miss the World Cup in his home country . It is not true that I only play this game for money . I always play for my country when I have a chance , Ballesteros , who last played for Spain in the World Cup in 1977 , added . On the same day , Gloucester stole a march by beating the champions , Bath , at Kingsholm in a fierce encounter during which another England prop , Bath 's Gareth Chilcott , was sent off for punching . Meanwhile , news concerning Mike Teague the Gloucester back row forward who in South Africa aggravated a shoulder injury which had caused him problems during the Lions tour of Australia is not brilliant . Although Teague has resumed light training , he looks certain to miss England 's match against Fiji on 4 November and has told his club that he does not expect to be fit until the middle of next month . England are still awaiting news on another back - row man with shoulder problems Leicester 's No. 8 , Dean Richards , who will not be making this weekend 's away day to Orrell , whose coach , Des Seabrook , is in hospital recovering from a mild heart attack . The Tigers , who will also be minus the magic of the holidaying Les Cusworth , are relieved to hear that their England centre , Paul Dodge , and the England B flanker , John Wells , have recovered from hamstring injuries in time for the trip . Umberto Eco himself clearly sympathises . Belbo 's iffy relationship with the evasive Lorenza Pelegrini is is deftly touched in , and his reminiscences of a wartime childhood in Piedmont are the only passages to achieve any distinction or elegance of style , or any vestige of human interest . It is worth skipping through the rest just to read them , but their bearing on the story proper Belbo is a man who missed his moment , and conspiracy theory is the refuge of the disappointed is specious . If Foucault 's Pendulum fails as a novel , does it work as an intellectual game ? The ancient manuscript which sparks it all off is ingeniously devised to yield two possible meanings , one mystic , one mundane . This handsome son of the Derby winner Shirley Heights looked a first - rate prospect when cantering home at Haydock . Western Wolf , on whom Cauthen won over the course last month , should follow up , but faces several threatening rivals , notably Single . Cauthen 's prolific American contemporary , Cash Asmussen , will miss four booked rides at Ascot as he pulled muscles in his neck when falling from his mount who crossed his legs at the start of the last race at Maisons - Laffitte yesterday . He was taken to hospital for an x - ray examination . Carson gets on famously with another veteran of the racing game , Gallant Hope , and the seven - year - old , who is back to his right trip and ground , could be the solution to a devilish - looking Bovis Handicap . If you go in their with no plan at all , he 's going to beat you . It may all come down to Clark if Oakland are to be kept at bay . Glossary of popular terms Ball : called by the umpire when a pitch misses the strike zone . Strike : called when a pitch enters the strike zone an imaginary rectangle above home plate , roughly from the batter 's shoulders to his knees . A batter is out after three strikes . He conceded the hole and although he won the 35th two fours at the last saw Rafferty home . Woosnam reached his third successive semi - final with a 3 and 2 victory over Olazabal after the Spaniard held a one - hole lead in the morning . Woosnam was so dissatisfied with his putting that he missed lunch and spent an hour on the practice green . Olazabal should have emulated him for in the afternoon he proceeded to miss a string of short putts . Woosnam piled on the agony with four successive birdies . He also birdied the 11th , but then dropped his only shot of the round at the 12th , after playing a poor bunker shot and missing from 15 feet . He also missed three from inside six feet . Davis Love III , the American , slipped from second place with a one - over - par 73 for 138 , and another American , Mark Calcavecchia , missed the cut for the second successive tournament . Golf : Davies ' investment in excellence By JOHN BOLTON Detentions under section 29 continue , and the government acknowledged on March 18 that 16 people were then held under that provision . Even more prisoners , about 60 , are currently being held under equivalent provisions in the nominally independent homelands of the Transkei and Bophuthatswana . Two months ago Amnesty submitted testimony to the UN which noted that the de Klerk government was failing to take adequate steps to investigate and bring to justice members of the security forces implicated in the torture and killing of government opponents . The death of one 16 - year - old under interrogation at a police station in January 1990 has yet to be properly investigated . A closed hearing held in February this year concluded that no - one could be held responsible for the death . For him the synthesis was asymptote towards which he was for ever approaching without ever quite reaching it ; it was a reality , incapable of complete realization . An example of Fry 's description of Czanne 's development dealt with colour : When Czanne uses colour we note that at each nodal point of the interplay of planes , Czanne marks this sequence by a series of small washes of various colours , modulating generally from violet to greenish , or bluish grey . His aim in this was as far as possible to translate changes of tones into changes of colour , feeling that only by this method could the full saturation and pressure of colour be realized . I cannot doubt that this peculiar method which gave such valuable results in water - colour , influenced Czanne to apply it at least to the early stages of his oil paintings , and that gradually it grew to be his habitual practice in the succeeding period . Dummies can come to life in books , as it seems they can do for their masters on the stage : and this miracle depends , not only on the author , but also on the people he knows , who may indeed be thought to participate in what he is , and who are likely to participate in his ventriloquism . It may be that Larkin 's poem and the person we meet there participate in the ventriloquism of Amis 's novel . At a mid - point in the novel there occurs McClintoch 's complaint that people are divided into the attractive and the unattractive , rather as , according to Disraeli , as Graham duly notes , Victorian England was divided into the two nations ' of rich and poor . There is a barrier between the attractive and the unattractive between , as Graham puts it on a later occasion , the beggars and choosers of the sexual life . Convinced of his own plainness , Graham is here engaged in taking Jenny out and making a mess of kissing her . Against this monologic Amis can be set , by way of alter ego , the modernistic Amis of Barbara Everett 's discussion of Difficulties with girls , which occurred in the course of an essay on Hugh Kenner 's fantasy of a British betrayal of Modernism , and which springs the surprise of conveying that Amis , so often supposed an enemy of Modernism , is really a Modernist . She begins by recalling a remark made to her a long time ago by Larkin , about difficulties encountered in his private life a remark which consisted of a joke to do with the impossibility of relations between men and women , followed by the notion that women ought really to marry each other , followed by but that would be wrong , would n't it ? And she notes that the same remark , or the same sentences , can be found in Amis 's novel . What interests her , apparently , is not the remark itself , but the degree to which the piece of recall her piece of recall , presumably failed to affect the novel in any way . The novel was left curiously unaffected by this discovery . One can also add that there is something in the present policies of the SDLP which suggest a need to maintain a somewhat fragile unity in respect of the national question . Seamus Mallon , MP of the SDLP may have seen the Hillsborough agreement of 1985 as a step towards a united Ireland , but some of his co - politicians in the party would not share that view . Perhaps one should note the care with which the present leader of the party , John Hume , chooses his words over the future of the North . He is careful not to promote the theme of reunification , but talks of discovering a new way , setting up structures of co - operation in the North between the two Northern Communities , with the support of the Southern government . However , the policy is seen as ambiguous . Increasingly it is seen as the only option left in the face of the continuing Anglo - Irish agreement . Continuing or worsening strife could solidify covenant beliefs into a separate Ulster identity absolutely dominant over the British component , and demanding its own independent state form . It is important to note that in 191214 the protestant loyalist group saw their right to violence as prior to that of the official state . It is also important to note that they saw the taking of law into their own hands as temporary , and pending the recognition by that state of its mistaken attitude towards them and their right to a degree of autonomy . It appears to be increasingly the case that there are two major traditions of identity perception among protestant loyalists . Continuing or worsening strife could solidify covenant beliefs into a separate Ulster identity absolutely dominant over the British component , and demanding its own independent state form . It is important to note that in 191214 the protestant loyalist group saw their right to violence as prior to that of the official state . It is also important to note that they saw the taking of law into their own hands as temporary , and pending the recognition by that state of its mistaken attitude towards them and their right to a degree of autonomy . It appears to be increasingly the case that there are two major traditions of identity perception among protestant loyalists . One tradition is the covenant one and is antagonistic to a straightforward nationalist sentiment . This is a totalizing view of society , and implies a certain anti - pluralism : freedom of belief and action within certain parameters , which are to be decided either by those who appear righteous in the sight of God or by those who , at least , conform in their lawmaking to the advice given to them by the righteous . The very drift of the account of Christian myth and religious political ethics has certain parallels of structure with the siege of Londonderry . These should be noted , before one views the siege as baseline myth for the interpretation of everyday life . Religion and Violence It is frequently denied that there is a relationship between religion and violence in Ireland . The church was acting on behalf of all , and had a prime obligation to push for a public morality which matched its perception of the natural law lest the very fabric of society be torn asunder and its members cast on the road of moral decline . What was good for catholics was also good for protestants , and Ireland was to be no exception . In fairness to de Valera , it must be said that he opposed any attempt to incorporate the church into the apparatus of the state and in this was , as already noted , going against the form of relationship preferred by the Popes of the day . But his attitude was by now part of the common sense of clergy and people alike . There appeared to be no reason to upset long - established routines in this respect . From the church came a dual impulse strengthening this morality : the prevailing teaching on sexual abstention outside of marriage under pain of mortal sin , and the rigorous life of a clergy pledged to chastity and preaching the need for an unmarried laity to practise the same degree and kind of circumspection in sexual matters which the clergy had been taught to impose upon themselves . If anything , the return of the land to the practising farmers by the land Acts would have strengthened such a morality . It is also interesting to note that the issue of land inheritance was a key reason why the Irish population voted no in the referendum on divorce in 1986 . That the local priests continued to play a significant part in the regulation of local sexual morality from the beginning of the state is shown by accounts of boy meets girl from the 1920s . For example : In 1931 we got a new Parish Priest . Phrases such as striving for the setting up of a Workers republic ' and the establishment of public ownership were excised , as they were seen by the members of an affiliated teachers ' union , and ultimately by the bishops , to counter church doctrine ( Whyte 1980 : 824 ; Keogh 1982 : 7 , 77 n.5 ) . The teachers ' union even submitted the draft constitution to the bishops so as to get it right . It is to be noted that , in this , it was the laity who took the initiative . Testing the Alliance 1 : The Adoption Controversy The way in which the morality received by the state from the Roman catholic church could create conflict within the state but still be transferred into the coercive sphere of state activity can be seen in two cases in particular . Many critics , including William Binchy , saw this as likely to be an ineffectual provision and subject to the whims of judges . Proponents of the changes did , however , find the prognostications of their adversaries far too pessimistic and polemical . It is interesting to note that the debate centred on the concrete social consequences of divorce legislation rather than on its intrinsic morality . In the Dil debate of 20 May , Padraig Faulkner , TD of Fianna Fil argued that the introduction of divorce would indeed end up as divorce on demand anyway , and Charles Haughey indicated his personal view that divorce was bad for individual stability ( Irish Times , 21 May 1986 ) . The next stage in clerical campaign strategy was introduced by Archbishop MacNamara of Dublin who instructed the clergy of his diocese to preach on the indissolubility of marriage on the six Sundays from 18 May until the eve of the referendum . This is not unnatural , as in the 1970s and early 1980s Spencer was at the Queen 's University , Belfast , and an active member of the All Children Together Movement . Support for this line of approach has been found in Greeley and Rossi 's ( 1966 ) survey in the USA on the effectiveness of catholic schools . Based on statistical data for Roman catholics educated in both Roman catholic and other schools , Greeley and Rossi noted as one of their findings that there was little difference in adult religious practice between the two groups . There was a group among former Roman catholic school pupils who exhibited a more intense level of practice , but these were also children of fervent Roman catholics . The causal inference adopted by Greeley and Rossi was that Roman catholic schools only had a clearly identifiable and reinforcing effect on the belief and practice of this group . This is particularly true today : even in the recession - hit 1990s , brewers are spending increasing amounts on pub refurbishment more on pubs , indeed , than at any time since the 1930s . Much of this is due to the face that , following the recent Monopolies and Mergers Commission report on pub ownership , many breweries are actually moving out of brewing itself and concentrating instead on pub management an area where they believe they stand to make the greatest profits . At the end of the 80s the famous Manchester firm of Boddingtons sold its brewing operation to Whitbread ; yet during 1988 alone , Claire Hunt has noted , Boddingtons undertook the refurbishment of 50 of their tied houses . More recently , at the end of 1990 the regional brewing giant Greenall Whitley announced that it was closing both its breweries at Warrington and Nottingham ( formerly the independent Shipstone 's brewery ) to concentrate solely on running pubs contracting out its beer to be produced by former rivals Allied Breweries . The principal victims or beneficiaries of this change of direction are the historic tied houses . This should not obscure the obvious fact that they are also profit - making concerns , too . As such , they need constant updating especially if the perceived trend towards reduced pub - going is to be reversed . ( In their 1988 survey , Mintel noted that the proportion of consumer expenditure represented by alcohol consumption has fallen steadily , whilst at the same time that spent on leisure as a whole has increased ( Hunt , p42 ) . ) Changes to the fabric have to be effected as new toilets are installed , or greater provision is made for food preparation facilities . New and increasingly stringent fire regulations have to be accommodated and licensing magistrates who often care little for the architectural integrity of historic pubs , but are principally concerned with good and easy supervision of the pub clientele have to be appeased . Work on this refurbishment is due to begin in May 1991 . An additional problem faced by many Georgian pubs particularly historic coaching inns is the treatment of re - use of stables and other related outbuildings . As Matthew Saunders noted in the 1983 SAVE/CAMRA Report : The freestanding stable wing , the coachmen and ostlers accommodation , the skittle alley and cobbled yard can be of the greatest interest and yet are very vulnerable to the ubiquitous need , often enforced by the planning authorities , for adequate car parking space . Indeed such is the pressure for adequate car parking that there are a surprising number of cases where brewing companies have applied for permission to demolish not only outbuildings but adjacent cottages , some of them listed Also , if there was any way of legally protecting historic furnishings , this could be recommended Perhaps some consideration might be additionally given to the current situation regarding the lack of protection for the current situation regarding the lack of protection for the interiors of unlisted buildings within conservation areas Ms Hunt noted that , in the whole Greater Manchester area , only 83 pubs out of a total of 3,712 were listed and then , all but one just grade II . Without sufficient protection , both the exteriors and interiors of historic pubs are still very much at risk . A typical Georgian coaching inn with large carriage arch : The George and Dragon , High St , Cheadle , Cheshire ( Claire Hunt ) . Xu 's generation is now categorised as middle - age chefs who have gained their qualification through professional training which enhances areas of traditional standards and techniques passed down through the generations . But older generations of chefs learned to cook through long apprenticeships of five to nine years . Among those noting Xu 's habit of using just one board ( ingredients are so fresh and so quickly prepared that food poisoning is not considered a threat ) is Keith Mitchell , team captain of the British chefs competing at the culinary Olympics in Frankfurt next year , and head chef at the Grand Hotel , Eastbourne , East Sussex . One board , one knife , one hand , he comments while watching stir - fried beef with carrot and onion being prepared . Mitchell , rather than recreating Chinese dishes , uses some Chinese methods and ingredients and is particularly impressed with the handling of flavours . You 'll see for yourself on Saturday . I can hardly wait , said Henry Tyler politely . As dinner parties went , noted Henry on the night , it was neither large nor particularly intimate . Ten people sat down in the dining - room at The Hollies after partaking of a well - chosen sherry a good Machamudo , Henry thought in the drawing - room . Margot Iverson had welcomed him most hospitably . It is the event , said Milsom dryly , which interests us . You were , I understand , one of the guests on the fatal night Indeed , said Henry , noting with the appreciation of an expert the inspector 's choice of words . And partook of the complete meal ? Oh , yes , Inspector . In theory , I suppose , the nearest piece of fruit could have been doctored , but I do n't see myself how the murderer could have been sure the victim would have picked it . No. Henry noted how the detective inspector 's speech had now widened to include words like poison and murderer . I ca n't tell you if Mrs Iverson had any port . He grinned . I believe the denial of the PSI report and the furore it caused occurred precisely because it managed to get beneath the surface of police culture to explore the deep structures of belief and to comment adversely about their influence on police activities . The invisibility in the written record , which Shapland and Hobbs ( 1989 ) observed , and the unrecorded information which Chatterton told the conference remained hidden in the heads of the constables are the result of cultural values , which are then brought to bear to deny validity to these agendas . It is worth noting the language in the Federation rebuttal of the PSI report , for it illustrates how the culture is programmed to sneer at the graphic literary phrase and dismiss the use of anecdotal material as unscientific : while participant observation is considered to be a world away from research based on safe academic principles ( my emphasis ) . Police culture is omnipotent is structuring such views of critical research . Historically it has homed in on sociology as the generic symbol of reformatory zealousness , regarding its practitioners almost as folk devils or bogeymen . In 1987 when I attended the Intermediate Command Course at the Police Staff College with some thirty - five other superintendents from around Britain , I found that my Ph.D . was the source of extreme curiosity and even some apprehension , and I watched ( and recorded fieldnotes ) as my new colleagues sparred warily with the Doctor in their midst . I realized I would need to convince them at the first opportunity that I was primarily a practical policeman and not an academic ; and I also noted that while the college was keen to list the academic qualifications of those on the course , the participants quickly justified Lewis 's assertions by playing them down to emphasize their history of praxis and practical mastery . AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE SELF : PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION OR ESPIONAGE Any insider who sets out to pursue a reflexive anthropology of policing eventually has to face difficulties which arise when he reaches an objective and analytic understanding of his society and its own specific versions of reality . Furthermore , there have been questions about his loyalty , for Alderson has had the temerity to caution the service about an apparent drift towards paramilitarism . Needless to say the revelations made by John Stalker ( 1988 ) were also less than welcome to the service , and all around I heard my contemporaries condemn the fact that he had gone public . Inevitably , I noted these criticisms were rarely in relation to what he had said ( few had actually read the book ) , but rather were expressions of shocked outrage that he had failed to keep silent and say nothing at all . Indeed , the fact that he had apparently used an editor from a Manchester newspaper for some of his purposes was latched onto and quoted as a sign that he was suspect and disloyal . One consequence of these modes of thought is that the service has to live out a continuous and enormous paradox . A heavy contact to the opponent 's face may not merit just a verbal warning ; after consultation with the other members of the panel , the referee can go directly to a full point penalty or even a disqualification . In some cases the disqualification is not only from a particular event within a tournament , but from the whole tournament . The second thing to note is that each offence carries its own scale of penalties , and penalties for one offence are not added on to penalties imposed for a different offence . Thus if I incur a verbal warning for stepping out of the area , I do n't then expect to receive a half - point penalty for a slight contravention of another rule. You will not be penalised if you are propelled from the area ! On the very day after his arrival in the Tolbooth , the Lord Advocate 's officers already knew the name , the trade , and the movements of several people ( the Duke , Iain Logan , young Donald McCulloch ) . To think of a traitor amongst their own people lacerated him as much as the thought of Iain or Donald lying in some cell . But someone must have been slipping amongst them like a stoat , noting , memorizing , carrying word stealthily to the Duke of Atholl . James had said that John Stewart the pedlar had seemed frantic that night more so than the emergency warranted ? It was true he was footloose , and unmarried . ( Lonely or loneliness occurs a dozen times in his songs . Solitude and its cognates a much more positive expression of the reality but seven times , a not insignificant indication to which we must return . ) We should note , however , that loneliness is itself a feature of many Canadian writers , fruit of that belittling vastness of country in which they are placed . As Professor Desmond Pacey emphasises in his brilliant survey , Creative Writing In Canada , in the words of Duncan Campbell Scott : So lone is the land that in this lonely room Never before has breached a human being The name actually means God is comfort , or comfort of God a word which will be found to have high and particular meaning for Leonard , and for those touched by his perceptions . In the 17th century one Nehemiah Cohen made himself particularly famous by opposing the false prophet of Smyrna , Sabbatai Zevi , who sought to lead his people back into the Holy Land . We have no knowledge of this being in his parents ' minds , but it is interesting to note that this Cohen was a Cabalist , in which tradition Leonard was deeply immersed . We should not minimise this naming , nor its effect on Leonard 's early life . Coming as it did from such a family not only from Lazarus ' and Lyon 's own strenuous devotions to their faith , in which names are of the greatest significance , but also from that of Solomon Klinitsky - Klein , his maternal grandfather and his very similar tradition . Through it all the words dance like butterflies and dart like wasps . Sandra Djwa argues that its lost ideals are reworked as a Neo - Hasidic myth , and comments that the poet as priest is forced beyond Genesis ( sic ) ; elsewhere she adds a description of Leonard as the exiled poet priest of The Spice - Box Of Earth . Commented Al Purdy , with ( this book ) Cohen brought to near perfection the techniques and rhythms of his first book ; Eli Mandel one of Canada 's most astute critics speaks of it as a kind of gloss to the Sabbath service , noting its rich diversity in subject and tone , and emphasising that it is not a random collection of lyrics . It is unified , powerfully , by recurrent patterns and an informing theme . But he is wrong to say that it is a gloss especially as a rabbinic scholium ! on the Sabbath service only , and to hang ( as he does ) all his review from it . It looks silly from the perspective of our so - called folk psychology of thinking . For , paradoxically enough , it is the language of thought thesis which is closer to the layman 's intuitions about thinking . We have a way of talking , and thus a way of thinking , about thoughts as if they were sentences in the head ; and it is worth noting that Fodor ( for example in Psychosemantics ) regards folk psychology as providing a rough but reliable account of mental life and behaviour . The doctrine of holism , by contrast , challenges our folk psychology of thought ( see Note 1 ) . How , then , might a supporter of the mental sentence view try to deal with the holism of the mental ? It is important to remember that the linguistic utterances of others are just as much externally observed behaviour as walking down stairs or pressing a button in a psychophysics laboratory although , because of the high information content of linguistic behaviour , we are prone to endow it with some mystical quality which opens a special window on to the mind of the person generating it . We must approach observations of linguistic behaviour with the same careful attitude as we approach other kinds of behaviour or indeed as we approach our electrophysiological observations . It is also worth noting that correlations between ERPs and behaviour are never perfect , perhaps because of masking of some of the ERPs by random fluctuations of the background EEG . An individual event which normally gives a particular ERP may sometimes yield nothing and the ERP may sometimes occur in the absence of the evoking event . It is always the case that averaging over tens of trials is necessary to give consistent results , particularly with endogenous ERPs . It can always be returned to the same position . W. Wilson , Ayrshire It should be noted that this method does require some help , even if it is of the most menial nature . For those without any assistance , a similar stand could be made which ensures the unit does not have the tendency to tip forward . RE ARRANGING A FUNERAL When there is insufficient money in the estate of the deceased person to pay for the funeral and if the person arranging the funeral is likely to have a problem meeting the cost then sections 4 and 5 of this factsheet should be read before making any arrangements . It should be noted that help from the Social Fund for funeral expenses is only available where there is insufficient money in the estate , and where the person making the arrangements is in receipt of income support , housing benefit or community charge benefit , or is the partner of someone receiving these benefits . The person who makes the arrangements with the funeral director may be considered to have entered into a binding contract , and become responsible for the cost , even if they are not related to the deceased . a ) COMMUNITY CARE MENTAL ILLNESS SPECIFIC GRANT A report has been published which looks at the operation of the new Mental Illness Specific Grant in the first few months after its introduction in April this year . The report summarises the types of schemes which have been launched under the grant , noting that many schemes so funded are not new , but are continuations or expansions of existing provision . The report discusses the implications of the short time local authorities had to plan for use of the grant , in particular the difficulties within the time scale of consulting users , carers and others in planning for and providing new services . The adequacy of the capital and revenue parts of the grant are discussed . A report from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation discusses many of the themes raised in the white paper , including joint working , assessment procedures , and quality control . The discussion is illustrated by the results of interviews with ten directors of social services , and draws on illustrative material from authorities which are already tackling aspects of the community care reforms . The study particularly notes the difficulties which may arise in defining the split between health and social care. Concern is also voiced about the adequacy of resources for implementation of the new policies . From providing to enabling : local authorities and community care planning by Nirmala Rao . Some sceptics have been quick to see that this could well be a familiar pointer to the future suggest a service for closure in the hope that the relevant council will come up with the money to reprieve it . This transfers the onus from government subsidy to the local people who , should the council refuse , will themselves be blamed for the service closure . In total one can only marvel at the numerous stations opened in the 1980s and it is pleasing to note that many more are in the pipeline . The growth of BR stations in recent years is heartwarming for pro - rail supporters and the figures speak for themselves , 1986 = 2,526 , 1987 = 2,530 , 1988 = 2,554 , 1989 = 2,561 . A list of specific openings follows . The 09.02 for Liverpool Lime Street leaves Euston on 10 July 1989 powered by Class 90 No 9000 Royal Show . O the left , Class 87/0 No 87010 King Arthur awaits departure time with the 09.45 to Carlisle . It is interesting to note that bullhead rail is still in evidence some forty years after the infant British Railways adopted flat - bottom rail as standard . Propelling the 10.10 Leeds - King 's Cross Intercity service , Class 91 No 91007 passes under the Wood Green flyover on the approaches to Alexandra park station on 23 September 1989 . Romanian - built Brush Class 56 No 56015 at Coalville on 11 June 1989 . Each part of the body must be placed in a true relationship to the others and to the whole as the dance flows onwards . This requirement has its origins in Greek sculpture . Anyone seeing such works of sculpture for the first time cannot fail to note the harmonious line described through the perfectly proportioned bodies of the men and women portrayed . No matter from which angle they are viewed , these statues reveal that the head and limbs counter - balance each other round a central line running through the body so that each part is one with the whole picture . There is space , dimension and structure . The participants in folk dance can and certainly do show elation . In La Fille Mal Garde Mother Simone does this when she triumphantly finishes her Clog Dance on the arms of her more graceful neighbours , just as all the guests but Alain do after the Betrothal and they all dance out , arms linked to celebrate . The gestures of such pastoral characters as Lise and Colas in La Fille Mal Garde have already been noted ( - see page 100 ) as well as that of Lise churning and helping her Mother to spin . But the conventional gesture to spin ' has often been used in ballet . In The Sleeping Beauty Carabosse shows Aurora what a spindle is for and Aurora later shows how she can use it before she pricks her finger . If the right foot remains there for several bars , the arms will be held still , but as soon as the left moves in front the arms will change . There is also a tendency to pause in a pose at the end of a phrase and for a deliberate change to be made before further dance . An interesting point to note in real Spanish folk dance is that the boy and girl rarely touch each other. In some older dances they each hold a corner of a handkerchief to form a link and in some areas they link little fingers . Italian By so differentiating he described both the characteristics of his villagers and the typical gestures which enabled them to tell their tale ( see page 59 ) . Massine 's brilliant use of descriptive and narrative gestures in The Three - Cornered Hat was a proper development of Fokine 's mimed dance and danced mime , first seen in The Firebird and Petrushka . As already noted , the dances Fokine staged for the nursemaids , coachmen and others at the Fair were real dances ( see page 59 ) . They created the atmosphere and mood , but the narrative was told by the dolls using specially created movements which could be called dances of character . Characters from the commedia dell'arte Means of expression While choreographers who wish to create a character and/or national ballet have an immense amount of material upon which to work , they must be very selective if they are to communicate the characteristic and/or purely nationalistic elements which will make a ballet unique . Moreover , as has been noted earlier , all character dance movements must be more strongly marked both physically and musically than the demi - caractre versions of the same steps . Similarly , all the poses and/or gestures performed by each character must be distinctly national , no matter how minor a part is being played . The truly heroic character of Lemminkainen in the great Finnish epic Kalevala acts , according to the story , very much in the same way as the heroes of the Anglo - Saxon Beowulf or the French Song of Roland and many other heroic poems . Man 's inhumanity to Man The Burrow ; A Distant Drummer It is important to note that these ballets were created by MacMillan whose aim has been to convince audiences that dance in ballet belongs to the reality of life and to show how life can be manipulated . He first described this in Noctambules which showed how the characters portrayed were manipulated by the Hypnotist . Manipulation was shown more dramatically in A Distant Drummer . The art of the particular Particular the relation to one as distinguished from another ( O.E.D . ) The question now to be asked is where does the art of the particular begin in the creation of style ? It has already been noted that the movements in Ashton 's five abstract ballets have been coloured by the music , its period and sometimes by the composer 's own thoughts ( see page 42 ) . Each of those ballets can also be said to have dimension and linear patterns which can be roughly described as follows : Symphonic Variations Lines are widely structured , flowing and straight rather than rounded , with no hard edges . Scnes de Ballet The lines are straighter and more angled than usual in classical dance . He has sold organic wines for the past five years , ever since he got a licence . But beers are his real passion and around two years ago he began filling his shelves with an ever - increasing selection . For a store which is totally uncompromising in the wholefood and vegan pedigree of all products and meals on sale , where Rex waxes eloquently about macrobiotics and the ying and yang of food , it 's comforting to note that genuine beers fulfill his criteria quite easily . I like the concept of people who produce beer using the natural hops and malts and even , in some cases , wild yeast , he says . BEERS in bottles all shapes and sizes some look at least two pints now fill a whole corner of the store , their colourful labels firing your tastebuds . Members , branches , action groups , etc who intend to propose motions for debate , are asked to make sure that these are received at HQ in St Albans by first post on FRIDAY , FEBRUARY 7 , 1992 . Nominations Candidates for election to the National Executive should note that nominations should also be received at HQ by FRIDAY , FEBRUARY 7 , 1992 . Each nomination must be proposed and seconded by two members of the Campaign and be accompanied by a signed declaration from the candidate that he or she is willing to stand . Iain W. Dobson Company Secretary These are clear varnishes to which either dyestuffs or transparent pigments , or both , have been added . Unlike wood dyes , varnish stains can be applied to previously coated surfaces , as long as they are clean and free from wax or grease . As a varnish stain colours and finishes in one operation , they are very popular , but it should be noted that because the colour is in the finish , each extra coat will make the surface darker , and if the varnish stain is not applied evenly , where the film is thicker , the colour will be darker . If the desired shade is obtained with one coat of varnish stain , then further protection should be given with extra coats of clear gloss , satin or matt varnish . French polish : furniture usually requires a finish of higher quality and appearance than one applied to , for instance , doors or wall cladding . Undersea technology by gum ! In 1842 gutta percha was introduced into Great Britain the coagulated latex of the gutta and other trees such as the bassia pallida found mainly in Malaysia and the East Indies . Its ability to repel water along with its excellent insulating properties were immediately noted by leading engineers and scientists of the day such as Faraday , Siemens and Wheatstone . Having a resistivity of some 10M and a permittivity of 3 , it would remain the first choice of insulation for undersea cables until development of para gutta , composed of wax and deproteinised rubber . This too would retain its pre - eminent position as an insulator until replaced around 1933 by Polyethylene developed by ICI . On the Left it was advanced by Raymond Williams ; Dollimore and Sinfield , in their introduction to Political Shakespeare , argue for cultural materialism , which brings together historical context , theoretical method , political commitment , and textual analysis in an effort to overturn established readings of Shakespeare . In America , there are similar moves from Marxists , but also from those who are in cultural terms centrists or moderate conservatives . As we have noted , literary study in the United States involves a large quantitative spread of the subject , intensive professionalism , and a virtual absence of the national mystique that characterizes English English . There is a variety of approaches in graduate schools and change is more easily envisaged . Robert Scholes writes in Textual Power : In 1939 , for instance , in an obituary of Ford for The Nineteenth Century and After , he had written of the stilted language that then passed for good English in the arthritic milieu that held control of the respected British critical circles , Newbolt , the backwash of Lionel Johnson , Fred Manning , the Quarterlies and the rest of em . And this echoed a letter of 1937 to Michael Roberts , extolling Ford and saying , The old crusted lice and advocates of corpse language knew that The English Review existed . In Ezra Pound : The Image and the Real , Herbert Schneidau reasonably enough names three of the crusted lice as Henry Newbolt , Frederic Manning , and G.W. Prothero , and with a proper scrupulousness he notes that all these were treated with great deference in Pound 's early letters and writings . Schneidau follows Pound 's own broad hints by tracing his gradual alienation or liberation from these early admirations according as Ford 's demands for a prosaic strength in verse writing gradually won Pound over from the Wardour Street language of his own early poems ( such as Canzone : The Yearly Slain ' written in reply to Manning 's Kor ) . The story is an intricate one , as Herbert Schneidau acknowledges ; and Pound 's holding out against Ford for the Dantesque principle of a curial diction ( see his introduction to the poems of Lionel Johnson ) represents to my mind an objection that can still be raised to Ford 's principles of diction , salutary as Ford 's polemics undoubtedly were for Pound at this time . McCaw has been pursuing LIN since June , and some analysts had expected it to raise its bid in wake of the merger agreement with Bell South , the regional telephone utility based in Atlanta , Georgia . One New York arbitrageur described McCaw 's move as a smart one , and went on to predict that LIN would now finally agree to negotiate with its unwanted suitor . LIN could live with this , he said , noting that the company would still control large parts of the cellular market in other US cities . In announcing its deal with Metromedia , McCaw also said it planned to sell its stake in a number of smaller cellular franchises in Alabama , Kentucky and Tennessee to Contel Corporation for 1.3bn . New York - based Metromedia is controlled by businessman John Kluge . Scrap it . Unlike the leaders of the other three independent homelands all toadies of Pretoria he is more than ready to pour scorn on the fundamental fraudulence of the nation he purportedly leads . In the end the stipends come from Pretoria , he said , noting that more than half the Transkeian budget came out of the South African coffers . Clearly a man with a future in the politics of liberation , he concluded the interview with a flourish : Transkei will be used to liberate the black people of South Africa . That was not what apartheid 's engineers had in mind . In a clear sign of the tension in East Berlin where , as in Bonn , crisis meetings were held yesterday , the East German leader , Erich Honecker , refused to have a telephone conversation with Helmut Kohl , the West German Chancellor . The refusal to talk , believed to have been decided in a meeting of the Politburo , contributed to renewed speculation here that Mr Honecker may no longer be in full control . It was also noted that Wolfgang Vogel , the lawyer to whom Mr Honecker had given the task of solving the refugee problem , had had his mandate drastically cut back . At the same time , there are reports that workers ' militias had been used to cordon off streets during the demonstration in Leipzig on Monday night when some 10,000 people marched through the streets chanting Gorby , Gorby and calling for the legalisation of the opposition group New Forum . Workers ' militias factory workers who are supposed to defend the Socialist system against its enemies are reportedly also being trained in various parts of the country to control demonstrations and arrest supporters of the opposition . Letter : Scientific notes From Mr NORMAN E. BUTCHER Sir : Dr Beverly Halstead ( letter , 2 October ) should note that Scotland 's banks still value science . The Clydesdale Bank 20 note bears the head of the physicist Lord Kelvin , and on the reverse side one sees his nineteenth - century lecture theatre in the University of Glasgow . Letter : On the ball Estimates of the council 's losses vary between 69m and 406m , depending on how they are assessed and on interest rate movements . Mr Howell said no legal opinion had been sought before entering into the transactions , although a council memo suggested that visits should be made to other local authorities . What you will note is strange about this , is that advice was not sought from the council 's own solicitor , Mr Howell said . Councillors were not kept informed of the deals either . The first reference to them was contained in the Annual Borrowing Report dated 4 January 1988 . Today at Kenilworth Road , Luton , Argentina will again provide the opposition for England in the Four Nations Lada Classic . Australia and The Netherlands complete the programme . Although the Argentinians are noted for their defensive play , they have several attractive players , with the experienced Alejandro Siri likely to be the key performer . But watch out for the one - handed play of the gifted Gabriel Minadeo and the goalkeeping feats of the high - kicking Emanuel Roggero . The South Americans have come from a five - nation tournament in Hamburg , where they beat Spain 2 - 1 and lost to Australia 3 - 2 . That is why figures produced by credit insurer Trade Indemnity , showing the rate of business failures soaring by more than a third in the second half of this year , are so worrying . The declining trend from the troubled days of the early 1980s has been reversed , and if the rate of increase continues into 1990 the next decade will look rather bleak . Back in 1984 Trade Indemnity , which reckons it records around a fifth of all the business failures in the UK , noted 3,924 failures . This declined until it was only 2,146 last year . In the first half of 1989 the total was 1,220 and indications are that more than 2,000 companies will suffer liquidity problems in the second half . By VINNY LEE SAILING around the coast of England searching for shoals of fish , Gerorge Trowark , a Cornish fisherman born in 1877 , must have visited dozens of ports and harbours . At each stop he noted down the shapes and stitch work of other traditional working men 's jumpers . From the Morecambe Cockler 's Pullover to the Romney Marsh Smock and Norfolk Fenman 's Weskit to Thames Docker 's Jacket , each intricate knit and pearl motif was documented . Trowark himself would most likely have been found under the thick cable - knit cover of his Cornish Knit Frock . WHILE The Stones appealed to the students , and the Beatles to the girls and their mums , The Who were always the lads ' band . As representatives of the ranks of the great unfashionable made their way to their seats weighed down by crates of lager , it was clear , at the band 's first British appearance for seven years , that paunches may come and full heads of hair may go , but times do n't change . The first thing the lads noted when the stage lights came up was that the previewers ' obituaries for Pete Townshend are about as wide of the mark as a Birmingham City attack . Dressed in beard and pigtails , black Armani suit and spanking new blue jogging shoes , Pete looked mean , lean and young by book editing standards . His tinnitus did not , as we had been led to believe , oblige him to spend the concert inside a perspex box ; he leapt across the stage , knees at 90 - degree angles , for much of its three hour span . The two parties created by the government will be called the Social Democratic Party and the National Republican Convention . They would give equal rights and opportunities to all qualified Nigerians to participate in the political process in the run - up to when the military hands over to civilian rule in 1992 , the President said . His move appeared certain to inflame passions in a country noted for the frequently intemperate attitude of its people towards party politics . A great deal of money and time had been spent by the 13 political associations in their efforts to win approval from the government - appointed National Electoral Commission ( NEC ) . The Commission had in fact drawn up a short list of six associations , from which the government was expected to select two groups . All City insurance analysts believe that in any event Australian Mutual will not get the Pearl for the 605p per share bid that it has made . Pearl 's share price stands at 648p as hopes mount in the market that the Australian 's interest will flush out a more determined bidder which will offer more . Pearl has the unenviable reputation of being one of the more sleepy members within a sector not noted for a dynamic approach . Founded in 1864 , the group has maintained its image as a typical home service company , with a mixture of ordinary and industrial branch life business and general insurance business sold through a field force of up to 6,500 individuals , second only in terms of size to the Prudential 's of more than 12,000 . As a home service company , or so called industrial life insurer , it has specialised in arranging policies and collecting premiums on a door - to - door basis , with its sales force collecting small amounts of money on comparatively small life insurance policies . Now , their main hopes rest on the striker Dariusz Dziekanowski , a deep disappointment to his countrymen when Poland lost to Gary Lineker 's hat - trick in Monterey in 1986 but lately revived by a transfer to Celtic , for whom he vainly scored four goals in that extraordinary roller - coaster of a European tie against Partizan Belgrade at Parkhead 13 days ago. Dziekanowski did not play at Wembley last summer he was suspended after walking out on his then club Legia Warsaw but clearly he is in the mood to test the English defenders whom Bobby Robson has been casting as his unsung heroes . The new Polish manager , Andrzej Strejau , has said he noted faults in Terry Butcher 's game during the goalless draw in Sweden last month . But England feel that the pace of Des Walker , the great gain of last season 's unbeaten sequence , should close any gaps . Again , however , a lot may depend on the covering play of the full - backs , Gary Stevens and Stuart Pearce , upon which England 's flat back - four system places great responsibility . This will give effect in law to provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . The bill is aimed at preserving social and political freedoms and is welcomed by most people . However , critics note that China does not obey human - rights guarantees contained in its own constitution . The new airport , at Chek Lap Kok , off Lantau Island 's west coast , will , with new port facilities and related infrastructure , be the territory 's biggest - ever development . The airport will be linked to Hong Kong by a high - speed railway and a six - lane highway . It had had new borrowings or rights issues in each of the last five years and this pattern appears set to continue . The report also questioned ISC 's heavy reliance on three international customers with one customer representing 15 per cent of trade debtors and two customers representing 45 per cent of contract work in progress . The report noted that ISC was in dispute with the US Department of Defence over 4m of incurred costs relating to an ISC subsidiary and noted the acquisition would lessen the group 's attractiveness to a bidder . It concluded with the comment that ISC was more akin to a high - risk venture capital play moving between rounds of post - launch financing than as a stable company in conventional trading circumstances . Kleinwort makes 11m Adollars on sale The DAX index fell 23.44 points , to 1,589.34 . Madrid : Shares closed lower as the government posted worse than expected inflation figures . Stockholm : Foreigners were noted among the sellers . The general index lost 0.41 per cent in low turnover . Brussels : Stocks slipped further in moderate early trade as doubts prompted by high interest rates and the strength of the dollar resurfaced . I am fasting in the hope that others will take part , for an hour or for days , and that we will show our personal commitment to this country by limiting our material needs . This is high - minded and perhaps romantic , but so is the opposition : so are the large things that they want , like freedom and justice . It is worth noting that there are few narrow political aims involved , and that repeated reference is made to our country : East Germany . This is not a movement for reunification . Nor is it exactly a movement for westernisation . Rugby Union : Park to face the Bath backlash : Barrie Fairall on today 's rugby union action By BARRIE FAIRALL COURAGE is the keyword this weekend , even among the nit - pickers who may have noted that the league sponsors ' official directory lists today 's third series of matches as having been played in midweek on 4 October . Surely some mistake ? But there is no mistaking the fact that the First Division door has been left ajar . We will look first at problems arising during the field - work , before describing the nature of Easton and its police station . RESEARCHING THE RUC Many people have noted how the police are not helpful in initiating research or in welcoming sociologists ( Greenhill 1981 : 91 ; Holdaway 1979 : 1 , 1983 : 34 ) . In part this reflects a reluctance to let outsiders interfere with the job of policing , as well as a suspicion about soci ology , which for many policemen sounds too much like the word socialist ; social work suffers from the same association . A constable in Easton once said , If anything gets me down it 's bloody sociology . The calls can be classified under a number of headings , illustrating the range of work which routine policing comprises in Easton ( for a different classification see Sykes and Brent 1983 : 42 ) . The first type is public - service calls , which includes requests for information , such as airport flight times and advice over legal matters , and community service tasks , such as signing passports , pushing ( and sometimes towing ) broken - down cars , giving lifts to young children and youths late at night , and making a point of driving around areas of Easton to reassure , by their presence , worried Old Age Pensioners or other members of the public . As the policemen and women themselves note , these tasks are really forms of public relations ( FN 20/6/87 , p. 13 ) . Under this category there are also requests for assistance which amount to acts of community welfare , such as calls to lift aged and disabled people on to and off the toilet as well as into bed , and calls from very distressed pensioners and young children concerning lost pets ( on the police as a social service see Punch 1979b ; Punch and Naylor 1973 ) . Nothing much can be done about missing pets , but the impression of diligence and earnestness they leave with the bereft alone is a comfort . Given the particular disposition of the policeman or woman and the nature of the case , court duty can become an opportunity for them to have a good fight , and pleasure can be taken in getting one over the solicitor . This also appears to be an attraction to members of British police forces . Holdaway ( 1983 : 72 ) noted how lawyers were seen by Hilton 's police as a threat because they unmask police practice , and , along with doctors and social workers , they were considered challengers . This led some policemen to enjoy the sport which the court room offered ( Holdaway 1983 : 74 ) . In the case of policemen at Easton , this sport is situationally constrained by the common - sense knowledge they build up of the court room setting and its players . But there are what they refer to as the problem families . Again , they operate with similar typifications of who constitute the troublesome clients , based partly on experience but also heavily influenced by stereotypes of the educationally subnormal , one - parent families , families in whom historically crime runs , and so on . As Furlong noted with respect to teachers ( 1977 : 163 ) , their typifications of problem pupils were also heavily conditioned by specialist sociological knowledge ( from socially deprived families ) or common - sense notions of psychoanalysis ( never had a father ) . These stereotypes can become deployed to explain persistent offending among the young even when there is little evidence that they are appropriate . Backgrounds can therefore be reconstructed for the problem child in which their persistent offending becomes understandable . Once one has satisfied the needs for , say , food , drink , safety and social relationships , one becomes a target for goods which are status - enhancing . These will range from larger cars in some Western countries to the possession of brassieres in some African nations . It should be noted that although the need itself is culturally universal , the means of its satisfaction is culturally determined . The marketer must therefore turn his attention to how to identify these factors so as to be able to construct an effective strategy . Assessing cultural factors The effect of reading a highbrow paper on public awareness of Kinnock dropped from 28 per cent to a mere 5 per cent as the election approached . Meanwhile , the effect of television viewing on public awareness of Thatcher 's activities rose from 12 per cent to 20 per cent ( Table 7.8 ) . Such short - term closure of the knowledge gap was noted by Blumler and McQuail ( 1968 ) . Robinson ( 1972 ) found that , in America , the knowledge gap was greater amongst those who relied on the press and smaller amongst those who relied upon television . So there are precedents for both our finding that knowledge spread through the electorate as the election approached and that television played a particular role in that process . You must record personal details and NI numbers on each employee 's P11 . You must also note on it the NI contributions and tax details each time an employee gets paid . Every month , you must complete and send a payslip from your payslip booklet P30 ( AZ ) ( CL ) . She knots up some girdle - cakes ( lepshki ) in a kerchief and plunges through the thick spring mud of the village track to the river Iput ' near by where she catches one of several small boats plying to Volga , a market town on the way to Roslavl ' The next day she transfers to the much slower cart ( telega ) which arrives in the late afternoon in Roslavl ' a bustling railway - town . She buys some soap and ribbons in the market , where she notes the huge rise in prices since her last visit . The gossip flows in , as at all meeting - places in a largely illiterate environment . She gathers that she has been lucky on her journey to avoid the widespread banditry , carried out more often than not by deserters from the army . Both Soviet and hostile critics observed subsequently that in the eyes of the people Living Church members often looked like Soviet agents and opportunists . In the light of high political intent and peasant sentiment , let us now return to the market town of Roslavl ' and examine Party and urban reactions there in 1922 . It is interesting to note that the local Party cell 's initial report for January , that is , prior to the central decree of 16 February on church valuables , already concentrates on two things possible rifts within the Church , and the flow of ecclesiastical monies . A very large amount had already been collected on a voluntary basis by religious groups for the Famine , making it seem almost superfluous or extortionate to do more . Party spies had been assigned to people sending sums through the post for the personal use of the bishop . The latter were to be encouraged by Party propaganda at the uezd level to send in supportive letters to the press . Other religious scapegoats were not hard to find , especially in Belorussia with its preponderance of urban Jews and large Catholic minority . In Roslavl ' during March and April it was frequently noted that the public believed that ecclesiastical gold was to be handed over to the Jews . In June town employees were angered because they had to pay six million roubles commission to Jews in order to exchange a hundred million given to them in the form of bonds for their pay . The Smolensk open - air market was flooded in April with leaflets declaiming Down with the Yids save Russia ! The peasants in the Roslavl ' region did come in for some attention during 1922 , though supervision was at best paternalistic , sporadic , and myopic . In January 1922 the town Party committee observed that there was no anti - Bolshevik agitation amongst the local clergy , the main focus of possible rural discontent . It was noted however that what was contemptuously called the village intelligentsia still maintained a hostile attitude to the Party and the Red Army . At the end of February news filtered in that no peasants were willing to join the military ranks , and there were quite a few desertions . The greater part of the required prodnalog ( tax in kind ) had been collected , but several villages were fractious due to silly actions by some officials . Village clerks could not keep a proper record of deaths , since they were so frequent . This was the source of the central authorities ' difficulty in making adequate assessments . A member of the Indian Civil Service who visited Samara guberniia in January 1922 noted how the whole of the rural population in the famine region proper was absolutely starved . In Indian famines of which he had long experience , only landless labourers and smaller cultivators the submerged tenth needed relief . Local agronomists from the Commissariat of Agriculture discovered in the Samara guberniia that 40 per cent of the machinery that had been hired out was unusable , and virtually all the rest was in need of repairs . Since peasants who still possessed any seed reserves or livestock were excluded from relief , they were compelled to sell them off in some cases in order to survive . This depleted the famine areas further , and sparked off new hatred amongst the peasants . In the subsequent scramble for survival and enrichment which mounted towards the end of 1922 , it was not surprising that those who were slightly better off often took a kind of revenge in driving hard bargains with their poorer neighbours , as has been noted earlier . The intermediary between local bodies and Moscow were the guberniia Commissions for the Relief of the Starving . The Tsaritsyn Commission was set up on 8 August 192 1 , and like its counterparts in other gubernii , were very closely modelled on Pomgol , the all - Russian organ in Moscow . Even by 1926 links remained feeble . In Kursk guberniia the telephone system was a subject for derision . Frequent administrative changes created conditions for its progressive ( sic ) decline and to a kustar development of communications ' ( it is interesting to note that kustar ' had by then followed kulak as a term of abuse ) . In the Tver guberniia conditions in 1926 were as good as anywhere outside a few industrial regions . Letters were delivered twice a week only . Dzerzhinsky had been made Commissar for Transport in the first place to deal with internal troubles among the railwaymen , many of whom had opposed the Bolsheviks in 1917 and nearly brought Lenin 's government to its knees after the October Revolution . Lingering resistance was not confined to Siberia . The railway secret police were active throughout 1922 in Smolensk guberniia : in their February report , they noted the presence in one section of the railways of six active Mensheviks , one SR , and an ex - Tsarist secret police agent . Equal ruthlessness was applied to those who misused the railways and were brought before the revolutionary tribunal , whose avenging hammer will fall with all its crushing might and wrath . In September 211 speculators in railway tickets were arrested at Moscow stations . The rising gutter literature , as the private press was called , appealed especially to wayward youth . In this connection the whole of the local Komsomol press was ordered to put itself under the leadership of the party guberniia committees . In view of the unorthodox behaviour of the Komsomol that we have noted in the provinces , such a move was overdue . Finally , guberniia executive committees were charged with the resurrection of village reading - rooms , most of which had gone under in the changed economic conditions of NEP . Mere words could do little in the short term to reverse the chaotic situation . OS Map : Sheet 10 Strathnaver Stalking season : Usually Sept and Oct for deer and it is unwise to venture on the hills during shoots . Some grouse shoots take place after Aug 12 . Enquire at Keeper 's House near Lettermore if concerned , but note no shooting generally takes place on a Sunday . Breaking Loose Martin Bewsher leaves the Retsina and package tours behind to discover the charm of Ipsarion . Callaghan proved to be an imperturbable and shrewd pilot for these storms . Further , he was not unwilling to show enterprise . The move towards cash limits , cuts in current expenditure , and a generally monetarist policy were heralded by a speech to the TUC in September 1976 , which ( as noted ) reflected the influence of his son - in - law , Peter Jay . Again , on education , Callaghan attempted to promote new standards of literacy and numeracy , based on an agreed core curriculum in schools . In foreign policy , while seldom innovative , he did try to carve out new relationships with Britain 's new European partners , especially through his close personal association with Helmut Schmidt , the West German chancellor and a fellow social democrat , as well as maintaining his contacts with the new US Democratic administration of Jimmy Carter . The issue of governmental devolution for the other Celtic nations of Scotland and Wales made more headway . The Scottish and Welsh Devolution Bills made steady progress through the Commons , until both became law in 1978 . But there was much evidence of divided counsels on both the Labour and Conservative sides , as has been noted above . Indeed , the government had to make major concessions during the committee stage , especially to Labour critics . The amendment by an expatriate Scot , George Cunningham ( Labour , Islington ) , by ensuring that a 40 per cent vote of the electorate ( not simply of those voting ) would have to be achieved for a devolution bill to go through and for a repeal order not to be tabled , made devolution , at least for Wales , virtually an impossibility . Indeed , it was largely because of this stance of old - fashioned industrial unionism that he had been elected in the first place . The government 's reaction pivoted on the response of the Prime Minister , James Callaghan . As noted , his prestige had steadily risen since his accession to office . In particular , as an old union man he was thought to have a particularly sensitive , almost intuitive , understanding of the unions and how best to sell a policy of wage restraint to them . In the crisis , quite unexpectedly , Callaghan seemed to lose some of his touch , with fatal results . The real essence of Thatcherism , indeed , lay not so much in its ideas , which proved to be increasingly malleable as the years went by , and especially when Nigel Lawson took over the Treasury in 1984 . It lay rather in the company it kept , the classes with which it was associated . As noted , Mrs Thatcher came from a relatively humble , unprivileged background , though a degree at Oxford and later marriage to a millionaire businessman gave her a distinctly haut bourgeois status in time . But her outlook was subtly different , say from that of Edward Heath , whose father was a carpenter in a small town in Kent and who , like Mrs Thatcher , went to a local grammar school rather than the private boarding schools favoured by most Tory leaders . The Heath background was one of constructive , but deferential , working - class Toryism . Lawson remained confident and buoyant in his commitment to tax cuts . His budget of March 1987 took the standard rate of income tax down to 27p , and in all a huge budget surplus of over 16 billion was recorded . Less noted was the fact that taxes other than income tax were , in fact , rising steadily under the Conservatives . The main reason for buoyant government revenues lay in the increasing returns from VAT and other taxes on the consumer , and on increasing Corporation Tax returns from business profits . Lawson ran a high - risk strategy at the Treasury . The National Plan and In Place of Strife both led to nothing . So did efforts at civil service reform . Meanwhile , the average wage - earner noted that , whereas in 1960 tax and insurance took 8 per cent of his or her earnings , in 1970 they took nearly 20 per cent . In 1950 the average wage - earner had paid no income tax at all . Heath 's revived corporatism in the early 1970s crumpled with the miners ' strikes and the OPEC price explosion , while the Labour government of the late 1970s was able only to breathe intermittent life into a system of corporate direction which powerful producer - groups and multinational companies in the so - called meso - economy were both undermining . Many people are worried that it can only be used for the disable person . Obviously in many cases the car is a family car and as long as it is generally used for the benefit of the disabled person it can be treated as any normal family car . It should also be noted that there is a mileage restriction over the three year period of 12,000 miles a year . The Hire Purchase scheme Almost any vehicle from an approved manufacturer can be supplied under this scheme . On another side it was an assault upon the corruption of the highest truths ; against turning love of the Bible into bibliolatry , or creeds into scholastic definitions , or the sacrament into magic , or Popes and priests and bishops into a bureaucracy or a rigidity where structure becomes the end instead of the means ; or turning the Church into a social club . Some people disliked this book very much . The nonconformists noted that he did not unchurch them but were not happy with his plea that they recognize bishops to be essential to the Church . Bethune - Baker and his school at Cambridge disliked the anti - rational quality in the book the scandalousness of the Church and its gospel and took several more marks off Hoskyns for begetting such a child . When Ramsey came to read the book himself , later in life , he was astonished , and at one point burst out laughing , to discover what irrational expressions he could use . As a result , many young acts regard the AR staff as the ultimate decision - makers : career makers or breakers , heroes or villains . More often than not , the AR personnel are working to a brief . They may have noted gaps in the company 's roster of artists which need to be filled . Major record companies , by the very definition of the world major , are intent on targeting different audiences with specific styles of music . To achieve that , they need a wide spread of artists . For the themes of savage and city it is Demant and Dawson who are important , though neither writer is gripping . Dawson , the more significant figure , had featured in the Criterion since the late 1920s , Demant since the early 30s . Dawson 's first book , The Age of the Gods ( 1928 ) , subtitled A Study in the Origins of Culture in Prehistoric Europe and the Ancient East , began by noting that During the last thirty years the great development of archaeological and anthropological studies has prepared the way for a new conception of history . Dawson was interested in history not as an inorganic mass of isolated events , but as the manifestation of the growth and mutual interaction of living cultural wholes . For Dawson , organic connections were good . Custer of the West climaxes with a reconstruction of the celebrated Battle of Little Big Horn . Kirk Douglas in the title role finally stands alone on the battlefield in the midst of his dead troops , and exposed to the arrows of the Indians who circle round him. Yet he is not to die : at the very last moment the image jumps slightly and then we note Custer 's singular absence at the centre of the famous circle , which at that moment begins to break up. Disappeared , literally , without a trace . Obviously caused by a simple technical fault , this spiriting away of his death gave him a singular nobility totally lacking from the rest of the film . Here is a most revealing instance of the way a difference within the same , teleologically construed , can make a great deal of difference : in effect a difference of degree can be as real as a difference of kind but in a different way : the lesser is inferior and thereby inimical in a way the antithetical cannot be , and the same becomes more ditferent than difference itself . But never utterly i.e. securely other . Perhaps this helps explain something noted by Laura Levine : in the numerous tracts attacking the Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre and its dress and gender transgressions , there is a fear that men dressing as women will lead to an erosion of masculinity itself . Levine contends that these tracts , even as they confidently sermonize on the fixed nature of identity , especially gender identity as prescribed by God and signified through dress difference , display a deep anxiety that identity is not fixed ; that , underneath , the self is really nothing at all ( Men in Women 's Clothing , 126 and 128 ) . Further , they feared that doing what a woman does ( on the stage and in women 's clothes ) leads to being what a woman is ; the most unmanageable anxiety is that there is no essentially masculine self ( p. 1 36 ) , and cross - dressing in women 's clothes can lead to a man turning into a woman . Rainoldes apart , the transgressions associated with the boy players , be they actual or imagined , rendered the theatrical self - consciousness surrounding transvestism complex and shifting ; it provoked questions teasingly unanswerable : for example and this is a question which remains intriguing for us today which , or how many , of the several gender identities embodied in any one figure are in play at any one time ? There were factors at play in the association of theatrical cross - dressing and sexual transgressions . Not only did prostitutes frequent the theatre , but the street transvestite was sometimes associated with prostitution and possibly sodomy : Henriques notes a regulation dating from 1480 forbidding prostitutes to dress as men in public , and remarks : This masquerading presumably would have meant an added inducement to sodomy ( Prostitution and Society , ii . 88 ) . It he is right , then stage transgressions seemed to have spoken to immediate temptations in diverse ways . The final report of the Royal Commission on the Distribution of Income and Wealth drew attention to the stability in the distribution of income in the post - war period . Some redistribution had occurred between 1938 and 1949 , but if one ignores the top 1 per cent of income earners , there had been little change up to 1979 . Under the Conservative government , as noted , the tax system became less progressive , with the major reductions being made at the top end of the tax range and there were increases in national insurance and the nonprogressive indirect taxes . The tax cuts for the top income earners , the increase in share prices over the decade , and the effects of the recession have sharpened economic differentials in the Thatcher period . Although the Commission was dissolved in 1979 , the 1985 volume of Inland Revenue Annual Statistics found that between 1979 and 1983 the most wealthy 50 per cent of the adult population increased its share of total marketable wealth from 79 83 per cent to 80 4 per cent . One tactic she has used is to decide matters outside the formal Cabinet , either in committees or in informal groups . She also exploited her control of the agenda of Cabinet and powers to appoint members of Cabinet committees or groups and draw up their terms of reference . The appointment of supporters on the Cabinet committee dealing with economic strategy has already been noted . She chairs two of the most important ad hoc Cabinet committees , OD , dealing with foreign affairs and Northern Ireland , and EA , covering economic strategy , privatization , trade union legislation , and the European Community matters . The reduction in the number of Cabinet meetings ( 45 50 per annum , about half of the post - war norm ) , and of Cabinet papers ( 60 70 , or one - sixth of the figure in the 1950s ) , and the appointment of fewer Cabinet committees have reduced the opportunities for collective deliberation . Mrs Thatcher 's governments were determined to cut the unions down in size and , for all the incremental nature of the legislation , prepared the ground in advance . Class analysis alone is inadequate for an understanding of the policies of Thatcherism , for it has also disturbed a number of middle - class interests . The ending of the monopoly of solicitors over house sales conveyancing and of opticians over the sale of spectacles has already been noted . A Conservative attack on such solid middle - class professions is unprecedented . The pace has increased in the government 's third term of office . If they are including public - sector trade unions , local government , local authority schools and housing , and various quangoes then they attract little sympathy and people have to be liberated from them . Hence the encouragement for voluntary schools , City Technology Colleges , and for schools and hospitals to opt out ; inducements for universities to be less dependent on state finance ; promotion of council house sales and housing action trusts . It is also interesting to note how relations have worsened with a number of lite institutions which have been identified with paternalist and consensual values universities , the Church of England , the senior civil service , the BBC and One Nation Conservatism . These were committed to a balanced or cross - bench political outlook and have been uneasy with the Prime Minister 's zeal , certainty , and forcefulness . It is now commonplace to say that the Thatcher governments have had to be highly interventionist in order to extend the market , increase the rights of consumers , and reduce producer power . At the same time Beaverbrook told the House of Lords of Britain 's willingness to attend an international conference on civil aviation . Aware of American dislike of centralized control , he confined his remarks to generalities about open trade welding nations together for mutual benefit . As noted above , Pan American Airways and its chairman , Juan Trippe , had the ear of Congress and president Roosevelt , and fed fears of British dominance in the air . It is quite true that the Americans were at least as worried about the British as the British were about them , but for very different reasons . The Americans were intimidated by the possible British routes allowed by Commonwealth and Empire airfields the world over . These stages were based on productive technology . For example , hunters and gatherers were placed low while irrigating cultivators were placed high , then these activities were linked directly with such institutions as rules concerning property , the status of women , the type of government , and the kinship system . In this , Ancient Society resembled the other evolutionary schemes for the history of mankind which we have just noted . However , Ancient Society also differed from earlier work because of the high quality of the scholarly work on which it was based , because of the sympathy of the writer for primitives , and because it not only defined stages but in many cases suggested mechanisms which explained why one stage should change to another . This last element , perhaps more than any other , is crucial for understanding why Marx and Engels attached so much more importance to the work of Morgan than they did to the work of the other evolutionist anthropologists whom they read . Anthropology and the work of Morgan were harnessed to the political task of rewriting history . There was another political task to which anthropology was put in the work of Marx , and for this the writings of Morgan also proved particularly appropriate . The use of anthropology which we have already noted can be called historical . Marx and Engels were interested in primitive cultures because they wanted to construct a general history and theory of society in order to explain the coming to be of capitalism . The second way in which they use anthropological material we can call rhetorical . This second and logically distinct , rhetorical use of anthropological material is never completely separate from the historical use , and the mixture of the two became , as we shall see , the source of many problems . The rhetorical use of anthropology inevitably involved Marx and Engels in a search of the anthropological literature for examples of opposites to the institutions of capitalism . Since their work focused on certain topics it was natural that they particularly looked for evidence relating to these topics , and as examples of the rhetorical use of anthropology three such central topics can be noted here in a preliminary way . These are the relationships existing between people engaged in the process of production , the relations of production , property and the family . Marx 's work in Capital is focused on the nature of the social relationship which existed between workers and capitalists : the capitalist relations of production . According to the theory , the people who used such a system of terms did not themselves , however , practise such a type of marriage but actually practices the next stage . This was because according to Morgan kin terms lag behind . As a result , the evidence for this second stage in the history of marriage depends entirely on the two assumptions which we have already noted . One that patterns of kin terms indicate types of marriage , and second , that the presence of such a pattern is a guide to a previous state of affairs . The Polynesians , according to this way of seeing things , had a system of kinship terms , which indicated , not the marriage system which they practised , but the marriage system which they had practised in the past . Engels re - echoes The German Ideology in showing that far from the State being the repository of justice , it is the repository of exploitation , but here he does this by use of genuine anthropological materials . According to Engels the State only develops with the full elaboration of classes , and it is the tool of the ruling class enforcing its will on those whom it oppresses . This is a crucial proposition which we have already noted and which will be discussed again later in this book . It is by means of this idea that the State is linked with the earlier part of the origin of kinship and marriage . Classes and private property grow out of the family and together these various factors lead to the break - up of the gens . Admittedly if the component family abandons its claim to the land this will revert to the commonality but that does not mean that there are no such claims in normal circumstances . In other words , a declaration of common ownership of the land of the gens does not imply free and equal access to all within the gens . Marx , in particular , had already noted this fact in several places , but he explained the phenomenon of internal division as a transitional one ; as evidence of a stage in which private property and individual families were coming in and undermining the communal descent group . A problem with this point of view is that there is in fact no evidence of descent groups having ever existed without these two levels and it seems difficult to treat all documented cases as transitions from a stage for which there is no evidence . In any case , the contradiction which Marx stresses very largely disappears when we realize that it is a matter of the context in which claim to land is expressed . Finally , since there is no simple correlation between high status for women and matriliny and since there is no simple connection between matriliny and type of technology , it follows that there is no simple connection between primitive technology and high status for women . Among living hunters and gatherers , women may have a comparatively high status as amongst the Mbuti of Africa , or a comparatively low status among most Australian Aborigines The issue is far more complicated and it is only fair to note that we have not reached a stage of knowledge when we can easily say what explains the status of women among the different peoples of the world . The status of women has several aspects which themselves do not go simple together . By and large the evidence which Engels and his contemporaries saw as significant of the high status of women in primitive societies is often wrong or does not signify what it was believed to mean . In November 1965 we accepted the spartan layout with good grace : Climbing into the cockpit , one recalls vivid memories of the old Ace , and very little seems changed . There is rather less footroom because of the wider transmission tunnel , with nowhere to rest the left foot , and one is faced by a very full instrument panel . We also noted that several other aspects of the Cobra seem dated and rather crude by today 's standards Plastic side - screens form part of the weather protection , with the rear half sliding forwards for ventilation . The hood is a fairly flimsy affair which does not look particularly rainproof . There were only four such papers in the 1880s , but eighteen in the 1890s and after 1900 they were ubiquitous as much a part of the cultural scene as the gas - lamp and the fish - and - chip shop . In Scotland the white edition of the Evening News competed with the green - of the Evening Citizen and the pink of the Evening Times . On late Saturday afternoons , at the corner the kerb is covered with men who stand with their backs to the light , intently reading in a pink newspaper full of poetical reporting and results noted an observer of Glasgow in 1901 . The habit of reading the football special died hard . Even after radio reporting of results began between the wars , the pink'uns and green'uns kept their readers . The popular daily press in the Edwardian years began to give quite a prominent place to sport . The sports page at the back of the paper established itself , though the emphasis remained on results and reports rather than background gossip and speculation about future selections . Observers of inner - city youth noted that along with smoking and clothes , talking about sport was the main amusement of lads on the street - corner . Football was their chief interest but they also followed cricket . The new literacy arising from compulsory elementary education meant that boys could read about a sport which was organized in a way that made it difficult to watch regularly . He got a little overtime and he made it go a long way . The man had colour television , false teeth worth two hundred pounds ; he gave his friend a record player for a wedding present . Wexford had seen that glass and teak lamp in a Kingsmarkham shop and noted it had been priced at twenty - five pounds , one and a quarter times Hatton 's weekly wage . When he was killed he had had a hundred pounds on him. If he 's got things like your class take for granted , the girl had said , you say he must have nicked them . The release of growth hormone ( fig 3.2 ) is dominated by external factors rather than the body clock and is linked to the electrical changes in the brain associated with deep sleep . This is normally found in the first part of sleep ( see below ) . It is interesting to note that severe physical exercise in the daytime is sometimes associated with increased deep sleep the following night ; perhaps there is a link here between deep sleep , an increase in growth hormone release , and the growth of muscular tissue that is produced by exercise . Other hormones rise at night also ( fig 3.2 ) . These include cortisol ( which rises later in the night as the body prepares for waking and is strongly influenced by the body clock ) ; antidiuretic hormone ( which is one of the ways in which fluid formation by the kidney is reduced at night , see Chapter 6 ) ; and the male sex hormone , testosterone , as well as some of the hormones that control the reproductive cycle in women . It is because at this time the warning light is more easily visible in the twilight than in the daylight . So this external factor offsets the fact that performance in the evening due to the body clock might be deteriorating . It will be noted that the improved visibility of this warning light does not completely offset the increased tendency to make an error during the night . Mental performance tests By now it might be wondered whether there is any satisfactory way to measure mental performance . In some cases of endogenous depression there was one symptom which suggested that an abnormality of the internal clock might exist . It was where depression was most marked in the morning and decreased during the course of the day . It was also noted that patients reported an improvement in their mood if they were woken early or deprived of sleep and so , presumably , exposed to daylight much earlier in the day . The idea arose that in healthy subjects there is a critical period early in the morning ( but after we have woken up ) when light is required by the body . In patients with this type of depression , their critical period is advanced so that it falls during sleep . Between the two aircraft we can now see all of our target area . As we are studying the area , a Land - Rover appears with an orange cross on the side ; this is our enemy tank for the day . We note the direction of travel and radio the information back to base . Given the order to use the guns we go ahead and , using well - practised procedures , call down the full weight of fire from a notional battery of Abbott self - propelled guns . Mission accomplished , we head for home , though it 's not just a case of turntail and run as fast as we can . The recruits themselves have taken on a new air of self - confidence . Although many look forward with uncertainty and some apprehension to joining a battalion , all display a supreme contentment and relief that the rigours of basic training have been mastered . It is in the admiring , almost disbelieving , words of parents and friends , however , that the real achievement of training can be noted . Strikingly , even as the newly - qualified trained infantrymen relax outside the NAAFI with their visitors , the process of coaching other recruits to that goal goes on relentlessly around them . A junior platoon , still weeks from their own Pass - Off Parade , marches slowly past , the fatigue of a day 's fieldcraft training mixing with a look of envy on their faces as they notice the celebration of those for whom training is now a memory . Even where a bituminous felt layer was laid on top of the boarding , this form of construction is likely to compound problems of rainwater penetration once a gap appears in the roof covering because the water which enters , instead of draining out of the construction at the eaves , settles on the upper edges of the local slate - fixing battens , inducing rot both in them and the boarding . Equally bad from the point of view of damp exclusion in the circumstance of a breach appearing in the roof surface , and even worse in terms of the restrictions it places on the opportunities for salvaging slates in any wholesale reconditioning of the roof covering , is the arrangement in which the slates are nailed directly to boarding , no fixing battens having been incorporated . If this form of construction cannot be identified from an inspection of voids in the roof surface made from the exterior , it may be possible to deduce whether or not it applies by noting the pattern of nails which have penetrated into the roof - space through the boarding . Such an inspection should also help to identify any dampness or rot which has affected the boarding . Where such decay is well advanced , complete replacement of the roof cladding with a boarded , counterbattened and battened construction , including underslating felt and a new slated surface , may be required . However , less significant defects are often readily identified . These include delamination of wrought iron which arises with corrosion , owed to the presence of slag in the material between layers of almost pure iron . Also , it should be noted that there were no satisfactory ways of forming structural connections in cast iron by any processes such as welding , brazing or soldering . If such techniques appear to have been used , the structure should be regarded as suspect , because all reputable Victorian engineers were aware of the risks of making connections by these methods . Where these is no need for a retained iron structure to accept enlarged loads and it is apparent that the metal members are in food condition , not having been subjected to detrimental modifications , the chief consideration in re - using the installation is to achieve an acceptable standard of fire resistance . On an arable farm with only a few cattle kept to make manure , little provision would be made for these animals , but there would be one or more barns , stables and shelters for carts . On a mixed farm , there would be a larger number of buildings for cattle , while on a pastoral farm the reduced need for waggon horses caused the stables to be small and there would be little accommodation for crops . It is interesting to note that sheep had almost no effect on the form of the farmstead as buildings were very rarely provided for them . Where land was readily acquired so that the farmstead could be enlarged in a logical way , rather than the haphazard development which resulted from the erection of buildings on whatever sites became available , individual buildings within the grouping were sited so as to maximise efficiency . Threshed straw had to be taken from the barns to the cattle or the horses for use as feed or litter . It used to be the normal practice to adapt buildings for different purposes over their lives . Evidence of the logical development of this practice can also be found in one ow two early industrial buildings . At least one small nineteenth - century factory in Dentorn , Greater Manchester , as an area noted for the manufacture of hats , was built with certain architectural features included so that it might easily be converted into a terrace of houses . should there be a downturn in trade . Only since the general adoption of the policy of specialisation engendered by the Industrial Revolution has it become common to demolish and rebuild rather than to adapt and extend . His father had been under the weather , since July , and Lewis was half - aware that he might be coming home for the last time . Once he set eyes on Albert , he knew that the old man was very sick indeed . His father rejoiced to see him , and noted that Jacks was looking remarkably well and in great form . Jack fell quickly into the routine of looking out for the absurdities in his father 's speech to put into a P 'dayta - Pie for Warnie ; but he had no heart for it . He began to write about one such P 'daytaism , and then crossed it out . Jack stayed up to nurse him. Delighted to have his boy at home , Albert was in particularly cheerful form , in spite of his pain . When the doctors broke it to him that he would need an operation , his son noted that he is taking it like a hero . All of a sudden , Jack saw that his father was a sort of hero a maddening , eccentric hero but a man whose decency , courage and good humour were as unshakable as his sincere piety . The two men were enjoying a condition of harmony which had been unknown in all the previous years . Lewis was subtle enough to see that this was at best a half - truth , and perhaps he was beginning to sense that what Tolkien 's friendship had to offer him was something rather more important than a regress to me nursery . For Tolkien , whose literary pilgrimage was to be so lonely , and whose return to Oxford had not been marked by great domestic happiness , there was something very cheering in the company of this clever , widely read , humorous and spontaneously affectionate Irishman . When he reflected with sadness on the unhappiness of his marriage towards the end of 1929 , he noted , Friendship with Lewis compensates for much . The death of Albert Lewis inevitably involved his two sons in practical decisions . What was to be the future of their house in Belfast ? Peter Mantle thinks so , and MEG is heartened by the fact that the handful of farmers in the area who are sitting on the fence and hoping to make a fast punt out of an imminent El Dorado are outnumbered by a mass of people for whom gold holds no allure . Some are dyed - in - the - wool environmentalists , many are businesspeople with tourist interests , but many more are ordinary people . The sort who would think nothing of putting their rubbish out on the side of the road , as one observer noted , but who still feel very strongly indeed that there should be no goldmining here . It has to do with land as well as landscape , and the right to farm in a time - honoured way . Gold prospecting has been banned on the holy mountain of Croagh Patrick , but a road built by the exploration company before planning permission was applied for remains as an ugly scar He gave me that book . You 'd better get into bed . Sister Cooney , noting the way he trembled , helped him off with his dressing gown and tucked him in . He is dead , is n't he ? She nodded without speaking . At the door she could not resist a parting shot . I suppose you could classify her under Romance . There was a skittishness about Sister Cooney lately , he noted . She was more than usually cheerful . He wondered if it was the promise of spring . Preliminary steps taken to conduct studies on trade , technology and investment flows in the region may seem insignificant . But Mr Baker plainly views it as otherwise . He noted that the Canberra meeting is the start of something which could grow into a very significant development not only for the region but for the global economy . If the more economically puny ASEAN countries ( Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Brunei , Thailand and the Philippines ) were to bury their reservations , then the high growth from other partners , including such tigers as Thailand and South Korea alongside the more mature economies of Japan and Australia , could mean a dynamic coalition . It would then be up to the US and Canada to decide whether they want to face towards the Atlantic or Pacific or be caught between two great trading oceans . The ramshackle Whitley Council negotiating machinery is the other reason why the ambulance workers have lost out . Until this year , the three independent review bodies which make recommendations for nurses , doctors and the professions allied to medicine have given much higher awards than the Whitley Councils . As Lord McCarthy noted some 13 years ago , the management side of the councils comprise employers who do not pay and paymasters who do not employ . A much more flexible system which would allow local managers to negotiate local rates on a national pay spine is needed . A crisis ; an agenda for reform and honesty . The question of whether the convictions were safe , and the need for a review to allay public anxiety in the light of the Guildford findings , is raised in a statement by the joint presidents of the Birmingham Council of Christian Churches : the Most Reverend Maurice Couve de Murville , Archbishop of Birmingham ; the Right Reverend Mark Santer , Bishop of Birmingham ; and the Reverend David Good , representing the Birmingham Free Churches . They doubt whether the Court of Appeal would reach the same conclusion today as it had last year about the reliability of the convictions , since the Guildford case had raised questions on the adequacy of reviews of possible wrongful conviction . They also note that an inquiry is being conducted into alleged malpractice by the serious crime squad of the West Midlands force . Justice is not served by even the slightest suspicion of injustice , the Rt Rev Santer said yesterday . Twenty - one people were killed and 167 injured in the explosions at two Birmingham city centre pubs in 1974 . The announcment appeared timed for sessions of the Estonian and the Latvian parliaments which began in their respective capitals , Tallinn and Riga , yesterday . However , with parts of the new Soviet constitution not yet in place , it was not immediately clear how if at all the Soviet leadership could enforce such a ruling if the republics refused to toe the line . Tass said the Praesidium of the Supreme Soviet noted at its meeting yesterday a considerable activisation of legislative activity by republican parliaments in recent times . The Praesidium , headed by President Gorbachev , said many of these laws were aimed at strengthening the economic and political independence and ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens . But , at the same time , some legislative acts of Azerbaijan , Latvia , Lithuania and Estonia contain norms which do not correspond to the constitution of the Soviet Union and contravene its international agreements , Tass said . British Medical Journal ( Source : BMJ 1991 ) ; 302 : 2037 ) These factors help to explain why the total number of clients covered at any one time by our London 24 hour on - call service more than doubled from 70 in April 1990 to 150 by March 1991 ; and why the provision of service has had to become so much more sophisticated . For example the numbers needing opiates to control pain are rising and up to one in five will need special battery - operated syringe pumps to deliver medication in the home . Over the next twelve months we expect a further increase in those needing our Home Care service to enable them to live and die at home . P. Dixon , Postgraduate Medical Journal ( in paper No 17/Napp July 1991 ) . The death penalty is routinely used in China for serious economic crimes which involve no personal violence . Afghanistan Hundreds of Afghan political prisoners have reportedly been held without charge or trial for up to nine years in interrogation centres and segregated prison blocks operated by the Ministry of State Security . In a recent report , AI called on the Afghan Government to end the torture and long - term detention without trial of political prisoners . The detainees include individuals suspected of involvement in armed opposition or non - violent anti - government activity . I am afraid that by taking the extraordinary measure of stapling this report because some of the contents are so disturbing , Amnesty has again given credence to the belief that recent torture in Kuwait has been more terrible than in any other part of the world , whereas the repugnant patterns of pain - infliction described are all too familiar from Iran , from Myanmar , Amin 's Uganda , a South America , South Africa etc. Although we may claim that we simply publish an objective report , the inference that exceptional evil existed during the occupation of Kuwait will naturally be made by those trying to justify the devastating Allied bombardment of Iraq , now retrospectively . I feel Amnesty has to provide a quiet , more balanced overview of a region in order to maintain its impartiality and credibility , and to operate effectively . ANGELA MACTAVISH , Bognor Regis OFFICIAL PRAYERS ? Should that unthinkable thing happen , and you forget your lines , do n't despair . A sympathetic panel may well ask you to start again . But there is no trick to the business of learning lines , as you will find out as you go on although learning lines for an audition is different from memorising a part in a play for production , because then you will be operating with other actors around you . On the whole , acting in isolation is a peculiar feature of the audition system , which is why the pieces you choose in either the classic or modern text need to be reasonably well contained and lend themselves to being performed as a one man show . If you have done any class work before attempting the drama school audition , most of the teachers will at some point in their sessions have talked about relaxation . No new actor should expect more . There are those who think that all drama students who graduate from drama school should be given an Equity card when they receive their diploma ; to me , this is naive . The present situation in 1990 is that would - be members can become provisional members by the following means ; by being offered an engagement by any company or management which operates under the Quota system by agreement with Equity and the Theatre Managers ' Association . That is , the employer will have places for a very small number of newcomers to the profession who are not yet union members . On taking up the job , the applicant will be granted provisional membership of Equity . This is all we ask of them . But we must have the right to carry out our duty to impart the moral convictions , the moral teaching of our Church to our own members . I should have thought that is part of the reality with which legislators are faced , part of the situation within which they operate . ( Cathal Daly , New Ireland Forum 19834 : xii . 13 ) It would be flat and lifeless if served in this condition . Keg beers so called because they are kept in sealed and pressurised containers called kegs are therefore injected with carbon dioxide and connected to cylinders of CO 2 ; in the pub cellar . When the tap on the bar is operated , gas forces the beer to the bar . The end result is a fizzy , burpy product served heavily chilled to mask its lack of taste and flavour . Not all keg beers are pasteurised . Left to its own devices , real ale stays in a drinkable condition for about a week . When the pub landlord or cellarman considers that the beer is ready to serve it is said to have dropped bright with the sediment of yeast in the belly of the cask , and to have matured sufficiently a long plastic tube is connected to the tap and the beer is ready to be pulled to the bar . The most familiar method of serving real ale is the beer engine , a simple suction pump operated by a tall handpump on the bar . When the handle is pulled the engine delivers a half pint of beer to the bar . Some pubs , mainly in the Midlands and the North , use electric pumps to draw the beer to the bar . The extractor is connected to the bar pump by a plastic beer line . Instead of a handpump on the bar you will find a tall fount with a two - way lever . When the lever is operated , the beer is driven to the bar by air pressure produced either by an electric air compressor or , more rarely , a water engine . The strength of beer Brewers pay tax or excise duty on the original gravity of each brew prior to fermentation . The number of hotel - based leisure complexes that do not take into consideration the operation of a facility at the same time as its aesthetics are plain for all to see . It takes more than design flair and understanding to produce a leisure complex . It also requires the experience gained from having operated the facilities to understand where the pitfalls are and how they can be avoided . So if you are contemplating the inclusion of leisure facilities at your hotel then do , please , think seriously about recruiting a specialist . Ask to see examples of their work and contact references from their past projects . In short , the increase in earnings from tourism happened in the year after the millennium . The former Jurys property in Ballsbridge was previously an Inter - Continental Hotel , not Holiday Inn . While the latter 's name has been associated on many occasions with Dublin , to date it has not operated here . RONAN KING Abbey Court , Irish Life Centre , Lower Abbey Street , Dublin . GMS NEEDED FOR MONITOR Fairfield Manor 's suite of meeting rooms will include a training room , conference room and two syndicate rooms . The training and conference rooms will each house a screen , one 2.5sq m and the other 1.5sq m . A simple , cordless , hand - held remote control will operate 35mm slides with merge facility , overheads , television , satellite television , U - matic tape and VHS video tapes on one or both screens . It will also control lighting , curtains and the audio system with compact disc player . The two syndicate rooms will also be equipped with video cameras for role - play exercises . Industry in general is expected to inherit many of the benefits in the future . Pilots ' helmets with miniature built - in video screens may not have obvious applications in hotels and restaurants , but there are several defence - led developments which do , and which will increasingly be seen around the industry . Typical of these is the GRiDPad , a ruggedly built , pen - operated computer made by GRiD Computer Systems . In battlefield conditions , particularly in the desert , keyboard - free devices are more likely to keep performing . But in the hotel and restaurant industry , the GRiDPad 's 12 - hour rechargeable power pack and its genuine portability make it viable for operations like stocktaking . Plan functions with Eventdata EVENTDATA is a program to help the planning and control of function management . The program written to operate in a UNIX open systems environment includes a central diary management system with simultaneous access for several locations by multiple users . This should reduce the risk of double bookings . Each function has a menu screen which can be fully customised . He has trained the eyes to do it . I was telling you , was I not , that I was seeing with exactness what the English workman was doing while we were waiting to ascend . I know how the funicular is operating . Exactly . And I am repeating . Ideally , take another flight straight away so that you can master any difficulties you may have experienced on the first flight . It will also help you to become more familiar with the glider . Remember : modern gliders are more difficult than older gliders to operate in no - wind conditions . For your first flight , choose a day with some wind to make it easier to keep the wings level and to keep the glider straight . In the air , you will find all the modern machines very easy to fly but most are lighter on the controls . WHAT ARE SMOKE ALARMS ? Smoke alarms are small plastic devices which can be fitted by most people in their homes . They cost around 1015 each for the battery - operated models . Smoke alarms can detect smoke from fires in their earliest stages and sound a loud warning alarm . Of course , you will need to go on taking basic fire safety precautions even when smoke alarms are fitted in your home . As Arendt ( 1958 ) indicated , the more public a group , the less power it is likely to have . Real power , she clearly demonstrates , begins where secrecy exists . It should come as no surprise , therefore , to find that detailed ethnography of police social practice is antithetical to the philosophies of control by which they operate . Yet in a liberal democracy , such a declaration cannot easily be made ; indeed the opposite must be proclaimed . To carry out participant observation into the minutiae of police practice might be theoretically approved in any statement made for general consumption , but in the cold light of institutional reality it will most likely be thwarted or subverted even as it is being agreed . Such a mood of concern has existed now for more than a decade and seems to mirror uncertainties of role occurring elsewhere in society . For example , it can be argued the expansion into amalgamated police units has enlarged the organization to a point where it is no longer accessible to the man in the street ; alternatively , it may be that the use of a centralized computer and complex technical aids has alienated the public even at the same time they are increasingly fed a diet of violent news snippets which reinforce a fear of crime and generate another folk devil of criminal menace , which demands the impossible : a policeman on every corner . In nightly theatrical TV rituals of social order and chaos , a stream of hero - policemen stand at the symbolic crossroads between peace and mayhem , and the detective and the chief officer now operate at the point where once the church and its priests declaimed on categories of good and evil and the resulting binary codes they produce . Inevitably , as a secular interpretation of morality has superseded that of established religion , so the activities of the social controller have become increasingly important in the drama . It can be no accident that the opinion of the police officer is now sought on matters which once would have remained the province of the archbishop and his clergy . It can be no accident that the opinion of the police officer is now sought on matters which once would have remained the province of the archbishop and his clergy . The immediate result is that alongside a few major clerics such as Runcie and Jenkins , we find that Stalker , Sampson , Anderton , Alderson , Newman , Imbert , Dear , Oxford , and Hermon are national personalities , while a second division of chief officers regularly proclaim on a range of subjects which at other times would lie outside the province of the police . Yet Robert Reiner ( 1989 ) , writing on the collective culture of chief constables , is the first to explore their extraordinary place in modern society , simply because as an lite among the powerful in society they have had little need to reveal how they operate , link together , or reveal what structures of significance guide their actions . Across the history of policing their need has always been for the light of research to illuminate the activities of the underprivileged and the powerless , rather than focus upon the lite themselves ! Analysis of police culture is therefore particularly suited to the anthropological method , for it requires an extended field study to reveal much about the unspoken agenda which determines many aspects of police practice . It is the marker of force and hence continues to sustain the continuing paradox of police force police service which remains unresolved , on which I will say more later in relation to the role of women police officers . The dark uniform we wore had a military cap with polished brim , and in our fashioned tunics of soft serge and shiny boots we presented an avenging image , clothed in the symbolic colour of death and darkness . Black is a light absorbent , non - reflective colour and most suitable for controllers who operate with a degree of social anonymity , upholding the rule of law and the abstractions of the legal system . In such a world , individuality is never a prized characteristic , and an attempt in the early 1980s to remove the one remaining individualizing feature the shoulder numeral or collar number was correctly rejected by civilians as a structural move towards an even greater anonymity . As Reiner ( 1980 ) suggested , the riot gear in which the police are increasingly seen , with shields , visored helmets , knee - length boots , and flame - proof overalls , enhances their avenging appearance . For analytic purposes , these can be cast into a binary model , suggesting positive and negative polarities of : Such spatial and temporal fixations are also deliberately elaborated in other institutions of control , such as the armed forces . There we find similar bodily constructs built up as series of organizing principles , so that the other regiment or unit is perceived to operate in some kind of polluted time and space , and its aberrant nuances of uniform styling used as a marker of significant difference . The police also use concepts of a disciplined body in their dealings to effect the capture of the local villains ( or prigs ) . In any public confrontation a quick assessment and early resolution is the order of the day , for on the streets pragmatism always rules and real polises set out immediately to fix their adversaries by using deeply imbued constructs relating to time and space . Few former colleagues had much idea of what anthropology was and many seemed never to even have heard the word . For they live in a world of practice , where the idea of the rule of law forms an ideology or religion , replacing the waning moral power of the church ( Hughes 1987 : 29 ) . Its practitioners operate in a world constrained by a belief in the immediate implementation of the legal precept , in which it becomes axiomatic that even the academic/criminologist will remain outside the world of praxis . For criminologists surely can never be successfully involved at the sharp end , or pointy end , dealing with angry men on the cold , hard streets ( from fieldnotes ) . Typically stereotyped as being absent - minded cartoon types , intellectuals and academics are considered to inhabit ivory towers and need protection in their navety . First , there is the dualist 's argument that mental processes cannot be physical processes because physical entities such as neurons - lack certain qualities such as intentionality or consciousness that characterize the mental . The response to this is that intentionality and consciousness are emergent properties of physical systems . Neurons do not individually have the property of consciousness , consciousness emerges when a large number of neurons are interacting in the right kind of way ; just as speed is a property not of any single component of a car , but an emergent property of the whole system when it is operating in an appropriate way . Of course , nobody as yet knows how intentionality the property that mental phenomena have of being about something other than themselves or consciousness emerge from the operations of the brain . From the perspective of functionalism ( and from the perspective of other materialist theories also ) , however , this is a question for science rather than an imponderable problem of metaphysics . Beyond the unities of the present moment , there are unities over time . There is a self that coheres over time , so that a person p 2 at time t 2 is in some sense identical to the person p 1 at time t 1 . This identity operates at a much higher level than mere identity of the body or continuity of habits . It is an explicit sense of continuing self which includes a sense of responsibility over time ( 1 did that ) and , beneath this , a deep sense of psychological continuity ( I remember having that experience , I was there then ) . Sensations and memories converge to create a continuing , if interrupted , sense of a coherent self . If you walk east from the Telephone Bar and Grill , you arrive at the block where Eleanor Marx stayed when she came to New York . The buildings are the same as they were one hundred years ago ; there has been no development on this block . Crack dealers operate on the west end of the street , near the Good Medicine and Co storefront theatre . The Russian - Turkish baths are directly opposite 261 East Tenth Street and were probably there when Eleanor Marx spoke in New York . They reserve one day for women , and in 1886 there may have been no day reserved for women at all . Jennifer Capriati , who stormed onto the women 's pro tour at the age of 14 last year , is a product of both the Macci and Saddlebrook academies . Capriati spent two and a half years under the tutelage . When she was 13 , she moved to Saddlebrook , where the United States Tennis Association operates one of its Player Development Centres . An honour roll student , Capriati attended eighth and ninth grade classes at the Palmer Academy at Saddlebrook . It is a college preparatory school headed by Dr Norman A Palmer . The strongest image I got from his stories and subsequent research was of the oppressive jungle and heat in which the soldiers fought . They given the colloquial name of Chindit . Particular units who operated for long periods at a time in the jungle became so adept in their surroundings they became known as Green Ghosts . This description gave me the idea of a soldier slipping silently through the jungle . I thought this a viable way to use the Woodcarver , with its circular cutting motion giving a good effect for the hanging , clinging jungle . The carving machine was first developed in 1845 by T. Jordan . Modern high - speed routers and precision bearing have allowed considerable improvements in speed , accuracy and versatility . They work on the principle of a pantograph which can operate in three dimensions to carve a variety of materials such as marble , plastic and wood . Dupli - Carvers are not suitable for high volume production ; for this the German or Italian automatic or semi - automatic machines with pneumatic loading are more efficient . The advantage of the Dupli - Carver is its low cost and efficiency for one off 's and medium quantities in simple or very complex shapes . The movement cost less than 10 per cent of the price quoted by the British firm and this included all import duties and delivery charges , and VAT . Just in case the specification might considered inferior at this price , it includes as standard an eight day , three train movement with triple chimes , ( St Michael , Westminster and Whittington ) all on a peal of perfectly - tuned bells . These are automatically silenced at night and may be silenced manually at any time by operating levers which are neatly and unobtrusively located on the hand - crafted dial . I might mention that I have been using these movements since the commencement of my business in 1983 , with outstanding performance both as to accuracy and reliability . It is sad to reflect that this arguably more comprehensive specification is simply not available from any UK manufacturer at anywhere remotely near the price , yet there are several rival firms in Germany with this capability . You should be able to get copies of these codes of practice by telephoning your local British Gas office or electricity company , or by calling in at the nearest showroom . PAYMENT SCHEMES FOR GAS AND ELECTRICITY If you are worried about being unable to pay your next bill , it may help to pay through one of the payment schemes operated by the fuel industries . There may be variations in the schemes operated locally , so it is best to check with your local gas or electricity showroom . The main schemes are listed below . PAYMENT SCHEMES FOR GAS AND ELECTRICITY If you are worried about being unable to pay your next bill , it may help to pay through one of the payment schemes operated by the fuel industries . There may be variations in the schemes operated locally , so it is best to check with your local gas or electricity showroom . The main schemes are listed below . 1 . However , the price of gas and electricity for slot meters is generally higher than for quarterly billing . If you are worried about your slot meter being broken into , you can insure the contents under Age Concern England 's Meter Insurance Scheme ( for the address see WHERE TO GO FOR FURTHER HELP Pages 1011 ) . Some electricity companies may be able to offer you a token meter , operated by a token or rechargeable key depending on the type available . Purchases of tokens ( 1 or sometimes 5 minimum ) can be made at electricity showrooms or offices . Token meters are also available from most gas regions . They may arrange for you to have short stay daytime , or full time care at a day centre or residential home if you are without heat and light at home . c ) If you are disabled , the Social Services Department can give you gadgets to enable you to operate various appliances . There is normally no charge for these . 3 . In extreme cases people can be imprisoned for non - payment ( this does not apply in Scotland ) . THE COMMUNITY CHARGE REDUCTION SCHEME This scheme has replaced transitional relief which operated in the year 199091 . Like transitional relief , community charge reductions will provide payments to some people who face high increases because of the changeover from rates to community charge . Community charge reductions are worked out after the bills originally set by councils have been reduced by 140 as explained on page 2 . To date ACET has provided professional nursing care or practical help to over 400 individuals across London , excluding hardship grants and equipment loans . In Ealing alone we have received over 30 referrals for Home Care . It has always been ACET 's policy to work with and complement statutory and other voluntary organizations . In Ealing , social workers , H.E.A.R.S ( Hounslow Ealing AIDS Response Service ) and the Ealing Home Support team have made referrals to ACET to provide for needs where a single agency cannot give all of the support required . Likewise ACET has also involved other agencies on behalf of the client . PATRONS : The most Reverend and Right honourable the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury Dr George Carey BD Mth Phd Cliff Richard OBE General Eva Burrows OA Head of Salvation Army on behalf of a client On behalf of the family of my late brother , Robert , I wish to thank you for the compassion and care shown to him by your organization during his long and difficult illness . Please convey our gratitude to the volunteers concerned . Robert found peace and assurance before his death and I believe such was achieved partly by the demonstration of the love of Jesus shown by you . Recent information from former detainees , lawyers and human rights activists indicates that suspected political opponents of the government , including boys under 18 , have been detained in garde vue well beyond the maximum 10 - day period and without obtaining further authorization after four days as required by Tunisian law. AI is concerned that the Tunisian Government , by its failure to investigate allegations of torture brought to its notice , appears to be condoning the use of torture . AI welcomed the formation by the Tunisian Government of an official human rights council on 9 April 1991 , although the organization remained concerned at continuing reports of torture and ill - treatment of political detainees in garde vue detention . Bahrain On 9 May AI published Bahrain : Violations of human rights . A new MA degree in human rights is being offered by the University of Essex . Unique in the UK , and probably in the world , the MA is a one - year course beginning in October 1991 . It is intended both for those who want to do practical or legal work for human rights organizations , and for those who would find it an outstanding preparation for research degrees in Law , Philosophy and Politics . Best Cards in the Biz Amnesty has been given Greetings Magazine 's Best Charity Card of the Year award . At group level , the days have gone when three prisoners per group ( one from the West , the East and a non - aligned country ) were obligatory . Nowadays , impartiality need not be expressed quite so crudely , and a look at any group 's case load will show that a balance is always maintained . In the 1961 Observer article that launched Amnesty , Benenson listed the aims of the organization . They included : to enlarge the Right of Asylum and help political refugees to find work . Adherence to this stated principle has never faltered , but other areas of concern took precedence and it was not until the late 1970s that this area of work was developed . The British Section refugee office has played a leading role in this area of work , processing some 4,000 cases since 1980 . The public perception of Amnesty has also changed and this has not happened by accident . For a long time deemed a white , Western organization , the setting up of section sin countries like Tunisia , Algeria and South Korea , are ample illustration of Amnesty 's worldwide stature . As a multi - lingual movement the human rights message can be conveyed via dozens of reports , books and audio - visual materials to audiences from Japan to Nigeria . Amnesty is global in name and nature . MARIA NONNA SANTA CLARA Disappeared with a colleague while working for a community organization . Write to : Draw her attention to the case of ecumenical community worker Maria N. Santa Clara and her colleague Angelina Llenarasas who were arrested by men in plain clothes in a village near Naga City on 26 April 1989 . Please write to : Bookshop owner Abd Al Ru'uf was arrested by Israeli security forces in the Beach Refugee Camp in August 1990 . He was accused of distributing leaflets for an outlawed Palestinian organization , the PLFP , which he denies . He was taken to the Interrogation wing of Gaza Prison . He was denied access to a lawyer for over three weeks . Nijazi Beqa : an ethnic Albanian from Kosovo , aged 29 , he is serving a four - year prison sentence in Dubrav prison near Istok . Nijazi Beqa , a student of physics , married with one child , was one of 10 ethnic Albanians from the area of Urosevac in Kosovo arrested in September 1988 . They were charged with having formed a hostile organization aimed at securing republic status for Kosovo province . Kosovo , a province of the Yugoslav Republic of Serbia , borders on Albania and most of its population are ethnic Albanians . Nijazi Beqa and his co - defendants were accused of having joined an illegal organization , of having distributed hostile propaganda materials and of organizing petitions of a hostile nature to officials in and outside Yugoslavia . When Amnesty International visited Yemen in October 1990 to prepare for government talks , they heard reports of thousands of Yemenis being expelled from Saudi Arabia , some after being tortured . The delegates went to the border and spent three days there screening hundreds of people and conducting in - depth interviews with many of them . The organization urgently appealed to the Saudi king to stop the torture and brought the plight of the victims to international attention . On several occasions , however , delegates have faced obstruction and harassment in carrying out their research . An AI mission to Argentina in November 1976 , led by Lord Avebury , was followed everywhere by twenty plainclothes policemen who questioned , intimidated and even detained a number of people whom they meet . He was released 22 hours after sentencing under a special amnesty declared by the President , Seku Torre . AI delegations have been expelled from countries after discovering evidence of human rights abuse and several countries , such as China , have refused Amnesty entry . However even when frontiers are closed fast to Amnesty , information still gets out via refugees or victims who have fled in fear , friendly foreigners or nationals inside the country , church , trade union and human rights organizations , journalists or travellers , or from letters smuggled across the border . Even from the jails themselves , the cries of hope , of despair , implorings not to be forgotten escape : Muriel Rucia Dockendorff was seized by Chilean security police soon after the bloody coup of 1973 and disappeared . The Chilean Government denied all responsibility for her detention . When you 've done research on a country for years , you also get a sense of which groups have vested interests or political agendas , who can be trusted and who has given us reliable information , said Smart . Amnesty also has its own checks which ensure that all its major reports are passed through several levels of approvals , often up to the Secretary General himself . It is also AI 's practice to give its material to governments before publication for their views and additional information and the organization will publish these in its reports . I 'd be delighted if governments could prove all our reports wrong , if that means that human rights are n't being violated , Smart said . but invariably , even when we have needed to correct or update details in our reports , the sad fact remains that the overall portrait of horror has been shown to be true and if anything , understated . True , there was some fragmentation of members on class issues . The occasional independent unionist and independent Orange - lodge representative in politics were a feature of politics from 1880 to 1972 . The Northern Ireland Labour Party also was the principal organization representing protestant trade unionists . But none of these groupings ever came near to threatening the dominance of Unionist Party organization , much less the solidarity of protestant loyalists , which always appeared total on the issue of incorporation into a united , independent Ireland . It was only with the Troubles , from 1968 , that unionists broke ranks . But when it comes down to concrete moral judgements and commitments , such abstractions will be found interpreted in opposing ways . Religion The Roman catholic church retained a unified hierarchical organization for the whole of the island with its bishops meeting periodically at Maynooth . In 1927 , 1929 , 1956 , and 1960 , there were plenary synods and councils . Since then , the hierarchy has met more or less three times per year , but usually in secret sessions . Since then , the hierarchy has met more or less three times per year , but usually in secret sessions . In the North , the bishops pursued the Irish catholic community 's interests in what could only be called a spirit of pillarization . This is the arrangement in Holland whereby various institutions such as media , schools , cultural organizations , welfare services , and hospitals are duplicated , and run by the separate catholic and protestant communities . In Holland there is even a third or state sector . In Ulster a full panoply of institutions emerged from the dual pressure of the church 's concern for its people , and the Northern state 's discrimination against catholics . The clerical and lay leadership also experienced a third pressure , that of protecting the faithful from the proselytizing activities of a number of evangelical protestants mainly among the young . The church obtained a separate school system , funded mainly by the Northern Ireland government , similar to the system of catholic schools in Britain . It also set up its own scouting organizations , clubs both sporting and social , with Irish music , Irish dancing , and Irish or Gaelic games . These games were and still are much loathed by the majority within the Northern protestant community . Priests continued to act as sponsors of the local catholic nationalist political structure , chairing meetings of the party and permitting the political use of the parish hall . From its domination by the old ascendancy , the Orange order in particular came to embrace protestants from all classes and churches . In fact , in rural areas today , the Orange hall has frequently been the only place where protestants of all shades have met to renew their belief and commitment to Ulster protestant loyalism ( Harris 1972 : 1625 ) . It is important to note that these organizations are internally stratified . Those nearer the top , particularly in the Black Preceptory , the inner sanctum of the society structure , are there because of their moral and religious standing in the local community : wealthy farmers , businessmen , good churchmen , or at least of known moral probity . They tend to represent the religious as opposed to the rough end of the protestant spiritual spectrum . What socialism there has been among the catholic nationalist tradition has always tended to be allied to republicanism , especially in the period 1913 to 1930 ( Rumpf and Hepburn 1977 : 13 ) . The trade union movement was a case in point . The labour movement in Ireland was made up of two organizations . One of these was James Larkin 's Irish Transport and General Workers ' Union , the ITGWU . It came to have Connolly 's support and was on the way to becoming thoroughly nationalist and republican under Connolly 's influence . Two years previously , a campaign to write into the Irish constitution the existing legislation criminalizing abortion had got under way under the name of the Pro - Life Amendment Campaign . It is difficult to describe this body accurately . The bulk of its organizers were members of traditional organizations of the old sodality type : members from the Legion of Mary , the Knights of Columbanus , and one or two other organizations of more recent origin devoted to the strengthening of catholic morality . Having acquired a sufficient number of signatures , the Campaign submitted their referendum proposal , which the government of the day , the Fine Gael Labour coalition under Garret FitzGerald which had come into power that year , decided to submit to the populace . The Roman catholic bishops supported the wording of the referendum and , as the referendum approached , said it was legitimate to oppose the amendment even if one was against abortion , which was in any case still immoral and was the direct taking of an innocent life ( Irish Bishops ' Conference statement , quoted O'Carroll 1983 ) . It grew up originally in the Southern middle - class suburb of Dalkey , County Dublin , and around the Church of Ireland national school there . A dispute with the local rector and manager led to a group of parents withdrawing their support from the school and coming together to form the Dalkey School Project . The organization claimed membership from all parts of the South , and its membership contained education specialists , lawyers , people from the media , and civil servants , at least one of whom knew something of the existing channels of power and communication between church and state in the national school system . Energy was directed mainly to the primary sector , where , until recently , it was impossible to have anything but a church - sponsored school if it was to be funded by the state . In 1978 , on the basis of their professional knowledge of schooling and civil administration , the organization succeeded in obtaining the necessary government permission to open in Dalkey a multi - denominational school governed principally by the parents , the mode of religious instruction to be determined by them . The organization claimed membership from all parts of the South , and its membership contained education specialists , lawyers , people from the media , and civil servants , at least one of whom knew something of the existing channels of power and communication between church and state in the national school system . Energy was directed mainly to the primary sector , where , until recently , it was impossible to have anything but a church - sponsored school if it was to be funded by the state . In 1978 , on the basis of their professional knowledge of schooling and civil administration , the organization succeeded in obtaining the necessary government permission to open in Dalkey a multi - denominational school governed principally by the parents , the mode of religious instruction to be determined by them . It opened the following September . Another project at Marley Grange in South Dublin was less successful , due in part to the Church of Ireland deciding to support its own primary school in the area , and in part to the open opposition of the local Roman catholic clergy . To read me and think you understand me and yet not to understand me . Only if you do that will you be able to say with confidence that I am wrong , that what I am suggesting has not yet come to pass , that there is still time . His words were taken up by many who would not have dreamed of opening any of his more technical works , and he came to be in great demand as a speaker at rallies and at the numerous conferences and seminars on the death of images organized by the Universities , the Churches and the innumerable Humanist organizations which had mushroomed in the immediately preceding decades . Even those who had never heard of him mouthed his words , repeating them to others as though they had just thought of them themselves , which perhaps they had , for there is surely such a thing as a spirit of the times . But it did not bring an end to the speculation and confusion which was rending the civilized world . The job paid quite well and I could perhaps at that stage have afforded somewhere slightly better to live , but I 'd got used to my new home and I was still keen to try and build up some savings again . The building I was now working in housed a number of statutory and voluntary social - services organizations . My job was to operate the telephone switchboard , sort the morning post , direct house - callers to the appropriate organization , and that was about it . The telephones kept me just about busy but the potential for job satisfaction in the tasks I was required to do was almost nil . This was , I kept telling myself , just a staging post . With hindsight it seems that the prevailing structures of police practice will remain as powerful as ever , for at a conference on policing at Bristol University ( 1988 ) , the newly retired Sir Kenneth admitted that police culture had defeated many of his attempts to bring a new ethic to the managerial style during his reign as commissioner of the metropolis . ANTHROPOLOGY FOR THE POLICE It seems relevant that anthropology be used at this time to contribute to the debate on policing , for since the 1964 Police Act and the preceding Royal Commission which was generated through concern over police practice , the organization has held an increasingly central place in the public imagination . Policing issues are never long out of the headlines ( Chibnall 1977 ) , and this media obsession has been transmitted into a wealth of analyses of policing which have mostly been carried out by outside observers . Indeed insider accounts have largely consisted of bland reminiscences in the style of my greatest arrests and cases and it has been left to investigative journalism to redress some unacceptable police activity , by calling attention to the limits and abuses of police authority , power , and accountability . In 1979 , James Anderton , the Christian moralist chief constable of Greater Manchester , described the greatest threat to law and order as stemming from seditionist interested groups who do not have the well - being of this country at heart and who mean to undermine democracy ( Thompson 1979 : 380 ) . In the light of such a polemic stand , it begs the question whether the revelation of how crime figures are manipulated by the police to sustain institutional beliefs ( see Chapter 5 ) could be said to undermine democracy or be classified as sedition . For Anderton vehemently rejects the idea of any internal evaluation which might explore the moralities or philosophies of policing : there is simply no room in the management and organization of police operations for vague , academic dissertations ( Police Review ; 90 , 19 November 1982 : 4684 ) . In his 1977 annual report , Sir David McNee , then commissioner of the Metropolitan Police , urged that the libertarian should beware . In due course , his successor , Sir Kenneth Newman , echoed this anti - intellectual stance , when he warned insiders that policemen must remember that they are practitioners , not crusaders ; theirs is to do , not to righteously philosophise ( Police Journal 56 , No. 1 ( 1983 ) ) . Such people are radically opposed to the idea of sociologists conducting research on the police and long for a return to a golden age when the proverbial veil of secrecy surrounded police work . When the research is experiential , carried out by an insider , the publications can prove emotive and will almost certainly be career - problematic for the author . Usually policemen know the limits allowed by the organization and play safe . Harry Templeton ( 1980 ) , a police officer in North Wales , suggested : when you read in Police Review that an officer has been awarded an M.A. after post - graduate study , it will probably be in a safe subject such as business management . all totalitarian institutions ( in Goffman 's phrase ) embody their principles in an inexplicit way , beyond the grasp of consciousness and exhort the essential by an implicit pedagogy , capable of instilling a whole cosmology , an ethic , a political philosophy through injunctions as insignificant as stand up straight . It is little wonder then that social research is equated with clap trap in police magazines , for they aim to support the beliefs of those who have taken on this unconscious cosmology , and for whom as Bourdieu ( ibid . ) indicates , such challenges would defy the most natural manifestations of submission to the established order and abolish lateral possibilities . In consequence of this acquired system of generative schemes , an imbued belief is implanted in the institutional mind which verges on the natural , while Huxley 's mutilated man pursuing his insider 's reflexivity seeks out the lateral possibility , and makes gestures against the principles of the organization . In doing this the anthropologist at home quickly comes to understand why he must always stand on the margins of structure . For it is one of the dictums of the discipline of anthropology that it will reveal unwelcome truths : I 'm really surprised more do n't creak under the pressure . ( FN 6/11/87 , p. 15 ) Formal control , however , is only one aspect of the labour process in any work organization . Constables have a definite view about the style of authority they prefer in officers , which is summed up well by the remark that they need to be one of the boys : that is , they should not stand on ceremony and overtly assert their authority . Some sergeants conform to this , others do not , but the general resistance from below to the excesses of authority , coupled with a relative autonomy in the work place , affords the men and women in a section the latitude , if they so wish , to ease , using Cain 's now familiar term ( 1973 ) , or , to use their word , bluff . A. Lunacharsky underlined the growing rift between the educational health of the larger towns and the benighted countryside , but to no avail . As was so often the case in central - local relationships , poor distribution was often to blame . The nation - wide state publishing organization , Gosizdat , was responsible for the dissemination of official literature of all kinds , but the flow of materials to the provinces remained very weak even as late as 1923 . Only seven of the fifteen large bookstores in Moscow took the trouble to send anything out to provincial peasant reading - centres . None of them made a special selection of materials suitable for the peasantry , so the few books that were dispatched were often too dry or too expensive . The sole reference to the peasantry in these laborious instructions was an order to open all rural reading - rooms in the surrounding volosti on 7 November . The meaning of the October Revolution was then to be explained to anyone who bothered to turn up. Given the importance of this area of Russia in the Civil War and the Polish campaign , the Party 's care for and vigilance over the army does not come as a surprise ; nor does the considerable military presence in 1922 in civilian organizations like the hospital and the automobile workshop . The Party 's obvious nervousness about railway and other workers and relative neglect of the rural hinterland needs a little more explanation . As the year went by the economic sops to the peasantry provided by NEP began to have a relaxing effect on this class , but industrial unrest throughout Russia continued to rise . However , there was one big kolkhoz consisting of 150 households only 20 versts from Roslavl ' that was said to be too well satisfied with itself , and so did not welcome visits from the town . The party wished to introduce the shefstvo system in its relations with the kolkhozy . A shef organization from the towns such as an individual factory would take on the role of cultural and political mentor to some rural group . Shefstvo wag intended to be a nation - wide movement , the concrete expression of the more abstract notion of smychka , the theory of town and country alliance as expounded originally by Marx . The ideal was very far from being a reality in 1922 , or indeed throughout NEP . The arrogance of Bolshevik - inspired youth towards the patriarchal rural community also transpires from other criticisms directed against younger visitors . But peasants also complained when what they called doctors came out to inspect their cattle and sanitary arrangements , or when two peasants who had murdered their wives had to be handed over to a visiting social court ( obshchestvennyi sud ) set up by a shefstvo team . The party 's myopic concentration on the kind of agricultural organizations it wished to nurture for the future is also shown in the frequent reports for 1922 on the fragile co - operative network . These efforts proved to be in vain for the most part . By the middle of 1924 the Agitprop section of the Smolgubkom was openly declaring that both shefstvo and smychka were a farce in actuality because they had deteriorated into mass weekend outings to the countryside in search of illicit stills . Here , as so often when one penetrates to particulars , the rigid historiographical divisions ( War Communism , NEP , the Five - Year Plan years ) crumble . In our survey of the financial arrangements of NEP as they applied to the Smolensk guberniia , it was noted how they were unstable and poorly defined from the outset , leading to economic and social tensions at the lower levels . Right from its inception NEP carried within itself the germs of its own fatal illness , whether one looks at its fiscal organization or the economic persona ( like these Nepmen ) which it soon evoked , or in many cases re - awakened . It is true that high - level Bolshevik theorists in Moscow and Petrograd tended to select , filter , and interpret evidence from the localities in the light of their prevailing general beliefs , so that their conclusions had little foundation in hard evidence . Yet although Yakovlev was one of their kind , his factual findings show little sign of conscious or unconscious censorship or exclusion . When the Soviet sent the militia to the colony in order to accuse the inmates of robbing peasants , Makarenko sent even it packing . He showed the same scant respect for other agents of central power . His opinion of the local Komsomol was no doubt coloured by the fact that his own colony was a kind of rival organization , but his view broadly reflects that of Yakovlev on the Nikol 'skaia Komsomol ; Yakovlev was a more disinterested outsider . Makarenko wrote : The local Young Communists were very weak in both number and quality . They were far too interested in girls and vodka , and they had a rather negative influence on the colonists . They were far too interested in girls and vodka , and they had a rather negative influence on the colonists . Soviet historians have subsequently tried to cover over this situation . They have written that It is well known that the great Soviet pedagogue , A. S. Makarenko , succeeded in forming a genuine Soviet collective of charges only after a Komsomol organization was established in his colony . In reality , a Komsomol political instructor ( with a criminal record ) entered the colony in 1925 , well after Makarenko had established discipline . This Komsomol representation apparently played no role in the subsequent administration of the colony . Yet we cannot take foreign accounts at their face value either . Political propaganda on the part of the American Relief Administration , by far the longest foreign source of aid , warped its judgement at the time , and the subsequent polarization of Russian - American relations has not improved the objectivity of later scholarly accounts of the Famine as seen through American eyes . Even F. Nansen , the esteemed Norwegian co - ordinator of many other foreign relief organizations , could on occasion be carried away by his emotions and give a semi - fictional account of conditions in the Volga provinces . Calm assessments were hard to come by in the shadow of a tragedy of such proportions . A native Russian of genius , L. Tolstoy , had been blinded by his feelings in the famine of 18912 when he made mildly inaccurate statements about the Tsarist relief administration . Due to wartime conditions the peasantry got the same amount of agricultural machinery over the years 191521 that they had been able to buy in a single year prior to the World War . They had suffered in the Civil War from requisitioning by Red , White , and Green armies , and to some extent from the Bolshevik - inspired kombedy ( committees of poor peasants ) . As the Famine grew , poor co - operation between the Soviet authorities and foreign relief groups , and amongst the foreign organizations themselves , exacerbated the situation . The worst aspects of co - ordination , however , were central - local relations within the Soviet hierarchy . We will return to this later , but at this point the course of the Famine needs to be related very briefly . Conditions in the guberniia capitals were dire , but they were even worse in the rural hinterland . It was still possible in early 1922 to buy foodstuffs in the city markets if one had the money . Soviet and foreign relief organizations had installed themselves with efficiency and were giving out free food . The villages on the other hand were quite desolate . Up to half of the houses were boarded up in areas that were starving . At this point we can embark on an investigation of the spatial or horizontal effects of the Famine in 1922 . Internal movement within the worst - affected areas should be looked at first . Those peasants who continued to own draught animals had lent them to relief organizations at the height of the Famine , but by the spring of 1922 they refused to do this any longer , since they now found many profitable uses for them . Owners of draught animals had a virtual monopoly oh the transport of grain to the miller , the market , and the local collection - point for the tax in kind . If the tax was paid promptly , a discount was given . In other ways positive help could be given by more fortunate regions . Indeed M. I. Kalinin , the nominal head of famine relief , claimed that 70 to 80 per cent of the adult population of Russia was active on the hunger front . Party , Soviet , co - operative , military , educational , and trade - union organizations were involved . The latter designated special weeks for the production or collection of goods to be contributed to the aid programme . By February 1922 trade - union lotteries were being held in forty - eight gubernii . Poor control over shipments led to theft and other misdemeanours . Despite internal and foreign suggestions as to how to improve horizontal co - operation , the central authorities took no action throughout 1922 . At both guberniia and central levels the Soviet government established a liaison system between their own plenipotentiaries and all foreign relief organizations . It was headed by Alexander Eiduk , a pugnacious character who was a member of the GPU collegium . Foreign organizers soon discovered that the system seemed to be modelled on Trotsky 's military commissars . Certainly suspect committee members had attempted to go abroad , but the real reason was probably that the committee had served its purpose by acting as a bait to attract foreign relief organizations ( the ARA drew up an agreement on 20 August ) . Alternatively the committee could have served as a scapegoat if Pomgol activities had failed completely . Since all foreign relief organizations dealt with Pomgol and with Eiduk as chief plenipotentiary , subsequent non - Russian scholars have tended to over - concentrate on the workings of Pomgol and its guberniia equivalents . Yet Pomgol was little more than a conglomerate made up of other relevant state departments . The Commissariat of Agriculture was the key element within Pomgol . Gosplan and other central economic organs from 1921 on had accumulated on paper a number of plans for reconstruction which they were now eager to realize . As in the recent past , and as was to be the case with much greater frequency after the start of the Five - Year Plans , planners in Moscow drew up neat and rather abstract formulations that did not match up closely with local realities and timings . Foreign relief organizations and subsequent students of their work have tended to exaggerate this dichotomy with regard to the Famine , but internal Soviet sources lend credence to the view that the sudden withdrawal of many kinds of domestic relief was premature . In 1922 it was not so easy to predict crop yields as it is today . In that sense the shift in policy contained an element of chance . This move at least gave greater financial stability . Between 15 October 1922 and 1 August 1923 , for example , it received 719,502 gold roubles from the tax in kind ( its highest source of income was 1,344,639 roubles from church treasures ) . When in September 1922 the ARA discovered that the Soviet government intended to export grain in considerable quantities , most foreign relief organizations joined in the hue and cry . The government gave a series of reasons for its decision , some of them more plausible than others ; but the main aim seemed to be to acquire cash or foreign credit for the rehabilitation of its industries . More grain than expected had to be exported due to the precipitous fall in the grain price in the middle of the winter of 19223 . Non - Russian papers were left to local military supervision until the end of Civil War , and largely to their own devices throughout 1922 , unless they exhibited blatant defiance of high political directives , as in the case of Georgia . This did not necessarily mean that all local party chiefs in the minorities were also lethargic during 1922 . We know from the Smolensk archive that the guberniia committee in the winter of 19223 convened meetings of many local organizations , compelling their members to subscribe to various Belorussian and Great - Russian newspapers . Particular stress was laid on subscriptions to Rabochii put ' , the guberniia party and Soviet organ . The local peasant press was in a lamentable condition still . But the task was increasingly beyond them , as social surveys showed the inability of the welfare services to cope with the specific needs of the aged , the disabled , and one - parent families . Divorces rose steadily , though the real acceleration in the divorce rate was to come after the Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act of 1 984 which allowed petitioning for divorce after only one year of marriage . Especially disadvantaged were children , whose needs were dramatically highlighted by the Child Poverty Action Group and similar organizations . The ending of the former child allowances and their replacement with tax - free child benefits in 1975 meant an increase in the problem of dependency , with only about half the 750,000 one - parent families in 1976 , for instance , able to rely on their income as means of support . An unduly high proportion of such families were black . Compared with most continentals and , indeed , Americans , the British by this crude test were a relatively happy people . Their democracy had remained secure . Suggestions in 1975 of a military coup by Colonel Stirling 's non - party , non - class organization of apprehensive patriots or General Walker 's non - class Militia met with almost universal derision . So , too , did the alarmist outpourings of the National Association for Freedom , a far - right pressure - group directed by a clutch of ex - army officers and Norris McWhirter , better known as the author of the Guinness Book of Records and apologist for South Africa . At the same time , the British were in distinctly worried mood . Ramsey made a speech which disconcerted the managers of the conference , who thought it a bad example of English insularity . The speech led to a quarrel , soon patched up , with the general secretary Visser t'Hooft . The meeting at Evanston clinched the sense of scepticism which Ramsey felt , not about the ecumenical movement , but about its inflated claims and its mode of organization . That scepticism and memory were to be important when he became an archbishop and was expected to be a leader in the organization . Still , at Evanston , he allowed the personal meeting to count with Hungarian Christians oppressed in a satellite state , with a black South African who merely by being there seemed to make the Afrikaaner defence of apartheid incompatible with Christianity . He was clearly attracted to rural religious communities , such as that at Kelham where he himself participated or that seventeenth - century community of Little Gidding which he was later to celebrate . Yet he saw the danger in making these communities an ideal , as he turned an anthropological eye on Christianity and perceived that such examples seem to proffer no solution to industrial urban and suburban existence the way most people live . Such a religious patterning of small communities reveals a Christendom fixed at the state of development suitable to a simple agricultural and piscatorial society , and so imperfectly suited to the more complicated organization of modern society . Eliot 's solution of a widespread Christian community hierarchically organized , related both to the state and individual parishes and containing intellectual leaders , owes much to Benda 's notion of clercs , as well as to the anthropologists ' stress on the connection of religion with society . As in After Strange Gods , he is concerned in his conclusion with a return to sources , that is with going back to the savage and working forwards towards his solution to the problem of modern industrial life ; again such a movement is presented in terms of a familiar encounter . The attempt to locate libertarian Conservatism in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century seems implausible . Eccleshall appears to be on stronger ground when he looks to the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries for evidence of libertarian Conservatism . Here he finds organizations like the Liberty and property Defence League ( LPDL ) and The British Constitutional Association ( BCA ) , and individuals like Lord Wemyss , Herbert Spencer , A. V. Dicey , and Ernest Benn , all committed to individualism and all found supporting the political right . Eccleshall also finds backing here from one of the recent histories of the late Victorian and Edwardian Conservative Party. The work of Matthew Fforde appears to offer an historical lifeline to those , like Eccleshall , who would present Thatcherism in terms of an established tradition of libertarian Conservative thought . If disputes within the party over policy and doctrine were one symptom of Conservative confusion , another was the legion of leagues which appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , when it seemed that hardly a year went by without the founding of some new right - wing association . The main aim of Franz Coetzee 's intriguing study For Party or Country is to explain this phenomenon through an examination of the outlook and activities of three of the larger groups : the Navy League ( NL ) , the Tariff Reform League ( TRL ) , and the Anti - Socialist Union ( ASU ) . In terms of the history of these organizations as institutions Coetzee 's work is unlikely to be surpassed . He examines their foundation , their funding , their social constituency , and their organizational structure in detail , and in the process disposes of a number of myths and conventional wisdoms . For example , Cortzee shows that contemporary tales of the tariff reform millions , are not borne out by the relatively impoverished state of the Tariff Reform League , and he demonstrates that the variety of industries and economic activities which were represented in the TRL defy any attempt to produce a simple definition of its interest base . He examines their foundation , their funding , their social constituency , and their organizational structure in detail , and in the process disposes of a number of myths and conventional wisdoms . For example , Cortzee shows that contemporary tales of the tariff reform millions , are not borne out by the relatively impoverished state of the Tariff Reform League , and he demonstrates that the variety of industries and economic activities which were represented in the TRL defy any attempt to produce a simple definition of its interest base . On issues like this Coetzee 's sensitivity and grasp of detail are shown to good effect : but with regard to the broader historical significance of these organizations he is less assured , and he leaves untouched some of the more important questions raised by his work . The leitmotif of Coetzee 's book , as suggested by his title , is that the organizations he has studied faced an ongoing dilemma : whether to function as adjuncts of the Conservative party or to claim that their aims were national and therefore above party . In fact , as Coetzee demonstrates , the personnel of the TRL , the NL , and the ASU were predominantly Conservative , and in this respect their claim to be non - party was always weak . First , it caused the groups some significant problems . The NL especially suffered a major split because of its refusal after 1906 to endorse Conservative candidates . The rival , splinter organization which emerged as a result , the Imperial Maritime League ( IML ) , claimed that any serious Navalist had to support the Conservatives , irrespective of the fact that individual Liberal candidates were sound on naval questions , on the grounds that collectively the Liberals were against and the Conservatives in favour of a big Navy . In the end the NL did become demonstrably pro - Conservative and saw off the IML challenge , but divisions like this played their part in ensuring that the British Navy League was never as large or influential as its German counterpart . The second reason for taking the non - party claim seriously is that the various Leagues and not just the three studied by Coetzee were frequently critical of the Conservative party and expressed strong reservations about the effectiveness of the Conservatives as a political force . That there should have been a Navy League , a Tariff Reform League , and an Anti - Socialist Union filled with Conservatives was an indication that there were many Conservative supporters who felt that the Conservative party was not doing its job properly . There were occasions when the leagues were of great help to the Conservatives , but their relationship to the party was often ambivalent and sometimes hostile , and it was not always easy to control their activities . It is one of the many strengths of Coetzee 's work that he recognizes the disruptive potential of the new organizations , but he concludes that ultimately they were of benefit to the Conservatives . It was not just that they helped out at the occasional by - election , but that they pointed to new sources of support whose eventual accommodation , and to new issues whose eventual resolution , would ultimately modify the party itself and help equip it for the challenges of post - war politics . As a result of his research into the social constituency of the leagues , Coetzee presents them as one of the means whereby the Conservative party broadened its support amongst the middle - class and crucial lower - middle - class voters , thus assisting its development from a loose conglomeration of agrarian interests to the predominant party of government in urban , industrial Britain ' In so far as Whitehall had considered these matters it had been vaguely assumed that a status quo ante would be established and the Dutch in the Netherlands East Indies , the French in Indochina , and the Colonial Office in Burma and Malaya would resume their rightful sway . The Americans had different views , but they had deliberately distanced themselves from the area . Only gradually did it dawn on those responsible that vigorous and determined nationalist organizations had grown up in the shadow of the Japanese , that these movements had flourished exceedingly in the vacuum left by the collapse of Japanese power , and that if the colonial regimes were to be reconstituted it could only be by force . Mountbatten 's personal view was that the new nationalist movements should be appeased rather than suppressed and that the old colonial powers should settle for the best deal that they could get , pledging independence in the near future and thus , he hoped , preserving the greater part of their economic advantages . In Burma , where he had only the British Colonial Office and colonial administrators to deal with , he was more or less able to have his way . The problem of servicing debt is already , in practice , less severe than it was in the early and mid 1980s . Relaxation of the international cold war has meant that military intervention by powerful countries from either the western or eastern blocs from Cuba to France will be much less frequent . Even South Africa may decide that the returns from supporting such organizations as Renamo in Mozambique are extremely slim . Africa will , then , be thrown increasingly inward on herself , and have increasingly less reason to blame the rest of the world for her problems . These will only be resolved in the course of an internal struggle , which will eventually produce governments neither more nor less enlightened than , for instance , those which have ruled over western Europe for the last five hundred years . First of all society , as distinct from the State , had to be isolated and analysed , and secondly an attempt had to be made at understanding the evolution of society , since only then would it be possible to understand under what circumstances the State evolved and what its historical significance was . These were the tasks first attempted in The German Ideology . The first task consisted of formulating a view of society which was based on principles different from the traditional ones , according to which societies could be typified in terms of their administrative organization by using such terms as democracy or monarchy . If we talked of society in these terms , Marx argued , we could never appreciate that the phenomena to which the terms referred were themselves only the product of a more fundamental social process . In order to bypass this traditional way of seeing society , Marx turned away from administrative and political organization and tried to see society in different , more fundamental terms . The first task consisted of formulating a view of society which was based on principles different from the traditional ones , according to which societies could be typified in terms of their administrative organization by using such terms as democracy or monarchy . If we talked of society in these terms , Marx argued , we could never appreciate that the phenomena to which the terms referred were themselves only the product of a more fundamental social process . In order to bypass this traditional way of seeing society , Marx turned away from administrative and political organization and tried to see society in different , more fundamental terms . He argued that society is at bottom a system of organization for producing the goods on which people depend for their life . For Marx and Engels society was to be analysed in terms of the social organization of production , which in The German Ideology they called the division of labour . While with the ancient city state there was a unity between town and country , since country settlements were really extensions of the city both in the type of economic activity which took place there and in the principles of social organization in the two places , this was not so under feudalism . The difference led to an important conflict between town and country . At first the freemen of both town and country had an organization and a type of property which still retained something of the communal as well as something of the private , but in the town a radical transformation was taking place . This transformation was due first to the influx of runaway serfs into the towns which meant that labourers free from the personal ties of feudalism , but having no access to the means of production , became a dependent and exploitable group which was to become the proletariat . The proletariat are free labourers in the sense that they can sell their labour to whoever will employ them , but are not free to do anything but sell their labour , since they have no access to the means of production : land , tools , workshops , raw materials . This Engels does by showing that the Greek and Roman states , the sacred sources of the European ideal , were based on principles which can also be seen in embryo among much less prestigious peoples , the American Indians . This is dealt with in Chapters 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . The third part of Engels 's discussion explains why , in spite of the presence of the State in medieval Europe , some islands of communal organization could and did remain . This is explained in terms of the nature of the Germanic invasions which brought about the destruction of the Roman Empire and is dealt with in Chapters 7 and 8 . The outline of the evolutionary theory of the State in The Origin is one we are already familiar with from the earlier writings of Marx and Engels , but it is expanded here with new information from Morgan . The second part of this second half of The Origin deals with Greece and Rome and in many ways again follows what Marx and Engels had written previously . What is new however is the suggestion , which at the time of writing must have appeared as the height of impertinence , that the Greek and Roman states originated in much the same kind of confederation as the Iroquois . In this way Engels asserts the generality of the principles discussed , but also he explains the importance of what he believed were remains of gentile principles in the organization of Greece and Rome . ( He does admit however that these remains were in historical times at least linked to patrilineal groups ; rather odd inheritors of the principles of the matrilineal gens . ) Two other general points also emerge from the discussion of Greece and Rome . ( He does admit however that these remains were in historical times at least linked to patrilineal groups ; rather odd inheritors of the principles of the matrilineal gens . ) Two other general points also emerge from the discussion of Greece and Rome . The first is that it shows well the distinction Engels makes between general principles in this case the dissolution of communal organization and the rise of class and specific cases . Engels does not pretend that the histories of Greece , Rome , and the Iroquois are identical . What he states is that the dame general principles govern their development , although conditions were so different that these principles had considerably different effects in the different cases . The communal and the familial are not necessarily in opposition they are matters of levels , and although at certain times Marx seems to see this , at others he does not and Engels never does . This is because of their legitimate keenness to stress the presence of a communal principle in the history of mankind . None the less the fact remains that the presence of descent groups tells us nothing directly about domestic organization . There is , however , yet another way in which modern anthropologists could agree with Marx , Engels , and Morgan concerning the group aspect of marriage . All would stress that our view of marriage as a private alliance concerning almost exclusively two people is totally inappropriate for most non - capitalist societies , especially those based on descent groups . As we saw , most modern anthropologists would , like Morgan , stress the corporate character of descent groups and would agree that these groups cannot be understood as large families Fortes , 1953 , but they would also stress that some kind of individual domestic unit seems to normally exist in societies with descent groups . In certain other ways Morgan misled Marx and Engels more irredeemably . Morgan believed that the only true descent groups were matrilineal , and that matrilineal descent groups gens were fundamentally different in organization from systems where descent was reckoned in the male line . In patrilineal descent groups , he argued , the individual family and private property were prominent and the communal principle already moribund . In fact , there seems no difference between patrilineal and matrilineal groups in this respect . In patrilineal descent groups , he argued , the individual family and private property were prominent and the communal principle already moribund . In fact , there seems no difference between patrilineal and matrilineal groups in this respect . What matters , as Morgan , Marx , and Engels rightly stress , is the corporate organization of descent groups , but these descent groups are just as corporate whether descent is reckoned patrilineally or matrilineally . The reason Morgan gave to explain why corporate descent groups were organized matrilineally was that since there were no individual unions within such groups one could never be sure of the identity of one 's father . This state of gens promiscuity is , however , imaginary and so the reasoning is irrelevant . The various Dayak societies of Borneo are an example . This greater variety than that envisaged by Morgan or Engels does certainly modify the picture . On the whole , however , their ideas concerning the political organization of descent - group society , what they call the gentile constitution , are surprisingly modern and helpful and seem supported by more recent findings . The next stage in Morgan 's and Engels 's scheme for the evolution of political systems is characterized by confederations of different tribes . Morgan , whom Engels followed , was once again basing himself on his studies of the Iroquois . Her preference is for small charities where she feels she can do some good , and where she has some natural interest . The British Deaf Association ( BDA ) was another such charity . This had been one of the 150 organizations that had written asking for patronage when Diana became engaged , and had been turned down. Then , quite out of the blue at the end of 1983 , they had a letter from the Palace saying that the Princess had decided she would like to be their patron . It was no coincidence , perhaps , that its president was the Marquess of Salisbury , married to Mollie Salisbury who had spent so much time helping with the garden at Highgrove . Her presence was enough to make front - page news . This was also true , of course , of the Prince . He may not have attracted the cameras in quite the way the Princess did , but he certainly brought recognition and respectability to every company or organization whose threshold he crossed . The prestige they reaped from a visit was incalculable . This was one aspect of his life that Charles found hard to come to terms with , especially during this period when he was evaluating and reassessing his role in life . But in September 1985 he joined forces with a man who was to play a large part in changing all that . Stephen O'Brien is a remarkable man , liked and respected by everyone he comes into contact with . His main mission in life for the last ten years , as chief executive of an organization called Business in the Community ( BitC ) , has been to cut unemployment and regenerate the inner cities . BitC is a charity , set up in 1981 , to breathe life back into Britain 's dying towns and cities . It is a partnership between business , central and local government and trade unions , based on the American experience . In general . And that includes you . The schemes are locally run on a franchise basis , by voluntary organizations , schools or employers , and the hope is that in the first phase , up to 1993 , 10,000 people aged between sixteen and twenty - four immediately dubbed Charlie 's Army by the press will join full - or part - time programmes of about twelve weeks . The brochure continues : A lot of things will happen to you during your time with the Volunteers . You 'll become part of a team . My connections with the City are , as I have said , rather tenuous , but it is nearly six years ago to the day since our wedding , when yet again the traffic in the City was brought to a standstill . Since that July day I have visited the City on numerous occasions connected directly or indirectly to asking the City for help with fund - raising . Perhaps now is an opportunity of thanking everyone for their generosity and to say how greatly I know it is appreciated by the charities and organizations concerned . Be always ready , according to your power to relieve the poor and help the distressed is a quote from The Rules for the Conduct of Life , a copy of which is given to all new Freemen or perhaps it should now be Freepersons . Sitting in the audience was Diana 's father , Earl Spencer , who had always been very proud of his daughter , and only too happy to tell the world so . Seoul Cathedral parish has over 30,000 Catholics . Only parishes over 60,000 may have a curate . Laity participate mainly through traditional organizations and the call now is for a new strategy based on small Christian communities . This year the 44th Eucharistic Congress will be held in Korea from 5th to 8th October . South Korea is known for its ship building . Now she was listening to their kidnapper . What she remembers most was his self - disgust and terror . Monica rang lawyers at the Vicariate of Solidarity , which had been set up by the Catholic Church in 1975 and was by now Chile 's leading human rights organization . The lawyers took Valenzuela off to record his testimony . A few days later , Valenzuela went underground . On May 28 , 1971 , Angie gave birth to Duncan Zowie Haywood Bowie , an event that David documented by writing Kooks for the Hunky Dory LP . In August Andy Warhol 's production of Pork opened at The Roundhouse in London . The cast of this production would play a major role in the MainMan organization set up by Tony DeFries to handle David 's career : Cherry Vanilla would become Press Agent , Jamie Andrews an Administrator , Tony Zanetta David 's Personal Assistant and Leee Black Childers the MainMan Staff Photographer . Leee Childers : The production was made from Andy Warhol 's personal tapes . He used to tape everything every conversation , every telephone call , everything and we put it together into a play . The Greens had planned to hold their 1989 rally in the Sorbonne , but at the last minute they were told they would have to go elsewhere and the only venue available at short notice was the Cit . The hand of President Franois Mitterrand was detected . Euro - elections were pending and , it was rumoured , he was doing his best to make life miserable for an organization which challenged his claim to the green constituency . Give the meek a good deal join the Greens , announced a poster on a publicity stand in the foyer of the conference hall . The 1000 or so members of the meek class who presented themselves at the conference , were , suitably enough , unruffled by having been shunted from the Sorbonne to the techno - chic sidings at Porte de la Villette . To do that in the way the Greens proposed would require a virtually totalitarian state , Bryan Gould ( at the time Shadow Trade Secretary ) told the shadow cabinet in July 1989 . He admitted , though , that Labour was seen as too producer - oriented : We should be able to give a value to unpolluted air , clean water , a safe environment , as the end - products of economic activity . A great many green ideas were produced by Labour that summer ; a green bill to show up the deficiencies in Tory legislation ; making the quality of life the central theme in the 1990 local elections ; the mobilization of public opinion through the development of a network of environmental , countryside and energy organizations . The Trades Union Congress weighed in with a Green Charter , which included the right to hold green strikes over issues like the importation of toxic wastes . But by the end of the year the green bill had been quietly dropped and the environmental network had vanished into a general belief in the need for good , informal relations with Friends of the Earth and other environmental organizations . They were almost but not quite on the same side . It could be argued , too , that they were beneficiaries of the heightened public awareness created by the increasing emphasis by government on the perils facing the environment . Many waverers must have reached for their chequebooks and signed on with a green campaign organization after hearing the latest pronouncement assuring them that there really was something to worry about . There are dangers in becoming officially accepted . Complacency and a tendency to mute criticism of governments are among them . Climate change is already more important than acid rain , genetic engineering a more topical issue than saving whales . Changed issues do not necessarily throw organizations into an anxious state of transition ; if they are any good , they are always in transition . That certainly applies to the three biggest international green campaign organizations : Greenpeace , Friends of the Earth and the World Wide Fund for Nature . They continue to grow in size and influence and they appear to be still some way from peaking . As they grow larger , they grow richer , they spend more on research and become more authoritative . This needs to be stated clearly because there is a current media clich that Greenpeace is turning its back on such tactics and is becoming a more bureaucratic , softer version of its earlier radical self . This is demonstrably untrue ; the number of direct actions continues in an upwards spiral . What is true is that , in recent years , such actions have been backed up by sophisticated political lobbying and scientific enquiry that have added strength to the organization 's dramatic calls for change . Greenpeace 's continued insistence on non - violent tactics , even when faced with violence , reflects both its cultural origins and its links with the other great movements for social change in the twentieth century . Peter Melchett , Greenpeace 's Executive Director in London , looked at the softness issue from the aspect of whether being tough reduced influence . I do n't think our direct actions are a problem reducing our effectiveness . Politicians may not talk to us publicly , but they do privately . The choice of heads for the campaigning organizations says a great deal about their memberships : solidly white middle - class . Lord Melchett , educated at Eton , former Labour Minister of State for Northern Ireland , became head of Greenpeace at the beginning of 1989 , near the beginning of the membership boom . At Friends of the Earth there is ( or was until mid - 1990 , when David Gee took over ) his friend , the Hon. Royalty is in the van and the British headquarters are in Panda House , Weyside Park , Godalming , Surrey . The late Sir Peter Scott was the founder , in 1961 ( WWF is the only one of the Big Three which has British origins ) , and international headquarters are in Gland , Switzerland , in the same building as the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) , with which it has close relations ( and which , in turn , is close to UNEP ) . It bills itself as the largest private conservation organization in the world , with offices in twenty - three countries and more than one million members . In addition to the giant panda ( its logo ) it has reprieved ( WWF 's word ) the Indian tiger and the polar bear , the latter by persuading the five Arctic nations to restrict hunting . The African elephant was a notable beneficiary of WWF 's activities in 1989 , with two British lawyers working on its behalf during the negotiations on the Cites agreement on ivory . By 1989 reserves had slipped well down the list and education and public awareness had risen . The most significant change , though , was the appointment of a greenhouse gases and transport campaigner . Like the other campaign organizations , WWF had realized that the natural world can no longer be divided into isolated sectors of activity . All are united by the threat of climate change . Saving elephants , tigers and terms in the twentieth century will be a small gain if their habitats are ruined or destroyed along with man 's in the twenty - first . Most of the 2 million who belong to the National Trust ( one of the fifteen ) do so for the sake of visiting the houses it preserves , not because it is green . All the same , the growth rate of this group , all broadly linked by an interest in the countryside and the environment , was evidence of the power building up behind the green movement in the 1980s and 1990s . There is an obvious danger of excessive duplication when broadly similar organizations conduct broadly similar campaigns . The rainforests are an obvious example . As fund - raisers they are unparalleled . There are informal networks through which we let one another know what we are doing and we meet and talk . For instance , Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth had ten people each at a meeting recently ( towards the end of 1989 ) to talk about the Green Bill and other issues . Ad hoc alliances of green organizations take place from time to time , and at the end of 1988 Greenpeace , Friends of the Earth and the World Wide Fund for Nature jointly threw down a green gauntlet to the government , urging it to turn propaganda about the environment into action . A list of thirty measures ranging from recycling resources to doubling overseas aid were proposed . It made very little impact . Nearly one - third of the citizens of Leningrad are said to suffer from diseases the upper respiratory tract as a result of atmospheric pollution . On the credit side , it should be said that there is now an acute awareness in the Soviet Union and the East European countries that pollution is a social and political issue and not just something that can be categorized vaguely as an environmental problem and shoved to the debit side of progress . Miners have struck in the Soviet Union over pollution ( in combination with other matters ) and scores of green organizations have sprung up. The largest in the Soviet Union , the Social - Ecological Union , has 200 branches and is avowedly political in its approach . Poverty rather than indifference is the reason for Moscow 's inaction , it seems : it was Mikhail Gorbachev who in his autumn 1988 UN speech in New York proposed that the UN should set up an emergency centre for the environment . The historic Board of Admiralty , Army Council , and Air Council were downgraded to become the Admiralty , Army , and Air Boards . And the whole of the new organization was co - located in the former Air Ministry/Board of Trade building on the south side of Whitehall , where it is today . Many people felt that the Thorneycroft/Mountbatten reorganization did not go far enough , and that Service Departments should have been abolished and a completely functional organization adopted . This would have been unwise . The Services needed time to grow closer together : it was just not possible to find enough officers with the experience in tri - Service co - ordination to go further in 1963 . Similarly , although anything that exists is particular and individual , we can have general ideas . On the basis of our ideas of particular men , we can form a general idea of man , and by abstracting differences from the ideas of man , horse , and lion , we can form still more general ideas , such as that of animal . The fourth part of Gassendi 's Logic has to do with the organization of thought , or method . In accordance with the traditional scheme , he distinguishes methods of investigation and discovery from methods of teaching , and refers to the old notions of analysis and resolution , composition and synthesis . Discoveries need to be checked , of course , so Gassendi adds the method of judgement or assessment . Given this and various of his examples , such as triangle or procession , they seem to be ways in which the substances on which they depend may be ordered , organized , or arranged . A triangle is not a material thing , but a shape which material things may have , an arrangement into which they can be put . A procession is not a material thing , but a certain organization of material things . Locke describes modes as combinations of scattered and independent ideas which are put together by the mind . He describes them as creatures of the understanding , unlike substances which are works of nature . The CPRS had been set up by Ted Heath to advise on long - term policy issues . Its first director was Lord Rothschild and its staff was drawn both from the civil service and from outside Whitehall . The tank had been continued by the succeeding Labour Government during which they carried out their famous inquiry into the Foreign Office which proposed fundamental changes in the organization of the Diplomatic Service , and they were retained by Margaret Thatcher when she took power in 1979 . Governments were not bound by their proposals and past history as when Labour threw out the Foreign Office report was ample proof of this . Yet for all that , the charge eagerly made against us was that the Government were set on abolishing the National Health Service and privatizing health care. The health service does not have a monopoly in cleaning , catering and laundry skills in the same way that it does in the skills required to treat sick people . There are private companies who specialize in these services and who , incidentally , also have dedicated people working for them . In February 1983 I announced in the House of Commons that health authorities should put their ancillary services out to tender to see whether they would get best value from private or in - house organizations . Six months later , in September , I followed this up with a circular to health authorities requiring them to put their services out to tender . They were not forced to use private contractors but they were required to make a judgement on the best value for their health authority . He did not want to miss a word . Not while he could see Hank . Mrs Shakespeare , you are well - known for your investigations into extreme left - wing groups and terrorist organizations . Do you know much about free People ? The tough little face looked suddenly alert . Marie Stopes 's books , Married Love and Wise Parenthood may have sold widely in the early 1920s but the main readers were almost certainly the middle class . Richard Allan Soloway 's excellent study of the birth control movement between 1870 and 1930 may well reveal the extent to which these groups were concerned about the need to spread knowledge about birth control amongst the working classes but , it would seem , in the light of more recent research , that such concern was inappropriate . Soloway 's comment that , The birth control groups found it difficult to persuade the middle and upper - class membership of the feminist organizations that access to the contraceptive methods was a genuine problem , seems both ill - founded and unnecessary . Indeed , it seems highly likely that working - class families would have controlled family size through the old , rather than new , techniques . The evidence of the 1949 Royal Commission on Population on the use of birth control techniques , recognised to be inadequate on the matter , suggests that only 40 per cent of women married between 1910 and 1919 used some form of birth control at some time in their marriage compared with 66 per cent of those married between 1935 and 1939 . much fuller use can be made of the machinery for joint consultation and negotiation between employers and employed . It is more than doubtful whether we have seen the fullest possible development of machinery for joint consultation in particular industries . And practically nothing has been done to establish effective machinery of joint conference between the representative organizations entitled to speak for industry as a whole . Within a few months , similar statements were being made by the king , Stanley Baldwin , Ramsay MacDonald , Ernest Bevin , and a whole host of trade unionists . Indeed , Ernest Bevin , speaking at a union dinner , maintained that , if there is a new conception of the objects of industry , then there can be created in this country conditions which will minimize strikes and probably make them non - existent for 25 years . Ross McKibbin and Bernard Barker feel that the Labour Party was making determined efforts to improve both its national and local organization and that , despite some obvious difficulties , it succeeded in doing so . McKibbin , in particular , acknowledges the strengths and weaknesses of the new constituency and party organizations but stresses the overall general improvements which were achieved . To him , however , the overriding developments were the increasing centralization of party organization and the growing predominance of the unions . The party could only go as far as the unions would allow and their influence was apparent at all levels . It was the union organizations in both urban and rural constituencies which guaranteed continuity and finance : What emerged was informal , often improvised , but remarkably tough . Yet , although Britain suffered severe economic depression and rising unemployment , her economic plight was much less marked than that of Germany and Italy . Perhaps for this reason Britain experienced little in the way of a fascist movement in the 1920s ; only a few small and insignificant fascist groups , hostile to the Bolsheviks or the Jews , emerged at that time . It was not until the 1930s that a more effective fascist organization , the British Union of Fascists ( BUF ) , was formed under the leadership of Oswald Mosley , at a time when Britain was attempting to deal with the unemployment of between 20 and 23 per cent . When the BUF developed it created something of a stir as the various political parties adjusted to its presence . There was , indeed , quite a furore over its activities , and particularly at the violence associated with its Olympia Meeting of June 1934 . Neither proposition is necessarily correct . The Labour Party subsequently achieved some measure of socialism under Attlee , despite the hostility of capitalism , and the Labour Party was well informed about the real strength of the fascist challenge . Quite rightly , the Labour Party did not wish to exaggerate the importance of a fringe political group which it had investigated in a detailed national survey , based upon a circular to the secretaries of its constituency organizations in 1934 . The Labour Party was well aware of the limited challenge of British fascism and could discriminate between the threat it posed compared with the more serious threat of European fascism . This survey highlighted the fact that there were few centres of fascist support outside London , Manchester , Birmingham and Leeds areas where there was a significant Jewish presence or where Mosley exerted some personal appeal . After the conference , the Socialist League continued to oppose rearmament , opposed sanctions against Italy threatened as a result of the Italian invasion of Abyssinia , and advocated a policy for the Labour movement of preparing for the mass resistance to war , by which was meant a general strike . In January 1937 it patched together a new united front campaign in association with the ILP , the Communists , the Left Book Club and Tribune , around a programme of defence for the Spanish Republic , opposition to rearmament by the National government , support for the struggles of the unemployed and the affiliation of the Communist Party and the ILP to the Labour Party. The campaign was in defiance of the Labour Party ban on joint work with the Communists and the Socialist League was condemned by the party , its members being forced to choose between disbanding the organization of expulsion . The Socialist League was thus dissolved in May 1937 . The failure of the united front campaign persuaded the left of the anti - fascist movement to reconsider its strategy . The size and range of the relief activities undertaken shows the strength of public support for the Spanish Republican government . At the national level there was a National Joint Council for Spanish Relief , chaired by the Duchess of Atholl , a Conservative MP , though dominated by Liberal and Labour . This committee acted as the co - ordinator for the activities of many other organizations , including the Spanish Medical Aid Committee , the Spain Foodship Youth Committee , the League of Nations Committee , the Peace Pledge Union , and various local councils of action and ad hoc bodies . Most towns had Aid Spain Committees , which collected tins of milk , bars of soap , money for medical aid as well as holding meetings to explain the cause of Republican Spain . While many of these bodies were underpinned by Labour and working - class support it should be recognized that they attracted support from across the social and political spectrum . About 7 million was being spent annually on pushing the claims of washing powders such as Tide , Daz , Omo and Persil , compared with 1.7 million on pushing the performances of music , opera , ballet , theatre and visual arts . Now , for the price of its modest subscription , Which ? and its laboratories revealed that the cleaning power of these rivals was practically identical . Though they fell far short of the giant - killing exploits of Citizen Ralph Nader in the decade to come , the consumers ' organizations provided a rallying point and the hard evidence to contest the claims of 450 million - worth of advertising a year , roughly the same as was spent on schools . In other respects American firms brought American techniques to bear in the opposite direction . The advertising was American , led by such firms as J. Walter Thompson and applied to the products of eight hundred American firms dominating the British consumer Thomas Hedley ( Tide and Daz ) , Hoover , Singer , Heinz , Kellogg , Kraft , Gillette , Kodak , Woolworth , Colgate - Palmolive , Esso and Ford to name only the top twelve . The House Committee published a cumulative index of names and organizations and there was the Attorney General 's list of about two hundred organizations which were considered to have been Communist or Communist Front . These included such subversive bodies as wartime committees for Soviet - American friendship or for Russian War Relief . Two ex - FBI men , Vincent Hartnett and Theodore Kirkpatrick , compiled a handy compendium in book form of members of these dangerous organizations in the communications industry . It was called Red Channels and a copy was standard equipment for every Hollywood producer and every radio , television and Madison Avenue advertising executive . To be named in Red Channels was to be unemployable unless you cleared yourself by making a voluntary appearance before the House Committee or McCarthy 's Sub - Committee as a friendly witness who shopped his former friends to prove the sincerity of his repentance . Larry Adler was blacklisted as a performer throughout the Fifties . Even as a harmonica player he had to come to England to get work . Adler recalls : I was listed in Red Channels for being associated with eight organizations . The one that counted against me most was the Anti - Fascist Refugee Committee , which I worked for in the late Thirties . I was offered a deal by Roy Cohn . The more militant Protestants saw this as a weakness , a lack of will on the part of the government . It was now illegal to be a Protestant in a Protestant country . The result was periodic clashes between the government and organizations such as Protestant Action which insisted on the right to march where they wished . Porter and Paisley were frequently to be found leading such marches and various Ministers for Home Affairs found themselves being denounced by loyalists at Orange rallies . The first Free Presbyterian involvement in an election was a classically ad hoc and reactive affair . The city council planned to call it the Queen Elizabeth Bridge but the more assertive Protestants wanted a memorial to Lord Carson . So angry was Ian Paisley at the affront to Carson 's memory that he increased his tirade of abuse against O'Neill , produced Carson 's son to contest the Westminster elections in March ( promising four Protestant Unionists in all ) and only withdrew when he realised how devoid of constituency organisation he then was . The rudiments of a constituency organization were then provided . As is so often the case in Paisley 's career , the crucial step was taken by someone other than Paisley and then offered to Paisley as an opportunity the possibilities of which he could appreciate . Noel Doherty , a committed loyalist , had been a member of Paisley 's congregation since 1956 . It is important to note that it was only the statements of this man and his wife which contained any evidence of Paisley 's knowledge of the crimes , and the juries determined that they were not trustworthy witnesses . The view of Paisley 's critics was that he was implicated but was clever enough to avoid any direct contact . Others maintained that , even if he knew nothing of these crimes , he was morally responsible in that he had contributed substantially to the general climate which allowed members of his organization to believe that such acts were justified in order to destabilize the government of Terence O'Neill . This second charge is impossible to evaluate . While it is certainly the case that Paisley was prepared to use militant rhetoric in denouncing O'Neillism , it is also the case that he was a vocal critic of private initiative in vigilantism and of attacks on Catholics . In their view , the old party had been doing well . It now had members in Stormont and increasing popular support and , more importantly , it had a clear Protestant identity . In many areas , it took the full weight of Paisley 's authority , exercised either directly or through loyal supporters such as Gordon Cooke , then chairman of the North Antrim branch , to persuade the Protestant Unionists to dissolve in favour of the new organization . In the event , the failure of large numbers of Official Unionists to join meant that the new party was more congenial to the old Protestant Unionists than they had initially feared . Protestant Unionists made up about two - thirds of the new Ulster Democratic Unionist Party ( hereafter DUP ) . When the DUP was being planned in late 1971 , Desmond Boal kept pushing Unionists such as Austin Ardill to join the new party and received assurances from him and a number of others that they would join . It was only their reluctance to abandon their own party which prevented the creation of a mass anti - appeasement party . At a number of times since , there has been a genuine willingness among some of the DUP members of the United Ulster Unionist Coalition to merge their party into a new wider organization . Although Ian Paisley had unfailing faith in his own leadership qualities a faith that was shared by his supporters he was willing to work in coalition with the other unionist leaders , and the continued divisions within the unionist camp cannot be laid entirely at his door . The second footnote is related to this point and it concerns the career of William Beattie . In order to ensure that the Catholic population won at least one of the three seats allocated to Northern Ireland , the whole of the province was treated as one constituency with three members . The election could hardly have been better designed to promote the DUP . Although Robinson and others were achieving success in building a province - wide organization , the DUP 's greatest asset was its leader . Treating the whole province as a single constituency gave Paisley a chance to cash in on his considerable personal support . Paisley was the sole DUP candidate and John Hume was the candidate for the SDLP , but the Official Unionists made the tactical mistake of fielding two candidates . In order to do this , Jerry Falwell and the other Baptist pastors in the movement have to operate with almost watertight compartments for , on the one hand , their religion ( in this box Catholics and Jews are doomed sinners ) , and on the other , their politics ( we are all part of a shared Judeo - Christian tradition ) . That sort of compartmentalization has been roundly denounced by Bob Jones University and those sections of American fundamentalism with which Paisley is most at home but we will never know if his religio - political system would permit such pragmatism because the constitutional issue so overrides everything else in Northern Ireland that there is no expectation or need for him to work with conservative Catholics . This does not mean that Paisley would not be glad of the support ( such as he had in his campaign to Save Ulster From Sodomy ) of individual Catholics , but he would not work with Catholic organizations or officials of the Catholic Church because that might dilute his separatist witness . The Evangelicals and the Orange Order The only problems of alliances and compartmentalization faced by Free Presbyterian Democratic Unionists are those which concern the fraternal orders . Nevertheless they were considerably more evangelical at the turn of the century than they are now . The problem for the Free Presbyterians is that the fraternal orders have always seen themselves as linking the broad Protestant religious tradition with the main unionist party , hence the common arrangement of Orange Lodges holding their annual church parades at each of the Church of Ireland , Presbyterian , and Methodist churches in turn . As the main churches have become more liberal , Free Presbyterianism emerged to challenge the lack of real Protestantism and hence offered an implicit challenge to the fraternal organizations to purify themselves by breaking their ties with the main , and now apostate , denominations . Ian Paisley was once a member of the Shankill Road Lodge of the Orange Order and a lodge chaplain , but he resigned from the Order when the County Grand Lodge refused to expel Sir Robin Kinahan for attending a funeral service in a Roman Catholic chapel . Another Free Presbyterian minister , Austin Allen , resigned from the Order because it would not accept Free Presbyterian ministers as district chaplains . A third Free Presbyterian minister said : Perhaps the main reason for leaving the Orange Order was that in 1969 I was saved by the grace of God and therefore felt that I could not sit and be associated with members of the Orange and Black while they consumed alcohol in their meetings on the 12th and 13th mornings each July . Given the Free Presbyterian Church 's high political profile one would expect that many of its ministers would be active in the Orange Lodge , Black Preceptory , and Apprentice Boys . Of forty - four ministers whose affiliations are known , twenty - one have never been members of any fraternal organization . Ten have been members of the Orange Order but nine have resigned . Three have been members of the Independent Orange Order and one has resigned . Three have been members of the Independent Orange Order and one has resigned . Ten ministers are known to be members of the Apprentice Boys of Derry . It would be easy to exaggerate the extent to which the lack of genuine evangelicalism in the fraternal organizations creates motivational problems for Free Presbyterians who wish to be active in politics . Some districts are clearly sympathetic to the Democratic Unionists and are willing to invite Free Presbyterian Democratic Unionists such as William McCrea to preach at their church parades . Some have church parades to Free Presbyterian churches . This is even more the case since the Anglo - Irish accord of November 1985 which clearly represents the British government 's view that solutions to the Northern Ireland problem require the active involvement of the Dublin government . For the DUP to embrace this accord and attempt to make it work would be for it to abandon its opposition to anything which presages a united Ireland . It is usually the case that those things which best suit the Michels model are social movement organizations which have goals which can be compromised because they are things like an increase in workers ' standards of living or an improvement in working conditions which are divisible . Trade unionists could be persuaded to accept a moderation of their organization 's stated goals in return for the fulfilment of part of those goals . The position and ideology of Ulster unionists is such that their goals cannot be divided . Drugs are never cheap . The effects never last long and you always want more . A paper round or weekend job does n't pay enough . Stealing , cheating and lying become the only way to pay . It 's always on your mind For example the numbers needing opiates to control pain are rising and up to one in five will need special battery - operated syringe pumps to deliver medication in the home . Over the next twelve months we expect a further increase in those needing our Home Care service to enable them to live and die at home . P. Dixon , Postgraduate Medical Journal ( in paper No 17/Napp July 1991 ) . Help to stay at home : Nursing and medical advice The guard was still in the house . The young woman 's father was one of the letter - writers . His note consisted of a few words , impersonal , noncommittal , on a tiny scrap of paper written with a burned matchstick . But he was alive . In his note he asked for medical help some vitamins , eye - drops , as I ca n't go out and for some money . The prisoners have been held incommunicado for eighteen years . The sentences of most of the military prisoners were completed years ago , but nobody is released . No journalist will risk prison to put an article in the paper . According to King Hassan II and his government , the prison does not exist or , even if it does , the people all love the King so much it would be unsafe to release the prisoners they might be killed by the populace . We finished our coffee and watched the seagulls whirling and shrieking over the harbour in the spring sunshine . The scope or character of a piece of criticism is naturally related to the magazine or newspaper in which it appears , as we noticed in the case of Dore Ashton 's dismissal from the New York Times because it was asserted that her work could not be understood by the paper 's readers . The first rule for a reader of articles is thus to find a sympathetic publication . Some trial and error should eliminate the laziest papers , whose critics do no more than pillage catalogue introductions , or even press releases . Some latitude can be allowed to serious critics who write for periodicals which go to press a long time before a show is on view ; these critics will not be able to comment on how the exhibition actually looks , as their articles will have been written before the show 's installation . They nevertheless will have seen some , perhaps all the works included , and can thus comment usefully on the artist 's standing , aims and achievements . Choices for subsidies are in themselves art critical judgements , just as commissions are , and public debate can become enflamed over commissions . The art critic has no decisive voice in such controversies , though arguments can be made by analogy from existing art to what may be done . Another form of article which can include art criticism is a theoretical paper . For example , the cultural theory of the 1970s , according to an article by Victor Burgin on The End of Art Theory , drew predominantly on feminism , Marxism , psychoanalysis and semiotics . In his view the independence of modernism in art has been further subverted by the demonstration of the necessarily intertextual nature of the production of meaning . From Abyssinia Kapuscinski passed to Persia . From Rasselas , as it were , to Ozymandias . Present in the second book as the occupant of an Iranian hotel room sifting through his papers , photographs and cassettes , Kapuscinski recites the history of the region , which has thrust the Shah of Shahs into the sand in the posture of the statue of the King of Kings in Shelley 's tyrannophobe poem . The Shah had made a showplace of his country with his colossal purchasing of weapons , and look what it had all come to : If you drive from Shiraz to Isfahan even today you 'll see hundreds of helicopters parked off to the right of the highway . Sand is gradually covering the inert machines . According to the Guardian , the New Year 's Honours list of 1988 in Britain contained a knighthood for Professor Albert Maillard , the Oxford historian . Two of the several names owned by another recipient had strayed into someone 's word - processor to create a further deserving don , the knowing reference to whom must have ruined the new year for more than one senior scholar . I feel that Albert Maillard , if he existed , would have no time for Kapuscinski 's impressionism , for his absence of dates , figures and state papers , and that Albert Maillard would be wrong . There is history in the accounts Kapuscinski gives of the confusions and uncertainties which he has experienced and which he has tried to interpret . All is not dark in these accounts , and indeed they can be said to gleam with a quality of reflected light . Injurious wasps , to feed on such sweet honey , And kill the bees that yield it , with your stings ! I 'll kiss each several paper , for amends . Look , here is writ kind Julia : unkind Julia ! As in revenge of thy ingratitude , You may smile , but does freedom of the press mean freedom to choose its own standards ? down , as I would have been obliged to do had it not been burned down during the state of emergency which followed independence . But what to put in its place ? The English millionaire folded his singed tents and stole away the insurance money , which did n't belong to him since I had nationalized the paper well before the fire was out . Material missing from transcription at this point ; cannot correct or quantify , as original not available and book out of print Never mind the field was open . But they do n't want more money , ; it 's like me , is n't it ? Y ' know , buyin ' new dresses all the time , is n't it ? The Unions tell them to go out an ' get more money an ' ITV an ' the papers tell them what to spend it on so the disease is always covered up. I 'm just tellin ' y ' about round our way . I wanna be on this course findin ' out . However , the policy is seen as ambiguous . Those who wish , both unionists and nationalists , can interpret it as the beginnings of absorption into an all - Ireland state . But those who wish for a basically Northern solution , even a dual national state with inputs both from the Republic and Britain , can interpret the policy as suiting their needs , and can thus find space on the ballot paper for the SDLP . While in the last century there was still some attempt to embrace all people in Ireland as the Irish nation , now the nation subsists in the Irish catholic population . The ambiguity present in O'Connell has arguably aided catholic nationalists over the years in the justification of their policies . For unless there is the sense that nothing has been done there will be no work . And yet , unless everything has in fact been done , there will also be no work . Without the materials , he wrote , without the paints and the brushes , the pencils and the paper , above all without the panels of glass , there could have been no beginning , and I want to record here , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) , that there was a beginning , at 5.30 p.m. on Thursday 27 July 1967 . I do not mean to imply , he wrote , that nothing existed before that moment , no plans , no designs , no sketches and no notes , of course there were plans and designs , sketches and notes , how could there not be , he wrote , when my whole life has been nothing but a preparation for this beginning , not only in the sense that everyone 's life is always a preparation for every beginning in that life but in the quite specific sense that my own life has always been a preparation for this beginning , nothing but a preparation for this beginning , both consciously and unconsciously , with everything I have done as well as everything I have thought , everything I have felt as well as everything I have suffered . Not that I wish to say , he wrote , that everything is inevitable , on the contrary , I wish to assert emphatically that nothing is inevitable and nothing was inevitable , neither what I did nor what I thought , neither what I felt nor what I suffered , yet everything was necessary , a necessary beginning and necessary Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) is misleading , since it was only after I had begun that I knew I had begun , while before I had begun , before the 27 July 1967 , there was no beginning , as there was no end , there was no time and there was no freedom from time , only endless cups of coffee , endless cups of tea , endless biscuits and endless bacon sandwiches . That is the horror . Mens tantum pristina mansit . And Goldberg , pushing back his chair , stepping over the piles of papers and magazines littering the floor of his study , scanned the bookcase , found what he wanted , brought the book back to his desk , licked his middle finger and turned the pages , found the passage and copied carefully into the margin : only his mind remains unchanged . The whole world changes but your mind does not , wrote Harsnet ( and Goldberg typed ) . Kafka 's Metam , he wrote , The Death of Ivan Ilych . Goldberg , pushing back the typewriter and drawing the pad towards him , began again . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , you may be amused to hear that one of my sons spotted you the other day training with Korchnoi and the Brighton and Hove Albion football team . We all knew of your friendship with Korchnoi , he wrote , how could we not , the papers have been so full of it . We have also followed his preparations for the world title bout with Karpov , some of us , it must be confessed , with a certain amount of incredulity , since , however much these world championship matches are now dependent on stamina rather than brilliance , it has struck more than a few people that a chess player is not a footballer , in particular a fifty - year - old self - exiled Russian Grandmaster is not a footballer , and that to think that by training like one he will become as fit is not only an illusion , it is a dangerous illusion . Besides , wrote Goldberg , you have only to see where Brighton are placed in the League to wonder at the wisdom of associating with them in any capacity . The intractability of the glass . Have to get to grips with what this does to the image . Its refusal to respond , as canvas and paper respond . Tried projecting negative of Bride from holograph enlarger , he wrote , but image thin and weak where I want it strong ( though indeterminate ) . Near asphyxiation last night , he wrote . A girl of twelve turned her face to the wall , refused all nourishment , and so passed away . Others , more robust or less perceptive , found , on the contrary , a renewed zest for life in the perpetual animated discussions occasioned by the topic . A distinguished philosopher , much admired in the profession , became a celebrity overnight when he wrote in a Sunday paper that what all the varied responses had in common was the forlorn belief that somehow , through talk or action , the decisive event would be warded off . But , he pointed out , no one could possibly conceive what life would be like after the death of images . Without images , he said , there would not even be the wherewithal to talk about the death of images . He took off his shoe to investigate , then heard a noise overhead and saw a flock of starlings flying past . Became fascinated by the pattern as they wheeled and changed direction . Got out paper and pencil to try and think through the implications of what he had just seen , then gave up and started off home . Some time later found he had only one shoe on . Went back but the other had gone . Not dismiss , wrote Harsnet ( typed Goldberg ) . I merely state the facts . Fortunately , he wrote , while every person , more or less , in the Western world , has access to pen and paper and can write down a word or two , few will turn as naturally to painting or music to soothe their troubled breasts . Some consolation , he wrote . My loathing of terms like depression and despair , he wrote . As though I had never been . A little fuss at the time cannot be avoided , he wrote , that is obvious . Whether I destroy the clothes first or fold them neatly the papers will have to have their story . But that will soon be forgotten . Only the glass will remain . I shut the door behind him and locked it . Yesterday he came again , with her and Pearsall , the head man in Edinburgh . I sat in the kitchen and read the paper . They were in there for a long time . They came out and she gushed . He was a fan of Sexton Blake . He was a pain in Sergeant Bramble 's bottom and the sooner he could recommend that Quince be transferred to somewhere more metropolitan , where robbery with violence might occur , the happier Bramble would be . Dratted nuisance that Quince lad ! thought Bramble , and started to read the paper . This he did with difficulty , partly on account of his bad eyesight , partly because of what in later years would come to be referred to as a learning disability or mild dyslexia ; and partly because he simply was n't much of a reader . He did n't actually have to run his finger along the line in order to make sense of it , but he did like to mouth the words as he got to them . They were all out to catch Henry 's eye . The fancier something looked , the better he thought it tasted . Cherries , chocolates , walnuts , and anything in silver paper Henry always wanted the best of anything and everything . Thought it was his due . I 'm glad he 's gone I can do what I like , now . SIMON BRETT WRITES : A few years back , I bought an old desk at an auction and , when I got it home , found that the drawers had not been emptied by its previous owner . He , from the papers I found there , I deduced to have been an academic of some kind . In a miscellaneous pile of documents , I came across the following essay . It seems to have been submitted as part of his doctoral thesis by an American postgraduate student named Osbert Mint . Let me try to explain what I mean . Designer seems to be the buzz adjective of the eighties . It has been the word used to describe the style of today , a style that pervades everything from clothes to waste - paper bins . The problem is not so much the look itself , but the attitude behind the style that appearances ( and labels ) are everything . Add together a susceptibility to flashy packaging and a lack of any real interest in the substance of other people 's problems and you 're on the way to producing a designer carer , . That would be very nice . Thank you . A couple of papers were duly bought and after that we parted company . The bounce was now back in Jenny 's step , I noticed , as I watched her head off towards the tube . She had evidently decided that things were going to be all right . Never lay crops directly on the floor where it is possible they could suffer from the effects of damp and poor air circulation , and arrange produce according to its preference : the roots nearer to the cool floor , and onions and marrows close to the ceiling where it is slightly warmer . Spud space Once dug and left to dry , potatoes can be sorted and stored in teachests , thick paper sacks or shallow boxes covered with sacking to keep the light from turning them green . While parsnips , maincrop carrots , turnips and swedes are often left in the ground , covered with straw or leaves and dug as needed , they are better stored in boxes under cover if the soil is heavy and wet , or if you have a high soil pest population . Use any damaged roots immediately and leave the rest to dry . Talking with your Children WHY ? AIDS is an everyday topic in the papers and on television ; there is every chance that your children have become interested , even at a young age , but they may have misunderstood things and have some strange ideas . It is important for you to talk with them about AIDS , to explain the important facts and to answer any questions they may have . HOW ? A central decision making process involving Inspectors and civilian decision makers was established and developed . Its early implementation met with a degree of resistance , for the new system fundamentally dislocates the well established and cultural preferences of the service . Inspectors can no longer hide behind a paper managing a desk ( quote from a Chief Superintendent ) . Then again for reasons of established cultural preference we had to go back to the Audit Commission and ask them to translate 6.358 million into real men , for we had difficulty in trying to sell such an alien concept to the police mind . In effect their fiscal mandate meant their version of reality failed to synchronize with the police world view . Certainly the social sciences are seen to be the arbiters of revolutionary change which might somehow dismantle the police institution and its processes , and this has led it to negate the reforming social scientists , keeping them as outsiders beyond the system . A further example from the Police Foundation Oxford Conference gives some indication of the different perspectives which exist for the analytic researcher and the practical policeman : Barrie Irving , the Police Foundation director has presented a paper today outlining research into the Police and Criminal Evidence Act ( PACE ) . Having some 1979 data on custody practices and prisoner interviews he sought to replicate the study in 1986/7 to assess the influence of the legislation on police practice . Claiming significant differences in post - PACE activities he suggested these showed the need for legal measures to impact upon police practice and influence change . Although rarely defined , it is often on the lips of the members , so that the phrase , I do n't want to seem disloyal , but will often preface even the mildest internal criticism of any of the systems of policing . This total reverence to the group binds ideas of silence , loyalty , and reticence together to create a positive category for belief and action and , in turn , links silence to other concepts of respect for the order of the institution . In consequence , even the publication of an academic seminar paper carried out without formal approval could form a breach in the regulated structures of police existence and be subject to disciplinary control . In such a world , the easy resolution of the ethical dilemma remains problematic , for as Anne Akeroyd ( 1984 : 134 ) recognizes there is not , nor ever likely to be any definitive agreement about the nature of either the problems or solutions facing the social scientist and the question of ethics . I have never completely resolved my own dilemma , for I do not think it has a simple resolution . c ) If it is considered imperative that such privileged information should be included on the paper and which sic falls within the terms of the concern expressed above , then the whole should be submitted for approval by a Chief Officer who will give a ruling as to its use and circulation . Nothing in this order changes the already existing practices exercised in connection with courses or papers overseen by the Regional Inspector Training Unit or Police College . In these cases a Senior Police Officer has first read of any papers and all other personnel involved have been required to enter into an undertaking to respect the security of the information . ( Force Order w/e 28 November 1987 ) . In effect , such an order intends that all dissertations and papers will be submitted for vetting . In these cases a Senior Police Officer has first read of any papers and all other personnel involved have been required to enter into an undertaking to respect the security of the information . ( Force Order w/e 28 November 1987 ) . In effect , such an order intends that all dissertations and papers will be submitted for vetting . Any criteria for defining privileged information , or what the dangers are in revealing such matters as dispositions ( of manpower ) are so vaguely incorporated as to ensure that few will risk submitting an essay without approval , which might later be assessed as an improper disclosure . The creation of this order at the time a new Official Secrets Bill was being pushed through Parliament by an increasingly interventionist government is significant , and the idea of a senior officer 's having first read of any essay to maintain the integrity of the institution manifests the importance of the legalized surveillance of allegedly dangerous material and enhances the separation of the world of control from that academic enquiry ; although its implementation is only randomly applied . Webb et al . ( 1966 : 72 ) recognized such unobtrusive measures have found favour in field - work and I discovered at an early stage that the problem remains one of revealing the structural warts of the system while somehow indicating that this need not be seditious ; and indeed might even be of some value . As it is , when I showed close colleagues my first working paper ( Young 1979a ) on experiences in a police bridewell ( see Chapters 2 and 3 ) , they were alarmed . I was told on more than one occasion , that I should not really let outsiders see this sort of thing , even though it was agreed that what I had written was an accurate analysis of events . In some respects , I think it was the detail of the ethnographic thick description which most alarmed them ; for as almost all of them wistfully pointed out : it shows exactly how we do the business . The Staff College should be a place where serving officers have the opportunity to contemplate society as a whole and in particular to study and consider those liberal and humane values which are central to our society . The college should have as its prime concern the nurture of ethics and integrity ; they are the core of any professions . Such a proposal is now of another era , however , and I was present when an ex - Dean of Academic Studies at the college presented a paper ( Stead 1980 ) attacking the trend to expensive , amalgamated police units which had grown up in the previous two decades . The appetite for power these immense forces display worried Stead , and he argued their style could only lead to an autocratic national system with a minister of central government at the apex . His fears seem to be well founded , for a move towards regionalization is now occurring , with a proposal that the forty - three forces disappear into perhaps eight or nine giant regional units . We could host University seminars to which speakers of note could be invited to attend . In this way the Association could counter the Left Wing Type Seminars sic which were often very one sided and misrepresentative of current Police views The Chairman also suggested that the membership could publish papers . This narrow academic proposal for a one - sided , right - wing debating group was circulated in August 1986 , with options for the future of the association . These were to be considered at the AGM on 20 September 1986 when the association would seek to create a blend of social and professional academic pursuit . He dismissively described how this man had come in , taken the material provided , and then had written a childish and critical book on the police , out of which he got a Ph.D . Again a metaphorical breach of a sacred boundary has occurred and an enemy made a gain at the expense of the integrity of the inside ! It is this logic of practice which effectively negates most research and is perhaps the main reason that between 1979 and 1988 , only one of the research papers I have compiled has been looked at by senior officers . Neglectful silence is , of course , the most perfect means of maintaining the powerful integrity of the institutional boundaries against any criticisms . During this period I have given readings and seminar papers at various academic centres , including the universities of Oxford , Durham , Edinburgh , Essex , Manchester , Lancaster , Newcastle , Sussex , and East Anglia , and have written a number of unpublished papers which I have given in seminars at other similar establishments . It is this logic of practice which effectively negates most research and is perhaps the main reason that between 1979 and 1988 , only one of the research papers I have compiled has been looked at by senior officers . Neglectful silence is , of course , the most perfect means of maintaining the powerful integrity of the institutional boundaries against any criticisms . During this period I have given readings and seminar papers at various academic centres , including the universities of Oxford , Durham , Edinburgh , Essex , Manchester , Lancaster , Newcastle , Sussex , and East Anglia , and have written a number of unpublished papers which I have given in seminars at other similar establishments . On more than one occasion , I have included a bibliography when submitting a c.v . to my senior command and in 1986 I informed my chief officers of the acceptance of my Ph.D . And even if an uncommissioned but critical ethnography is not considered to be in breach of the Official Secrets Act , it will most likely be construed as structural espionage and lie in breach of the Police Discipline Code as set out in Police Regulations . Any internal disciplinary measure to contain such an account is much less likely to become of public concern in the way that the Clive Ponting or the Cathy Massiter prosecutions became notorious causes clbres . As a result of this all pervading desire for reticence it is possible to suggest that the presentation of research papers in seminars , the creation of an undirected thesis , not to mention the production of a book , could easily have placed me in breach of Regulation 6 , which outlines the disciplinary offence of Improper disclosure of information , which offence is committed where a member of a police force ( a ) without proper authority communicates to any person , any information which he has in his possession as a member of a police force That I avoided such a course of action is because of my own understanding of what the institution would allow before it swung into action . Our lists contained the names of the family prigs we knew were professional thieves and burglars ; and of whom I was advised on my arrival in the department by an old detective : you only get one chance a year to nail these bastards if you are lucky , so when you do , its got to be watertight . Again the litism in the department is largely symbolic , for although detectives talk continuously of their special knowledge of the world of prigs , and despise the uniform branch as wollies , often it is the uniform polis who responds to a call and effects the capture , after which the detective moves in to squeeze him dry . The detective has therefore moved away from the centrally important activity of seizing the villains into a manipulated world where the paper exercise of statistical detections is used to assuage politicians , the media , and a public obsessed with the moral panic of increasing crime rates . Furthermore , the detectives are no longer in that basic symbol of police identity the uniform . They are less constrained and have more individuality in their civvy clothes , although there are strict , but unwritten rules about what is acceptable dress ( sombre suits and ties ) and what is disordered and undisciplined ( jeans , T - shirts , training shoes , and the like ) . Ours was now a multiple reality and our structural ambivalence can be illustrated by one example when one of the squad created a blazer badge in heraldic style ( although we could never have been seen in a blazer at this time when faded denim was the order of the day ) . This badge had crossed hypodermic syringes and a Latin motto which when translated , read : Bodies in the cells , names in the papers . The blazer badge reinforced the capture of bodies philosophy which had sustained our earlier lives , but was created at the same time that I was compiling a paper for presentation at the national BMA police surgeons ' conference . I believe they came to hear jolly conference stories about drug fiends and acid heads , but the paper concluded : it would seem that the economics of the socially approved tobacco and alcohol industries means that we have to accept 42,000 deaths annually from cigarettes , and the cost to society of 50,000 alcoholics . This badge had crossed hypodermic syringes and a Latin motto which when translated , read : Bodies in the cells , names in the papers . The blazer badge reinforced the capture of bodies philosophy which had sustained our earlier lives , but was created at the same time that I was compiling a paper for presentation at the national BMA police surgeons ' conference . I believe they came to hear jolly conference stories about drug fiends and acid heads , but the paper concluded : it would seem that the economics of the socially approved tobacco and alcohol industries means that we have to accept 42,000 deaths annually from cigarettes , and the cost to society of 50,000 alcoholics . These drug casualties are the price of minimal control and an accepted licence to use some drugs . Jay woke early , and turned to hold Lucy . Jesus ! The dream drifted away , and for once she had pen and paper , made a cigarette and wrote until the alarm went off . It was a story , it flowed . It was a love letter , it was what she wanted and would she have the nerve to deliver it ? So subtle ! Have you got a minute , Jay ? Lucy had her serious office - work glasses on and a sheaf of papers . I have a lifetime ! Sure , said Jay . Hot stuff , Sebastian . Well , dear , hope she 's worth it ! Read the stars in the magazines and the paper : Today is your lucky day . Grey is your lucky colour . That would be nice . Maybe we do n't have to talk about it . I make coffee , she phones around , shifts papers , I ca n't say a word I mean . Think I must be blushing , and maybe she is too or is it her English rose complexion kissed , fuck , there I go , kissed ( I should be so lucky ! ) by sudden Mediterranean sunshine ? We drink coffee . Think I must be blushing , and maybe she is too or is it her English rose complexion kissed , fuck , there I go , kissed ( I should be so lucky ! ) by sudden Mediterranean sunshine ? We drink coffee . I recall that there is a meeting this afternoon to discuss the paper we wrote . I 'm being allowed onto her ecologically correct territory , and no one there will know how we kissed and almost , as good as , made love but I will and she will . Look , Jay , she says , all bright and brisk , like there was a fascinating bird on the windowsill she just had to show me , we 've got to cool it . Lucy 's mood had rallied . Her eyes were sparkling , cheeks flushed , body clad in a sea - green that lit the depths of her eyes , her beautiful eyes . And she produced a sheaf of exhibition papers with a flourish ; she 'd even written some of the wording to go under the photos . Neat and brilliant ! And she loved the stills Jay had dug out ; her lovely lips tasted the Melina Mercounand she raised her glass to Jay . That 's sexual inequality ! She made a huge pot of strong coffee . Pushed books and papers into piles , threw discarded clothes into the bedroom . Suddenly the door bell rang and she blessed that she 'd blissed the afternoon away . She 'd given more time to thinking about Lucy than anything else for months . Tides and tears had faded and roughened every strand . Her bedroom had become a nest . A crow 's nest high above the street , a magpie 's nest , phone light fire scads of books juice vitamin pills cold tea tobacco papers matches ashtray diary address book radio all within reach of the heap of pillows and quilts , tangled sheets and herself . Jay had taken up situationist sculpture , and eased herself half upright to look at yesterday evening 's achievement . Ah yes ! The woman 's room was bare as Jay 's . So Jay drifted next door for her dregs of brandy . And the woman whose name , it happened , was Aurora whittered on about an infidelity performed against her by a titled husband , an imminent divorce , a Sunday paper scandal . Mm , said Jay , immersed in Mozart . None of which has any relevance to you , said the woman , but it 's nice and polite of you to listen . He said at last , So what plan has come out of all this buzzing and swarming ? It will suit you , Angus , Stewart said , laughing and unabashed . They have done their homework too they have it down on paper . A letter for the Duke of Atholl . Saying what ? He shouldered towards them and asked , What is going on ? Donald McCulloch was jubilant . Oh , three of the Duke 's boobies from Blair Castle came riding up with bits of paper some rubbish about the Act . So the lads here knocked them from their horses , and stripped off their breeches Jean Bruce giggled and he paused to cuddle her and kiss her cheek and sent them back to Atholl . Their horses are in the park three good ones , too . Who can tell ? They are in English , Donald said contemptuously . Beside the Cross one of the men had torn a paper into little bits and scattered them , to a groaning catcall from the crowd . The other man shook his head , held up his paper , and shouted out , Can anybody read this ? Give me a look at it , Cameron shouted back . He scanned it it was little more than a text of the Act . He reminded himself of the details and exulted as he saw what he could do with it . Here is a polite letter from the Duke of Atholl , he said loudly , waving the paper . And you know he rarely bothers to address us . But now he wants our young men , so he is gracious . We talk to him only do you agree ? And we keep him prisoner here till he signs . Have you the paper ? Menzies felt in his pocket . Yes , it 's safe . , The low thick door had swung open . What will I write with ? or on ? The man was bridling at being treated like a minion . I have paper here properly stamped . I suppose there are pens in the castle . They were brought and Cameron dictated slowly , cheers punctuating his sentences . Donald McCulloch was grinning to his friends . It is a poor thing , he called out , when ministers turn recruiting sergeants ! MacDiarmid took the quill and signed , his face like a paper mask . The Grandtully piper , sensing the climax of the gathering , had filled his bag and set . off on a steady marching tune . The factor jumped back . McCulloch laughed and turned away . Cameron folded the paper and gave it to James Menzies . Let us meet outside the gates , he said , and draw up the day 's work . And take a vote on it ? But other things mattered more . Another castle to be stormed . For the sake of a scrap of paper . His sudden lapse of morale took him by surprise , like a qualm in his stomach . No food since broth and bread last night . James bowed ironically and offered them the document ; Alexander Menzies pretended to think about it for a full five minutes and signed it with extraordinary flourishes that made the pen splutter and seemed to say , Very well , I will humour your ridiculous ritual . James was remembering the young man now , William , the laird 's son , a surgeon in the Army ; here was trouble . The young man scanned the paper , held it out , and as James 's fingers reached for it , dropped it , eyed him , and said in a carrying voice , I see you are mad , but does even a lunatic suppose that one of His Majesty 's officers would bind himself to oppose the law and refrain from arresting criminals ? They went for him then , Alexander and Donald McLaggan , the Duke 's two sons , dragged him from his father 's side so that his head bounced on the steps , lifted him bleeding , like foresters keeping a dying deer clear of the hounds , and started to carry him down to the river just to cool him off but Cameron ran and gripped Donald 's shoulder and shouted , If you injure an officer it is treason on top of sedition , so they carried him back and laid him carefully at his father 's feet . Cameron was thinking ahead now . They might have become becalmed there as their heads ballooned with the drink but the Duke told his piper to rouse their feet with a steady march , Murdo Mackenzie of Torridon , and they headed off downstream towards Grandtully past the standing stone , the quiet watcher , while damp black shadow massed in the river - channel as though the night came from there . on the far bank Cameron had outstripped them , his army moving steadily down the strath , winning signatures at the house of Cluny , at Clochfoldich and Pitnacree , by the solid slow avalanche of their numbers , massing quietly round each house , hammering three times on each door . By this time every gentleman knew what was expected of him : Cameron never dismounted , he leaned from the saddle and passed the paper down to the angry , helpless proprietor and took it back signed . The west windows of Hope Steuart 's place at Ballechin flared with sunset , as though fires blazed inside it . Cameron passed it by , the man could stew in his choler for a while , and when the dark came on and his servants and womenfolk grued at every owl - call or salmon - splash from the river , his defiance would burn lower and he would give his name . Hope Steuart had leaned two loaded muskets against the doorjambs ; he turned to pick one up but the Duke 's two sons were on him , twisting his arms behind him. He struggled and roared out , I see you , James Menzies , I charge you with sedition , and the Duke roared back , We charge you with tyranny , trail him round the house , lads , show his servants who is the master now . They carted him like a scarecrow , his heels scoring the gravel , but he was as stubborn as a pig in a cart , he would never squeal without a hard prod ; Donald Stewart the blacksmith had to grip his wrist to make him sign the paper . The Building Donald McCulloch came back from the reel of Ballechin ' long after his mother , and when he got up at last next morning , the cold porridge had been thrown out to the hens . What do you say ? The marriage is the man and the woman wedding each other , that is the common law we all believe in . What does the minister do but add the mumbo - jumbo and the bit of paper ? That is right , of course it is . But why pick on me ? But at least their wits would have cleared again in time for Sunday 's meetings and the next milestone in the struggle . The Speech If they managed to exact a sworn and written abrogation of the Act from every single proprietor in the strath ( and over into Tummel and down past Dunkeld ) , at least they would have built a paper wall round themselves . More than that ? How keep the gentry to it ? Do you think it is enough ? Nothing is enough , so long as we have no hand in government . We are putting paper chains on their arms ; they can break them with a gesture . They stopped and looked at each other and James laughed . We are talking ourselves into a fine slough ! We are within the Constitution as it stands , nothing illegal is going on and we claim the right to be treated as democratic citizens assembling as we are free to do . We carry no weapons , the guns are all in Taymouth Castle , but if they threaten us or fire on us ( behind the yew the minister listened harder than ever ) , then we will reply in kind . Now , can everybody see a paper ? James Alastair Iain Donald Angus hold them up. There are our arguments I believe we can muster sixteen thousand names they must listen to that . I know there is hay to cut and turn , but it is the harvest that will suffer if we let the Act stand . So come to Fortingall , to the Green , at noon . Now can everybody reach a paper ? In the midst of the crowd a huddle of men and women were using a flat - topped gravestone as a table . The point of the quill broke through the paper where it lay over an incised letter and a woman in the group pushed the man with the pen and crowed out , Donal , you great fool the King will never read that now ! Now can everybody reach a paper ? In the midst of the crowd a huddle of men and women were using a flat - topped gravestone as a table . The point of the quill broke through the paper where it lay over an incised letter and a woman in the group pushed the man with the pen and crowed out , Donal , you great fool the King will never read that now ! People were flocking round each paper , jostling and craning to see what it said and who had signed so far . The fringes of the crowd loosened and eddied is people slipped away and stragglers arrived . In the midst of the crowd a huddle of men and women were using a flat - topped gravestone as a table . The point of the quill broke through the paper where it lay over an incised letter and a woman in the group pushed the man with the pen and crowed out , Donal , you great fool the King will never read that now ! People were flocking round each paper , jostling and craning to see what it said and who had signed so far . The fringes of the crowd loosened and eddied is people slipped away and stragglers arrived . Over at the manse the Reverend William McIvor , in a drab overcoat , let himself out by the back door and rode off to the north - east by a back path through the woods near Taymouth Castle , keeping his grey garron on a tight rein and stepping slowly so that the hoof - beats were nearly soundless . Over at the manse the Reverend William McIvor , in a drab overcoat , let himself out by the back door and rode off to the north - east by a back path through the woods near Taymouth Castle , keeping his grey garron on a tight rein and stepping slowly so that the hoof - beats were nearly soundless . Hemmed in by bicks and shoulders , besieged by people wanting to shake his hand , put questions , or merely to remind him of past meetings , Cameron was struggling to respond and make each person feel attended to.He still felt naked and drained after the speech , yet now was the time to be weaving more individuals firmly into thy spreading fabric . We only have the year 's agreement on our place will the laird turn us out if Kenneth signs the paper ? a nervous yellow - haired woman was asking him. Her face was only a foot from his . Who is the owner ? he started to ask . He rose up on tiptoe , looking round for James , Allan , and the rest . The crowd was gradually thinning . The papers , covered with crosses and signatures , were passing back to the organizers . Within an hour Allan , Donald the smith , and the Logan brothers had set off down the strath to Weem with the petitions in a leather wallet , to add to the already thick bunch in James 's strong - box , and Cameron and James had got horses from a sympathizer in the village and rode off towards the narrow glen of Keltney . Among its tortuous water - courses , its hidden back - glens and caves and dark deformed woods choked with fallen trees knee - deep in moss , there might be refuges for a hundred listed men , if the worst happened . Lower down the wall , an unfinished sentence : PRINCE WAS . Lower still a woman 's name , with green mould edging up to cover it : ANN BELOVED . Perhaps his worst betrayal had been nothing to do with unburnt papers , it had been whatever he had conceded , or let slip , or left ambiguous , at the second long examination after arriving in Edinburgh . Three big - wigs ; two clerks at one side , scratching continuously with their pens . Yes , he was aware of the provisions of the Riot Act . Why necessarily one ? Why this preoccupation with death ( if such a word is allowable on the evidence of but one piece ) ? There must have been several dozen possible suggestions for an essay from that paper political , industrial , military ( the Korean war was still ongoing ) , in sport or arts , etc. etc. He chooses death and bereavement ! On which he makes two statements : first , that we are unmoved by it ; second , that it is a tragedy , especially to the eight - year - old son . ( There had been no plan to illustrate the book , but Leonard talked his friend and fellow - student Freda Guttman into it , and so the book appeared with five designs from her hand ) . Professor Dudek had envisaged the series coming out in paper covers ( the format that was just becoming the way to the mass market ) ; Leonard ensured that it went into hard ; Dudek had not meant the books to be prestigious in format but vehicles of introduction ; Leonard saw to it that his book could stand alongside the best that there were from both sides of the Atlantic . And he himself covered the entire costs ( of 300 ) , and did most of the distribution and selling ( on the campus , in the local cafs , in bookstores and so on , aided by a mini - advertising campaign in the McGill paper ) . In fact , within a month it had sold out a unique feat for such a volume . He had clearly learned a thing or two from his family 's entrepreneurship , and was not willing to be confined to any form of anonymity such as overtook some would - be poets . We 're not all as bad as we 're painted . So I spent my first month as Special Projects Officer looking for work . I read all through the papers dropped into my in - tray marked for information only . I spotted a critical piece about my department in the Economist and drafted a letter to the editor for Mellowes to send but he did n't use it . One morning I received a report on the terms of reference for the Service - wide performance review and wrote a minute to its author stressing the need to define the concept of work . I asked . I 've time for another slice . But Anne said Frank , there 's something about you in the paper . Oh dear . About me ? There was also a quote from Forbes ; he praised the stand I had taken in the face of management victimisation and stressed my right to real work . I put down the Mail , opened the Telegraph and found the same tale , though told in less lurid terms . I folded the paper and looked at Anne . Well ! I said , that should ruffle a few feathers , but she did n't seem the least impressed . We 'll have to pay for that . Where 's Carla ? She followed Nick into the room and held out a bunch of sweet peas , wrapped in paper . We brought you these , Sara . Stopped specially at a stall by the side of the road . At the time it appeared to be the most plausible perhaps . The answer , ask someone who had to be a true native . The man selling the evening papers by the bend of that road yonder . I hastened there without delay or ado . Could you please tell me how to get to Lei - cee - ter Square ? please , I asked wide - eyed , eager and hopeful . ( You could try pronouncing it moowk . ) Or : What I want is paper with narrow lines , not no lines . ( An , they 've got it the phrase , that is : not no lines . ( An , they 've got it the phrase , that is : you 'll have to go elsewhere for the actual paper . ) And suddenly you 've become the thing you are : no longer a Commonwealth citizen , one with them . Photographs of Eleanor Marx survive but Buddeke 's image has vanished . His bill for spying on the English Marxists was 712.10 . The attempt of the police to cause a riot was called a disgrace for New York by one paper . Eleanor , Aveling and Liebknecht wrote to another , We have never seen in Europe such wanton interference on the part of the police with the liberty of the subject as we saw today in a country proverbially known as the land of the free . There was no quiet retreat , no time to rest between speeches and meetings . He could speak English . He could ask directions . I sat on the shore and stared at all the junk left on the beach : beer bottles , paper wrappers , bits of clothing , shreds of cigarettes . I thought I saw something purple floating in the tide , a pair of trousers , or a skirt , an upsidedown umbrella even . In the twilight and without my glasses , I could n't really tell . It is an essential part of the composition and , as George put it : You do n't want to end up with a cushion that resembles a lump of putty . For sanding George uses cloth - backed sandpaper , because it is so much stronger . He worked through various grades , finishing with a very fine flour paper . Only the beanbag was stained . One good , strong application of a spirit - based mahogany strain was sufficient . Another tip : cut the top - rail tenons just short of the rail depth . This will allow you to block and cramp directly over the joint . Put paper beneath the top block or you 'll weld it to the rail ) . Gluing up wrong is like crashing a car . The memory stays with you for ever and you 'll always be more careful . Surplus radio and electronics shops are another source . Smoked or tinted material is preferred as the instruments constructed can be more easily seen when set aside . When a more polished edge is required , follow the plane with fine wet and dry paper , used wet , on a wood block . Be sure not to damage the main surfaces by scratching with the paper or when wiping away the slurry . The sharp edge or arris can conveniently be removed using the conventional cabinet scraper sharpened normally or else the proprietary Scarsten scraper . Smoked or tinted material is preferred as the instruments constructed can be more easily seen when set aside . When a more polished edge is required , follow the plane with fine wet and dry paper , used wet , on a wood block . Be sure not to damage the main surfaces by scratching with the paper or when wiping away the slurry . The sharp edge or arris can conveniently be removed using the conventional cabinet scraper sharpened normally or else the proprietary Scarsten scraper . Leave on the protective paper until the last moment to reduce scratching . Be sure not to damage the main surfaces by scratching with the paper or when wiping away the slurry . The sharp edge or arris can conveniently be removed using the conventional cabinet scraper sharpened normally or else the proprietary Scarsten scraper . Leave on the protective paper until the last moment to reduce scratching . Transparent Perspex makes ideal T - square blades . Few readers will wish to make wood blades and even fewer to fit an ebony edge . When the World Service broadcast news of the fire which damaged the State Apartments of Hampton Court Palace on Easter Monday 1986 David Esterly was busy at his workbench in up - state New York carving grapes in the manner of his guiding spirit , the 17th century genius woodcarver Grinling Gibbons . As he listened with mounting alarm he began to realise that the flames would almost certainly have reduced some of the world 's finest baroque woodcarving to lumps of featureless charcoal . In dismay he put aside his tools and set down his reaction to the disaster on paper . The resulting article , part elegy for the lost carvings , part tribute to the man had transformed the English woodcarving tradition , was later published in The Spectator . I made two ruler from Tufnol ( 24x11/2x1/2in ) , then joined them with two brass strips , allowing about 1 in of play between the rulers . Clamping one of these rulers to the board and keeping both rulers together , I cut the first groove , and then widen the groove by putting a shim between the rulers . I have even used paper shims for more accuracy . F. Ensor , Sutton Coldfield Kitchen cabinets David Cox , Notts Creating a vortex For waste collection in my workshop I use a Hoover Wet/Dry Powervac Super , fitted with a pleated paper drum filter and connected to my tools and machines with flexible hoses . I also use the vac in the garden , collecting leaves , grass and hedge clippings . But by using an auxiliary collecting tank I am able to increase the capacity by more than eight time , thereby avoiding having the empty the vac so frequently . Age Concern believes that the participation of older people in all activities which put their skills and enthusiasms to good use should be encouraged . The Age Resource project , which Age Concern England co - ordinates , seeks to promote such schemes . In this briefing paper we can only illustrate some of the needs which older people may have . Needs vary , as do expectations and demands made of available opportunities and services . However , as for everyone in society , the most common needs are , broadly speaking , a sufficient income , good physical and mental health , suitable accommodation , and social opportunities . A resource pack has been produced by the School for Advanced Urban Studies at the University of Bristol . The pack is designed to help local authorities and independent service providers address the practical and conceptual issues around markets and contracts in community care services . The pack includes a discussion paper and seminar report on issues related to markets in social care ; plus additional materials , including journal articles and specimen contracts and service agreements . Markets in social care services resource pack by Lesley Hoyes . Price 14.50 . Available from Faculty of Public Health Medicine , Royal College of Physicians , 4 St Andrew 's Place , London NW1 4LB . District Health Authorities and Assessing Local Populations ' Health Needs The Centre for Health Economics at the University of York has published a discussion paper on District Health Authority assessment of local populations ' need for health services , and of priority setting . This paper considers the usefulness of existing sources of data for health needs assessment . Future role of the District Health Authority : assessing needs for services and setting priorities by Brian Ferguson and Steve Ryder . District Health Authorities and Assessing Local Populations ' Health Needs The Centre for Health Economics at the University of York has published a discussion paper on District Health Authority assessment of local populations ' need for health services , and of priority setting . This paper considers the usefulness of existing sources of data for health needs assessment . Future role of the District Health Authority : assessing needs for services and setting priorities by Brian Ferguson and Steve Ryder . 58pp . The review focusses on management structures , budgets and monitoring their use , securing value for money , and directing money to those hospitals which treat most patients . The working papers develop some of the organisational and management implications of proposals in the Review . Age Concern has prepared a Briefing Paper which summarises the White - Paper and the working papers , and which is available from the Information and Policy Department . This discussion paper considers points made in the Review and in the working papers . It is difficult to relate the proposals in the review to prospects for services for elderly people , as although it is entitled Working for Patients , the Review makes little mention of health care for individuals or particular client groups . It did keep the Albion brewery open for another 20 years , but brewing finally stopped in Mild End in 1978 . There was still one more big brewery left in the East End , however , the biggest the East End ever saw Truman Hanbury and Buxton of Brick Lane . Joseph Truman , based on papers now lost , is said to have set up business as a brewer in 1666 , the year of the Great Fire of London . However , he is not definitely found as a brewer in any records that survive today until 1683 , when he appears in the register of St Dunstan 's , Stepney , as a brewer of Brick Lane . One of Joseph Truman 's nine children , Benjamin , born about 1700 , became a partner in the brewery in 1722 . If that 's to be counted eccentricity , then Evan was an eccentric . He was never a man to be deprived of the sun and the soft wind in his face . After his death , the local paper carried a simple headline in Welsh , Mae Taid wedi mynd Grandfather 's gone . That was the measure of affection and esteem in which he was held . Which is why , for this On the Rock , I climbed Eastern Terrace alone in the rain , and with every bright flower glowing out through the dismal weather in that majestic place , as I struggled to identify it , in my memory Evan was there behind me , as he always will be now , nodding with that peculiar wise grace of his , smiling , showing the way , as when our days were a joy , and our paths through flowers . Modern oils , such as teak and Danish oils , dry in 46 hours and usually contain tung oil , which has far better water resistance and durability than linseed oil . Teak oils leave the wood with a slight sheen ; Danish oil with a natural low lustre . All oils can be applied with a brush or with a cloth , the surplus being wiped off with clean rag or paper kitchen towel . It is important that the rags or paper kitchen towel are not left crumpled up after use , as they can catch fire , due to spontaneous combustion . They should be either burnt or laid out flat to dry , or kept in an airtight tin . Teak oils leave the wood with a slight sheen ; Danish oil with a natural low lustre . All oils can be applied with a brush or with a cloth , the surplus being wiped off with clean rag or paper kitchen towel . It is important that the rags or paper kitchen towel are not left crumpled up after use , as they can catch fire , due to spontaneous combustion . They should be either burnt or laid out flat to dry , or kept in an airtight tin . It is advisable to apply three coats of oil to new wood , and as oiling does not leave a thick protective film on the surface ( as does a varnish ) , exterior wood has to be re - oiled at least once a year to keep the surface in good condition . When using a new brush , try to remove all loose bristles by opening them with your fingers and thumbs , pulling out any loose bristles which may appear . The brush should be suspended in linseed oil , so that the bristles are in the oil , but not touching the bottom of the container , as this would distort the bristles . Leave the brush in the oil for several hours , or longer , and then remove it and squeeze out the oil and work the brush backwards and forwards over plain brown paper or the side of a clean carton . Wash in white spirit or a proprietary brush cleaner . Straighten the bristles after cleaning and wrap with clean plain paper , so that the bristles maintain their shape , and then lay it on its side until it is required for use . Stencilling is an easy way of producing a complex decoration that will add interest to any area of bare wood . Choose one of the many pre - cut stencil designs on the market , or make your own from card . The Ronseal varnishes used here can also be applied to a painted or previously varnished surface that has been rubbed down with a fine abrasive paper . WHAT YOU NEED Stencil ( form your own using card , if desired ) This is 2.65m ( 8ft 8in ) long so you are not forever dragging an extension lead socket around the workplace . While it is hard - wearing and safe , rubber - covered cable has the additional benefits of being very flexible and resistant to kinking in use . The machine is supplied with a pack of ten half - sheet abrasive papers to fit the 234 114mm ( 9¼ ; 4½ ; in ) base pad . To fit the abrasive sheet it is first necessary to push the dust frame cover off the front or back of the machine . Fitting the abrasive sheet under the end clamps is easy to achieve by easing the push buttons on the deck of the machine inwards using a thumb . To fit the abrasive sheet it is first necessary to push the dust frame cover off the front or back of the machine . Fitting the abrasive sheet under the end clamps is easy to achieve by easing the push buttons on the deck of the machine inwards using a thumb . The instructions supplied with the tool recommend pre - bending the paper to help in fitting it tightly , but we found this unnecessary . The machine can be used without the dust frame cover which simply snaps on to the decking , but in this case you will lose the benefits of dust extraction ; to this end , a dust bag is supplied and this very simply pushes into a part of the side of the machine . There is a small spring catch to hold the dust bag in place and at the correct alignment . Softboard has a spongy texture , which gives it good sound and thermal insulation properties . It can be used under hardboard to cover floors ( where it improves noise insulation and cuts heat loss ) , or in sheet or tile form to improve the appearance of ceilings . It is easy to cut and handle and can be decorated with paper or textured paint . All the association 's leaflets make extensive use of mdf , a fibreboard that handles like solid wood , and is stable and smooth on both sides . Mdf 's smooth surface enables it to accept all types of finishes , from veneers and laminates , to paints and varnishes . Nails should penetrate about 10mm into solid masonry and should not be driven into mortar joints . If you are fixing battens over existing rendering make sure they are long enough to give adequate penetration into the brickwork or blockwork beneath . While cladding can be fixed directly to existing masonry walls , it is good practice to cover them with waterproof building paper first to prevent any moisture that gets behind the cladding from penetrating the wall itself . It can be held in place by the battens . DRIVES When dealing with windows , remove all traces of rust and apply a neutralising agent to badly affected areas . This makes rust inert . Rub down with abrasive paper then degrease the surface with white spirit . Apply one thin coat of primer immediately ( rust can reform rapidly ) and allow to dry before coating with gloss . CLADDING Then it was on to Switzerland and , finally , by road to Belgium . Scottie loved travelling and behaved splendidly during the long drives and sailing periods . Reluctantly , Scottie had to be left in kennels in Ostend while her family applied for her entry papers in England . Once they were granted , the ship sailed with her to Dover . There she was met by her family and , after a joyful reunion aboard ship , she was collected by kennel staff and quarantined in Manchester . His digestive system developed a cyst , requiring a special diet no meat , eggs or milk . Veterinary nurse Tracey Chamberlain , a Rottie rescue helper , said : Some people are so sick . When the owner had finished beating him , he was advertised in the local paper as a loving dog needing a new home . His new owners wondered why he would n't come out of his kennel . He was too scared . A Title : PAPER PEOPLE , which survives as a phrase in Shatov 's mouth , tossed up twice by the polemical flood . A paper person is a walking theory , and one which may not even believe in itself ; and then the paper person will not merely have nobody , he will have no theory to be . He belongs to a paper society which goes through the motions of life , in the air , notionally . Many a reader of The Possessed will have smiled at Von Lemke 's paper cut - outs the conductor waving his baton , the bustling railway porter , the hell - fire gesticulating preacher and at the same time he will have wondered why the microcosmic animated toys feel so supremely right for this novel . Shatov directs his paper - person thrust against himself too . He belongs to a paper society which goes through the motions of life , in the air , notionally . Many a reader of The Possessed will have smiled at Von Lemke 's paper cut - outs the conductor waving his baton , the bustling railway porter , the hell - fire gesticulating preacher and at the same time he will have wondered why the microcosmic animated toys feel so supremely right for this novel . Shatov directs his paper - person thrust against himself too . Since I cannot be a Russian , he says , I became a Slavophil an articulator , that is , of romantic church - andstate conservatism in the debates of the time : indeed a walking , talking theory . In the notebooks Shatov ( as Shaposhnikov ) calls Slavophilism a gentleman 's fancy . Peter tried to rouse his countrymen from their aboriginal stupor and turn them into Europeans ; but a Russian is n't and ca n't be a German or a Frenchman , and the result of Peter 's efforts was to produce an educated class who ca n't be Russians either . They can of course call themselves Slavophils , but that is to try and wish away Peter , to perform an act of mental regression , not to be a Russian . It is a paper act in a paper situation , inflammable and precarious . The dangerous consequences of Peter are much canvassed in the notebooks : the social unsteadiness ( shatost ) , as Shatov says . Thus the cappy man has become the shaky man , the waverer . The novel articulates the loose end as boredom , again transpersonalized . I find it strange looking at you all , says Marya Lebyadkin , the crazed visionary cripple , the fool - in - Christ ( yurodivaya ) , in a touchstone meditation ; I do n't understand how it is people are bored . Uniting boredom , provinciality , the Gadarene stampede , and paper people , Peter Verkhovensky says : I realize that in this godforsaken town you are bored , so you make a rush for any piece of paper with something written on it . This boredom rotates upon a frivolous - menacing , frenetic - slack , comic - terrible axis which is the book 's living principle . In itself the dim complacency of gossip and cards at our club would seem harmless , familiar , merely social ; but in itself denatures The Possessed where groupings dissolve or collapse into each other , and where the merely social has no place . Francis Thomson , the man who for nearly twenty years has been promising to write a biography of Alan Blumlein is once again appealing for more material on Blumlein . Thomson 's latest letters to the media very , but in some he explains the decades of delay with a puzzling tale of his attempts to shield the Blumleins from the belated discovery that a person close to them had supplied me with letters stolen from the late Mr A K Van Warrington . As before , Thomson , who has also put out calls for biographical material on other subjects , including S G Brown , signs himself a Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers , helping establish credibility with editors unaware of the fact that he started collecting original papers in 1972 . But he has published nothing , refuses third parties access to his collection and will not catalogue what he has . Although some editors have treated the biographer 's latest call with suspicion and either ignored his request or published it with qualification ( eg Hi - Fi News , other have simply regurgitated Thomson 's plea for letters , notes and photographs . The total number of turns need not be exact but will be around 170 . The next stage is to find a piece of plastic or card tube which will just slide snugly over the wound coil to provide the former for the pickup coils . It is possible to make up a tube by winding and gluing layers of brown paper round a suitable former . Shallow slots should be cut or filed into the top and bottom of the tube as shown in Fig. 13 . These are to facilitate the winding of the pickup coils . Drawing Exchange Format ( DXF ) : this originates from AutoCad . It is in widespread use , and is supported by other cad systems . A glance at a short section of a DXF file , see Fig. 2 , might lead to the conclusion that whoever designed the format either had shares in a paper manufacturing company , or a grudge against rain forests . A printed DXF file is quickly recognisable by consisting mainly of a narrow strip of short lines down the left hand margin of each page , usually a large number of pages , and a great deal of white paper . It needs to be remembered that the format is not primarily designed for printing on paper ; this is just a handy feature . A glance at a short section of a DXF file , see Fig. 2 , might lead to the conclusion that whoever designed the format either had shares in a paper manufacturing company , or a grudge against rain forests . A printed DXF file is quickly recognisable by consisting mainly of a narrow strip of short lines down the left hand margin of each page , usually a large number of pages , and a great deal of white paper . It needs to be remembered that the format is not primarily designed for printing on paper ; this is just a handy feature . Part of the power of cad is how the powerful graphics capabilities can give a friendly solidness to engineering drawings . Unfortunately , much less friendly is the relation between systems when it comes to file transfer . This too would retain its pre - eminent position as an insulator until replaced around 1933 by Polyethylene developed by ICI . Thomson 's siphon recorder An operation , a moving coil D'Arsonval galvanometer connected to the line was arranged so that coil deflections , brought about by an incoming signal , controlled movement of a writing head across a moving paper tape . The tape was driven by either an electric or clockwork motor and the writing head was supplied with ink from a reservoir by siphon action , as the tape was being driven . Writing head deflections were proportional to the received signal current , and so the graph produced indicated magnitude of the line current . The siphon recorder , adapted by Lord Kelvin from the Gauss/Weber mirror galvanometer . Writing head S is attached to lightweight plate P , which is axially supported by wire W. Plate P is capable of angular rotation about axis W , controlled by the silk fibres x and y which are attached to opposing corners of the galvanometer coil . Coil movements produce angular movements of P , causing horizontal movements of the writing head over paper tape t . One end of W is rapidly but delicately electrically vibrated allowing the writing head to make equally rapid , if intermittent , contact with the paper . It also reduced friction at the point of contact . Writing head S is attached to lightweight plate P , which is axially supported by wire W. Plate P is capable of angular rotation about axis W , controlled by the silk fibres x and y which are attached to opposing corners of the galvanometer coil . Coil movements produce angular movements of P , causing horizontal movements of the writing head over paper tape t . One end of W is rapidly but delicately electrically vibrated allowing the writing head to make equally rapid , if intermittent , contact with the paper . It also reduced friction at the point of contact . Fig. 2 . If so , I am not abashed . Contemporary intellectual history is an element in my present enterprise , though the very recent past is hard to see clearly . I move towards the conclusion of this Chapter by invoking a further term in the sequence of titles quoted above : a recent paper by David Lodge called After Bakhtin . Bakhtin is a latecomer on the anglophone critical scene . His major work was done in Russia in the 1930s and 1940s , he suffered Stalinist repression , was partly rehabilitated , and died in 1975 , at a time when very few people in the West had heard of him. Norris virtually admits as much from time to time . Discussing Of Grammatology , he says he will treat it as a book with a theme , even though Derrida wants to discourage such an approach to it . Derrida 's famous paper Structure , Sign and Play aroused much excitement when it was delivered at a conference on structuralism at Johns Hopkins in 1966 , and has since acquired a mythological significance as the fountainhead of American deconstruction . In so far as that essay gives some warrant to the idea of free - for - all hermeneutics , then , concedes Norris , Structure , Sign and Play ' is a text which , at least in its closing paragraphs , falls below the highest standards of Derridean argumentative rigour . Despite these occasional reservations , Norris writes as a disciple , who believes that other disciples , as well as Derrida 's enemies , have got him wrong . There is the further consideration that universities may not indefinitely be secure havens for literary criticism , in the cold economic climate and rampant anti - intellectualism of Thatcherite Britain , and of many other parts of the world . When English was established in British universities criticism played at best a minor part in it . There was a critical paper in the Oxford degree , but the emphasis was substantially on scholarship of a tough traditional kind , without much concession to the Arnoldian free play of mind . For a long time Oxford English was directed towards scholarship and was suspicious of criticism , and this attitude was reflected in its house organ , The Review of English Studies . Helen Gardner , for many years an Oxford luminary , did not believe that the purpose of English was to turn out critics , any more than it was to produce poets and novelists . Until recently , graduate teaching was a very marginal activity . In the United States the graduate school is the major arena of pedagogic activity and intellectual life . It is here that research papers are generated and read and discussed , and where the academic superstars go through their paces and inspire their dedicated students . As early as 1921 , the Newbolt Report , summarizing the evidence of Professor Ernest de Slincourt , expressed deep unease about the American approach to literary research : Many of the elaborate theses on English Literature produced by American students for their Doctorate , and afterwards published , were monuments of misdirected effort ; in short , a true sense of literature as a living thing was lost , and in its place was substituted an investigation after the worse pattern of German research , deadening alike to those who wrote and those who read it . The task of the academic is to teach and engage in research , and , if required , to take on administrative duties . Although there is parity of esteem among academic subjects , and dog is careful not to eat dog , at least in public , a scientific model of knowledge has , I believe , come to dominate the modern academy , and to affect attitudes to and within humanistic learning . Such knowledge is progressive , rendering earlier versions of itself obsolete , and it circulates quickly and visibly through the accepted professional channels , like journals and conference - papers . It is also subject to quantifiable assessment , in terms of volume of publication , frequency of citation , amounts of research funding , and the calibre of referees . In English Studies this is the world of Morris Zapp , not of Phillip Swallow . When we turn from the Rock - Drill cantos to the Classic Anthology , something is lost but much is gained . And the Classic Anthology shows , therefore , that Williams was in the right when , to close his sour and justifiably contemptuous statement of 1945 , he wrote : When they lock the man up with Jim and John and Henry and Mary and Dolores and Grace I hope they will give him access to books , with paper enough for him to go on making translations for us from the classics such as we have never seen except at his hands in our language . First published by Oxford University Press ( New York ) , 1964 . The valley is thick with leaves , with leaves , the trees , It stamps a man too disadvantageously . Yours truly , G.W. Prothero Of course , having accepted your paper on the Noh , I could not refrain from publishing it . But other things would be in a different category . And Pound understandably gets all the mileage possible out of the ill - starred history of QR : Something had certainly gone wrong gone soft and mawkish with the English tradition of the amateur , when we find Hewlett on facing pages of Binyon 's volume of Letters , writing in 1916 to E.V . Lucas , My Dear Lad , That will be jolly indeed , and to J.C. Squire , Dear Squire , I am very glad to have your quire of poetry which is in jolly type and on jolly paper . It is not thus , one cannot help feeling , that the serious artist addresses a fellow practitioner . And even before the War , though Hewlett in correspondence with Harold Monro and Newbolt could give and take hard knocks by way of semi - technical criticism , yet it is enveloped and emasculated by similarly anxious camaraderie . Olson saved my life . Thus Pound in January 1946 , in his first days at St Elizabeth 's , appealing in terror at the prospect of losing whatever sanity remained to him. How that life was saved live can now know , thanks to Catherine Seelye who has put the story together , mostly out of Olson 's posthumous papers at the University of Connecticut . Her tact and scrupulousness are beyond praise , and the book she has made cannot be recommended too urgently even ( perhaps especially ) to those who have no special interest in , or liking for , either Charles Olson or Ezra Pound . What to do in a democratic society with the errant or aberrant citizen of genius this question , fumbled at or glossed over by everyone who has written on Pound 's case ( jurists and psychiatrists , as well as biographers and critics ) , is here posed more starkly , and explored more searchingly , then ever before . By DAVID FRANK YESTERDAY was the last day for comments from the public on a paper issued in January entitled : Comparability of Financial Statements published by the International Accounting Standards Committee . This is hardly the sort of catchy title guaranteed to get most of us rushing to our desks in search of pen and paper , nor is it easy to imagine squeezing into packed village halls to listen to speeches demanding a rewrite of the rules on deferred taxation . In acknowledgement of this , IASC , which comprises the leading world accounting bodies , sent out a separate invitation to interested parties asking for their views on the subject . It called this : Towards the International Harmonisation of Financial Statements . AN INCOMING Labour government would turn large areas of Whitehall upside down but the party 's policy review barely considers the implications of its plans for restructuring government departments . Scattered through the policy review are proposals to : Drastically alter the status and organisation of the Department of Trade and Industry ; Create two departments a Department of Consumer Affairs , and a Department for Legal Administration ; Create a Department of Environmental Protection within the existing Department of the Environment ; Set up a plethora of new commissions and executive agencies ; Set up a Women 's Ministry . Those are only the most overt changes advocated in the review papers . The only department which explicitly escapes unscathed is the one which Conservatives would most like to abolish : the Department of Energy . In virtually every case the aim of causing upheaval is explicitly declared , because Labour 's aim would be to upset the bureaucratic order it inherits . After 16 minutes Graham Roberts was injured by a tackle for which Perry Groves was booked ( Steve Clarke took over as sweeper , and is likely to have several weeks in which to build on a promising display ) . Roberts 's ankle appeared broken , but the Chelsea players were not interested in retribution and the club , as soon as they knew the injury was less serious , put a message on the electronic scoreboard : an example of public relations from which others could learn . Football : Lineker crackers paper the cracks By JOE LOVEJOY Tottenham Hotspur . . . . . 3 Queen 's Park Rangers . . 2 THE GROUND is beginning to look like the finished article , but work on the team is still behind schedule . We 've really got the Government on the run with this one . Apparently Maggie is going wild trying to find out who is responsible for seasonal changes . Anyway , any publicity you can give Autumnola in your paper would be very welcome . Now , a spot of lunch ? Leading Article : History outpaces Honecker Elaine is also severely disabled by cerebral palsy : she can use neither her arms nor legs , and she can only communicate by making noises , or by operating an electric typewriter with her nose . In spite of her disability , Elaine has in the past led a remarkably active and normal life . She has been through a marriage , a divorce , and a serious love affair ; learnt Russian , written regularly for a local paper and taught a young child disabled by a stroke to read again . But Elaine no longer has a close relationship to give her the support she needs . Without it , she has become a virtual prisoner in her own home ; she is ruled by the clock and the hours worked by her local authority helpers . But concession and compromises are still made only with one end in sight . This approach makes campaign by diktat clear and simple . Please make sure you go to the press desk and get your personalised press release to send to the local papers , Mr Smeaton announced . And at the press desk the computer churns them out , photograph and all . Days later , MPs and newspapers will be swamped by Identikit letters and Identikit amendments tabled to numerous parliamentary Bills . The man said his group held 64 documents relating to IRA suspects in the Irish Republic and claimed the group had members in every police sub - division , of which the RUC has 38 . The RUC said : It appears the journalist met a man who is unknown to him and whose identity he is unable to verify . He did not actually handle or take possession of any documents , and is unable to substantiate the detail or authenticity of papers of which he had some sight . The existence of Inner Circle was immediately questioned by loyalists . Nonetheless , the fact that there have been up to a score of document leaks in the past month means the report is being given widespread credence . Mr McLaughlin was interviewed by detectives twice yesterday . Afterwards the RUC said : It appears the journalist met a man who is unknown to him and whose identity he is unable to verify . He did not actually handle or take possession of any documents , and is unable to substantiate the detail or authenticity of papers of which he had some sight . The existence of Inner Circle was immediately questioned by loyalists . Peter Robinson , a Democratic Unionist MP , said people were sceptical of the idea of rogue cops going around to take out IRA terrorists it 's the sort of stuff you might expect to see on television with Clint Eastwood . King lost a leg during war service in Italy , an event which makes his thorough surveys of castles , notably those in Wales , even more remarkable . He made teaching his career and taught history and mathematics in preparatory schools in Somerset . His spare time was devoted to the study of the castle , in which he was ably assisted by Clifford Perks , his former collaborator on several papers , and later by Mark Cheshire , a former pupil . In the 1950s and 1960s the royal castles were examined in detail by various authorities , but it was the great baronial buildings in Wales that attracted King . From the 1950s through to the early 1980s he published an important series of papers , the majority in the Cambrian Archaeological Association 's Archaeologia Cambrensis , notably on the Pembrokeshire castles of Carew , Manorbier and Pembroke , and the native Welsh castles of Dinas Bran and Caergwrle in the north of the principality . His spare time was devoted to the study of the castle , in which he was ably assisted by Clifford Perks , his former collaborator on several papers , and later by Mark Cheshire , a former pupil . In the 1950s and 1960s the royal castles were examined in detail by various authorities , but it was the great baronial buildings in Wales that attracted King . From the 1950s through to the early 1980s he published an important series of papers , the majority in the Cambrian Archaeological Association 's Archaeologia Cambrensis , notably on the Pembrokeshire castles of Carew , Manorbier and Pembroke , and the native Welsh castles of Dinas Bran and Caergwrle in the north of the principality . At the same time as he was working on individual buildings , King produced his lists of all the castles in Wales and the Marches , as well as more detailed papers on the counties of Breconshire and Cardiganshire . His fieldwork in England and Wales led him to visit virtually every castle with visible remains , from humble earthwork upwards , culminating in the publication of his Castellarium Anglicanum ( 1983 ) . This two - volume work details all the castles built in England and Wales , and reference will always be made to it as long as castles are studied . However , it is King 's work in Wales that is his great legacy . He was a frequent attender of the Chateau Gaillard European Castle Studies conferences , and contributed several papers to the published proceedings . He always had a deep interest in siege engines and the construction of scale working models of these machines ; one of the memorable events of the Chateau Gaillard conference at Durham University was witnessing David 's experiments with his machines on the campus lawns , using marbles for ammunition . In 1962 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London and later , from 1976 to 1977 , he served as President of the Cambrian Archaelogical Association . If we had known we would have subpoenaed the editor of The Mail on Sunday , Mr Stewart Steven , and if a retrial is granted we will subpoena him and Miss Jones to give evidence . We have written to Mr Steven , but he has ignored our letters . Private Eye is appealing against the record 600,000 damages paid to Mrs Sutcliffe after a seven - day trial last May , in which she alleged the magazine had libelled her by claiming in its Street of Shame column that she had made a 250,000 deal with the Daily Mail for her story after a night of carousing with the paper 's journalists in a hotel . The magazine calls for a retrial on the grounds of the new evidence of the alleged Mail on Sunday payment , the excessive amount of damages awarded , and misdirection of the jury by the judge on the amount of aggravated damages they could award . After listening to Mr Lightman 's allegations , Lord Donaldson said that if Mr Oliver 's affidavit was to be believed then The Mail on Sunday had acted in a wholly hypocritical way . Founded after the war with de Gaulle 's blessing , its official brief was to recreate a national consensus and rekindle public faith in the Press which the collaborationist newspapers of the war years had almost extinguished . That it is now required reading for the French Establishment and for anybody involved in business or education is a measure of how successfully it fulfilled its task without compromising a reputation for unbiased reporting . Because the country has a very strong regional press , Le Monde is not France 's bestselling paper but is unique in that 85,000 of the 385,000 copies bought daily are sold abroad . For many readers , Le Monde 's view of the world is France 's view of the world . That view is presented in a classical French , rarely illustrated , and then only with the smallest photographs or the occasional line drawing . That view is presented in a classical French , rarely illustrated , and then only with the smallest photographs or the occasional line drawing . It follows an editorial policy that believes foreign news should lead the first three pages , that matters of national interest should be philosophically debated in the newspaper 's columns , and that half a page of sport either side of the weekend is enough . Having survived a financial crisis in the early 1980s , thanks to support from the banks and from a staff prepared to agree to a voluntary wage freeze , the paper is now making money and putting on readers , so why has the management now decided to modernise the title ? On first sight it might seem a case of plus ca change , plus c'est la meme chose . The differences are minimal : cleaner print , a slightly smaller format somewhere between tabloid and broadsheet , the masthead underlined in blue and , the most striking development : the appearance of separate sections . Le Monde , one of the country 's most profitable publishing concerns producing special supplements and books while printing other publications , has invested a sum conservatively estimated at not less than Fr350m in a state - of - the - art printing press . The press , at Ivry , a suburb south - east of Paris , is the most technologically advanced in Europe and will enable Le Monde to print in colour and to produce 64 - page newspaper , a third as much again . With so many pages , the decision to divide the paper into separate sections : home and foreign news , society and culture , economics and business news with special supplements , books and ideas on Friday , arts and listings on Thursday and a radio/television guide at the weekend , has been dictated by the problems of readability as much as anything else . The paper was just getting too unwieldly , we needed to give our readers some help in finding their way around the paper , says Mr Fontaine . He also hopes the new format will attract new readers , both those who do not regularly read a daily newspaper and converts from the rival Liberation - which has won an extraordinary success among younger readers with its mix of lively writing , news features and bold use of photography and design . Desma Hagan , who has a 10 - year - old son with special educational needs and a six - year - old daughter at Lady Jane Grey , said : It is a really very good school . The teamwork done there with the headmaster and teachers could not be better . People tend to think , because they are not doing sums on paper they are not learning maths but they are . They learn maths through playing with dominoes or measuring the size of rooms , she says . And they are taught in a caring way , about people and the environment . The country has to decide whether higher education is not only a private good but a public good . It is the country which needs more graduates , it is industry which says demand outstrips supply . The vice - chancellors asked for papers to inform their debate on fees at Leeds . Only two vice - chancellors responded , and they both support some form of fees . Was there really no vice - chancellor prepared to put another view ? From KEVIN HAMLIN in Hong Kong CAIRO ( Reuter ) Egypt named 12 Palestinians , approved by the PLO , to negotiate with Israelis in a proposed face - to - face meeting . They include Mohammed Milhem , and Akram Haniyeh as non - resident Palestinians , and Hanna Siniora , editor of the Palestinian paper al - Fajr . Rebel attack Foreign News Page 12 She was also fun . For a memorable period she kept a pet monkey which travelled on her shoulder until its erratic behaviour had it banned from the newsroom . In 1960 she joined the Sunday Express in London , where her news experience and personality quickly singled her out and in 1962 she was appointed the paper 's chief American correspondent , choosing to cross the Atlantic by Cunarder . This characteristic delight in style was balanced by a Scots impatience with the ritual of the career spiral . Summoned to Lord Beaverbrook 's presence on her departure for the US she listened to him develop a one - sided Scottish conversation which included the listing of many ancestors and their places of burial . Labour has to create a state system which is so good that no one will want to send their children anywhere else . Promises to establish Muslim schools could land a future Labour government with a problem as potentially explosive and insoluble as the Irish question , Neil Fletcher , Labour leader of the Inner London Education Authority , said yesterday at a conference fringe meeting . The party 's policy review paper says Muslims and other minority religious Home groups should be entitled to voluntary - aided schools provided they follow the national curriculum . The Labour Party Conference : Left - right tension shows in debate on employment law By BARRIE CLEMENT and STEPHEN GOODWIN But the next day Mr Clarke insisted that nothing had in fact changed from the NHS White Paper because it had not talked of cash limits , only of firm budgets . What had changed , he said , was that the association had finally accepted his assurance that patients would get all the drugs they needed under the new system . Yesterday Dr John Marks , the chairman of the association 's council , said the crucial phrase lay in a working paper accompanying the White Paper which said there would be legislation to require authorities to keep to their drug budgets . The BMA 's understanding when it left last Wednesday 's talks , he said , was that that no longer applied . Mr Clarke , however , had since said nothing had changed . It simply had no feeling of reality , he said . Essentially the Post charged that in a 1984 report , Mike Hoover , a freelance news cameraman with a reputation for providing theatrical footage , recreated scenes of Afghan rebels sabotaging electricity pylons days after the real action had taken place . The paper also said CBS identified refugees walking on the Pakistani border as Afghans evacuating villages following fighting , identified a Pakistani jet as a Soviet fighter and used film stolen from another cameraman . Thousands reach the West and more follow From EDWARD STEEN in Prague and PATRICIA CLOUGH in Bonn That would mean overcoming shortcomings in the democratic answerability of the EC institutions by making the the Commission more strong and more effective . The Commission is planning a last - ditch battle to defend tax proposals which it considers essential for completion of the 1992 internal market programme . Aspects of its scheme to align indirect tax rates and scrap border checks face a concerted attack from national treasury officials , who have drafted a paper for consideration at a meeting of finance ministers on Monday . Soviet threat eased by troop reductions By MARK URBAN , Defence Correspondent At present anyone who deals with sexual abuse is going to come across people over whose dead bodies they are going to continue to work , she says . Whatever the media reporting , she claims , Cleveland was not hostile to her . When it was all over the papers I feared that when I went shopping people would abuse me , spit at me . It did n't happen . All through the furore , the numbers attending the hospital 's paediatric department did not drop , she says . Where no candidate polls more than half of the votes , a run - off ballot is held a week later between the leading candidates . The second ballot is final , and the candidate with the most votes is elected , whether he or she wins more than half the votes or not. Under the Alternative Vote voters mark their ballot papers in order of preference first preference with a figure 1 , second with a figure 2 , and so on . If no candidate wins more than half the first preference votes , the candidate with the fewest first preference votes is excluded , and his or her votes are transferred to the remaining candidates , according to the voters ' second preferences . That process is repeated until one candidate clears 50 per cent . FILM / Cookie By LESLEY ABDELA This mob comedy is an especial disappointment , for the credentials look promising on paper : it 's directed by Susan Seidelman ( Desperately Seeking Susan ) and co - written by Nora Ephron ( Silkwood , Heartburn ) . The cast , too , is strong , but Emily Lloyd ( Wish You Were Here ) , issued with a thick Brooklyn accent , is charmless in the Madonna role , as Peter Falk 's sassy , streetwise daughter . Dianne Wiest has her moments , though , as a fluffy gangster 's moll with claws of steel . COMPANY records boring - sounding but the ultimate in historical memorabilia - have slipped through the fingers of British private collectors by the skipload . Only a sophisticated handful of collectors seek company minute books , ledgers and subject files to add historical depth to displayable hardware such as insurance firemarks or automobilia . It has fallen to salaried professionals in universities , public record offices , the Business Archives Council , corporate bodies themselves and the vanity press to salvage and conserve the tons of old papers explaining the historical context of what tumbled off the production line . As the heritage boom gathers pace , made - to - measure company and family biographies have become big business . For 27,000 ( 16,800 ) , the San Francisco vanity publisher The Sharper Image offers 225 - page hardbound corporate histories in limited editions of 100 , for use as a public relations tool . All of these are fairly obvious . But there are two other , less obvious laws as well . Prints , to be valuable , must be good impressions on good quality paper . Edvard Munch , whom many art historians would describe as one of the greatest print - makers of the century , fails to qualify as blue - chip , despite occasional high prices at auction , because he often used poor quality paper and the impressions are not always of the best quality . The final qualification is that a print - maker , to reach the very top of the tree , must be known and appreciated by the Japanese . But there are two other , less obvious laws as well . Prints , to be valuable , must be good impressions on good quality paper . Edvard Munch , whom many art historians would describe as one of the greatest print - makers of the century , fails to qualify as blue - chip , despite occasional high prices at auction , because he often used poor quality paper and the impressions are not always of the best quality . The final qualification is that a print - maker , to reach the very top of the tree , must be known and appreciated by the Japanese . The Berkeley Square Gallery , for example , maintains a second outlet in Tokyo , as a vital part of its operations . The final qualification is that a print - maker , to reach the very top of the tree , must be known and appreciated by the Japanese . The Berkeley Square Gallery , for example , maintains a second outlet in Tokyo , as a vital part of its operations . Japanese collectors find it easy to appreciate prints , because works on paper are very much part of their own cultural heritage . They do not make the distinction between an image on canvas or panel and one on paper which seems so obvious indeed axiomatic to Europeans . They are aware of the fact that some of the greatest of their own artists Hokusai , for instance , and Hiroshige made print - making a primary creating medium . The Berkeley Square Gallery , for example , maintains a second outlet in Tokyo , as a vital part of its operations . Japanese collectors find it easy to appreciate prints , because works on paper are very much part of their own cultural heritage . They do not make the distinction between an image on canvas or panel and one on paper which seems so obvious indeed axiomatic to Europeans . They are aware of the fact that some of the greatest of their own artists Hokusai , for instance , and Hiroshige made print - making a primary creating medium . Japanese collectors also value the psychological security offered by the multiple image to like exactly what other collectors like seems to them a good and reassuring thing . I cannot remember a single one where the risks which gave rise to the accident could not have been measured and prevented with effective safety training , management commitment and above all - sufficient funds . It saddens me that , while most annual reports say we will do our utmost to preserve our most important asset : the skills contained in our workforce , when I visit the workplace I see the tell - tale signs of accidents in the making blocked exits , unguarded machines , untrained work people . Go to any firm and ask to see their written safety policy legally required under Section 2 ( 3 ) of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and those without a single word on paper will make their excuses ( and this includes nearly every UK Football Club ) . This year , in its Plan of Work for 1989 - 90 and Beyond , the Government 's Health and Safety Commission identified management failure as the main cause of accidents at work . It was four years since the last Plan of Work was published an indication , surely , of how low on the Government 's list of priorities is the place of safety at work . Now I have found out why . My ideas about food are definitely passe . A recent survey in the Wall Street Journal , America 's only readable paper , has shown that the microwave is the nation 's favourite household appliance , second only to the smoke alarm in terms of its importance to the American lifestyle . The microwave , says the Journal , is the embodiment of Eighties - style individualism , turning each family member into a chef . Gone is the sanctity of the family meal . For Trud , the union paper which claims the largest daily sale of close to 20 million , the figure is 54 per cent . Both liberal and conservative publications have been hit . The most dismal performance is by Pravda , the official party paper , of whose regular readers only 36 per cent had renewed their subscriptions . But even Ogonyok , considered the most chic and sought - after of the progressive press , is running at only 50 per cent of 1989 levels . Perhaps , as officials contend , faces will be saved by a last - minute rush to meet the new deadline . More probably , however , even the final figures will show large declines the most telling possible proof of how the exhilaration of being able to read almost anything has been replaced by disillusion at being able to buy almost nothing . Vyacheslav Antonov , a senior official of the central press agency , Soyuzpechat , claimed yesterday that readers were merely becoming more discerning , after having snapped up everything on offer in the initial heady flush of press freedom . If anything , the papers are growing yet more adventurous , and they are certainly not expensive , at between three and five kopecks ( pence ) a copy . More probably , the mass desertion is another sign of how the people have lost faith in perestroika and its unfulfilled promises . TRAINS moved vital supplies into Soviet Armenia yesterday , ending a blockade of more than a month by workers in neighbouring Azerbaijan , Reuter reports . The only problem is that the Dutch have not really been very good at the game since Dr Euwe retired . Now , with Jan Timman as their first genuine world title contender for 50 years , Dutch chess journalists almost outnumber the English at Sadler 's Wells . Last Tuesday , when the start of this match coincided with the end of a major international event ( won by Garry Kasparov ) in The Netherlands , one national paper devoted most of a page to chess coverage . Their investigative chess journalism is also evidently of high calibre . Herman Eetgerink , writing in Algemeen Dagblad , has revealed an interest in the match in very high places . Any proposal would have to achieve a majority in both houses . Although that would reduce the union block vote more drastically than other options , it would also give both sides a veto . The national executive 's consultation paper further warns that it would leave the party looking divided every time the two houses failed to agree. The executive 's consultation paper written by Larry Whitty , party general secretary also advocates redesigning policy - making machinery along the lines of European socialist parties . The rolling programme approach would mean creating an enlarged and more representative executive , fed by policy commissions of up to 100 members . Although that would reduce the union block vote more drastically than other options , it would also give both sides a veto . The national executive 's consultation paper further warns that it would leave the party looking divided every time the two houses failed to agree. The executive 's consultation paper written by Larry Whitty , party general secretary also advocates redesigning policy - making machinery along the lines of European socialist parties . The rolling programme approach would mean creating an enlarged and more representative executive , fed by policy commissions of up to 100 members . They would take policy reports to conference in one year , have party consultation and debate during the year , with voting and amendments in the subsequent year . News Round - Up : A preference for plastic By MARTIN BAKER MOST of us prefer to pay for things with plastic rather than paper . According to a Midland Bank survey published this week , only 10 per cent of those questioned said they preferred to use a cheque rather than an electronic debit card . The main perceived benefit was the lack of need to carry cash or cheques . The proposals covered are development in a conservation area , works to a listed building or which affect the setting of a conservation area or a listed building , and developments in Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The planning authority also has to advertise locally any proposals involving large buildings ( those more than 20 metres high ) , or any unneighbourly uses such as a casino , scrap yard , cemetery or slaughterhouse and put up a notice on the site itself . Some local authorities publish a list of all their new planning applications in the local paper . Often they circulate these lists to local conservation and amenity groups , residents ' associations and subscribers . Ring the local planning authority to find out . When the council has considered all the factors involved , the case will either be decided by the chief planning officer under delegated powers ( if it is a minor or uncontroversial issue ) or it will be decided by the elected councillors at the planning committee meeting . To influence the decision in your favour , contact the planning department to find out whether an application is to be heard at committee or dealt with under delegated powers . If the case is going to committee you are able to see the agenda and relevant background papers three working days in advance of the meeting , which will be held in public . This right is given to members of the public under the Access to Information Act 1985 . If there is an application you feel strongly about , find out the names of the councillors on the planning committee from the planning department or members secretariat ' of the council . Keep textiles out of light , which both fades dyes and supplies the energy to begin the process of breaking the fibres down , as with the shredded silk curtains of many a National Trust mansion . Pack , swathe and support garments with acid - free tissue paper . Normal tissue paper , like most paper , contains acid which encourages fading and decay , including the gradual yellowing of white fabrics , a process which may be seen after only a few years . Acidic conditions are particularly bad for cellulose , so cotton and linen fabrics are especially at risk . Wood in a drawer , wardrobe or chest may also be acidic : line all drawers and storage compartments with acid - free tissue . By VINNY LEE PAPERSAVE is the first commercial stationer and paper merchant in Scotland to deal exclusively in recycled paper products . Dismissing the myth that recycled paper is sub - standard , Papersave is offering finishes as fine as watermarked business papers , and in many cases prices are cheaper than for virgin ' paper . Papersave sells recycled paper for everything from quality stationery , to paper for printing , duplicators , computers , note - pads , kitchen and toilet rolls . Coloured , textured as well as plain , the paper comes primarily from British sources , quite a lot is Scottish and smaller amounts are imported from Germany and America . PAPERSAVE is the first commercial stationer and paper merchant in Scotland to deal exclusively in recycled paper products . Dismissing the myth that recycled paper is sub - standard , Papersave is offering finishes as fine as watermarked business papers , and in many cases prices are cheaper than for virgin ' paper . Papersave sells recycled paper for everything from quality stationery , to paper for printing , duplicators , computers , note - pads , kitchen and toilet rolls . Coloured , textured as well as plain , the paper comes primarily from British sources , quite a lot is Scottish and smaller amounts are imported from Germany and America . Toilet rolls 84p for pack of two , basic writing papers from 9 for 500 sheets , quality watermarked paper from 10 for 500 sheets , envelopes , standard 26 for box of 1,000 ( can be split ) and quality from 27 for 500 . Papersave sells recycled paper for everything from quality stationery , to paper for printing , duplicators , computers , note - pads , kitchen and toilet rolls . Coloured , textured as well as plain , the paper comes primarily from British sources , quite a lot is Scottish and smaller amounts are imported from Germany and America . Toilet rolls 84p for pack of two , basic writing papers from 9 for 500 sheets , quality watermarked paper from 10 for 500 sheets , envelopes , standard 26 for box of 1,000 ( can be split ) and quality from 27 for 500 . Style Update : Plate class By VINNY LEE That unaudited figure compares with a previous peak of 413,000 last March . The comparable figure for September 1988 was 397,000 . Recruits for Sunday paper By ANTHONY BEVINS and COLIN BROWN Two of Britain 's best - known journalists are to join The Independent on Sunday , which is to begin publishing on 28 January next year . The East German authorities do not seem to agree. In East Berlin , members of Stati , the secret police , were much in evidence at and near yesterday 's church meetings . More ominously , a reader 's letter in a Leipzig paper yesterday spoke of counter - revolutionary actions . The letter in the Leipziger Volkszeitung called for the use of weapons , if need be . If that really is the way the authorities are now thinking and readers letters ' have long been notoriously close to official thinking in East Germany then the government could find it is courting unprecedented disaster . Labour will now enter a phase of trying to popularise its reviewed policies , while refining details in some areas . The successful delivery of the party 's policy review this week was capped when the conference agreed yesterday to the next major change Mr Kinnock intends to carry through : a diminution in the overwhelming dominance of the union block vote . He is also keen to press on with modernising the party 's policy - making machinery , a process which took a jump forward yesterday when delegates approved an executive consultation paper on the block vote and reform of the conference . Consultation will be completed in February . Some rule changes may be voted on next year , though extensive change is not likely before 1991 . He did n't think they were very good and said so . He wrote Paddy , published in Cyril Connelly 's Horizon about 1946 , and let them all have it , which meant he 'd even less chance of getting a job after that . The place that did give him a job was the Irish Catholic paper The Standard , which had a very funny editor who just liked to drink most of the day and was amused by Patrick and hired him as film critic . After 10 years he worked for The Farmers Journal . He was always trying . The scuffling over Patrick 's soul may soon move to a more prosaic level , that of his modest estate and , in particular , the Irish copyright to his writings . Dr Kavanagh , Patrick 's Sacred Keeper , has already published The Complete Poems , first in America and then , in 1984 , in Ireland through the Goldsmith Press , whose proprietor is the Kildare poet Desmond Egan . Dr Kavanagh sold his brother 's papers , including letters from Katherine to Patrick , to University College , Dublin , three years ago for 100,000 . Royalties remain a dynamic issue in the wake of the great funeral fiasco . In July , a few weeks before she died , Katherine started High Court proceedings against Mr Egan and his publishing house for breach of copyright . It is a constant battle to stop actors slipping into style my stomach aches all the time ! The Chikamatsu dramas on which Suicide For Love is based were originally puppet plays . Their subject matter , though suicides committed by ordinary people under economic pressure was of contemporary urgency , based on reports Chikamatsu read in the papers . Nowadays they are usually performed in an ossified Kabuki style and for Ninagawa the task was to throw all this off and recover their original spirits . His production opens with a darkened stage , lit only by a spotlight on a tiny , fragile rod puppet . Sir : In his report on the seminar on the Rushdie affair organised jointly by the Commission for Racial Equality and the Policy Studies Institute ( 3 October ) , John Torode says that the proceedings were dominated by pragmatist liberals those who believe in restricting freedom of speech in order to protect the religious sensibilities of fundamentalists . But there was no such domination . Two of the five papers presented at the seminar disapproved of such censorship . The participants represented a wide variety of views and tended on the whole to disapprove of state - imposed censorship . Mr Torode says he was told that those supporting the Government 's views on blasphemy were excluded . As a fellow international lawyer has put it , Akehurst is one of the few who succeeded . Although entitled an introduction , the work had an authority all of its own and was often quoted . His dedication to the subject was complete and he continued to write and give high quality papers at various conferences . His first academic appointment was as a lecturer in law at Manchester University . He was in the Department of Law at the Keele University for nearly 20 years and the university was his home . The show is dominated by more than life - size naked bronze men inspired by the majestic Hellenistic bronze warriors rescued from the sea off southern Italy in the 1970s . Their heavy , menacing bodies , roughly finished and coloured with acid cost 50,000 . Other works start at 2,500 and include drawings , small animal bronzes , paper cut - outs and massive plaster heads . Teachers urged to boycott appraisal schemes in schools By PETER WILBY , Education Editor While blithely ignoring this fact , all Mr Clement will say is that bluntly , the Shadow Cabinet and unions need to get their fingers out with some expedition to set the limits of the proposed legal framework . It seems to have escaped him that we already have . He claims there has been a confusing flurry of paper involved in the evolution of policy first the policy review document , then the TUC composite resolution , then the Meacher - Haigh clarifying statement 10 days ago on legal protections for unions , and then the conference debate , including my speech . He then draws the breathtaking conclusion that there has been nothing resembling intellectual coherence . One has to ask , has he read them ? Hostels Researchers at The Policy Studies Institute were commissioned by the then Department of Health and Social Security to study the extent to which hostels for the needy provided care as well as accommodation and food , to enable the department to decide if , how , and by whom they should be funded . Its report published in July last year , The Cost of Care in Hostels , concluded : Even hostels offering relatively low care were still offering some care , and had to spend more than could be explained simply in terms of the costs of accommodation . On the same day the DHSS published a consultation paper proposing changes which would deprive many of income . The report called Help with Hostel Charges , Proposals for Change cited the PSI study and stated : Many hostels provided little or no care to their residents . Where care is provided , it is far more often in the form of advice than of assistance with physical care. The British Market Research Bureau had examined how the sexual habits of homosexuals had changed between 1986 and 1989 . Its paper was to be presented to a Market Research Society seminar last March when , with three days ' notice , the health department instructed the authors to withdraw it . It was cut out of conference papers and replaced with a notice slipped into the file saying : The proposed paper on the Aids monitor has unfortunately had to be withdrawn , since it has not been possible to synchronise the publication with the Health Education Authority 's own report on the 1988 data , expected in the near future . The paper has still not been published . Fears that the Government was putting constraints on research it commissions were fuelled when , last year , the then DHSS inserted a new clause in its contract with outside researchers . Its paper was to be presented to a Market Research Society seminar last March when , with three days ' notice , the health department instructed the authors to withdraw it . It was cut out of conference papers and replaced with a notice slipped into the file saying : The proposed paper on the Aids monitor has unfortunately had to be withdrawn , since it has not been possible to synchronise the publication with the Health Education Authority 's own report on the 1988 data , expected in the near future . The paper has still not been published . Fears that the Government was putting constraints on research it commissions were fuelled when , last year , the then DHSS inserted a new clause in its contract with outside researchers . It said : Any publication of research material , or of the results of research , or of matters arising from such material or results , is subject to the prior consent of the Secretary of State , which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld . The document , leaked to the Unemployment Unit , also suggests that making Restart courses for the unemployed compulsory for certain groups could help the service deal with more poorly - motivated clients . It could also justify a bid for some limited additional resources from central government . The paper admits that employment is the destination of only a minority of those who leave the unemployment register after two years . The main cause of the projected reduction of the group over the PES ( Public Expenditure Survey ) period will be reduced inflows to long - term unemployment rather than the ( slightly ) reduced outflows . Michael Meacher , Labour 's employment spokesman , last night said : The formula is not just another in the long line of bureaucratic barriers which prevent the unemployed claiming benefit . Edward Johnston 's 1915 sanserif lettering for the Underground still strikes an efficient modern note amidst the dirt and gloom . Similarly the Faber book - jackets , designed by Berthold Wolpe in the 1960s employing his own typeface Albertus , convey a sense of literary energy and creativity . So do the Gollancz wrappers of the 1930s and beyond with an audacious mixture of typefaces printed on glaring yellow paper . And at the moment you are reading a typeface called Dutch , a sharper version of Times New Roman . Twentieth - century artists as diverse as Klee , Miro , Jackson Pollock and Mark Tobey , inspired by the apparent freedom of Oriental calligraphy , have invented new alphabets and made abstract art with letter shapes . A pile of grimy bed - linen lies in what was once a ward . Embedded in the sand outside is a broken microscope . The Zeila Fishing Community Training Centre , built by a United Nations fund , has been looted , every removable part of its generator has gone and its floors are littered with excrement and papers from upturned cupboards . The half - finished Save the Children Fund clinic is abandoned . Nearby , two rusting medieval cannons lie half - buried in the sand . Apart from a page 9 reference to hooligans in Neues Deutschland , only the youth paper , Junge Welt , referred to the unprecedented protests over the weekend , which saw tens of thousands of young East Germans on the streets , and an estimated 1,000 still in jail in East Berlin alone . Junge Welt printed a photograph of some demonstrators . The most high - level discontent appeared in an extraordinary open letter to the same paper , the organ of the Free German Youth ( SDJ ) . The president of the Writer 's Association , Hermann Kant , a central committee member , said the exodus of almost 50,000 refugees could not be blamed on the wicked class enemy in West Germany : A defeat is a defeat even if it comes on the eve of a glorious celebration . He attacked the smug self glorification of the official press , the pervasive bossiness of the system , and said that social understanding was imperative through criticism and self - criticism openly , not bleating , but by being hard and patient . The UK was not alone in thinking that the original proposal was too rigid and paid insufficient regard to market forces . The EC Commissioner now responsible for tax , France 's Christiane Scrivener , shuffled out of the meeting unusually declining to speak to journalists . Last week , she outraged her Commission colleagues by suggesting that the government 's paper , which has unanimous backing , might prove irresistible . It may not be long before her view is upheld . Any decision on taxation has to be taken by the member states unanimously and there now seems little hope that the Commission can deflect them from the course they set out upon yesterday . The newspaper group plans to shed 33 jobs , about 25 of them through compulsory redundancy , leaving it with 400 staff to service the Daily and Sunday Telegraph . Journalists were told they would receive pay rises of between 1,500 and 6,000 to adopt the terms , backed - dated to September if signed quickly . Average pay for journalists on the paper , excluding the editor , is 29,000 . But it is the wording of the new contracts which appears to have prompted the strike . They say the nature and demands of the job may necessitate you working at times other than your normal hours of the week . Church sources in Leipzig were delighted by the extraordinary joint declaration of three local party secretaries and the city 's director of music , Kurt Masur . It read in part : We all need a free exchange of views about how Socialism is to be continued in this country . Newspapers , apart from the party paper Neues Deutschland , began to drop the pretence that the troubles were not the main concern throughout the country . The Union , organ of the puppet Christian Democratic Union Party , even admitted giving a one - sided picture of them . It was not right , it said , to criminalise the unrest , worries and questions which drove thousands of Dresdeners on to the streets . Mr Howard was responding to Tory grassroots demands for the Government to do more to relieve homelessness and allow councils to spend more of their own cash to provide homes . Ministers will decide in January exactly how council performance should be measured and they want assessments to begin in April . A consultation paper published yesterday suggested the proportion of rent collected , the amount of rent arrears , the number of empty properties and the average cost and waiting time for repairs must be included . The minister also said a framework for securing the future of shared ownership schemes in rural areas , offering part - rent , part - purchase deals , had been agreed with the Housing Corporation . During the housing debate , Kevin Johnston , from Eastbourne , East Sussex , was cheered as he said : The homelessness problem is even more acute now than in 1985 . By MARK DOUGLAS HOME , Scottish Correspondent SCOTTISH solicitors ' monopoly over charging fees for conveyancing is to be ended and their rights of audience extended to Scotland 's supreme courts , the High Court and Court of Session . The changes are two of the principle proposals contained in a government policy paper on the Scottish legal system published yesterday . Malcolm Rifkind , Secretary of State for Scotland , described the move as a modernising exercise . We are removing some of the cobwebs on the fringes of the Scottish legal system . Asked whether yesterday 's attack had been a case of spontaneous combustion , he said : Look , it 's a reaction that I put forward there on behalf of , as much as anything else , the readers of our newspaper . We 've certainly criticised this Chancellor , and we 've certainly criticised Tory governments in the past . Sir David , knighted in 1982 , has swung his paper behind critical issues : it started campaigning on environmental issues a year ago just as the Conservatives switched tack . Charles Wilson , editor of The Times , asked whether it was not damaging to devote so much space to the attack , said : This conference should be discussing why this bankrupt policy is n't working . He did have an alternative , he could have let the pound drop lower . A dozy , family - run business which faced bankruptcy in 1985 , had been put to rights by the application of sound Thatcherite principles . The group was set to make 40m profit this year : a stock market flotation loomed . The paper had worked hard at being modern , adding proper features and news analyses . On Saturdays , it arrived with a stylish colour magazine , taken over from the Sunday Telegraph . An influx of bright youngtalent was set to work under a dashing editor , Falklands hero Max Hastings , who occasionally took an independent , anti - government line . On Saturdays , it arrived with a stylish colour magazine , taken over from the Sunday Telegraph . An influx of bright youngtalent was set to work under a dashing editor , Falklands hero Max Hastings , who occasionally took an independent , anti - government line . Sustained advertising campaigns - Your guide to the world , universe and everything ' tried to persuade yuppies and advertising agencies to view the paper in a new , chic light . Yet , as the accompanying graph shows , The Daily Telegraph continued to lose readers . The Sunday Telegraph behaved in a more quirky fashion , until shorn of its magazine a year ago. The first victim of a collapse in morale was the Sunday Telegraph : its former editor , Peregrine Worsthorne , sacked by Mr Knight over poached eggs at Claridges , was confined to organising its distinctive opinion pages . Talented staff began to leave . A working group which was debating ways of running a common staff , increasingly became dominated by the apparent overmanning of both papers . By July , the relatively calm mood of The Daily Telegraph was badly infected with rumours that more than 100 redundancies were required in the staff of 440 . Andrew Knight says now that there was no target . By July , the relatively calm mood of The Daily Telegraph was badly infected with rumours that more than 100 redundancies were required in the staff of 440 . Andrew Knight says now that there was no target . He wanted the same efficiency on the papers as on newly - founded ones . Sub - editors , who work long evenings , currently do a four - day week , he says . If they work five days , there would , in theory , be a 20 per cent increase in periods worked , therefore on paper you would need a fifth fewer people . We went through a process of learning about each other 's business . His intellectual approach to the management of human resources seems to have made matters worse . Meanwhile the paper imposed a 4 per cent pay deal , sweetened with merit money , an action which further inflamed feelings and led to industrial action and set Monday 9 October as the date when all would be revealed . It was also to be Andrew Knight 's last executive action : he is becoming a non - executive deputy chairman as Conrad Black , holding 80 per cent of the shares , assumes daily control . In the event , the paper has declared 33 named redundancies . Meanwhile the paper imposed a 4 per cent pay deal , sweetened with merit money , an action which further inflamed feelings and led to industrial action and set Monday 9 October as the date when all would be revealed . It was also to be Andrew Knight 's last executive action : he is becoming a non - executive deputy chairman as Conrad Black , holding 80 per cent of the shares , assumes daily control . In the event , the paper has declared 33 named redundancies . Savings are modest . Mr Knight has n't costed them . Heads of Department may then permit you time off in lieu . There are fears of family life going down the drain , as staff may get only two complete weekends off in seven . The talk is of bondage to the paper : under a highly restrictive contract . So what began , apparently , as an attempt to strengthen the weakest paper of the group has convulsed the main profit - earner . Whether this is the start of a deliberate confrontation , or the result of bad management of the kind which provoked BBC staff to strike this summer there is every sign that Mr Black wants his staff on a far tighter rein . The taxmen , who are among the most efficient and unpopular figures in France , have been engaged in various forms of industrial action for 19 weeks . But only now are the effects becoming apparent . Among innumerable other tasks they are responsible for stamping the lead or paper seals which enclose wine bottle corks . Until these are stamped as duty paid the wine cannot be sold . Pre - Christmas sales of this year 's vintage wine known as nouveau or primeur from many parts of France are due to start in November . While city leaders in Leipzig held talks with reformists , reports indicated that police in Halle had made a baton attack on about 3,000 people as they were leaving a church to march in silence round the town . Many were clubbed to the ground and kicked . Shortly after Gunter Krusche , a leading figure in the East Berlin Protestant church , said there were signs that the reformist New Forum would be granted legal status in several regions , police in East Berlin detained 15 members of the group and confiscated papers they were carrying . The 15 were later released . There was a telling indication that the police and other forces who have to impose Communist rule were not immune to the general discontent . By PATRICK MARNHAM PARIS The pilot of the UTA DC10 which exploded over the Sahara desert on 19 September , killing all 171 people on board , had previously complained of lax security on the Libreville to Paris route , according to a report in Le Canard Enchaine , writes Patrick Marnham . The paper quotes documents which suggest the pilot learnt that the French authorities had received several bomb threats against UTA 's African flights which were not passed on to him. The Ministry of the Interior and UTA have repeatedly denied that any bomb warnings were received . The airline actually withdrew special security precautions shortly before the DC10 went down. Later Eichmann , faced with a lack of rail transport , began a programme of deportations by foot death marches along a 120 - mile route from Budapest to the Austrian border at Hegyeshalom . Ignoring attempts on his life , and constant threats , Wallenberg used every means possible to outwit the executioners , bribing Hungarian and German officials , threatening the Gestapo and issuing Swedish passports which , surprisingly , offered some protection in a period hardly renowned for respect for the law. He began by giving official passports to Jews who could claim some vague connection with Sweden , and ended by thrusting , in defiance of the Gestapo , cyclostyled papers bearing his signature into the hands of anyone he could reach , in the cattle trucks in railway sidings or along the road as the tragic columns struggled by . Gideon Hausner , the Israeli lawyer who prosecuted Eichmann in 1961 , estimates that Wallenberg personally saved 30,000 Jews in Budapest . Others claim that some 100,000 owe their lives to his efforts . The White Paper on changes to the Scottish legal profession published yesterday by Malcolm Rifkind , the Secretary of State for Scotland , says that once trained , Scottish solicitors should have unrestricted rights of audience in the higher courts , with the standard of performance achieved in training as the sole test . Any rule directly or indirectly restricting solicitors ' freedom to undertake all the actions necessary for the preparation and presentation of cases will need the approval of both the Secretary of State and the Lord President of the Court of Session . But in what the Law Society also interpreted yesterday as a clear shift in emphasis from the English proposals , the paper makes it clear that the role of the Lord President would be no different from the one he currently exercises when approving training and professional rules . Under the English White Paper , rights of audience rules drawn up by the Law Society in conjunction with an advisory committee will be subject to the concurrence of four senior judges . The society fears that the Bar and judges will exert subtle pressure to build in case separation requirements . The weekly paper for the young and independent , published today , asked 500 12 to 15 - year - olds how happy they were at home and 79 per cent said they did not want to leave before the age of 18 . This week 's 20 - page colour issue of The Indy also has a quiz for young people to test where their parents come on the embarrassment scale . The paper also reports on the role of the police , talks to people who make a living out of trivia question machines and has an exclusive interview with Lenny Henry , in which he reveals his top jokes . There are reviews of the latest films and the week 's new records . The Indy costs 40p and is available from all good newsagents this morning . Whatever it is , I do n't want it , I tell him. I 'm just waiting for a cab . You must be the passenger I 'm looking for , he says , studying a bit of paper . They did n't give me a house number . Ten minutes later we 're off . Last year the Association of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences and the Association of Social Research Organisations set up the Social Science Forum ( SSF ) to campaign on issues that were affecting social scientists . We launched a manifesto promoting positive aspects of our field , including a call for a clear statement of principle for the collection and use of official statistics . Later this year we will be publishing a more comprehensive paper on this topic outlining what we feel needs to be done to ensure the integrity of official statistics , but in general we believe that there are three principles : 1 . Decisions about data collection should be determined by the need for an informed society as well as for the concerns of government ; 2 . All statistics collected with public funds should be in the public domain ; 3 . On Tuesday The Hindu printed copies of supposedly secret Swedish government documents which purported to confirm that , despite denials in India and Sweden , Indian middlemen had received huge payoffs as part of the contract . The Hindu report infuriated the opposition in parliament and there were renewed demands for the resignation of Mr Gandhi , who has repeatedly been accused of attempting to cover up the scandal . The Hindu promised fresh disclosures the next day , but Wednesday 's paper contained no more reports . Mr Ram , whose family owns The Hindu , said yesterday that internal sabotage had prevented the series from continuing . He accused his editor , Govindan Kasturi , of arbitrarily deciding to discontinue the expose , even though the paper had more documents in its possession . The Hindu promised fresh disclosures the next day , but Wednesday 's paper contained no more reports . Mr Ram , whose family owns The Hindu , said yesterday that internal sabotage had prevented the series from continuing . He accused his editor , Govindan Kasturi , of arbitrarily deciding to discontinue the expose , even though the paper had more documents in its possession . Mr Ram hinted that Mr Kasturi had been got at by government officials . Mr Ram said that in the interests of press freedom he was offering The Hindu 's reports to rival newspapers . Ball 's estrangement from the Salvation Army was to be the secular brass band 's gain. Soon after the Second World War , in which he worked with ENSA ( or Every - Night - Something - Awful , as he called it ) , he came to work for the music publishing firm of R. Smith and Co Ltd and served as editor of British Bandsman ( the brass band world 's leading newspaper since 1887 ) for 15 years . Here he invested the paper with some of the most wisely conceived editorial pieces in its long history and was a great Christian witness in the world of secular bands . His success as a conductor of contesting bands was immediate , with victories at the National Brass Band Championships in 1946 ( with Brighouse and Rastrick Band ) and at the Belle Vue September Contest , Manchester , in 1948 and 1952 , with the now - defunct Co - operative Workers Society ( CWS ) Manchester Band , being the highlights . In time , he was welcomed back to the Salvation Army , who even arranged for a star bearing his name to be laid on Hollywood Boulevard alongside those of the great movie stars . Sir Terence adds that he is enclosing for Christopher Patten a copy of the rules which the Cabinet Office has issued for the guidance of officials on such exercises . Gordon Brown , Labour 's shadow to the Treasury chief secretary , said yesterday that he and Jack Cunningham , Labour 's environment spokesman , had been shown additional internal Government papers which proved that the Conservative Party had asked the Treasury and individual departments to cost Labour 's policy review according to Tory Central Office assumptions . Mr Brown refused to say how the papers had been shown to him or to disclose their further contents . But he added that government departments had been asked to complete forms and return them to the Treasury . What the documents conclusively reveal is that ministers asked the civil service to cost the Labour review using figures and interpretations provided by the Conservative Party. The Nehru Trophy is already attracting widespread media attention , and is regarded as an important event , not least by the Prime Minister . Mr Gandhi has an election coming up and a big one - day cricket tournament not only goes down well with the electorate , but also goes a long way towards providing a short - term solution to the unemployment problem . The avalanche of red tape surrounding events such as this ( the entire population of New Delhi appears to be employed handing out forms to fill in ) has to be seen to be believed , and it is by no means certain that , come 1 November , there will be any paper left to provide the winners with their cheque . The Sharjah Cup one - day tournament in Dubai involving West Indies , India and Pakistan was delayed yesterday due to the death of the United Arab Emirates deputy prime minister , Sheikh Hamdan . The opening match between West Indies and India will now start today . At Mr Barnes ' request further inquiries into the case have also been made by the Irish Garda . On the question of whether the material which has been made available is sufficient to justify the initiation of a prosecution against Patrick Ryan he ( Mr Barnes ) has come to the clear conclusion that it is not sufficient for that purpose and that a prosecution would not be justified , the statement said . Senior ministers were clearly disappointed last night at the news , but said they wanted to study the papers before commenting publicly . However , the Government is unlikely to allow the Ryan affair further to upset Anglo - Irish relations . Charity set to fund sex survey vetoed by PM One woman 's reasons include the memory of a friend murdered while trying to cross the frontier . All these look , to Western eyes , childish as well as amateurish . The paper is coarse and absorbent ; little is even typewritten ; the predominant style is Blue Peter make - your - own - revolution : large lettering and primary colours . The most professional is a leaflet expressing solidarity from Poland . Above , on a page torn from an exercise book , is a handwritten question : Where was our solidarity with Poland under martial law ? EAST GERMANY'S leaders yesterday released most of the demonstrators arrested last Saturday , and let a whiff of glasnost into the state - controlled press as part of their new conciliatory approach . In Bonn meanwhile , the government announced that East Germany had agreed to let 600 of its refugees in Bonn 's embassy in Warsaw go to the West . East Germany had agreed to give them papers allowing them to go to the country of their choice , and they were expected to leave Poland in the very near future . People could hardly believe their eyes when they opened their newspapers yesterday morning : alongside the ritual party propaganda there was genuine criticism and complaints . The Communist youth paper , Junge Welt , printed a complaint by show - business personalities that colleagues had been arrested , harassed or forbidden to appear for defying orders not to read out an appeal for reforms during their performances . East Germany had agreed to give them papers allowing them to go to the country of their choice , and they were expected to leave Poland in the very near future . People could hardly believe their eyes when they opened their newspapers yesterday morning : alongside the ritual party propaganda there was genuine criticism and complaints . The Communist youth paper , Junge Welt , printed a complaint by show - business personalities that colleagues had been arrested , harassed or forbidden to appear for defying orders not to read out an appeal for reforms during their performances . A writer in the Berliner Zeitung said the authorities ' failure to respond to complaints had created a feeling of insecurity . Even the official television news broadcast comments by a building worker that people need a little more freedom and the shops should have a little more in them . My paper is known by practically all the adult population in Czechoslovakia . Mr Zeman was sharply attacked in the official news media in the days following the publication of his views , which he followed up with an article in the most important samizdat newspaper , Lidove Noviny . In another move to silence criticism , police on Thursday detained the paper 's editor , Rudolf Zeman . Grey Wolf shoots transsexual star From TIM KELSEY in Ankara By JOE LOVEJOY ALAIN GALLO , a former player with the French club Agen , has made claims that team - mates were being paid as long as 10 years ago. In a letter published yesterday in the French sports paper L'Equipe , Gallo alleges that leading players today earn up to 600 a month , plus expenses . All those involved in French rugby are businessmen , Gallo said . Sport in Short : Rugby League Style Update : Primarily paper By VINNY LEE TESSA FANTONI , wife of cartoonist Barry , trained as a bookbinder and used her knowledge of paper to develop a collection of beautiful albums and books covered with marbled and original 1930s and 1940s printed papers . Mrs Fantoni is a paper - lover : The world is divided into people who do n't sniff paper and those who do . I 'm a paper sniffer . By VINNY LEE TESSA FANTONI , wife of cartoonist Barry , trained as a bookbinder and used her knowledge of paper to develop a collection of beautiful albums and books covered with marbled and original 1930s and 1940s printed papers . Mrs Fantoni is a paper - lover : The world is divided into people who do n't sniff paper and those who do . I 'm a paper sniffer . The handmade albums and plain - paged books ( below ) are ideal wedding or christening presents and come in red , blue or black bindings with co - ordinating cover - papers . Both BBC viewers and those who did not watch the BBC were agreed on balance that it was biased towards the Conservatives though those who actually watched it were more evenly divided on the direction of BBC bias than those who did not ( Table 6.1 again ) . ( For corroborative figures see IBA , 1987 , p. 17 . ) In sharp contrast , three quarters of all newspaper readers said that the papers they had read on the day of the interview were biased in their coverage of the Conservative and Labour parties , though less than half said their papers gave biased coverage of the Alliance . ( For earlier findings on public perceptions of press bias see Kellner and Worcester , 1982 ; Butler and Stokes , 1969 . ) The direction of bias varied from paper to paper . In sharp contrast , three quarters of all newspaper readers said that the papers they had read on the day of the interview were biased in their coverage of the Conservative and Labour parties , though less than half said their papers gave biased coverage of the Alliance . ( For earlier findings on public perceptions of press bias see Kellner and Worcester , 1982 ; Butler and Stokes , 1969 . ) The direction of bias varied from paper to paper . Roughly four - fifths of Sun , Express , Mail , and Telegraph readers said their paper was biased towards the Conservatives , while a similar number of Mirror readers said their paper was biased against the Conservatives . Somewhat fewer readers of the Star and the Guardian saw a Conservative versus Labour bias in their papers though , on balance , they thought the Star was pro - Conservative and the Guardian anti - Conservative . ( For earlier findings on public perceptions of press bias see Kellner and Worcester , 1982 ; Butler and Stokes , 1969 . ) The direction of bias varied from paper to paper . Roughly four - fifths of Sun , Express , Mail , and Telegraph readers said their paper was biased towards the Conservatives , while a similar number of Mirror readers said their paper was biased against the Conservatives . Somewhat fewer readers of the Star and the Guardian saw a Conservative versus Labour bias in their papers though , on balance , they thought the Star was pro - Conservative and the Guardian anti - Conservative . A substantial minority of all paper readers , 42 per cent , thought their paper was biased in its treatment of the Alliance ; and most of those who did detect bias thought their paper was biased against the Alliance . Conversely those who read left - wing papers were largely agreed that they were anti - Conservative and pro - Labour but more divided on whether they had an anti - Alliance bias . perceptions of both total and net bias increased during the campaign . Readers of right - wing papers became more aware of their pro - Conservative , anti - Labour bias while readers of left - wing papers became more aware of their anti - Conservative , pro - Labour bias ( Table 6.3 ) . Age , education , ideology , even strength of partisanship , had little influence over whether or not people perceived bias on television or in their papers . Detection of bias was also unrelated to motivations for following the campaign or interest in politics during the campaign . people tended to see television as biased against their own party while they thought their paper was biased towards their own party . They asserted , rather than denied , the bias in their own preferred papers . No doubt they chose their paper partly with that bias in mind . The correlation between being Conservative and alleging anti - Conservative bias on the BBC rose from 24 per cent in the first fortnight of the campaign to 32 per cent in the second . But on helping them decide how to vote , opinion was much more evenly divided : 36 per cent preferred television , 24 per cent the press , and a remarkable 40 per cent said the two sources were equally useful ( Table 6.12 ) . For providing issue - information , persistent readers of the Sun or Star preferred television to the press by 67 per cent to 12 per cent : a majority of 55 per cent . Sun/Star readers ' preference for television as a source of issue - information was just as great as that of people who did not read any paper regularly . Next came Mirror readers , who preferred television to the press by a majority of 35 per cent , and Express/Mail readers , who preferred television by a majority of 25 per cent . Telegraph/Times readers were more ambivalent , however , and our small sample of Guardian readers preferred the press by a big majority . Why do people get into drugs ? It looks cool There 's a party . Stuff is getting passed round . It can seem hard to say No ! But they are a reality which Naipaul treats in such a way that they , too , can at times seem phantasmagorical . Everywhere , transistors give off the Reggae beat , making the place a party that never stops , and that might catch fire . A sense of mystery and futility is imparted by events at the Grange and on the Ridge , and that sense is heightened by what takes place in the city when the party catches fire and rioting breaks out . Politicians rush to the airport with their loot . Then American military helicopters drift about the sky : a show of strength which is meant to secure American interests on the island , to make it safe for the bauxite investment . But what is most striking about both books is the sense they give of how desolate and enclosed an adolescence could be , at opposite ends of the society . The better things presumed to be in store for Glasser when he went off as a scholarship boy to a glamorous university in the South of England are , in a sense , the subject of Gorbals Boy at Oxford , his second volume of autobiography . The refugee from Glasgow saw through , and stood up to , some famous middle - class progressives , was asked to spy on student Communists , was asked , by a girl at a party , to do something ! Julian 's got a knife . At another party , in the South of France , a reefer is placed between his lips by a girl whose trousers fall down. Similarly , the de facto existence of the protestant enclave in the North and its pursuit of protestant dominance in that state may have even reinforced a similar , though integralist , approach in the South . With independence the Irish Free State developed a type of political party organization on modern lines , but without the genuinely class - based politics one finds in other European countries . The party structure followed was based on the Irish civil war antagonism of 19223 , with the pro - Treaty party more or less in power until the anti - Treaty party entered politics in 1930 . However , both sides developed a centralized party organization , with politicians following the party line . The Protestant Loyalist State With independence the Irish Free State developed a type of political party organization on modern lines , but without the genuinely class - based politics one finds in other European countries . The party structure followed was based on the Irish civil war antagonism of 19223 , with the pro - Treaty party more or less in power until the anti - Treaty party entered politics in 1930 . However , both sides developed a centralized party organization , with politicians following the party line . The Protestant Loyalist State The condition of the Northern catholic nationalist minority has been very different from that of the majority in the South . The majority of the Roman catholic remnant in the North still believe in a united Ireland . They demonstrate this partially by their support for the two nationalist parties , Sinn Fein and the Social Democratic and Labour Party , though support for the latter does not necessarily imply nationalism . Despite the official socialist tendencies of these two parties , a substantial number of their voters do not appear to question the maintenance of a capitalist - type class structure in a new Ireland . The Workers ' Party still fails to command many votes in elections north or south of the border . The provisional movement is divided on the issue of capitalism but , for the time at least , has an openly declared policy of achieving an island - wide socialist republic by the combined means of violence and the democratic process . The Workers ' Party still fails to command many votes in elections north or south of the border . The provisional movement is divided on the issue of capitalism but , for the time at least , has an openly declared policy of achieving an island - wide socialist republic by the combined means of violence and the democratic process . The SDLP , still the main party of catholic nationalists in Ulster , has dropped much of its socialist platform and maintains a delicate balance between nationalism and pragmatism in its politics . Despite frequently heard voices to the contrary , total catholic nationalist domination would be the likely outcome of a united Ireland unless a confederal structure were implemented . This is partly because of the structure of catholic nationalism in the Southern state and partly because the national unity sought by significant numbers of Northern catholic nationalists is still on the basis of the reversal of protestant loyalist hegemony rather than a power compromise . But none of these groupings ever came near to threatening the dominance of Unionist Party organization , much less the solidarity of protestant loyalists , which always appeared total on the issue of incorporation into a united , independent Ireland . It was only with the Troubles , from 1968 , that unionists broke ranks . Yet , despite the splintering , they have succeeded in allying the present two main parties against the Anglo - Irish agreement of 1985 . The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland , formed at the time of the abolition of the Stormont parliament , represents those catholics , protestants , and others who disavow the twin alliance of Ireland but retain at least a practical attitude on sovereignty . They prefer British to Irish rule and seem unlikely to move from that position . The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland , formed at the time of the abolition of the Stormont parliament , represents those catholics , protestants , and others who disavow the twin alliance of Ireland but retain at least a practical attitude on sovereignty . They prefer British to Irish rule and seem unlikely to move from that position . While the party contains many who actively seek peace and reconciliation , it would be wrong to think of them in any sense as overcoming the basic conflictual components of bloc power in Ireland . Castle catholics , those who found a place in the Stormont administration and developed a stake in the union , have also voted alliance , but are probably now , in 1989 , switching their allegiance to the newly found conservative associations , which are seeking to bring British party loyalties to Ulster . The Northern Ireland statelet was founded on an alliance between the protestant loyalists of Ulster and British imperial and capital interests , particularly as represented by the conservative party . It also set up its own scouting organizations , clubs both sporting and social , with Irish music , Irish dancing , and Irish or Gaelic games . These games were and still are much loathed by the majority within the Northern protestant community . Priests continued to act as sponsors of the local catholic nationalist political structure , chairing meetings of the party and permitting the political use of the parish hall . The parish structure and school became the heart of the Northern catholic nationalist community , rendering culture , politics , and religious identity as interchangeable for members of the in - group . Employment patterns , which followed the routes of enforced segregation in favour of protestants for they controlled the greater part of the job market and especially the major industrial enterprises and the entire government sector of civil servants and police were even reinforced by the system of job references provided by the parish priests and catholic notables . Conditioned by church canon law , participation by clerics in politics was forbidden . But at the same time , an enormous sense of responsibility to protect the church , the family , and the minds and hearts of the faithful from incursions by the state was perceived to be the basic duty of the church leaders . The leadership of the state knew in large measure what was wanted : it was part of the national popular consciousness as well as being itself a result of the convention between church and Irish parliamentary party in the previous century . What had been convention became part of the natural , common - sense universe of catholic nationalist ideology . No real consultation would have been necessary on that score . We aim to show in Chapter 5 that this blindness was in part promoted by the religious elements in their beliefs . Secondly , there is the problem of the Northern catholic community , which tends to be taken as a monolithic nationalist community . Apart from the fact that there has been significant support for the alliance party over the last dozen years or so among the catholic middle classes , there is also a further factor . Rose 's ( 1971 ) survey , conducted in 1968 on the verge of the Troubles , found that as many as 30 per cent of the catholic population were explicitly prepared to endorse the constitution of Northern Ireland , which then included the Stormont parliament . Catholics , however , did not vote for the Unionist Party. This indicates an acceptance of the state structures , or a recognition of a need for the separation of Northern Ireland from the remaining state structure of Ireland , but at the same time a continuing opposition to protestant loyalist dominance . One can also add that there is something in the present policies of the SDLP which suggest a need to maintain a somewhat fragile unity in respect of the national question . Seamus Mallon , MP of the SDLP may have seen the Hillsborough agreement of 1985 as a step towards a united Ireland , but some of his co - politicians in the party would not share that view . Perhaps one should note the care with which the present leader of the party , John Hume , chooses his words over the future of the North . He is careful not to promote the theme of reunification , but talks of discovering a new way , setting up structures of co - operation in the North between the two Northern Communities , with the support of the Southern government . The truth of the matter probably lies somewhere in between . As Miller argues , there is a long tradition among the protestants of Ulster of viewing the British state ambiguously . It is clear that in the past many of them have considered loyalty to be a two - way process , a contract or covenant , and that the state could be a traitorous party as well as the people . The tradition proved of crucial importance in forming the basis for the strategy of the alliance from 1911 until British recognition of their separate political claim in 1914 . If the tradition still exists today and it appears that it very much does so it implies that the United Kingdom does not have for many loyalists a natural character of statehood in the way the Southern state has for catholic nationalists . Though the republicans lost the war , they eventually won their case with their successful introduction of the republican constitution of 1937 . This shows the extent to which the republican ideal gained ground once independence was in place , furthering the ideological divide between protestant loyalism and catholic nationalism . Despite this development , the struggle between the two previously warring factions has continued , the original republicans developing a populist , nationalist party , and the former treaty party developing a concern with law and order , and moderation on the national question . But the fight did not prevent the fundamental beliefs in the nation and the historic integrity of the island of Ireland , as nationalist parties described it in their New Ireland Forum ( 1983 4 : i . 28 ) , from remaining basic to the perceptions of both parties . The Gaelic - Irish Component This shows the extent to which the republican ideal gained ground once independence was in place , furthering the ideological divide between protestant loyalism and catholic nationalism . Despite this development , the struggle between the two previously warring factions has continued , the original republicans developing a populist , nationalist party , and the former treaty party developing a concern with law and order , and moderation on the national question . But the fight did not prevent the fundamental beliefs in the nation and the historic integrity of the island of Ireland , as nationalist parties described it in their New Ireland Forum ( 1983 4 : i . 28 ) , from remaining basic to the perceptions of both parties . The Gaelic - Irish Component From the early years of the Southern state , cultural nationalism was deliberately developed by government means . From 1911 to 1914 , the Irish high clergy made successive attacks on the trade union movement and on socialism . Rumpf and Hepburn ( 1977 ) view the activity of the church during this period as quite decisive in limiting the appeal of socialism for the Irish subordinate classes until the 1950s . The emergence of a new pro - capitalist party in the South from the end of 1985 , the Progressive Democratic Party , might show the extent to which political divisions based on the treaty and within the nationalist component of hegemony may have become problematic , to be partially replaced by an even more explicit concern with increasing the popular wealth and prosperity . Indeed , in the Irish general election of 1987 , progressive democrats took 14 seats , and 11.8 per cent of the total vote , which is sizeable for a young political party . The decline of the labour element in the SDLP in the North , however , does indicate a trend to the style of politics in the Republic , that is towards the suppression of class politics and identity in line with the dominant ideology of the alliance . The decline of the labour element in the SDLP in the North , however , does indicate a trend to the style of politics in the Republic , that is towards the suppression of class politics and identity in line with the dominant ideology of the alliance . The national question as such still remains a central preoccupation for catholic nationalists . Because the nation is seen as only partially liberated , and particularly by the membership of the largest party Fianna Fil , the animus of the national - popular consciousness is focused on this issue , to the detriment of class - based politics . There has , therefore , been little chance in the past for a political growth of class consciousness among subordinate groups . What socialism there has been among the catholic nationalist tradition has always tended to be allied to republicanism , especially in the period 1913 to 1930 ( Rumpf and Hepburn 1977 : 13 ) . The dual source of the state 's role in hegemony helps us understand the limitations of the state in respect of the alliance whose power it also represents . This is why collections by the provisionals in public houses were having partial success in the 1970s without too much interference by the Garda , the Republic 's police force . The collections indicated a wider hidden culture of support for the lads who were at the forefront of the battle to restore national unity , in addition to the much smaller party political support they enjoyed in the South . The Roman catholic church , in episcopal statements , unequivocally condemns violence North or South . As seen in Chapter 3 , this was also true in the nineteenth century , despite lower clergy support particularly for the Fenian movement . There can be no doubt that the lack of such a programme bore heavily upon the poor , and that poor health and mortalities were a consequence . In 1946 there were already signs of clerical opposition to any socialization of welfare in queries about Fianna Fil 's proposals from Archbishop McQuaid and the Confederation of Convent Schools . As has already been seen , it was the style of both church and politicians to avoid their mutual consultations being known , which tells us that the secularity of the state at that time was partially a faade , but one which it was felt by both interested parties had to be maintained , probably so as not to confuse the faithful . In a letter to the Irish premier in 1947 , while an extensive health bill was going through parliament , the bishops pointed out that to claim such powers for the public authority , without qualification , is entirely and directly contrary to Catholic teaching on the rights of the family , the Church in education , the rights of the medical profession and voluntary institutions ( Irish Independent , 12 Apr. 1951 , quoted Whyte 1980 : 143 ) . It appeared that one of the main sources of the bishops ' opposition was the authoritarian nature of the legislation . The next significant event of constitutional relevance was the important initiative taken by the nationalist parties in Ireland in 19834 , the New Ireland Forum . This was an initiative sponsored by the SDLP at first intended to bring together politicians from both catholic nationalist and protestant loyalist groups to discuss the future of the island as a whole . In reality only the major nationalist parties participated . Loyalist parties refused to join in , and the Provisional Sinn Fein was excluded by the fact that the ground rules for the forum only allowed parties accepting constitutional , nonviolent politics to participate . The forum completed its consultations and reported in the Summer of 1984 . The new Ireland must be a society within which , subject only to public order , all cultural , political and religious beliefs can be freely expressed and practised . This was made explicit in terms of the sense of British identity which protestant loyalists experience : This implies in particular , in respect of Northern protestants , that the civil and religious liberties that they uphold and enjoy will be fully protected and their sense of Britishness accommodated ( New Ireland Forum 19834 : i . 223 ) . For the very first time , the leadership of all the major constitutional nationalist parties in Ireland , representing 90 per cent of the nationalist population , had abandoned the concept of the tyranny of the majority will . The people of Ireland were not identified as the catholic nationalist population . There were still traces of ethnocentrism in the nationalist viewpoint elsewhere in the report : for instance , they still referred to the historic integrity of Ireland ( New Ireland Forum 19834 : i . 28 ) , implying an almost naturalistic concept of Irish unity , when as a political unit Ireland only ever existed as a British - administered territory . Fianna Fil appeared to be equally divided on the issue . The new progressive democrats came out in favour of the referendum proposal on 14 May . Of the smaller parties , the Workers ' Party was the most decisive in favouring the change . Other public bodies who actively campaigned on behalf of the constitutional amendment were the Irish Congress of Trade Unions and the Irish Council for Civil Liberties . The presbyterian and methodist churches in Ireland , along with the Church of Ireland , welcomed the proposal . Divorce was seen to be harder on the women than the men , who could get out of their family responsibilities so much more easily with divorce than without it . In opposing the arguments marshalled by the anti - divorce groups , the pro - divorce group argued that , despite the existence of divorce legislation in Northern Ireland , there was still a low divorce rate . The period of separation in undefended cases was two years , and five years had to run if one of the parties opposed the divorce . That men in particular do not benefit from the procedures was suggested by the fact that twice as many women as men filed for divorce . It was argued that the pattern in other countries was that laws permitting divorce followed social trends in the numbers of marriage breakdowns rather than vice versa and that the fears of societal breakdown promoted by opponents in Ireland were unfounded in fact . Further criticism came from Roman catholics in Britain . An editorial in the Catholic Herald and Standard on 25 May it is distributed in Ireland as The Standard criticized the Irish bishops ' apparently low esteem of their laity 's ability to remain constant in their marriages . Also a call from the Alliance Party in the North was made by John Cushnahan , party leader . He found it ironic that anyone who supported the Anglo - Irish Agreement could oppose a modest measure to introduce divorce ( Irish Times , 28 June 1986 ) . Perhaps an important counter to the archbishop of Dublin 's interventions was the well - known lay liberal catholic and Head of Information at RTE , Louis McRedmond . the failure has continued for a period of , or periods amounting to , at least five years , iii . there is no reasonable possibility of reconciliation between the parties to the marriage , and iv . any other condition prescribed by law has been complied with , The bishops were successful in urging the Irish party to accept the church 's programme for Irish education as a whole . Their success was founded on a dual strategy . On the one hand they subscribed to the annual Irish parliamentary party fund and , on the other , they publicly praised the Irish party as the true political representatives of the Irish people and its interests in the British parliament . Even a Castle bishop such as Archbishop Healy , now announced his conversion to the nationalist cause . In other words , support for the education policies of the church were the quid the Irish party had to give in order to obtain the quo of the bishops ' endorsement of the party as the genuine political representatives of the Irish people or nation . On the one hand they subscribed to the annual Irish parliamentary party fund and , on the other , they publicly praised the Irish party as the true political representatives of the Irish people and its interests in the British parliament . Even a Castle bishop such as Archbishop Healy , now announced his conversion to the nationalist cause . In other words , support for the education policies of the church were the quid the Irish party had to give in order to obtain the quo of the bishops ' endorsement of the party as the genuine political representatives of the Irish people or nation . The agreement over education was so clear that when the first revolutionary Irish government set itself up in 1918 , prior to negotiated independence , there was no Minister for Education . And when the Irish Free State did emerge in 1921 , practically the entire school system was under the control of the churches . The burden of the message was that good catholic parents sent their children to catholic schools . The curate added to this that those promoting the integrated project were in fact promoting secularism . The fact that a prominent member of the current community council and an integrated education supporter was a member of official Sinn Fein , the Workers ' party , appeared to figure in the reasoning , as this party has always been suspected to be an anti - clerical and secularist force . In residents ' association meetings , the clergy 's point of view received vocal support from one or two members of the older village community which preceded the housing estate . The total of those favouring denominational schooling in the initial survey was less than one - third . Mr Murray now wants to give away the Smugglers ' Kitchen so that he can channel his efforts into another property the Dartmoor Inn at Bovey Tracey , also in Devon . He has identified the need for a fish restaurant in the surrounding area . However , interested parties have to fulfil the following prerequisites : Be young , enthusiastic and part of a team , with some experience of the catering industry ; She broke off , and Sven Hjerson felt her body slump again in his arms . But by the time he had gathered up her handbag and Lord Woodleigh 's camera , which had come to rest nearby , she was able slowly to make her way with them to the nearest point where the accident could be reported . Some two hours later the whole party sat , exhausted and silent , in deckchairs on the terrace of Sven Hjerson 's hotel , sipping half - heartedly at cups of abominable tea and looking without seeing anything at the wide sweep of the Bay of Naples spread out far below them . Jilly Jonathan was pale but had calmed down after the bout of hysterical weeping that had overcome her once they had got her to the hotel . Peter Horbury sat beside her , still looking tousled from his exertions among the rocks . Imagine mother 's distress when she discovered there was no such thing ! But never fear , sergeant . I shall find the body in a jiffy and we shall apprehend the guilty party before the day is out . Sergeant Bramble was about to remonstrate when they were interrupted by Constable Quince wheeling his bicycle . And this must be Constable Quince , said the old lady . Mrs Pettifer came out on to the terrace with a tray , glasses and a big bottle of champagne . Paris ? said the foreign detective . What better place for an engagement party deux ? said the baronet , pouring out wine . Pity we had to leave Bonzo behind , but we knew he 'd be good at raising the alarm . Mes enfants , said the small Belgian person , chers collgues , I am enchant by your successes . If David had ever learned of the things Phipps had said to her , he would probably Oh dear , she said , again . They stared at one another in dismay , the sad , small wickedness of their friends and neighbours strewn around their minds like dirty confetti from a party long past . Henry Phipps had been the chief celebrant at this particular form of get - together , and now someone had brought his priapic revels to a rather spectacular end . Constable Arthur Perkins was a phlegmatic man , resigned long ago to losing his hair and his prospects for promotion as he worked out his years in an area singularly free of serious crime . I would n't wear muddy hunting boots if I was going to climb in through a bedroom window and murder a lady , said Ethel . The words took time to sink in to herself as much as to the rest . It 's not as though a gentleman would only bring one or two pairs of shoes with him to a house - party . They sat there thinking . Finally it was again Ethel who spoke . What about after we all left ? said Henry . The experts assure us that symptoms occur between one and four hours after this particular substance has been ingested . The detective inspector went on , in tones totally devoid of emphasis , Unfortunately Dr Iverson went out after the dinner - party to pay a late visit to a man with pneumonia about whom he was worried an so cannot tell us anything about the time immediately after the guests had left . By the time he got home his wife was already beginning to be unwell . I see . She was a somewhat intense woman who probably rather enjoyed such gatherings , but I 've often wondered if she secretly used them as a ruse to get her husband home to mind the little one while she nipped out for a breather . Anyway , I digress . After Paul left , the party broke up quickly , as though everyone felt that the business of the day had now been concluded . I , in my role as hostess , lingered to the end and soon there was only Anne and myself left . Did you get The Times Educational Supplement this week ? she asked me . I was in cinema - and theatre - land the part of London that never sleeps . Through the cafe window I watched London nightlife pass by . I watched the party - goers , the punks , the pimps , the prostitutes , the princely and the poor . I watched a world that should have been behind glass and yet I was the one who was behind glass and reality was theirs . I tried eating a sandwich with my second cup of tea and I just about managed it . The next thing on Jenny 's mind was food . Where would you like to eat ? she asked me . Shouldn't you be going to a party ? I 've been excused for the moment . What do you fancy ? There 's a boat - train that goes at about half - nine , I think . OK , we 'll make it half - eight just to be on the safe side . Aren't you going to be tired after the party , though ? I wo n't be offended if you ca n't make it . Don't worry , a bit of body - popping wo n't kill me . So had Jenny . She came up to me with , I noticed , slightly less bounce in her step than there had been the previous day . Me or the party ? I wondered . Hi ! How was the shelter ? Fine . How was the party ? Awful . Just awful . No one had thought to specify how many shirt buttons could be undone and fear was now patently manifest that some uncontrollable disorder would be let loose should more than one button be opened to reveal chest hair , or even a medallion . Underlying the disquiet was a strong current of belief that the act of going tieless was tantamount to social chaos ! Four years later , as I mentioned above , I was party to the same fear at Bramshill , in relation to the use of the Nato sweater . One of my colleagues , no doubt swayed by the heat of the discussion , turned on me sitting in my short - sleeved uniform shirt , and rebuked me with the warning that in my force , you 'd be disciplined for mutilating police property . Initially I was puzzled , until I realized he thought I had cut off my shirt sleeves , for in his force ( noted for its disciplined enforcement of a correct uniform presentation ) , all uniform shirts had long sleeves . Oh , stay now ! Jay , you 're drunk , said Lucy , laughing and pushing her away , but gently . That was a lovely party . I like your friends . I 'll see you on Monday . Yes , Dragonfly Moonchild she had been and loved the summer - child in her . Jay shivered in the solid sunshine and forced memories of the winter after that summer . It had all crystallised at a party . She should not have gone to that party . She closed her eyes and played it back , as if from a great height . Jay shivered in the solid sunshine and forced memories of the winter after that summer . It had all crystallised at a party . She should not have gone to that party . She closed her eyes and played it back , as if from a great height . Crew - cut Jay , bristling with rage . snarl of a husk of hedgerow ranging the dusk full field She lounges through the party rooms , a scent of snow as she passes . The bevelled painted doorframe is a winter tree . A glow behind her shaggy head is moonlight , cloud scarred at the change of seasons . The embers die as she denies their warmth . A final flare in the icy wind , the hand is dashed away and lies helpless . She rises , pushing at the carpet , the wall , the doorframe , unsteadily through the party . Lurch . Sorry . Sorry , sorrysorrysorrysorry . Each sorry a slorry slurred whine . She is wearing her party smile which slashes to a snarling slaver and she makes it to the kitchen where cold steal lies on Dutch tiles . Claw and fang . Pissed again ? But here a thin frieze of very old trees had been preserved for the delectation of the lairds who looked out from their houses on the slopes Cluny , Grandtully , Clochfoldich , Pitcastle . At two of the gates on the roads up to thy houses dogs had been stationed , chained to posts newly hammered in . The animals barked themselves hoarse as the little party tramped past and they were amused to see men watching them , one from behind a ruined byre , another behind a thick tree - trunk . What can the lairds be frightened of ? asked Menzies innocently . He waved and the man dodged further behind the tree . Steady now Colberg 's voice . We shall bait at Inver inn and I shall cross the ferry for fresh horses . Sergeant Collier the prisoners may refresh themselves . , The party was drawing up with a jingle and a grinding of hooves on a cobbled forecourt . Three sides of a square surrounded them with high walls and rows of windows . Cameron and Menzies stepped down , staggered , and were supported into the inn . His home was ever open , a centre of wisdom and influence for decades ; admired even by cabinet ministers from Britain . Among many high - level tasks , he drafted an Appeal to the League of Nations on minority rights , and made many approaches to various government authorities through a wide range of memoranda , petitions and similar appeals . He was asked to stand for parliament , but declined , having no particular relish for party - politics ; he was too large - hearted a man for that . For all his organisational and business efficiency , he was a man of immense personal charm and dignity : Well - dressed , aristocratic , calm , and with a ready and reassuring smile , it was said . Moreover he was a man of great devotion , who upheld the high ideals of the synagogue 's pulpit , the beauty of its services , as well as the splendour of the building itself . There is an litist thread in such places , and joining was by oligarchic selection and specific invitation , followed by a suitably off - beat initiation . Their natural rebelliousness achieved its heights now , not least in their violation of the traditional rules , their attempts to undermine the institution by radical policies , their attempts to breach the system . They invited people whose backgrounds were very different to join this high class Jewish fraternity , and tried to run it as a continuous party . They even instituted a rule of drinking in front of the Fraternity House , for which Leonard was impeached ! And he conducted its meetings to the sound of his guitar , singing to his fellow - students suitable and unsuitable ! songs and ditties . After these reflections I formulated my demands . My bottom line was to retain the status quo . So often the parties to disputes make the mistake of not being crystal - clear about the bottom line . I scratched my head . I checked a couple of precedents in my files . Terrific . All the more for us . Join the party , the dancer replied . The picture changed once more . Yes , a remarkable discovery , said the Emperor of Trame . In the bedroom . I was n't sure about them once I arrived . Is it the right sort of party ? Why not ? Among the coats in the bedroom was a leather bomber jacket which did look as though it could be genuine World War Two . Maggie paused . On second thoughts , she said , I 'll introduce myself , and set off across the room . Before she left the party , she must look for the witch 's hat . PESTS How that princess ever managed to kiss a frog is beyond me . Super Super Series ! Although no formal proposals have yet been announced by anyone , there is no doubt that the idea for a Super Super Series , as I suppose it should be called , is gaining momentum . The problem , of course , would be reaching agreement with all parties concerned , as to which events , other than the four Grand Slams , would be included . One theory is there should be Sydney , a week earlier than at present , leading into the Australian Open , the Stella Artois Championships as the traditional prelude to Wimbledon , plus Cincinnati and Indianapolis on the way into the U.S. Open . Rather more controversial would be deciding which tournament should take pride of place in the European clay court season leading into Paris . Daily Telegraph South Quay 181 Marsh Wall London E14 9SR Tel : 071538 5000 Published MonSat If you do advertise for a companion it is advisable to use a box number and also to take up references . You should carefully consider the duties you require of a companion and write a job description so that there is no misunderstanding by either party as to what is expected . You may wish to seek legal advice on whether a contract could be drawn up. Further information : Recruiting and employing a personal care worker by M Dunne . There is apparently interest on this topic throughout the movement , so the legal unit has been checking the position . A voluntary group which is a company may be regarded as influenced by the local authority where both 20 % or more of its voting members or board of directors are associated with the local authority and 50 % or more of its business . Such influenced companies may be subject to controls on borrowing , party political activity , conditions in contracts and other matters yet to be decided . ** However , Age Concern Groups should not need to worry about these provisions at all . This is because GOLDEN YEARS APPEAL UPDATE October 1991 Launch With the election now off until sometime next year media attention continues to be absorbed by party conferences and international activity . As many of you will have seen the Macmillan Nurse Appeal has also been launched as has the Help The Aged Home Security Appeal , and appeals by Oxfam and Guide Dogs for the Blind , so it appears we have made the right decision to delay until January . Work on the launch and the focus of the appeal is close to completion and we are benefitting from the good offices of our advertising industry contacts . They comprised four Mk 1 FO sets , each made up of seven FO saloons , two kitchen cars and a BFK brake vehicle , plus the former Manchester Pullman set of seven parlour cars , two parlour kitchen cars and a parlour brake . All were outshopped in standard InterCity raspberry ripple coach livery but distinguished from ordinary service stock by having white - painted roofs . For up - market small - party charter hire , InterCity also procured the former London Midland Region general manager 's saloon No 6320 something of a hybrid , comprising a special body on a Mk 1 underframe and B4 bogies , which had been converted for dual braking and electric train heating . In addition , there is a single HST Mk 3 saloon , which , since special refitting to include a lounge and dining area , has seen use by both the Queen and the Prime Minister . The Charter Unit 's second - class sets , or more correctly standard class sets as BR now prefers to describe them , also underwent refurbishment during the tail end of the 1980s with twenty - four of the Mk 1 TSOs being smartened up and fitted for air braking during 1988 , and a further twelve earmarked for the same treatment during the early part of 1990 . No matter whether the theme comes from fantasy or reality every movement should be lightly or firmly drawn into an overall dance design . lt must also delineate the personalities and behaviour of the characters . These designs can reveal people at play during a party as in Les Rendezvous or on an ice - rink as in Les Patineurs ; they present the conflicting or subtle moods arising from the tragedy of lost youth and hope during war - time , as in Gloria ; or they show how deep sorrow gradually changes into resignation and on to exaltation as in Requiem . There can be great variety within some themes . For example , Balanchine in his Four Temperaments ( with music by Hindemith ) describes the moods of a melancholic , sanguine , phlegmatic and choleric man or woman . In the first part the leading characters are introduced in their proper setting before a meeting takes place . In La Sylphide , James is seen dreaming in his farmhouse before La Sylphide awakens and dances with him. Later , apparently unseen by others , she dances through the betrothal party at which he is confronted by Madge , the Witch , who foretells that he will never marry . He throws Madge from the room . In Giselle Albrecht In Giselle Albrecht After persuading her to dance with him , he swears to marry her . The entrance of a hunting party leads to Giselle 's meeting with Bathilde , a crucial moment in the plot . 2 The second part of both ballets can be called the climax . The sources of inspiration are seemingly endless ( see page 17 ) . Many enduring ballets have been inspired by stories from world literature . Others describe a pastime such as skating , concert - going and even a dance party . Other choreographers find disturbing themes of madness , the tragedy of war and man 's inhumanity to man. There have even been attempts to stage biographies , one of the first being Loring 's Billy the Kid ( see page 30 ) . And , of course , the Pub Section points the way to nearly 5,000 pubs that serve top - notch cask beer there are more than 1,500 new entries from last year . NEWS AND DIARY CAMRA joins election fray with manifesto CAMRA has launched its own manifesto for the next General Election with policies to be presented to candidates of all parties for action in the next parliament . Election fever rises and falls with the opinion polls but CAMRA is determined that issues affecting the pub and drinkers will be fully debated during the election , whenever it comes . Two - thirds of adults use pubs , and one million people work in the drinks industry or licensed trade . Two - thirds of adults use pubs , and one million people work in the drinks industry or licensed trade . CAMRA 's aim is that future generations should enjoy a variety of good beers , in a healthy and diverse mix of pubs , said Campaigns Manager Stephen Cox . As a non - political organisation , we believe politicians of all parties will listen to our views . The manifesto defends the right to enjoy drinking in the British public house . It says that health and social policies should accept that responsible drinking in pubs is a benefit to society . When the Royalist army arrived at Worcester 's oldest pub , the Cardinal 's Hat , they were refreshed with pints of a special 1042 gravity beer , His Majesty 's Royal Celebration Ale , brewed by Jolly Roger . When the Cromwell forces arrived , the pumpclips in the Cardinal 's Hat were rapidly changed to read Parliamentarians Premium Ale . The Jolly Roger Quaffers raised more than 400 for charity , which will be used to take a party of under - privileged children to Drayton Manor park and zoo . The Worcester Evening News picture shows troops outside the Cardinal 's Hat . SN come clean on Brown clips Foreign lagers are welcomed by CAMRA , despite the fact that many of these are not real . The Party Seven is a great British institution and its downfall merely a product of marketing mismanagement . It is recognised universally as a free invitation to any party , and as a postmodern display of pop art in its most popular and utilitarian form . Fizzy keg beer it may be , but that is no reason to dismiss it out of hand without considering its appeal as a true classic beer . With the strength of CAMRA as a consumer movement , I welcome the return of the Party Seven into the off - sales world , which is one of the largest sections of the industry , as the large breweries are forcing the 2 pint upon tenant landlords and others , and people turn elsewhere to seek their alcoholic enjoyment . Two hopping abseils later I 'm an expert at them now and I was on the snow . Necessity being the mother of invention ( and ingenuity ) , the foam mat from the back of my rucksack served as a seat for sliding down the snow , protected from behind by a rope and with an ice - axe to help control . One member of the party went to summon the rescue team and the helicopter appeared as we neared the CIC hut . We had reached level ground so winching was relatively easy . A few minutes later and I was getting into the rescue ambulance for a short ride to the Belford Hospital in Fort William . Poet and visionary climber Edwin Drummond is about to achieve his ambition of a United Nations Climb for the World , now sponsored by the Sheffield firm Fretwell - Downing Datasystems . The big event is scheduled for 2122 September , its object the raising of funds for environmental projects worldwide . The main climb by several parties on the North Face , West Flank , Mittellegi Ridge and South Ridge of the Eiger will see the meeting of an international team on the summit , televised live . Participants , who will carry symbolic lanterns and a flag of flags , include a blind person , a Czech grandmother , a black South African archaeologist , a Siberian and an Argentinian model . The Eiger , Drummond hopes , having been claimed by Hitler after the Nordwand climb of 1936 , will thus become a world mountain . The hostel even had its own fleet of camels on its regular Hillaby - style treks , used them to carry supplies or provide a mount for weary walkers . It sounded an ideal way to explore some of the remoter parts of this region , but our time was limited and we wanted to move on to the higher mountains . Above : Richly robed , the Samburu tribesman who acted as guide to the party . Left : On Mount Elgon , looking towards Koitobos Peak ( Photos by the author ) . So we travelled west from Maralal to the Cheranganis a large range of mountains which include Nakugen Peak ( 11,580ft . /350m ) , the fourth highest mountain in Kenya . Instead of accompanying us , he carried the Bulgarian bodily down to the refuge . Three down , five to go . In truth , a guide was n't really necessary for our party that good - weather day . The route was obvious , we were all experienced and we were not exactly alone . But it was still comforting to have with us little Liena , our 19 - year - old interpreter who was a very competent rock climber and all - round mountaineer , for she had climbed Elbrus in the past and could give assurance that we were on the right course . She held the lead and quietly plodded upward through the crisp snow that covered the long Baskan Glacier . In a way , climbing Elbrus is a bit like climbing Mont Blanc , for you 'll seldom be alone . So I was particularly pleased to find at one point , when I 'd indulged in a lengthy photo session , that the rest of the party had gone over the brow and out of sight and I was left for a while with the world to myself . It was a world of pristine beauty and breathless calm all the wind was beyond the ridge and I revelled in it . On and upward , slow now with the altitude telling on legs and lungs alike , the route was measured in numbers of steps before a rest was needed . On and upward , slow now with the altitude telling on legs and lungs alike , the route was measured in numbers of steps before a rest was needed . And with every rest so the views increased . They demanded attention , more photography , and the remainder of the party drew further away . It did n't matter . There was time . We turned and descended slowly to the tracks we had made on the ascent earlier that morning , then sloughed our way down. Twenty minutes later we met our guide , seated in the snow making radio contact with the hut . Having delivered the injured Bulgarian to safety we had then returned to the ascent , hoping to catch our party . He and Liena conversed for a while before he announced his decision to wait there for the return of Tony and Ferdy ( the Germans ) , and Dave the American , asking me to take care of Liena on the way down. It was a magnificent descent . Holiday camps or bothies ? Over the last five years the bothies have become something of an open invitation for exploitation . They are now regularly used by groups of people involved in Outward Bound activities and school parties . Visiting certain bothies in the Affric and Dundonnel areas during 1989 , I was amazed to find things regulated by a dinner gong ! On Skye during the summer of 1990 , I visited a bothy not far from the Cuillins to find certain people staying two weeks ( fishing ) , one week ( canoeing ) and no room at the inn for overnighters . She relies on roast chicken . Win a holiday at a five - bone hotel . Sally gives Bona - Fido breaks the paws - up Your invite to Top Dog '91 the biggest and best doggie party ever staged PLUS ! Dobermanns * See Dunbar , Neville Fisher live on stage * Diabetic Dogs * Win 10 VIP Working Dog of the Year tickets * Pet Census Results * Acupuncture * New Dog Video AND MUCH MORE His Master 's Voice says NO What other shops say to dogs PUPPY OF ALL BATTLES We help bring Des back from the Gulf It 's the ideal way to socialise your pup BRUCE FOGLE If you 've been to a puppy party you 'll know how much fun it can be to train your pup in a positive and natural way . Families learn how to handle dogs and dogs learn how to live with each other and all sizes and varieties of humans . We all realise puppyhood is the most important time in a dog 's life . The experiences during those first 16 to 18 weeks affect your dog 's personality forever . And it 's so easy to create good and practical experiences for your pup 's benefit . Puppy parties work this way : someone organises a weekly gettogether for pups and owners . The pups are not fed their meal before the party but , instead , the organiser provides every human a small bag of dry dog food . This is important , because at puppy parties , the pups are fed by strangers . Puppy parties work this way : someone organises a weekly gettogether for pups and owners . The pups are not fed their meal before the party but , instead , the organiser provides every human a small bag of dry dog food . This is important , because at puppy parties , the pups are fed by strangers . The first few times , the pup gets his food for free to demonstrate to him that people are nice , but after a few treats he has to sit for his stranger and for his supper . All the family come to the party and children take an active part . This is important , because at puppy parties , the pups are fed by strangers . The first few times , the pup gets his food for free to demonstrate to him that people are nice , but after a few treats he has to sit for his stranger and for his supper . All the family come to the party and children take an active part . This is especially important and valuable for puppy owners who do not have young children , because this is how pups learn about kids and how much fun they can be . During the first party , children give the dogs treats . All the family come to the party and children take an active part . This is especially important and valuable for puppy owners who do not have young children , because this is how pups learn about kids and how much fun they can be . During the first party , children give the dogs treats . That 's a good introduction to kids . At the next party a week later , the children learn how to get their pups to sit by simply using a hand signal . During the first party , children give the dogs treats . That 's a good introduction to kids . At the next party a week later , the children learn how to get their pups to sit by simply using a hand signal . Once they learn how to do that with their own dogs , they ca n't resist commanding other pups to sit for their food rewards . The result is that the children learn how to control dogs and the dogs learn that obeying children is simply part of life . Fun , is n't it ? THROWING A GOOD PARTY I started organising puppy parties for my clients a few months back , using a good dog trainer to co - ordinate the parties and a local church hall as the venue . During the six weekly get - togethers , open only to pups under 18 weeks old , they and their families learn the basic commands come , sit , heel and wait as well as how to toilettrain , groom and road - walk their dogs . Owners get information on pet health insurance , kenneling and more advanced training . I recently bought lots of special doggie chews back from the States . He has ignored them all . He quite enjoys singing along to records at parties , except when one of mine is played ! He tries to figure out why my lips are n't moving . Max has been to numerous rehearsals with his celebrity owner and once appeared on breakfast TV . The canine talent competition is fairly self - explanatory . We 're looking for dogs with star quality . If your dog has a party piece do n't be afraid to show it off . It could be a trick , an impression ( we 've heard of a dog who impersonates an anteater ! ) it 's up to you . Feel free to bring any props you might require . But , as I say , he acts bored . Peter Verkhovensky is telling him about a religious conversation among some army officers . The mood of the party , according to Verkhovensky , was atheistic . As a group they gave God short shift . But A very young man has shot himself and we ride off in an inquisitive Gadarene cavalcade ( our ladies had never seen a suicide ) to view the corpse ; everything 's so boring recall Marya Lebyadkin 's words one ca n't afford to be squeamish about one 's amusements so long as they are fun ; and Lyamshin , the man who gets himself asked to parties to mimic women in labour , new - born babies , and peasants in the confessional , steals a bunch of grapes from the room of death . It 's not easy to say what the narrating I is doing at such a scene . Again and again he seems to be in and yet dubiously of the party . In fact the chronicle succeeds in having its cake and eating it , all the way back to the stir caused by Nicholas Stavrogin 's arrival in our town , when it is recorded among other things that he seemed to know a lot But of course it did n't take much knowledge to astonish us . Isolated , that looks like straightforward double focus : the first - person narrator inside the chronicle box , unaware of his provincial limitations ; and Dostoevsky outside it . In The House of the Dead he makes us feel that the grim actualities of prison life do this job for him. The Possessed works differently . We have already met Lyamshin , the member of the quintet whose party act is to mimic women in labour and new - born babies . Flanking him as it were is the wife of another familiar figure and quintet member , Virginsky . Mrs Virginsky is our town 's midwife , a modern woman in Dostoevsky 's reshaped generation - gap story , a nihilist and free - thinker . Audio Who designed this ? a manufacturer cannot contact all potentially interested parties Panasonic UK Legal Department In September 1982 , this magazine published a brilliant piece of lateral thinking in audio design , a Wheatstone bridge type circuit which should rid transistor audio amplifiers of crossover distortion originating in the output transistors . However , he has never stated that this was in fact the case . I would also state my belief that in relation to Class AA , our parent company has behaved entirely properly ; the process of applying for a patent necessarily entails wide publication and ample opportunity for opposition . I willingly accept that an inventor cannot scrutinise every patent application ; by the same token a manufacturer cannot contact all potentially interested parties . My view about the Matsushita response is simply that the Japanese higher education system generally requires knowledge of English , which seems at odds with the Technics explanation . The basic variation in the Technics circuit arrangement has necessitated a set - up procedure , not present in my circuit . All I can say to the objectors in both categories is that those who do not see a problem do not have a problem , and they can happily ignore what I have written . But other readers will , I imagine , accept the general drift of what I have said , whilst disagreeing on many points of detail . Not wanting to seem too negative , I have outlined ways in which the discipline of English as currently constituted might divide , to the benefit of both parties . But knowing how the academic mind works , I am not optimistic about change . As Noel Annan wrote in his life of Leslie Stephen : The ingenuity in argument , the subtlety in drawing distinctions , the dexterous prevarications , the imperative reasons for procrastination , perpetually bewilder and confound the novice in university administration . Had Jonah been less indigestible how can we be sure that the whale would have expelled him ? Yet it was , I think , a tragedy for both parties that the whale of London could not keep down this nimble Jonah who distracted , but so well stimulated , her lethargic stomach . From the moment Ezra left the Anglo - Saxon world he began to suffer more and more from the isolation of his intellectual exile . This wild and wayward child of the Prophets a Daniel come to Judgment needed the thick padded hide of the antediluvian monster , whose maw he had so precipitately fled from . Worth 20 million , he had a limousine and 11 bodyguards . The one serious omission of Behr 's script was to discuss from whom they were shielding him : is kidnapping an inevitable corollary of even relative economic freedom ? Just before Tianamen , Zhang got the Entrepreneur Of The Year Award , presented by a party chief who has since been redeployed . Alfred Yu , a university lecturer who had openly criticised that government , has remained in Australia , where he was teaching , too nervous to return . Despite the crushing of the students , he still hoped that a phoenix will rise up from the ashes . YESTERDAY was the last day for comments from the public on a paper issued in January entitled : Comparability of Financial Statements published by the International Accounting Standards Committee . This is hardly the sort of catchy title guaranteed to get most of us rushing to our desks in search of pen and paper , nor is it easy to imagine squeezing into packed village halls to listen to speeches demanding a rewrite of the rules on deferred taxation . In acknowledgement of this , IASC , which comprises the leading world accounting bodies , sent out a separate invitation to interested parties asking for their views on the subject . It called this : Towards the International Harmonisation of Financial Statements . Harmonising international accounting standards is more important than one might think . Moreover , Mr Kinnock brushed aside the suggestion that he needed a big idea or unique selling point to challenge the appeal of Thatcherism . He went on to say that there was nothing at all from the last decade for which he could give Mrs Thatcher credit . The latter point was silly , coming from a man who has spent much of the last five years persuading his party that the world had changed since May 1979 and that there was no going back . The former is debatable . Mr Kinnock is a relatively recent convert to revisionism . Rulers do not set the moral climate of their nations except , perhaps , at the extremes . Hitler and Stalin debauched the moral climates of Germany and Russia respectively . But it would be hard to argue , say , that Greeks are less moral because of the appalling corruption of and greed demonstrated by senior figures in the government and party of the socialist Andreas Papandreou . Dr Runcie acknowledged that wealth creation was the necessary precondition for doing all the things we ought to do but added that there was no automatic connection between wealth creation and a happy society . Amen to that . As he prepares his text , he might recall Harold Wilson 's speech to the 1963 Scarborough conference . After 12 years in power , the Tories had run out of steam . Wilson 's task was to project his party as an alternative government and associate Labour with the agenda of the 1960s . He succeeded triumphantly . His white heat speech not only demonstrated that he was aware of the scientific revolution that was changing Britain but also associated Labour with efficiency , modernisation and planning . As in 1963 , so today there is a strong sense that the tide is turning . But the Tories still have time to recover , especially if they jettison some of the more unattractive aspects of Thatcherism . Mr Kinnock 's job at conference must be to demonstrate Labour 's electability by confirming the party 's new revisionism , by reassuring voters on issues where there is still doubt and , above all , by helping set the agenda for the 1990s . The party has abandoned policies which made it unelectable in the 1980s . It is no longer the party of traditional nationalisation ; it is no longer anti - European ; above all , it is no longer unilateralist . But the Tories still have time to recover , especially if they jettison some of the more unattractive aspects of Thatcherism . Mr Kinnock 's job at conference must be to demonstrate Labour 's electability by confirming the party 's new revisionism , by reassuring voters on issues where there is still doubt and , above all , by helping set the agenda for the 1990s . The party has abandoned policies which made it unelectable in the 1980s . It is no longer the party of traditional nationalisation ; it is no longer anti - European ; above all , it is no longer unilateralist . Mr Kinnock must stress the extent to which Labour has really changed . Mr Kinnock 's job at conference must be to demonstrate Labour 's electability by confirming the party 's new revisionism , by reassuring voters on issues where there is still doubt and , above all , by helping set the agenda for the 1990s . The party has abandoned policies which made it unelectable in the 1980s . It is no longer the party of traditional nationalisation ; it is no longer anti - European ; above all , it is no longer unilateralist . Mr Kinnock must stress the extent to which Labour has really changed . Defence , which lost Labour so many votes in 1983 and 1987 , is especially important . Here Mr Kinnock should set out clearly why , in the Gorbachev era , negotiated rather than unilateral disarmament is almost always preferable . On the economy , there is still work to do . Polls show that , despite impressive performances by John Smith and Gordon Brown , many voters still believe Labour is a party of high taxation and inflation . But there is strong support for sensible increases in public spending , provided this does not lead to massive hikes in taxation . The party has to emphasise that , in contrast to the Tories , it believes public spending should rise in line with growth in output , but that it will pursue responsible fiscal policies . Polls show that , despite impressive performances by John Smith and Gordon Brown , many voters still believe Labour is a party of high taxation and inflation . But there is strong support for sensible increases in public spending , provided this does not lead to massive hikes in taxation . The party has to emphasise that , in contrast to the Tories , it believes public spending should rise in line with growth in output , but that it will pursue responsible fiscal policies . Labour 's hand on inflation would be strengthened if its leader were able to announce that it now supported early British entry into the exchange rate mechanism of the European monetary system . Mr Kinnock will also have to clarify several confusions in policy . Labour 's hand on inflation would be strengthened if its leader were able to announce that it now supported early British entry into the exchange rate mechanism of the European monetary system . Mr Kinnock will also have to clarify several confusions in policy . He should repeat his assurance that , while Labour is opposed to the privatisation of water and electricity and wants to see a return to public control , it is not the party 's intention to clobber those who buy shares . Muddle over trades union legislation must also be cleared up. UK employees , among the least protected in Europe , need more extensive statutory rights . I am disappointed the policy review has adopted such a negative attitude both to a Bill of Rights and electoral reform . A new agenda , centred on citizens ' rights and democratic reform , selective government intervention , environmental protection and a more positive role in Europe would provide the basis for a new progressive majority . It must be Mr Kinnock 's task this week to capture this new agenda for Labour and set the party on the path to power . Disturbingly quiet on the Western front By WILLIAM REES - MOGG The official blurb explains that the plaster figures stand as if boldly forging ahead , their eyes fixed on our motherland 's beautiful future . Perhaps unwittingly , the new statue hints at a deeper truth underpinning the hardline triumph : the worker , the peasant and the intellectual gaze wistfully towards the Forbidden City , the grandest monument to the genius of Chinese civilisation , but the soldier has his eyes fixed in a different direction down the Avenue of Eternal Peace towards Zhongnanhai , the walled compound where party leaders live and work . For as Mao decreed , if power grows from the barrel of a gun , it is the party that must control , and if necessary use , that gun . Four months after the People 's Liberation Army stormed central Peking with the loss of hundreds of lives , few can have any doubt about the party 's determination to enforce this Maoist maxim . As many as 100,000 soldiers are still encamped around Peking . But if they are physically weak , the old guard remain politically strong . Refighting the battles of their own youth , they have tried to fix China 's eyes firmly on the past . The party may claim to be in the vanguard of history , but its clock seems to have stopped in the 1950s . Propaganda campaigns , class struggle , the cult of the model worker and even the almost evangelical rhetoric of the cold war are all back with a vengeance . Television and newspapers no longer praise model entrepreneurs but heroic labourers such as Zhang Fuxin , praised for throwing himself into a pit of polluted mud to retrieve a piece of equipment . From ANDREW HIGGINS in Peking CHINA'S leaders celebrated the 40th anniversary of Communist rule yesterday , protected from their people by the biggest security operation undertaken in the capital since the People 's Liberation Army stormed into Peking four months ago. Standing exactly where Mao Tse - tung proclaimed the People 's Republic of China on 1 October 1949 , paramount leader Deng Xiaoping joined other party leaders atop the Gate of Heavenly Peace to preside over a night of fireworks and martial music in Tiananmen Square . Fearful of protests or violence by citizens outraged by the army 's brutal assault on Tiananmen on 4 June , armed troops cordoned off a large area of central Peking , admitting only hand - picked spectators into the square . Among the guests were thousands of plain - clothes police and out - of - uniform soldiers , some of whom arrived in military trucks , dressed as clowns . Party time By AHMED RASHID BULAWAYO , ZIMBABWE ( Reuter ) Joshua Nkomo , 72 , threw a huge birthday and 40th wedding anniversary party at the weekend and President Robert Mugabe was there to seal the unity between the former rivals . During the two - day festivities at Barbourfields stadium , politicians and business leaders , city workers and Matabeleland villagers , ate and mingled . Iran quake The 1989 awards are each worth 300,000 , 20 per cent more than last year , due to particularly good returns on investments made by the Nobel Foundation . Hungary 's Communist Party is expected to formalise radical political and economic changes at its special congress on Friday . The congress has been brought forward by a year , in what is being interpreted as a victory for the leader of the reformist wing of the party , Imre Pozsgay . He is reportedly hoping to oust Karoly Grosz as General Secretary . The party may well face further depletion with the expected defection of some members to set up yet another social democratic opposition party . The congress has been brought forward by a year , in what is being interpreted as a victory for the leader of the reformist wing of the party , Imre Pozsgay . He is reportedly hoping to oust Karoly Grosz as General Secretary . The party may well face further depletion with the expected defection of some members to set up yet another social democratic opposition party . Mr Grosz , 59 , has been overtaken , some would say swamped , by the wave of reforms he unleashed after displacing Janos Kadar as Hungarian leader in May 1987 . Now he finds himself in the same position as his predecessor a relative conservative whose time is past . The French want a mandatory minimum level imposed of 60 per cent of programmes made in Europe . If no accord is reached by Friday , the directive will die anyway , under a time limit rule. Botswana goes to the polls on Saturday , when seven parties will contest 34 seats in the country 's single chamber . President Quett Masire is expected to be nominated again as the presidential candidate of the Botswana Democratic Party , which has ruled since independence in 1966 . Finally , a special celebration takes place on Friday , when the famous Parisian cabaret , The Moulin Rouge , celebrates its 100th birthday . His faction has triumphed over the reformist elements of Christian Democracy , headed by the ousted leader and premier , Ciriaco De Mita . In the sweetness of victory , Mr Andreotti 's Roman cohorts have forgotten that they are mortal and , in the eyes of many churchmen , their greed and arrogance now risk bringing Catholic politics into disrepute . The Pope 's Vicar of Rome , Cardinal Ugo Poletti , has taken to scolding the Christian Democrats for their divisions which may bring victory for the secular parties and the Communists in city elections on 29 October . A public rift in Catholic politics surfaced last week when the Communion and Liberation movement severed its ties with a powerful weekly magazine , Il Sabato , run by Andreotti supporters . The magazine exploited popular Catholic themes , such as anti - abortion campaigning and family values to channel middle - class resentment into a political movement . Tixier - Vignancour 's success in retricting General Salan 's punishment to life imprisonment in 1968 so angered President de Gaulle that he considered resignation . By then Tixier had taken his anti - Gaullist crusade to the point of running himself as a presidential candidate . Without any proper party organisation he fought a brilliant campaign in 1965 , canvassing the French throughout August on every beach from Dunkirk to Menton . He was eliminated in the first round , coming fourth behind de Gaulle , Mitterrand and Jean Lecanuet . He promptly consigned his five per cent of the vote to Mr Mitterrand in the second round , a gift whch the Socialist candidate happily accepted . In many of them , particularly criminal cases , the interests of the client may be quite different from those of the public . In these cases the interests of justice may demand special requirements such as , for example , that the preparation and presentation of the case be in separate and independent hands . In the second category , general civil cases , parties should be able to choose their own lawyers because the interests of justice would be inherently less likely to fetter the client 's right of choice . Lord Donaldson implied , however , that solicitors who exercised their new rights of audience in these cases ought to be expected to concentrate on advocacy . While emphasising that he had not reached any firm conclusions , Lord Donaldson 's voice will be a powerful one in behind - the - scenes manoeuvres as rules governing the exercise of the new advocacy rights are hammered out away from the parliamentary battlefield . The council 's Labour leadership , who have been in control since 1986 , have argued that they had no control over the transactions as the day to day running of the finance department is in the hands of expert financial staff . Publicly the banks have suggested that there could be dire consequences for the City should the deals be ruled illegal . They feel that as innocent parties they are being cheated . However , insiders reckon that the councils will get away with it if Hammersmith loses . While the banks may then try to sue the council or even individual officers the risk is very widely spread and no financial institution will be put in danger . This is another attempt to waste parliamentary time already 280 hours has been wasted in this way in the past two decades . The society argues , however , that the announcement of the Bill itself is a success , showing how pro - lifers have forced the Government to resolve the issue both on embryo research and abortion . We have taken single issue campaigning beyond the text book by forcing the Government to take responsibility itself , Ann Winterton , Conservative MP for Congleton and secretary of the all - party parliamentary Pro - Life Group , said . The society has started raising funds for the campaign . It estimates it will need about 200,000 and has been pledged 65,000 by the millionaire property developer Godfrey Bradman , chairman of the society 's Education Research Trust . An acid house party attended by children as young as 12 was broken up by police yesterday . Cigarettes thought to contain cannabis , and illegally - sold alcoholic drinks were seized . About 500 people were at the party , in a barn at Elmstone Hardwicke near Cheltenham , Gloucestershire . Forty people are to appear in court in Blackpool today after Birmingham City supporters went on the rampage before and after their team 's Third Division match with Blackpool , wrecking a pub , smashing dozens of windows and bombarding police with bottles and glasses . Two policemen and about a dozen supporters were injured . The only way to remove the Government was for Labour to win the next general election . Mr Kinnock intends to reinforce his conviction that Labour is in a position to win in his keynote speech tomorrow . Party organisers want the conference to show that the party is united as never before , leaving Mr Kinnock free for the first time to sell the policy package to voters without worrying about splits . There is expected to be a close vote on defence , but Mr Kinnock is confident the new policy will be affirmed today . The executive is recommending rejection of a motion calling for unilateral disarmament . Mr Scargill 's election to Parliament would acutely embarrass Mr Kinnock , but would pave the way for the NUM 's merger with the Transport and General Workers ' Union . TGWU members have said they would resist attempts to make Mr Scargill leader of a new energy section within their union . It is also possible that party members in Barnsley would prefer a more moderate candidate . The Labour Party Conference : Rough - edged voice of the grass roots By COLIN HUGHES Mr Kinnock will want Mr Prescott 's national executive support and may sometimes even need his constructive criticism . Mr Prescott is unquestionably closer to a large swathe of the rank and file than most other members of Labour 's Shadow Cabinet . Maybe it was for that reason that the party leader singled Mr Prescott 's past year performance out for praise in an interview in The Sunday Correspondent yesterday , calling him , chummily , Johnny . All the signs , it seems , of an overnight rehabilitation . The Labour Party Conference : Conference condemned by activists as farce The Labour Party Conference : Conference condemned by activists as farce By STEPHEN GOODWIN AN ATTEMPT by party activists to empower the Labour conference to amend the leadership 's policy review was defeated with the aid of union block votes . Constituency party delegates declared the conference was being reduced to a rubber stamp , a farce and a mirror image of the Conservative 's conference . But Larry Whitty , general secretary , said under party rules policy statements , such as the manifesto , were not amendable . AN ATTEMPT by party activists to empower the Labour conference to amend the leadership 's policy review was defeated with the aid of union block votes . Constituency party delegates declared the conference was being reduced to a rubber stamp , a farce and a mirror image of the Conservative 's conference . But Larry Whitty , general secretary , said under party rules policy statements , such as the manifesto , were not amendable . Out of 10 speakers from the floor on two composite motions reaffirming the conference 's right to the final word on policy determination , only one backed the procedure adopted by the leadership for the review . Trade union delegates remained silent during the short debate but voted solidly behind the leadership . It is hypocritical that we praise Gorbachev and perestroika , praise what is happening in Poland and Hungary , when we ca n't even amend basic policy . A second composite instructing the National Executive Committee to treat conference resolutions as amendments to review documents was defeated by 3,704,000 to 2,245,000 . Moving it , Ken Slater , of Hyndburn , pointed out there were some 60 resolutions on the conference agenda endorsing existing party policy for unilateral nuclear disarmament . But if the review document , Britain in the World , was adopted those would be ignored . Florrie North , of Eltham , said , after 53 years as a party member , that it seems conference is being asked to rubber stamp policies made elsewhere . Moving it , Ken Slater , of Hyndburn , pointed out there were some 60 resolutions on the conference agenda endorsing existing party policy for unilateral nuclear disarmament . But if the review document , Britain in the World , was adopted those would be ignored . Florrie North , of Eltham , said , after 53 years as a party member , that it seems conference is being asked to rubber stamp policies made elsewhere . Martin Smith , of Brighton Kemptown , protested : We want a Labour government , but that does not mean to say that we are going to meekly accept inadequate policies and an economic policy that is doomed to failure . Mr Whitty told delegates the NEC had given them adequate time to look at the reviews . The GMB general union and the Amalgamated Engineering Union , with 800,000 and 600,000 votes respectively , are casting theirs against . The decisions of the union delegations will probably mean a continuing wrangle . A hardline motion calling for black sections is almost certain to be thrown out on Friday and the party could be left without a policy as support for a proposition calling for societies with exclusively black members is also in doubt . Mr Kinnock 's compromise would have created one society , with a national executive seat if it attracted more then 3,000 members . The NEC adopted the plan by 21 votes to five . Mr Kinnock and his deputy , Roy Hattersley , have consistently opposed exclusively black sections . The party 's campaign to win mass membership has failed , the GMB leader , conceded yesterday . John Edmonds , a confidant of Neil Kinnock , said the party needed to talk to potential members rather than rely on advertisements and mail shots . His union will spend 1.5m over the next two years in an attempt to increase individual membership . Membership dropped by 23,000 last year to 265,000 , although officials say additional members attracted this year has almost offset that loss . The Labour Party Conference : Left rejects appeals for unity By JOHN PIENAAR PROMINENT left - wingers yesterday rebuffed appeals for unity behind Labour 's policy review and accused the party leadership of a calculated effort to stifle grassroot dissent . Tony Benn , Ken Livingstone and Dennis Skinner , Labour chairman , joined in an attempt to rally opposition to the review at a pre - conference fringe meeting . As Labour leaders predicted a smooth ride for the policy overhaul this week , the three hard left national executive committee members attacked the main elements of the package , from its abandonment of nuclear unilateralism to the shift away from all out renationalisation . Tony Benn , Ken Livingstone and Dennis Skinner , Labour chairman , joined in an attempt to rally opposition to the review at a pre - conference fringe meeting . As Labour leaders predicted a smooth ride for the policy overhaul this week , the three hard left national executive committee members attacked the main elements of the package , from its abandonment of nuclear unilateralism to the shift away from all out renationalisation . Mr Benn told the Campaign for Labour Party Democracy rally : Now we have a leadership that claims the right to control the party entirely from the top . They aim to win by detaching the Labour Party as a whole . He cited the decision to deny local activists the chance to amend the review , the leadership 's refusal to restore all trade union immunities , the rejection of demands for all - black sections within the party and the strengthening of Shadow Cabinet power . Mr Benn told the Campaign for Labour Party Democracy rally : Now we have a leadership that claims the right to control the party entirely from the top . They aim to win by detaching the Labour Party as a whole . He cited the decision to deny local activists the chance to amend the review , the leadership 's refusal to restore all trade union immunities , the rejection of demands for all - black sections within the party and the strengthening of Shadow Cabinet power . They are moving towards American politics . We shall have four - yearly conventions you can drop your resolutions and buy balloons ; because that is all you will be able to release when you come to these conventions . And the party chairman derided the differences between Neil Kinnock and Bryan Gould , the trade and industry spokesman , on the value of water industry shares . Let 's tell them we are going to take them back without compensation . He added : The whole balance of the party is being moved away from the conference and the NEC to the Shadow Cabinet . Mr Livingstone urged Labour activists to strengthen the left wing faction in the NEC elections . The Labour Party Conference : Skinner cheered over water shares By JUDY JONES DENNIS SKINNER , the Labour Party chairman , won loud cheers from conference delegates yesterday when he demanded the return of water to public ownership without compensation to shareholders by the next Labour government . He also urged the party not to turn its back on traditional principles and values in its drive to agree an election - winning package of policies this week . In a speech that blended music - hall style with soap - box rhetoric , the veteran left wing MP for Bolsover , said : For too long the Labour Party has been trying to follow in the wake of Mrs Thatcher 's agenda . We have to escape from the time warp in which , unfortunately , some people are still caught after three election defeats in a row . We have to escape from the time warp in which , unfortunately , some people are still caught after three election defeats in a row . Mr Skinner insisted : There will always be a need for socialism , whether in Britain or anywhere else , so long as there are millionaires living in the lap of luxury and other people living in cardboard boxes , so long as we have a system which allows the poor countries of the world to hand over 50m to the rich . He maintained there was only one way to resolve differences within the party leadership over Labour 's policy towards a privatised water industry : Take water back without compensation . However , Mr Skinner firmly supported Neil Kinnock 's rejection of electoral pacts with other parties to help to defeat the Tories . He portrayed the Tories as the party of worn - out ideas , led by a Cabinet of incompetents . Mr Skinner insisted : There will always be a need for socialism , whether in Britain or anywhere else , so long as there are millionaires living in the lap of luxury and other people living in cardboard boxes , so long as we have a system which allows the poor countries of the world to hand over 50m to the rich . He maintained there was only one way to resolve differences within the party leadership over Labour 's policy towards a privatised water industry : Take water back without compensation . However , Mr Skinner firmly supported Neil Kinnock 's rejection of electoral pacts with other parties to help to defeat the Tories . He portrayed the Tories as the party of worn - out ideas , led by a Cabinet of incompetents . More people had seen Sky television than John Major , the new Foreign Secretary . He maintained there was only one way to resolve differences within the party leadership over Labour 's policy towards a privatised water industry : Take water back without compensation . However , Mr Skinner firmly supported Neil Kinnock 's rejection of electoral pacts with other parties to help to defeat the Tories . He portrayed the Tories as the party of worn - out ideas , led by a Cabinet of incompetents . More people had seen Sky television than John Major , the new Foreign Secretary . John Wakeham , the new Secretary of State for Energy , had risen to public prominence in his previous Cabinet job by refusing to have nuclear waste dumped in his constituency . But Dr Runcie 's ideas of a limited primacy recognising the Pope as a central figure in the Christian Church , who would exercise a primacy for the sake of unity and mission have been rejected as insufficient by the Pope . They have also aroused Protestant anger against Dr Runcie , at the same time as he has become involved in a row over his attack on the Pharisees of British society . Though Dr Runcie and his party could not take Holy Communion at the papal mass , he had earlier celebrated the eucharist at the Anglican church in Rome after three demonstrators rose from the congregation as he ascended the pulpit ; the visit has been dogged by protests from supporters of the Rev Ian Paisley . In his sermon , Dr Runcie said : We should ever recognise the scandal that Anglicans and Roman Catholics must celebrate two eucharists to make one memorial of our redemption on the day of our Lord . Dr Runcie has gone out of his way on this visit to concede many of the doctrinal points and practices which large elements of the Church of England have traditionally found offensive in Roman Catholicism . Although the policy review will be endorsed by the conference , giving Neil Kinnock the freedom to go on to the offensive against the Conservatives in the run - up to the next general election , there are a number of areas of potential conflict . Calls for consideration of electoral reform and a new form of black representation are both expected to be defeated . Ron Todd , the general secretary of the transport workers ' union , said that today 's vote on the multilaterist nuclear defence policy would not yield the massive and overwhelming majority predicted by right - wingers , and he warned that party leaders could not expect everybody to goose - step in the same direction once the policy had been carried . The conference opened with Labour buoyed by a series of weekend opinion polls giving leads of from 5 to 12 points . Soviet Union faces serious energy shortage As the new presenter , Nicholas Witchell is chiefly celebrated for sitting on a lesbian during a news bulletin , you switched on at dawn with some cynicism . It was soon clear , however , that this was broadsheet television . Witchell would be doing his party trick only in special circumstances . The programme pretty well began with an interview with someone from the Bundesbank which , as running orders go , is a bit like a long - jumper beginning his approach with his laces tied . In fact , almost everything before seven is business news with men in suits watching over the pound like doctors : And the latest news from Tokyo it seems to be a little better . A quote away from glory By PETER JENKINS BRIGHTON : In six verbose years as leader of his party , Neil Kinnock has not a memorable phrase to his credit . Although not exactly stuck for words , nothing that he has said has yet entered the language . His speechwriting aides confessed themselves stumped for a Kinnockism worthy of inclusion in a dictionary of modern political quotations . His speechwriting aides confessed themselves stumped for a Kinnockism worthy of inclusion in a dictionary of modern political quotations . The best they could recall was his one - liner to Derek Hatton , the Liverpool militant , at Bournemouth in 1985 : You do n't play politics with people 's jobs , Mr Kinnock told him. But that falls into the somewhat different category of intra - party polemic . I am talking about phrases which speak to the country by capturing its mood or its hopes . Harold Wilson 's words are remembered today , 25 years after he led Labour back to power , from 13 wilderness years . If it did not exist , would anyone trouble to invent it at a time when , from the Atlantic to the Urals , socialism in all its manifestations is losing the argument to liberal capitalism ? For we should not become too carried away by Labour 's changed face and tone of voice , nor too dazzled by the Peter Mandelson image - conjuring . The party may have put on a collar and tie but it is still the Labour Party , prone to its old reflexes ( as it reminded us yesterday on defence spending ) , prisoner still of its anachronistic structure , its mind set in 100 years of working - class history . Listening to the first day 's proceedings , I found myself not transported into the future so much as revisiting the past . Here was the Labour Party reverting to its old self , a better self , yes , than the monster it became under the demonic spell of Tony Benn ; here was a party responsive once more to its own people , the people it so shamefully betrayed at two successive general elections since 1979 , but a party as somebody once said of the SDP - promising a better yesterday . The party may have put on a collar and tie but it is still the Labour Party , prone to its old reflexes ( as it reminded us yesterday on defence spending ) , prisoner still of its anachronistic structure , its mind set in 100 years of working - class history . Listening to the first day 's proceedings , I found myself not transported into the future so much as revisiting the past . Here was the Labour Party reverting to its old self , a better self , yes , than the monster it became under the demonic spell of Tony Benn ; here was a party responsive once more to its own people , the people it so shamefully betrayed at two successive general elections since 1979 , but a party as somebody once said of the SDP - promising a better yesterday . Here it is still with its delegations and block votes , composite motions and reference backs of its convoluted proceduralism , its quaint forms of speech and styles of address comrades , brothers , sisters , chair . A sufficient moral universe it may remain for those who inhabit it , but they are a dwindling band and for large areas of the country Labour 's world is a cultural world apart . Here it is still with its delegations and block votes , composite motions and reference backs of its convoluted proceduralism , its quaint forms of speech and styles of address comrades , brothers , sisters , chair . A sufficient moral universe it may remain for those who inhabit it , but they are a dwindling band and for large areas of the country Labour 's world is a cultural world apart . Amid the euphoria of its seven - point opinion poll lead , the party 's own pollsters have reminded it that in the South the Conservatives lead 47 - 33 while in the Midlands and Wales the race remains too close to call . In these regions , the Conservative vote is down respectively by only 5 and 3 per cent on 1987 , not enough to suggest widespread Labour gains come 1992 . In a masterly television interview on Sunday , John Smith , the shadow Chancellor , exuded competence and an almost Gladstonian fiscal probity , but there was a ring of the Sixties about the accompanying discussion between MPs and experts which left the impression that , in squaring circles , the Labour Party remains endemically the party of inflation . Amid the euphoria of its seven - point opinion poll lead , the party 's own pollsters have reminded it that in the South the Conservatives lead 47 - 33 while in the Midlands and Wales the race remains too close to call . In these regions , the Conservative vote is down respectively by only 5 and 3 per cent on 1987 , not enough to suggest widespread Labour gains come 1992 . In a masterly television interview on Sunday , John Smith , the shadow Chancellor , exuded competence and an almost Gladstonian fiscal probity , but there was a ring of the Sixties about the accompanying discussion between MPs and experts which left the impression that , in squaring circles , the Labour Party remains endemically the party of inflation . The abandonment yesterday of unilateral nuclear disarmament ( although not the intention of abandoning Britain 's nuclear deterrent at the earliest opportunity while other countries keep theirs ) was done in the same spirit of moralism which had gone into the banning of the Bomb . Once more the world was treated as a convenience wrapping for Labour 's parochial and predominantly internal preoccupations . Much determination and hard work have gone into that attempt , but it is now seen to have failed . Without reforms , failure will become more complete . Yet if the GDR were to become a multi - party democracy , it would lose its identifying ideology and become a pallid shadow of the Federal Republic : less grossly consumerist , perhaps , but also less desirable . In Bonn it is hoped that there can be orderly change across the border , soon enough to convince more East Germans that life is worth living there . Perhaps because to think about reform is to think about its purposes , Mr Honecker and his colleagues keep their minds closed to such challenges . We naturally welcome Labour 's existing promise to repeal Section 28 and to legislate against discrimination in the workplace . And few would disagree that , given the fanaticism and sheer ferocity of tabloid prejudice , it would be unreasonable for gay people to expect that Labour should adopt our cause as an election issue . However , the watering down of a basic and principled commitment , within Labour or any other libertarian party , especially in response to intimidation by newspapers of such a spurious morality , could prove deeply discrediting . It is with regard to this principle , but more importantly to the actual facts of persecution , that we urge the support of Labour 's leaders and membership by restoring , this week , a policy commitment to full equality for lesbians and gay men . Letter : Israeli motives By TERRY MCCARTHY THE SEAFRONT at Kep , on the southern coast of Cambodia , is lined with villas built in the dashing concrete style of the 1950s . During Prince Sihanouk 's rule , he and the Phnom Penh aristocracy would drive down to Kep for weekend parties and gambling in the casino . By the early 1970s , the Khmer Rouge controlled the surrounding countryside , and the parties stopped . Since Pol Pot took power in 1975 , Kep has been deserted , and the villas stand windowless and empty . By TIM MCGIRK BUDAPEST ( AFP ) Hungary rejected calls by Romania for action by Warsaw Pact nations to prevent a Solidarity - led government in Poland from taking office , Geza Kotai , the head of the central committee 's international department , said . He said the party told Romania last month it was up to the Poles to choose their future through free elections . Kaifu vows to keep sales tax By TIM MCGIRK It is the most urgent task for the cabinet to restore public trust in politics , he said in his first important policy speech since taking office . I am determined to promote political reforms . Mr Kaifu said he was not considering scrapping the 3 per cent sales tax that contributed to severe election setbacks for his party in July . He said the levy was absolutely essential for Japan 's future . De Klerk gives ANC talks the seal of disapproval In Dortmund a 56 - year - old man , apparently an even more extreme right - winger , was in a critical condition after being kicked and pelted with bottles by left - wingers . And in Dusseldorf police said a member of the Republican party suffered a heart attack after being beaten up by demonstrators . The Greens remained the third strongest party with 0.2 per cent more than before at 8.3 per cent . Mr Blum tried his supporters saying they had done better than predicted . But it was a bad start for the CDU to the series of eight rounds of municipal or Land elections between now and the Bundestag elections . Mr Blum tried his supporters saying they had done better than predicted . But it was a bad start for the CDU to the series of eight rounds of municipal or Land elections between now and the Bundestag elections . It showed that despite the Chancellor 's unopposed re - election as chairman of his party and his tactical victory over leading rivals , voters are unimpressed with his performance and that of the CDU . A car and a life left on the other side of the fence From EDWARD LUCAS in Prague This has not , however , prevented a touching detail in the exodus of the original 4,000 emigres over the weekend . As they left the embassy , those who had arrived in cars were invited to leave their keys , and in return were promised that their vehicles would be brought eventually to the West . Comrade Springer tries to liven up the party From ANNE APPLEBAUM in Lublin JUST because I was n't interned in 1981 does n't mean I 'm not a Polish patriot too , fumed a member of the Karczmiska Communist party committee . From ANNE APPLEBAUM in Lublin JUST because I was n't interned in 1981 does n't mean I 'm not a Polish patriot too , fumed a member of the Karczmiska Communist party committee . We simply went to work like normal citizens during martial law and now it seems that 's a crime , he went on , gesturing at the 20 heads of party factory cells who were gathered to discuss the future of communism in Poland . The meeting was in its third hour . Andrzej Springer , a Central Committee member and the first secretary of the Lublin region , was there . Andrzej Springer , a Central Committee member and the first secretary of the Lublin region , was there . Comrade Springer , as his subordinates addressed him , was collecting views and opinions . According to a recent Politburo dictum , the party will turn itself into a left - wing parliamentary party at its next congress early next year , and the Central Committee members were consulting local leaders about how to do it . Mr Springer held a questionnaire , distributed to all party members . The group was analysing the results , which are to be discussed by a local central committee plenum today . A motion has been put forward that the Polish United Workers Party ( the Communist Party ) should give the right to vote to all of its members . Is the comrade in favour of this solution ? ( a ) yes , ( b ) no ? The most heated discussion revolved around the question of changing the party 's name . One delegate opted for Polish Labour Party because he thought the present name would scare away farmers and intellectuals . Maybe people would think we were something like the British Labour Party , he said hopefully . Maybe people would think we were something like the British Labour Party , he said hopefully . Another disagreed . If we change the name , we show disrespect for all of the good things the party has done for Poland . Mr Springer then took the floor - for 30 minutes . The party must fight for its new image , not only for its own members , but also in front of the whole nation . If we change the name , we show disrespect for all of the good things the party has done for Poland . Mr Springer then took the floor - for 30 minutes . The party must fight for its new image , not only for its own members , but also in front of the whole nation . He sat down. It was not clear whether he thought the name should be changed or not. The next meeting was in Opole Lubelski . The local party secretary opened the meeting by welcoming the Lublin first secretary , and announcing the presence of a Western journalist . Comrade Rakowski ( the party leader ) set the precedent for this by allowing some foreign journalists into the last meeting of the Central Committee , he explained nervously . The Opole meeting was dominated by elderly party members , who refused to talk about such problems as names , new programmes , and new membership laws . I want to talk about socialism , said one . The local party secretary opened the meeting by welcoming the Lublin first secretary , and announcing the presence of a Western journalist . Comrade Rakowski ( the party leader ) set the precedent for this by allowing some foreign journalists into the last meeting of the Central Committee , he explained nervously . The Opole meeting was dominated by elderly party members , who refused to talk about such problems as names , new programmes , and new membership laws . I want to talk about socialism , said one . This new government , what is it doing ? Now , after three change of government , people are calmly discussing the future . Is he an optimist ? Mr Springer joined the party 25 years ago , and admitted that this era could be the most difficult he had ever lived through . But , Madam , I have a university education , and I 'm a teacher by profession . I will have no trouble finding something else to do . By JOHN EISENHAMMER MUCH TO their chagrin , the woes of Chancellor Kohl 's centre - right coalition have yet to produce a solid wave of support for the Social Democrats . Successive state elections have seen the governing parties pummelled by a dismayed electorate . But the SPD , instead of exuding the sort of assurance suggesting that the general election in December next year belongs to it , struggles to hide its edginess . The party reacted with unnecessary embarrassment and defensiveness to government attacks on general talks it has been holding with the Greens , and its desire , as part of its traditional Ostpolitik , to press on with contacts with the Communist party in East Berlin despite the sudden surge of open opposition to the government by East German citizens . Successive state elections have seen the governing parties pummelled by a dismayed electorate . But the SPD , instead of exuding the sort of assurance suggesting that the general election in December next year belongs to it , struggles to hide its edginess . The party reacted with unnecessary embarrassment and defensiveness to government attacks on general talks it has been holding with the Greens , and its desire , as part of its traditional Ostpolitik , to press on with contacts with the Communist party in East Berlin despite the sudden surge of open opposition to the government by East German citizens . Two impressive victories this year , in Berlin and in Frankfurt , producing municipal coalitions with the Greens , were a fillip for party morale . But at the European elections in June the SPD failed to break through despite heavy CDU losses . But the SPD , instead of exuding the sort of assurance suggesting that the general election in December next year belongs to it , struggles to hide its edginess . The party reacted with unnecessary embarrassment and defensiveness to government attacks on general talks it has been holding with the Greens , and its desire , as part of its traditional Ostpolitik , to press on with contacts with the Communist party in East Berlin despite the sudden surge of open opposition to the government by East German citizens . Two impressive victories this year , in Berlin and in Frankfurt , producing municipal coalitions with the Greens , were a fillip for party morale . But at the European elections in June the SPD failed to break through despite heavy CDU losses . The West German electorate lacks confidence in Chancellor Kohl and his team , but has yet to be convinced that the SPD , with whatever future coalition partner it chooses , will do much better . It is now rushing to finalise a bold programme of reforms . But the emphasis on new priorities is troubling some of its traditional clientele . The change has been striking in two areas , with women 's issues and environmental concerns thrust to the head of the party agenda . There has been an influx of women into the party , accompanied by a decision to have equal representation at all levels of the party by the mid - 1990s . And the party has been devising an environmentally - friendly economic strategy . The change has been striking in two areas , with women 's issues and environmental concerns thrust to the head of the party agenda . There has been an influx of women into the party , accompanied by a decision to have equal representation at all levels of the party by the mid - 1990s . And the party has been devising an environmentally - friendly economic strategy . Its central theme is to make polluters pay , starting with a proposed 30 per cent rise in the price of petrol . We are getting away from the labour party for industrial workers , says Walter Momper , the SPD mayor of Berlin and one of the new generation of leaders . It has not always been easy for those working class voters who see the Greens as an undisciplined bunch , inimical to the interests of industrial society , to keep up with the SPD 's enthusiastic appetite for environmental matters . There has been a noticeable shift of working class support from the SPD to the far - right Republicans not as much as the losses from the Christian Democrats , but enough to worry party managers . The differences in our electorate are much bigger than for the conservative parties , says Heidi Wieczorek - Zeul , a member of the party praesidium . Tactically to combine the interests of a miner and an environmentalist just does not work . It can only be done with conviction , with the sort of approach we used in 1969 with Ostpolitik . It can only be done with conviction , with the sort of approach we used in 1969 with Ostpolitik . Today , ecological and women 's issues are the equivalent of Ostpolitik for us . The party leader , Hans - Jochen Vogel , a rather uninspiring figure , has nonetheless proved adept at managing this delicate evolution which , bolder than anything the Labour party ever contemplated , has avoided the sort of fratricidal bloodletting which ravaged its British counterpart . The traditionalist camp has had to swallow some bitter pills . Oskar Lafontaine , the SPD leader in the Saarland , has argued vociferously that a modern mass party like the SPD could not afford to have its policies confined to the narrow interests of employed industrial workers . Oskar Lafontaine , the SPD leader in the Saarland , has argued vociferously that a modern mass party like the SPD could not afford to have its policies confined to the narrow interests of employed industrial workers . In the party 's new programme , the trade unions have had to backtrack on their central demand , now accepting that a shorter working week will mean reduced wages . But Mr Lafontaine , standard - bearer of the up - and - coming generation , and the second most important figure after Mr Vogel on the committee drafting the party programme for the next decade , has certainly not had things all his own way . His attempts to link reductions in working hours to more flexible work practices , for example , have run into powerful union resistance . The SPD 's candidate for Chancellor seems to be narrowing to a choice between Mr Vogel and Mr Lafontaine , between a cautious compromiser and an erratic reformer . The party is far from sure which message it wants to send to voters , and is likely to leave the choice until the last minute . Neither of these two men can control with any certainty , however , the factor that will perhaps exert the most influence on the SPD 's election chances . Whether the party likes it or not , its fortunes are hostage to the still youthful coalitions in Frankfurt and Berlin , and their notoriously unpredictable Green allies . If these coalitions fall apart , as an earlier version did in Hesse in 1987 amid much rancour , the repercussions could be disastrous , with the Christian Democrats poised to exploit any hint of red - green chaos . If we are not successful in Berlin , then the chances of a red - green coaliion in Bonn are gone for five to ten years , says Walter Momper . Despite his lack of political experience , Clouthier 's 20 - year leadership of business organisations stood him in good stead . After the banks ' nationalisation he sold most of his interests in the dozen or so companies he had created and drawn his wealth from , and committed himself to combating the existing political system . He quickly established himself within the PAN , challenging its professional politicians with the support of his business colleagues and unifying the fractious party . He took conservative ideas on privatisation and land reform , gave them a populist anti - government bent and managed to woo over many poorer voters - especially in northern Mexico who previously feared that the PAN represented only business interests . He promised to demystify the all - powerful presidency and make it more accountable to congress and the voter . He was popular as a man of the people who toured Mexico with his wife and 10 children in a mobile home during the presidential campaign , a very different strategy from the typically aloof approach of the PAN 's other wealthy and middle - class leaders . His blustery manner brought out large crowds despite frequent government attempts to intimidate rural populations into staying away . Ultimately Clouthier 's campaign fell victim to the rise of the left and the governing party 's shift to the right . Clouthier pulled in 17 per cent of the vote , falling into third place . Many of the PAN 's traditional supporters appeared to abandon the party to support Salinas for fear the left might win . LORD JUSTICE DILLON said that it was not in doubt that if the copy was privileged in relation to the employee 's then claims because obtained for the purpose of advice in relation to those claims , it retained its privileged condition in respect of the subsequent claims now being advanced by the bank : Pearce v Foster ( 1885 ) 15 QBD 114 . The basis of the privilege on grounds of law went back many years . It was for the party refusing to disclose to establish his right to refuse . The onus therefore was on the defendants . Affidavits from the defendants ' solicitors established that the photocopy affidavit was supplied to them by the second defendant for the purposes of seeking legal advice in circumstances where litigation was contemplated , but did not indicate whether the photocopy sent was a photocopy which the second defendant made for the purpose of instructing his solicitors or a photocopy which had been sent to the second defendant by the employee himself , prepared for the employee 's own purposes which had nothing whatever to do with the defendants obtaining legal advice from their soliticors . But he warned that correcting the mistakes of the present administration would not be easy . He said : Look at the problems 12 years of Tory mismanagement will bequeath to us ; a balance of payments deficit financed by hot money , casino - type operation money which will fly away at the prospect of a Labour victory . The Labour Party Conference : Policy review a symbol of party renewal By STEPHEN GOODWIN LABOUR'S policy review was a symbol of the party renewing itself and becoming again a force for change , Tom Sawyer , deputy general secretary of Nupe , the public sector workers ' union , said at the start of four days of debate on the review reports . By STEPHEN GOODWIN LABOUR'S policy review was a symbol of the party renewing itself and becoming again a force for change , Tom Sawyer , deputy general secretary of Nupe , the public sector workers ' union , said at the start of four days of debate on the review reports . Mr Sawyer , chairman of the party 's home policy committee which co - ordinated the work of the seven policy review groups , insisted there had been no sacrifice of principles . Values and principles did not change , he said , but the times in which they had to be applied did change . There had been changes in technology , in the workforce and in the class system . Margaret Thatcher had created a supermarket society where the only thing a society needed was a credit card and the only freedoms that mattered were those that could be bought . We have the agenda for the Nineties , Mr Sawyer said . Labour was moving on as a renewed party a party that cares as much about consumers as it cares about producers ; a party that wants to make the economy work as much as it wants to change the economy ; a party that embraces as much of the green as it does of the red . The Labour Party Conference : Voices labouring for a lost cause By JOHN PIENAAR , Political Correspondent If we planted a bomb in the conference hall , they would listen to us soon enough . In the meantime , they were pressing on with the task of handing leaflets to anyone prepared to take one , and taking limited encouragement from the presence of a junior Labour front - bencher , Kate Hoey , at their conference fringe meeting . The party leaders show no sign of relenting . Extending Labour 's front into Ulster , they say , would run counter to the policy of reunification of Ireland by consent . There is also a suspicion in some circles that the campaign is to some extent driven by a form of closet unionism ; a motive the Belfast campaigners attribute freely to their Tory counterparts . The Labour Party Conference : Anger as new defence policy is accepted By STEPHEN GOODWIN A UNILATERAL move by a Labour government to get rid of nuclear weapons could be reversed by a later administration , Gerald Kaufman , the party 's foreign affairs spokesman , argued yesterday as the Brighton conference swung behind a multilateral approach to disarmament . I share the objective of all in our party who want a nuclear - free Britain . But I want a Labour Britain to play its full part in bringing about a nuclear - free world , Mr Kaufman said . By STEPHEN GOODWIN A UNILATERAL move by a Labour government to get rid of nuclear weapons could be reversed by a later administration , Gerald Kaufman , the party 's foreign affairs spokesman , argued yesterday as the Brighton conference swung behind a multilateral approach to disarmament . I share the objective of all in our party who want a nuclear - free Britain . But I want a Labour Britain to play its full part in bringing about a nuclear - free world , Mr Kaufman said . The debate on the defence section of the party 's policy review report , Britain in the World , brought to a head the anger felt in sections of the party over Neil Kinnock 's shift away from unilateralism . I share the objective of all in our party who want a nuclear - free Britain . But I want a Labour Britain to play its full part in bringing about a nuclear - free world , Mr Kaufman said . The debate on the defence section of the party 's policy review report , Britain in the World , brought to a head the anger felt in sections of the party over Neil Kinnock 's shift away from unilateralism . Joan Ruddock , former chair of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and now a member of Labour 's front bench team in the Commons , said she and many others were deeply saddened by the change . Of course most of us , including myself , will accept the democratic decision . The Labour Party Conference : Sinn Fein president defends IRA 's barracks bomb attack By JOHN PIENAAR , Political Correspondent GERRY ADAMS last night discounted the anger and embarrassment of Labour leaders as he used a party conference fringe meeting to defend IRA terrorism , including the bomb attack on the Royal Marines at Deal , Kent . The Sinn Fein president 's appearance , and the invitation of the unofficial Labour Committee on Ireland , was condemned by senior party figures , and was met with a candlelight protest by local Conservatives . Inside , about 12 demonstrators , believed to be National Front members , were ejected by police after attempting to disrupt the meeting . By COLIN HUGHES KEN LIVINGSTONE was yesterday knocked off Labour 's national executive in a vote which took the Brent East MP and his left - wing associates by surprise . The likeliest explanation of his defeat in the executive 's constituency section vote is that party activists wanted to rebuke him for publicly rocking the boat during the passage of the policy review . Robin Cook , the party 's health spokesman , who retained his executive seat by coming second , said the vote showed the degree to which the party wanted to elect people who devoted their energies to helping Labour to win the next election . Ken Livingstone 's problem is that he is always on the television slagging the party off . The likeliest explanation of his defeat in the executive 's constituency section vote is that party activists wanted to rebuke him for publicly rocking the boat during the passage of the policy review . Robin Cook , the party 's health spokesman , who retained his executive seat by coming second , said the vote showed the degree to which the party wanted to elect people who devoted their energies to helping Labour to win the next election . Ken Livingstone 's problem is that he is always on the television slagging the party off . It may also turn out Mr Livingstone lost because more constituencies this year balloted their full membership , rather than leaving it to their activist general committees to decide . The party leadership Neil Kinnock included could barely conceal their delight when the vote was declared . Ken Livingstone 's problem is that he is always on the television slagging the party off . It may also turn out Mr Livingstone lost because more constituencies this year balloted their full membership , rather than leaving it to their activist general committees to decide . The party leadership Neil Kinnock included could barely conceal their delight when the vote was declared . His defeat gives a further boost to Mr Kinnock 's already overriding executive majority . The confirmed hard left on the executive is now reduced to two : Tony Benn , and Dennis Skinner . The conference approved the Productive and Competitive Economy policy review , which proposes : A full employment target ; the creation of a strengthened trade and industry department to steer strategic investment ; A nationwide information technology cable network ; Anti - inflation measures ; Intervention only where the market fails ; To regain a majority shareholding in British Telecom by buying 2 per cent of privatised shares at the market price ; To regain majority control of other privatised utilities when funds allow . The conference also approved the Britain in the Modern World policy review , which proposes : Cancelling one of the four planned Trident submarines ; Putting other Trident missiles and Polaris into international arms reduction talks ; Opposing the modernisation of short - range nuclear weapons in Europe ; A commitment to continued Nato membership , while arguing for the abandonment of its flexible response strategy ; Aiming to eliminate all nuclear weapons by 2000 ; Adoption of a policy of no first use of British nuclear weapons ; Decisions The conference yesterday : Rejected a motion which would have committed the party to phasing out nuclear power stations within 15 years . Affirmed the party 's commitment to reduce defence spending initially to equal the average level of other West European countries and use savings for social spending . Approved a committment to secure the reduction of conventional and nuclear weapons by taking advantage of multilateral and bilateral negotiations , and unilateral initiatives . Rejected reaffirmation of Labour 's former policy of unilaterally renouncing the use or possession of British nuclear weapons , and the unconditional removal of all nuclear weapons and nuclear bases from British soil and waters within the first parliament of the next Labour government . Rugby Union : Paterson leads NZ tour By BILL LOTHIAN DUNCAN PATERSON , the former international scrum - half from Gala , will manage a party of 30 Scotland players on the eight - match tour of New Zealand next May and June. The trip , featuring two Tests , is an integral part of the build - up to the 1991 World Cup , and , significantly , Paterson the 46 - year - old managing director of a hosiery firm was also confirmed yesterday as manager of Scotland for that tournament . Ironically , Paterson 's 10 caps , gained between 1969 and 1972 , include appearances against every International Board country except the All Blacks . He also warned : I prefer it not to be carried because the Conservatives , who are desperately clinging at straws because of the popularity of our policy , against the irrelevance of theirs , would do what they could to make mischief about it . In the event , the resolution was carried by a two - to - one majority . A party spokesman then suggested that it would be ignored , saying : Future levels of defence spending will be considered by a Labour government solely in the context of implementing the policy review . In the debate itself , some of the behind - the - scenes tensions were reflected by party spokesmen attempting to discredit Mr Benn 's contribution , pointing out that he had served in Labour governments which maintained nuclear weapons . In spite of the setback on the defence spending vote , Mr Kinnock later scored a further advance with the results of the national executive elections , which saw Ken Livingstone replaced by John Prescott , the party 's robust transport spokesman . In the event , the resolution was carried by a two - to - one majority . A party spokesman then suggested that it would be ignored , saying : Future levels of defence spending will be considered by a Labour government solely in the context of implementing the policy review . In the debate itself , some of the behind - the - scenes tensions were reflected by party spokesmen attempting to discredit Mr Benn 's contribution , pointing out that he had served in Labour governments which maintained nuclear weapons . In spite of the setback on the defence spending vote , Mr Kinnock later scored a further advance with the results of the national executive elections , which saw Ken Livingstone replaced by John Prescott , the party 's robust transport spokesman . BRIGHTON : We are fit to serve our country , said Neil Kinnock , the Labour Party leader , in the peroration to the peroration of an epic speech to conference . If that sounded a bit like the result of an army medical board it was appropriate enough : the chief purpose of this year 's conference is to signal that the Labour Party is ready once more for active service . Indeed , Mr Kinnock called for a modest celebration at Labour 's recovery : it was an encouragement , an inspiration to see the party working together once more , he said . This was his way of declaring that the battle for the Labour Party was won and the Battle for Britain about to commence . Such declarations are of little intrinsic importance but they tell us something of how a politician sees the world and his own place in it . This was his way of declaring that the battle for the Labour Party was won and the Battle for Britain about to commence . Such declarations are of little intrinsic importance but they tell us something of how a politician sees the world and his own place in it . This was the first year since he became leader of his party six years ago that Mr Kinnock was relieved of his preoccupation with an ungovernable party and was able to turn his attention properly to the government of the country . Hence , this was the first of his conference performances which was aimed primarily at the nation . It was a severe test for him , for it is a widely held view that his talents as a party manager are not matched by his capabilities as a potential Prime Minister . It was a severe test for him , for it is a widely held view that his talents as a party manager are not matched by his capabilities as a potential Prime Minister . How did he do ? Not badly at all , given the immense difficulty of restoring credibility to Labour as a party of government . Mr Kinnock staggers under the additional handicap of having no ministerial experience which would equip him for the supreme office to which he aspires . He is the child of Labour 's crisis which resulted in his ideological credentials being preferred to the experience and qualifications of his rivals . Today he has shed a good deal of that ideology his speech yesterday was social democratic through and through but he remains devoid of the work experience relevant to his next task which is to convince the country that he , and Labour , are qualified to form the next government . The most successful feature of his speech was his recruitment of the future to Labour 's cause . All elections in two - party parliamentary systems are essentially about whether or not it is time for a change . Yesterday Mr Kinnock presented a picture of a world changing so rapidly around the present government that the Prime Minister had become out of touch , out of date and out of step with the British people . As she enters her second decade in power , this promises to be an effective line of attack . A recent Protestant Church Synod , where speakers aired grievances and called for change , was a conspiracy to prepare the way for reunification . East Germany has defeated the class enemy and created a superior society where human beings can develop free of exploitation . What do fast cars and travel count for , the party 's youth organ asked , compared with the warmth of family , love , friendship , security and harmony ? The whole thing , of course , is being blown up out of all proportion by the Western media . Absurd though it may seem , it is quite likely that Mr Honecker and his companions genuinely believe all this . They lead privileged lives in official residences , are driven everywhere in official cars , buy from special shops and , it is said , have unpleasant facts screened from them by fawning officials . Last year , Johannes Rau , the Social Democrat Prime Minister of North Rhine - Westphalia , asked Mr Honecker why the mood among his people was so bad . He replied , the unity of the masses with the party was never so strong as now . The people are behind the party . And he invited him to come to the Mayday parade to see for himself . Last year , Johannes Rau , the Social Democrat Prime Minister of North Rhine - Westphalia , asked Mr Honecker why the mood among his people was so bad . He replied , the unity of the masses with the party was never so strong as now . The people are behind the party . And he invited him to come to the Mayday parade to see for himself . Nevertheless , as he began to recover from his operation , Mr Honecker clearly had to face the problem of the embassy refugees and the mass emigration , and the decision to let the first batch go was obviously his . PRESIDENT NAJIBULLAH of Afghanistan says he has no intention of resigning and the United States and Pakistan should accept reality and negotiate with him. He urged the Western governments which withdrew their diplomats from Kabul on the eve of the Soviet military withdrawal in January to send them back and stop the psychological war they were waging against his government . It is ridiculous that somebody should talk to a party and at the same time dictate to that party who should be heading it , he said in an interview with The Independent . He was replying to demands that he should resign to pave the way for talks between the Pakistan - based mujahedin resistance and Kabul 's ruling Peoples Democratic Party ( PDPA ) on a peace settlement . The President said that if the United States and Pakistan were really serious in wishing to settle the Afghan problem they should acknowledge the new reality in Afghanistan , where seven months after the departure of Soviet troops the PDPA had become more united and strengthened , while the guerrillas were in total disarray . Afghans , he went on , had been optimistic when Miss Bhutto came to power but she had betrayed all her promises to settle the Afghan conflict . Miss Bhutto has harmed her political career by bowing to the militarists and ultra - right opposition in Pakistan , he said . The ruling Pakistan Peoples Party was a prestigious party that was popular and they have let its prestige be ruined . President Najibullah , like most Afghan officials , was cool about a possible role for ex - King Zahir Shah in any settlement : For all forces who can play a role in the peace mechanism , the door is open directly to Kabul airport . If anyone wants to come from some other way then he does not belong to us . Many Maronites and other Christian groups turned against the French . A Lebanese writer , Eugenie Elie Abouchdid , was so appalled by French provocation during the Beirut Victory in Europe Day celebrations that she wrote : Poor Lebanon a beautiful and magnificent country , devoured by wolves and thieves . Among the celebrating parties , you could see those that were cheering for la France and de Gaulle , others for Stalin , others for el - Hussaini ( the Palestinian grand mufti ) , but you could scarcely see any that were cheering for Lebanon . This has been the cry of Lebanon 's distress since 1945 . The presence of foreign armies on its soil and the suborning of its communities by regional superpowers is a consistent theme . Party members in Poland want change of name From ANNE APPLEBAUM in Warsaw WITH ITS power and prestige slipping away and its leaders calling desperately for unity , 72 per cent of Polish Communists have voted to find a new name for their party , the Polish United Workers ' Party. At a meeting of the Party 's Central Committee yesterday , a Politburo member , Leszek Miller , said that a nationwide plebiscite also showed that more than half of the Party 's two million members agreed that the present form of the party is outdated and cannot face the new conditions . Party members voted to give the organisation a more democratic structure . The plenum agreed a date for the 11th party congress , on 27 January , and called for elections for congress delegates under new democratic rules . The congress , which will be attended by up to 2,000 delegates , is intended to re - make the Party in a European image , as Party spokesman Jan Bisztyga has said . Leaving behind their Stalinist - era organisation and programme , Poland 's Communists want to become a left - wing parliamentary party capable of winning elections . If we remain in unity for three months then we will win the battle , said Mr Bisztyga at a briefing before yesterday 's Central Committee plenum . If the Party is destroyed , then the Polish left will cease to exist . The subsequent economic ruin forced Mao to rein in the Great Leap radical experiments in social engineering . And , as Mao 's reputation slipped , so too did Chen 's . In 1966 , however , when Mao began his dramatic bid for absolute power , using young Red Guards to discredit and persecute his old rivals within the party , Chen again rose to the occasion , acting as a mouthpiece for Mao 's increasingly scrambled thoughts and policies . Chen is even said to have written , or at least supervised at Mao 's behest , the Cultural Revolution 's best - known tract an hysterical call to arms against counter - revolutionaries printed in the People 's Daily in April 1966 under the title Sweep away all ghosts and monsters . To carry out a wholesale purge of the party apparatus , Mao appointed Chen as head of the Cultural Revolution Group , a kitchen cabinet of loyal disciples , including Mao 's wife Jiang Qing , that was to lead the assault on the party hierarchy . Linked to an alleged coup attempt by Mao 's then heir - apparent Lin Biao in 1971 , Chen was arrested and reviled as a traitor . His exact involvement , if any , with Lin Biao 's purported plot remains like the entire episode - shrouded in mystery . To this day the party has never quite healed the deep wounds left by what remains probably its most traumatic internal crisis . After years of silence about his fate , Chen reappeared in public in 1980 to stand trial along with Mao 's widow Jiang Qing and other members of the so - called Gang of Four . Given a relatively lenient sentence of 18 years ( Jiang Qing and others were given suspended death sentences ) , Chen was later released from jail in consideration of age and poor health . By YING HUI TAN , Barrister An overseas company dealing in works of art which used premises in London for viewing and storing works of art and controlled access to a secure vault at the premises had an established place of business in Great Britain on the premises , although other works of art not belonging to the company were also on the premises and no outward sign of the company , such as a nameplate , was displayed on the premises . The company had therefore been properly served with English proceedings by an American museum in Ohio , but since the Ohio court was the more appropriate forum for the trial of disputes between the parties , the English action would be stayed . Mr Justice Hirst ordered a stay of English proceedings brought against the first defendant . The first defendant , Capricorn , a company registered in Panama , was the owner of a valuable reliquary which was an important piece of ancient Pakistan art of the Gandhara period , dating from the first century AD . The Labour Party Conference : Executive votes show desire for unity By COLIN HUGHES , Political Correspondent THE BED - ROCK culture of the Labour Party is shifting towards an emphasis on loyalty and unity , according to an analysis of constituency party voting for Labour 's national executive . The significance of the defeat on Monday of Ken Livingstone , Brent East MP , could only be calculated for the first time yesterday when the detailed voting figures were published . The left - wing former GLC leader said yesterday that left - wing opposition to the leadership remained strong . The left - wing former GLC leader said yesterday that left - wing opposition to the leadership remained strong . But he accepted that his defeat revealed a general reluctance in the party to see that opposition voiced too vehemently in public . Mr Livingstone argued that the move towards unity was merely the normal pre - election loyalty which the party usually showed ; the only difference this time was that it was happening 18 months earlier than normal . But the Labour Co - ordinating Committee said that there was clear evidence of a cultural change . The oppositionist politics of the 1970s and early 1980s are over . People want national executive members who are independent of the leadership , but not destructively critical , Mike Craven , its vice - chairman , said . Between 30 and 50 per cent of constituency management committees voluntarily consulted their full membership before casting their votes . The evidence showed , according to Mr Craven , that wherever individual party members were given the one member , one vote opportunity to voice their views , they rejected the hard left . There can be no doubt now that one member , one vote ballots will become compulsory . Mr Livingstone agreed that the spread of individual ballots had undermined his vote . Mr Livingstone agreed that the spread of individual ballots had undermined his vote . I would have survived if one member , one vote had not been introduced in the constituency section , he said . Its extension would now oblige the left to find new ways of campaigning among party members , because they tended to cast their votes according to what they saw on television . But the most convincing demonstration of the spread of change is that support was withdrawn from Mr Livingstone in every part of the country except London . His vote was more than halved in the party 's northern region , and nearly halved in both Yorkshire and the north - west . Its extension would now oblige the left to find new ways of campaigning among party members , because they tended to cast their votes according to what they saw on television . But the most convincing demonstration of the spread of change is that support was withdrawn from Mr Livingstone in every part of the country except London . His vote was more than halved in the party 's northern region , and nearly halved in both Yorkshire and the north - west . But even in the eastern region Mr Livingstone lost 10 constituencies more than last year , and in the southern region he lost 20 more . The Labour Party Conference : Kinnock hails party as fit for government : We will keep on winning with no wheeling , no dealing , no horse - trading and no electoral pacts His vote was more than halved in the party 's northern region , and nearly halved in both Yorkshire and the north - west . But even in the eastern region Mr Livingstone lost 10 constituencies more than last year , and in the southern region he lost 20 more . The Labour Party Conference : Kinnock hails party as fit for government : We will keep on winning with no wheeling , no dealing , no horse - trading and no electoral pacts By JUDY JONES and STEPHEN GOODWIN NEIL KINNOCK yesterday hailed the Labour conference as a celebration of party unity and a demonstration to the electorate that the party was fit to govern Britain . By JUDY JONES and STEPHEN GOODWIN NEIL KINNOCK yesterday hailed the Labour conference as a celebration of party unity and a demonstration to the electorate that the party was fit to govern Britain . In his keynote speech , the Labour leader said it was an inspiration to see the party working together in support of its policy objectives . It is not an empty claim to say that this conference is one of progress , indeed one of celebration , not of relaxation or complacency . The party was not only telling itself , but exuding to the British public the feeling that we are fit to serve our country , he said . In his keynote speech , the Labour leader said it was an inspiration to see the party working together in support of its policy objectives . It is not an empty claim to say that this conference is one of progress , indeed one of celebration , not of relaxation or complacency . The party was not only telling itself , but exuding to the British public the feeling that we are fit to serve our country , he said . Its advances in the local and European elections this year had shown the tide was turning towards Labour . Increasingly , the Prime Minister was seen by the public to be working against political trends , both at home and abroad . It is the best way to serve the people we want to stand up for . And we will keep on winning with no wheeling , no dealing , no horse - trading and no electoral pacts . Labour would go on getting the public 's support by constructing strong unity of purpose and by its conduct as a serious , socialist , self - disciplined party , Mr Kinnock told delegates . The policy review had produced relevant and practical answers that offered the kind of socialism the British people understood and supported . It was the kind of socialism that insisted the NHS was not split up or sold off , that resented the injustice of the poll tax , and opposed the centralisation , control and censorship which had eroded civil liberties over the last 10 years . Next year could be the last conference before an election , and we do n't want another debacle , he said . Marc Wadsworth , the black sections national organiser , said : We can live with a long struggle . But it wo n't be good for the party . Narendra Makanji , the black sections ' chairman , added that the unofficial organisation would continue to recruit locally , while campaigning to tilt the balance in trade unions such as the GMB . In the conference hall , the debate was vitriolic , with only Jack Rogers , whose NEC working party proposed the mixed race organisation , defending the leadership 's line . Jatin Haria , national secretary of the unofficial black sections organisation , branded the NEC compromise the choc - ice proposal a thin coating of Uncle Tom black around a slab of white power . Wilbert Hayes , of Brent South , declared : No black worth his or her salt would touch such a black and white merry - go - round . We are losing votes by the bucketful because black people feel they are being abandoned by this party . The attack was stepped up by Raghib Ahsan , of Birmingham Ladywood , who told the conference : We are offered scraps from the masters table , and hungry as we are for black representation , our response must be to spit them out . Many speakers highlighted the apparent paradox of a party which gave its blessing to separate internal organisations for both women and young people , but which denied the same privilege to its black members . We are losing votes by the bucketful because black people feel they are being abandoned by this party . The attack was stepped up by Raghib Ahsan , of Birmingham Ladywood , who told the conference : We are offered scraps from the masters table , and hungry as we are for black representation , our response must be to spit them out . Many speakers highlighted the apparent paradox of a party which gave its blessing to separate internal organisations for both women and young people , but which denied the same privilege to its black members . Mr Rogers , for the NEC , insisted that the leadership 's blueprint for black representation was a sincere attempt to resolve the issue . We have to recognise the strong feelings among black and white people that the party should not set up an organisation which is racially exclusive , and could be seen as a form of apartheid . Many speakers highlighted the apparent paradox of a party which gave its blessing to separate internal organisations for both women and young people , but which denied the same privilege to its black members . Mr Rogers , for the NEC , insisted that the leadership 's blueprint for black representation was a sincere attempt to resolve the issue . We have to recognise the strong feelings among black and white people that the party should not set up an organisation which is racially exclusive , and could be seen as a form of apartheid . The Labour Party Conference : Women turning backs on Tories By COLIN BROWN , Political Correspondent By COLIN BROWN , Political Correspondent A PROFOUND shift away from the Tory Party among women voters was taking place , but many women still believed the Labour Party was too male - dominated , Clare Short warned the conference yesterday . Ms Short , the Labour MP for Birmingham Ladywood , gave the warning as the conference agreed to give women a higher profile in the party with a 40 per cent quota for women on all party committees and local party delegations . Ms Short said the women 's vote could help Labour to win the next general election provided more women could be persuaded that Labour was sensitive to women 's demands . She said a majority of women had voted Tory since they got the right to vote , but a profound shift was now taking place . Women saw British society as too unequal , too competitive , too materialistic and too greedy . Women wanted more equality , more social services , fewer weapons and less pollution . But Ms Short added : Women share our values but we are seen by these women as male dominated and the most unsympathetic of all the parties . This debate should recognise our concern to put this right with more women at all levels . But some women campaigners later protested that the debate , chaired by David Blunkett , had been rigged to silence their objections . The Labour Party Conference : Paths out of poverty defined by Smith By STEPHEN GOODWIN LABOUR delegates were warned yesterday that the party would lack electoral credibilty if it promised increases in public spending which could only be met by higher borrowing or taxes . Underlining last weekend 's commitment by John Smith , the shadow Chancellor , to control spending , Giles Radice , MP for Durham North , told the conference that properly financed public spending was not only good economics , but good politics . Voters had to be certain Labour 's programmes were properly costed . But if members of Labour 's Philosophical Tendency , from Tony Benn to Bryan Gould , are choosing their words carefully it may be through fear of how they will look in each other 's diaries . Weary constituency and trade union delegates , queuing for a cup of tea and a sandwich , constantly risk ending up with a signed copy of someone 's memoirs . Around the Brighton Conference Centre , academic tracts on the party 's past and future course seem to proliferate daily . To a fevered imagination , it seems no one can turn a corner in the crowded conference complex without running into a mug shot of one or other high - theoretician leering pensively from a wall of hardback dust covers . Their debate on Labour 's plight rages far above the brawling oratory in the conference hall . I have progressed from being an underpaid woman worker to being an underpaid pensioner . Neil Kinnock trying to end his 3min 25sec standing ovation Some of us are worried that the conference may trough too early . Frank Dobson , Shadow Leader of the Commons I call upon the men in the party to prepare themselves to relinquish power and to loosen the male grip . Dominic Gough , Newham NW Education and training are now the commanding heights of every modern economy . The International Bar Association conference : Punitive damages awards necessary to protect public To deal with disputes over such matters , regional health authorities will act as conciliators . Where that fails , the Secretary of State will have powers to arbitrate and impose a contract on the parties . The guidance says that Kenneth Clarke , the Health Secretary , is minded to go for Japanese - style pendulum arbitration where the arbiter would be free only to find for one party or the other , and would not be able to compromise . Murder trial starts in sign language By NICHOLAS TIMMINS , Health Services Correspondent Rechem believes the results to be unscientific , and under the new agreement will be able to append its own commentary to the council 's existing document , especially if it is to form part of a submission to the European Commission. In future , Torfaen council will share with Rechem any samples it takes . Both parties have also agreed that they will nominate representatives to begin discussions on setting up a community liaison committee . Study finds ITV has most violence By RICHARD NORTH , Environment Correspondent By DAVID MCKITTRICK , Ireland Correspondent The Government is today expected to announce moves to stop acid house parties , Virginia Bottomley , the environment minister , said last night . She told the Association of District Councils ' housing conference in Southampton she would announce a review of the regulations to see how such parties could be controlled . Meanwhile the BBC have refused to hand over film of alleged rioting at an acid house party without a court order . Surrey police say the film would help identify participants at the weekend party , near Reigate , Surrey , where 16 police were injured . She told the Association of District Councils ' housing conference in Southampton she would announce a review of the regulations to see how such parties could be controlled . Meanwhile the BBC have refused to hand over film of alleged rioting at an acid house party without a court order . Surrey police say the film would help identify participants at the weekend party , near Reigate , Surrey , where 16 police were injured . Speelman blunder fatal By WILLIAM HARTSTON As this date did not come within ITV 's planned winter programme of Sunday afternoon games a new date was proposed , December 22 , a Friday night with a kick - off at 8.05 , prime - time viewing guaranteed to capture a huge audience in holiday mood . Neither club was pleased , supporters were furious and Liverpool were reported to have protested strongly . There was much concern expressed on Merseyside about the safety aspects of a match kicking off that late in the evening on the day when all the tradtional pre - Christmas parties are held in offices and factories . In the past it has taken great efforts by the Merseyside and Greater Manchester police to keep supporters apart in what is widely thought to be the most intense antagonism in the League . Granada 's Head of Sport Paul Doherty ruled out any likelihood of a Saturday afternoon fixture being screened : We have contracted events , notably indoor athletics . By ANTHONY BEVINS , Political Editor NEIL KINNOCK yesterday set investment in education and training as his top priority : the commanding height to be scaled by the next Labour government . In his address to the party conference at Brighton , Mr Kinnock said Labour was now ready , eager and able to take power from the Conservatives at the next election , and his confidence won him one of the most prolonged and enthusiastic ovations received by a Labour leader for many years . His attack on the Conservative government , given added impact by passages of scathing wit , also included an analysis of Margaret Thatcher 's out - of - touch , out - of - date foreign policy . Identifying her attitude to the emerging democracies of the Soviet bloc , disarmament , South Africa , the environment , Third World debt , and the EC , Mr Kinnock said : Margaret Thatcher shows that she 's from the Greta Garbo school of diplomacy . I want to be alone . That 's the constant theme . Colleagues said last night that the speech marked a change of gear as Mr Kinnock moved away from party organisation and policy and accelerated into the election campaign . Lord Callaghan , the last Labour prime minister , said : What happened in the 1980s was a temporary aberration from what has always been the real position of the Labour Party , and Neil Kinnock has recaptured the traditional position . But Mr Kinnock stressed in his speech that given the inevitable and unprecedented mess which would be left behind by Mrs Thatcher , a Labour government would have to set and unflinchingly stick to four basic priorities . Warning that there was no single mechanism which would catapult Britain to economic strength , Mr Kinnock said : Research and development , transport and communications , science , education and training ; they are the priorities . They are the productive base of our economy . They were prerequisites an unparalleled priority for dealing with inflation , the balance of payments deficit , unemployment , and funding the party 's policies for social justice . Having delivered his tough message , Mr Kinnock turned to prime targets of the Conservative record topped off with high interest rates , which he likened to a policy of assassination for mortgage - holders . Even if the Conservatives took the brakes off in the run - up to the next election , people would not be deceived . Is it criticism ? There is a massive amount of writing about art , only some of which can immediately be identified by a reader as criticism . Writing by the art critic of a newspaper is self - evidently criticism , in parallel with the writing of music and theatre critics ; an exhibition can be treated almost in the same way as a performance . Articles in magazines are less certainly described as criticism , for their main topics may be personalities or history , and art may be only a small part of the writers ' account . Books and catalogues may contain criticism ; but their writers may think of themselves as art historians , philosophers , aestheticians , anthropologists , historians or biographers , and there are many other possibilities ; their books may never be identified as art criticism . Let us walk with a visitor through the city , a veteran of the Second World War who values it as one which was almost unscathed from the bombing which devastated so many European cities . He starts at a medieval Gothic window , a remnant of the first university in central Europe ( founded 1348 ) ; he pauses at the rebuilt Bethlehem Chapel , the site of where the Mass was first allowed in Czech , and Jan Hus preached before being burnt for heresy in 1413 ; he pays respects to the relics of the Jewish quarter with its ancient and crowded graveyard ; to cross the river he uses the Charles Bridge , lined with Baroque statues ( many between 1700 and 1720 ) , and climbs the hill to the Castle where art and architecture of all periods again further embellish the golden city of central Europe . In the evening our friend has supper in the art nouveau interior of the Hotel Europe , before going to a performance at the National Theatre , built in the 1880s as a monument to the Czech national spirit , pinioned under the Austro - Hungarian Empire . As he has enjoyed his day , he sleeps soundly without a nightmare about what was specifically Czechoslovak in the sights . The truth is that nationality in art has limited importance . Historians can point to the philosophical views which underlay this ambition , and artists and sculptors were in various ways affected by the demonstration of its realisation in the theatre built for the composer at Bayreuth . The collaboration of artists with the stage was also brought to a high point by Serge Diaghilev , in his commissions to artists for the Russian Ballet . This connection between painting and the theatre was important to earlier European art in religious as well as secular performances . Critics no less than artists have wide interests in the arts , and may introduce comparisons in their interpretations . In the nineteenth century to say that a picture was poetic was a common term of praise . Clearly artists working in several media have a wide range of references . The art critic is thus bound to consider with care what standards of comparison should be used . In the late twentieth century artists working in performance pose difficulties for the critic , though some observers find it refreshing rather than troublesome to consider work beyond the easel picture and the individual sculpture . In sum , then , the monograph is a major site for art critical writing , and , moreover , the place where the most extended criticism is likely to appear . The reader may be disappointed by the standard of what is written , but unlike other sites of criticism , this cannot be attributed to the form of publication , only to the limitations of the author . But if Roth dissents from the statement , then imagining how he came to write most of his books becomes a problem . Zuckerman tells his Maria : Being Zuckerman is one long performance and the very opposite of what is thought of as being oneself . In fact , those who most seem to be themselves appear to me people impersonating what they think they might like to be , believe they ought to be , or wish to be taken to be by whoever is setting standards . So in earnest are they that they do n't even recognise that being in earnest is the act . The man upstairs , the first husband whom Maria is to leave , is not self - aware unlike Zuckerman , who declares , on behalf of the self - aware , that he has no self and that the self is a joke . But Roth must know that it is likely to be no joke to those who are reading his book . Zuckerman says here that performance is all there is , that person and persona are one . But we may feel on reading this that it takes two to perform that performance requires , in however regressive or circular a fashion , the self that so many people believe they have , and that this epistolary Zuckerman exhibits here , in a display of inadvertence which may or may not implicate Philip Roth . This is a self which there may be no way of proving . But Roth must know that it is likely to be no joke to those who are reading his book . Zuckerman says here that performance is all there is , that person and persona are one . But we may feel on reading this that it takes two to perform that performance requires , in however regressive or circular a fashion , the self that so many people believe they have , and that this epistolary Zuckerman exhibits here , in a display of inadvertence which may or may not implicate Philip Roth . This is a self which there may be no way of proving . It is a self which is proving , for philosophers , hard to prove . When we turn to the theatre the question of scale is also significant . The theatre is larger than life , not in terms of physical scale , but because movements and speech are comparatively emphatic and intense , even when a play simulates everyday natural surroundings . Some people find this makes theatre less believable less true to their own experience and therefore less convincing than the more restrained performances seen on television and cinema . Theatre invites you to give your full attention to what is happening on stage the theatrical experience is a very concentrated one and you as a member of the audience are vitally connected to what is going on . As part of the audience you are as much a part of the entertainment as the performance itself , and this is something that dramatists are aware of and have always written for . Some people find this makes theatre less believable less true to their own experience and therefore less convincing than the more restrained performances seen on television and cinema . Theatre invites you to give your full attention to what is happening on stage the theatrical experience is a very concentrated one and you as a member of the audience are vitally connected to what is going on . As part of the audience you are as much a part of the entertainment as the performance itself , and this is something that dramatists are aware of and have always written for . Sometimes you will be directly addressed by the characters this is something which happened a great deal in Greek and Elizabethan theatre ( for example , look at the speech by Chorus in Act 4 , scene 1 of Henry V , which draws the audience into the atmosphere before a battle enormously effectively ) . It is also used as a dramatic device by many contemporary playwrights . So , what can you learn from looking so closely at the actor on stage , TV and cinema ? In the first place you will start to think about how an actor 's work differs according to the demands of the medium . And you will become aware of technical skills noticing economy of effect and style , seeing and hearing how an actor interprets a script , and how his thinking comes across in a performance . Of course , if an actor is doing his/her work well , you will have to work really hard to notice all these things for the effect will be seamless . Reading But you may not actually learn much , simply because the main object of the group will not be to help you but to get on and do the play , relying on the skills available and hoping that the audience will give adequate support . So what else can you do ? In recent years the amateur actor has had more opportunity for classes in theatre work , including voice and movement training as well as performance and directing skills . These facilities differ in all parts of the world , but in Britain the evening class is probably the most accessible form of training . London is obviously where most of the opportunities abound . But when you are looking for a suitable speech you ca n't really reject anything familiar solely because you think it might bore the panel . It 's true that extracts such as Phoebe 's Think not that I love him from As You Like It ( Act 3 , Scene 5 ) or Viola 's 1 left no ring with her from Twelfth Night ( Act 2 , Scene 2 ) may be all too well known to a panel , but I cannot agree with an adjudication policy that would ban these pieces from the audition . The selection is right if it truly works for the competing student , and it is the quality and force of the imagination that will carry off the performance of the piece . The most important thing is your firm knowledge that the selection is within your present range . It 's not much use arriving somewhere at ten in the morning clutching the collected works under your arm and wishing you had a wig and been born thirty years earlier in order to play Lear or for that matter the Duke of Gloucester . What you will eventually be working towards is a fusion of instinct and technique , and training is very largely to do with improving technical skills . At drama school , there is constant attention to a student 's control of both voice and movement , and the different departments work at developing a student 's overall acting technique . The emphasis will be on developing an actor 's mental and physical concentration , and giving him/her sufficient craftsmanship to sustain a performance . Classes The first term is always an unsettling time , and it generally takes a few weeks before students become familiar with each other , and work together effectively . Most classes last for an hour or perhaps an hour and a half . In the first term , rehearsals for the production project will usually be around two hours in length , but progressively more time will be spent on this aspect of the course as the student advances . Ideally the classes support the work done on the production project and it is particularly valuable if there is strong liaison between voice and movement tutors with the director of a project not least in helping students see how the instructional classes connect with their own performances . If drama schools do not incorporate a stage management course , basic lectures and some participation in production work may take place in the senior terms . It is always useful for a student of acting to have some practical knowledge of stage management , helping him/her to appreciate the need for efficient technical support for any production . And a trained singing voice is undoubtedly a valued asset there may well be some competition for a place on singing tutorials . The first production The text for the first term 's production will usually be selected for the purpose of getting a new group to work together rather than trying to go for detailed individual performances . The range is obviously very wide , and you may find yourself in a Greek tragedy , or even a modern exercise play such as Games by James Saunders , where the student may add to the text by research material which can be incorporated in the project . Either way , the main intention will be to establish a way of working , and to begin assessing students ' voice and movement abilities . The piece tests the actor 's awareness and imagination to the full , but nevertheless makes precise demands on him : he must follow exactly what the author says . Throughout drama school there will be continuous work on acting solo pieces , and both singing and acting tutorials are usually conducted on a one to one basis ( more on tutorials in chapter 7 ) . Of course the student also needs to learn how to co - ordinate dialogue with all of the necessary actions and movements which are part of the natural traffic of performance , and learn about prop handling . Classes help the actor to gain confidence in dealing with many things happening at the same time , and this is an important part of student work . Radio , television and film classes Unfortunately , it is often difficult to get agents to attend these productions . Most drama schools final productions are staged over a similar sort of schedule , which means agents are asked to see students ' work over a fairly compressed period . Agents are notified of performances by the schools , and they also receive hundreds of letters from students inviting them to see particular performances . Remember , though , that badgering agents is quite useless ; if they want to come they will come , but telephoning them and overselling yourself can be just as useless as not letting them know that you 're alive and working . It will be the same story for many moons to come . AMANDA I do n't think there 's a style of voice , thank goodness . But there is the chance of working with Cicely Berry , who is so wonderful at adding in a positive , performance orientated way to all the things you have learnt about voice . And of course holding together a part like Juliet with long gaps between the performance nights and no real rehearsal in between is difficult to do that can be rather hairy . Sometimes you 're a week away from the last performance you gave and then find yourself out there so that the voice and understanding of the part does need constant refreshing . I do n't think there 's a style of voice , thank goodness . But there is the chance of working with Cicely Berry , who is so wonderful at adding in a positive , performance orientated way to all the things you have learnt about voice . And of course holding together a part like Juliet with long gaps between the performance nights and no real rehearsal in between is difficult to do that can be rather hairy . Sometimes you 're a week away from the last performance you gave and then find yourself out there so that the voice and understanding of the part does need constant refreshing . That 's the big lesson . But there is the chance of working with Cicely Berry , who is so wonderful at adding in a positive , performance orientated way to all the things you have learnt about voice . And of course holding together a part like Juliet with long gaps between the performance nights and no real rehearsal in between is difficult to do that can be rather hairy . Sometimes you 're a week away from the last performance you gave and then find yourself out there so that the voice and understanding of the part does need constant refreshing . That 's the big lesson . One is always in a state of learning if you stop learning it 's hopeless , I feel . Which was right be had no resemblance to what is commercially thought of a typecasting in any way it 's just that the mixture was right with Simon Callow . A.R. And later much later at the National Theatre playing the young Captain Absolute did that grow out of being seen in these performances ? P.R. I 'm sure it did . I have been very lucky ; the right opportunities have come along and yet every time you take them you are looking forward immediately to the next challenge . I mean the most exciting moment of all is when you are actually chosen for a part after that initial excitement it 's a bit downhill not because the work is n't marvellous but because the first challenge is the peak . I think everyone needs the director to be vitally interested in the work well beyond the first week of actual performance . In the West End there seems at the moment a tendency to rely too much on the goodwill of actors which is often accompanied by a failure to maintain a true interest in what is going on for the actor . Perhaps directors in particular need to realise how much their vitality means to the continuing performance that it is n't enough to be left up on a stage merely doing it night after night . I think everyone needs the director to be vitally interested in the work well beyond the first week of actual performance . In the West End there seems at the moment a tendency to rely too much on the goodwill of actors which is often accompanied by a failure to maintain a true interest in what is going on for the actor . Perhaps directors in particular need to realise how much their vitality means to the continuing performance that it is n't enough to be left up on a stage merely doing it night after night . A.R. Is that something that you feel may come from the hothouse atmosphere of drama school in the first place ? D.S. Not at all . I can remember doing Bartholomew Fair at the Royal Court Theatre with the NYT and seeing all the scenery and lighting down on the stage at the end of the last performance and thinking how exciting it was to belong to the world of make - believe . A.R. And was that your reason for becoming an actor ? This ideology of the state is coercively implemented in the policing , arresting , trying , convicting , and imprisoning of those found to default . But this coercive role is partly performed by citizens too . Sections of the population assist the police in the performance of their duties not just by taking on gunmen or robbers but also by making telephone calls to the police . They thus form an extension of the coercive dimension of the state . They consider such actions as their duty as citizens . Not music but transformation of sound - waves already in the air . Perhaps colour - waves too , if technology ready in time . Twenty - four hours non - stop performance . After that plans similar experience world - wide . Perhaps to last a year . The conversation continues after delivery , with training for the staff who are to use the system , and support services while the system is in use . Technology suppliers to the British hotel and restaurant industry say that their products are often under - exploited , because too little thought has been given to what the systems are supposed to achieve and too low a priority is given to staff training . One industry spokesman comments : The overall performance of computerised management systems within the hotel industry relates more to the attitudes of managers towards training and the commitment of their suppliers than it does to the superiority of the individual systems . Two contentious issues are the cost of training to managers and the same managers ' grasp of systems ( or the lack of it ) . It is claimed that catering colleges have failed to get to grips with the developments of technology , acknowledge its importance and provide students with a level of understanding based on the industry 's needs . Her target was an excessively tall gangling gentleman , not very suitably clad for the Mediterranean in a suit of gingery wool with the trousers ending in tight bands round the calves . He was leaning against the rail smoking a cigarette and staring with an air of melancholy towards the distant island . Not a very lady - like performance , the ample , beflowered lady pronounced , with a look of pinched disapproval in the direction of the girl in the prow . Briefly lifting his cap , the ginger giant produced , in foreign - accented English , a decidedly non - committal reply . The large lady was not to be put off , however . It is a case which , I am afraid to tell you , has its own beginning and middle and alas an end too . Here , Mrs Pettifer began to interject but the small gentleman silenced her with a flap of the wrist which was altogether not very gentlemanly and proved too much for the great lady detective who made a more purposeful interjection of her own . This is very interesting , she said , but I 'm afraid that it is nothing more than a performance . It is a very clever performance what they call in theatrical circles a beautiful performance . But it is still no more than a performance . Here , Mrs Pettifer began to interject but the small gentleman silenced her with a flap of the wrist which was altogether not very gentlemanly and proved too much for the great lady detective who made a more purposeful interjection of her own . This is very interesting , she said , but I 'm afraid that it is nothing more than a performance . It is a very clever performance what they call in theatrical circles a beautiful performance . But it is still no more than a performance . Not real . This is very interesting , she said , but I 'm afraid that it is nothing more than a performance . It is a very clever performance what they call in theatrical circles a beautiful performance . But it is still no more than a performance . Not real . This person claims to be a great detective and yet he has detected nothing , nothing at all . Claire would n't speak to me . I tried to tell her about the horrible man on the doorstep but she would n't listen . The next day I overheard her telling Mother about how that spasmo ballet company had cancelled the rest of their performances and gone home . She said it was tragic because of Kezia , and the way she went on you 'd have thought it was all my fault . The way I see it if I had saved the world from a lot of boring belly dancers I ought to be congratulated . There will be FESTIVAL INFORMATION POINTS AT MAC AND THE TRIANGLE . VENUE INFORMATION MAC offers a varied programme of events ( theatre , cinema , dance and music performances , literary events , festivals and puppet shows ) and courses ( art , crafts , music , dance and drama ) for adults and children . The centre is located in beautiful parkland and has a bar , cafe and free parking . For people with disabilities recent improvements have made the Theatre , Cinema reception , tickets office , cafe and bar fully accessible by wheelchair . The nearly half a year between my interview and my starting there passed without incident . Truth be told , I ca n't really remember what I did do in those six months . Over the summer I did read a few books and tentatively prepare a few classes , but it was indisputably a pretty lacklustre performance on my part . I had managed to convince myself that , after a lifetime of teaching at university level , this was all going to be painfully easy . I decided to keep up my flat in London and find fairly basic lodgings locally . I thought long and hard about it but in the end I decided it would be for the best . Although Jeff making me laugh at myself was the beginning of the end of my depression , it was n't enough to persuade me to stay . What tipped the balance against that was my continuing dreadful performance in the classroom . Anyway , Jeff had now given me something new something really important to me . It was something I wanted to try out somewhere else . Favourable soil conditions affect a plant 's chances of survival beneath trees . Very often the soil is dry and hungry ( deficient in nutrients ) , especially near evergreens and vigorously rooting hedge species such as privet . Working quantities of organic material into the top few inches will markedly improve some plants ' performance . Massed conifers cast dense shadows and their fallen needles can upset the acid/alkaline balance of the soil . Some thinning may be necessary to admit enough light for plants such as rhododendrons , pieris and hostas to thrive . Clearly while we do have gliders that spin , it is vital to give pilots enough experience to recognise what is happening and to make the right moves instead of panicking and doing nothing . The effects of rain on the stall Many pilots are unaware of the significance of dirty wing surfaces and of rain or drizzle on both the performance and the stalling characteristics of gliders . Tests show that on most high performance machines , a spread of splattered flies on the leading edges can account for up to a quarter of the glider 's performance , reducing a glide ratio of 40 : 1 to less than 35 : 1 and making a mockery of glide calculations . This is so serious that for world championship flying , many gliders are now fitted with a means of cleaning off the leading edges of the wings in flight . The effects of rain on the stall Many pilots are unaware of the significance of dirty wing surfaces and of rain or drizzle on both the performance and the stalling characteristics of gliders . Tests show that on most high performance machines , a spread of splattered flies on the leading edges can account for up to a quarter of the glider 's performance , reducing a glide ratio of 40 : 1 to less than 35 : 1 and making a mockery of glide calculations . This is so serious that for world championship flying , many gliders are now fitted with a means of cleaning off the leading edges of the wings in flight . In light rain I have measured an increase of about 8 knots in the speed for the pre - stall buffet and stall of a K13 , although the stall itself did not seem to have changed in character . After a launch failure of any kind above two or three hundred feet , once the speed has been checked , it is best to turn off 90 or so in order to avoid going further from the field . In this position , the glider is on a base leg for any available field upwind and it is easy to look back and decide whether returning to the field is practical . On a normal tow , except for very low performance machines , the climbing angle of the towplane and glider is much steeper than the glider 's gliding angle when flying downwind . So , in theory , the glider should be within easy reach of the gliding site . However , in turbulent and windy conditions it is always better to play safe and land into wind in another field , rather than to make a downwind landing . It is alarming to hear how many relatively inexperienced pilots seem completely unaware of the risks they take when pitting their skills against the forces of nature . They often think that if their flying is good enough , it is safe for them to press on in any weather conditions . The performance of modern gliders makes it much easier and more likely for a pilot to fly himself into a potential death trap unless he uses his imagination or has already learned to have a healthy respect for the elements . The result has been a noticeable increase in the number of pilots who suddenly find themselves faced with a situation far beyond their control , usually a situation that they had not even considered at the start of the flight . In most respects , using wave lift is far safer than cloud flying for attempts at Gold and Diamond heights . Some use ionization detectors , which tend to react a little faster to flaming fires . Others use optical detectors , which seem to respond more quickly to smoke from smouldering fires such as those involving upholstered furniture . But there is little to choose between the two in terms of overall performance . LOOKING AFTER SMOKE ALARMS Smoke alarms need very little maintenance , but they do need to be tested regularly to make sure they are in good working order . Sudden irritable or moody behaviour combined perhaps with secrecy about movements . A sudden and uncharacteristic decline in school performance possibly combined with the start of truancy . What you can do Young people are often curious and like to experiment with the latest craze . For fourteen days. I made myself pretty busy : got pissed , went and screamed at Jamie , saw a million movies , realised with horror that that ate up only a week . A repeat performance the next week punctuated by a postcard from L. showing the entire Sistine Chapel ceiling on the front , and missing the word LOVE on the back . Ho hum . Three days before she came back , I cleaned the flat , bought a new jacket and five bright new cotton shirts , stayed sober , worked like hell on the magazine in a way that made Francis gasp and stretch his eyes . The doctor advises the referee of the injury caused but it is the referee who decides whether the bout should continue . If both contestants are injured through no fault of either , then the bout goes to the one with the higher score . If the scores are tied , then the referee panel will award the victory on the basis of their appraisal of both contestants ' performances up to the point where injury occurred . Winning by disqualification A contestant who wins because his opponent is disqualified may fight again in the competition . Yet as the competition 's system of elimination proceeds , more and more lite performers are brought together , placing greater pressure on the refereeing panel . If they then fail to meet these increased demands , distressing confrontations may result . The point I am trying to make from all this is that to win a karate bout needs two things your ability to defeat the opponent and the referee panel 's ability to recognise your superior performance . The first requirement is in your hands , the second is not. One can only hope that tournament organisers come to recognise this and ensure that each event is staffed by the requisite number of officials . Stretch the hamstrings with progressive , smooth exercises Controlling Stress Perhaps one of the greatest inhibitors of performance is fear or anxiety . A certain amount of mental arousal is necessary but too much causes you to lose confidence in your own abilities . If you find that you worry about the imagined outcome of the bout and fear the worst or if you have a racing pulse , then I would say you are over - aroused and in danger of throwing everything away . Your karate school is responsible for nominating you to the open B or regional squad sessions which are normally held at least twice a year . ( Note that you cannot nominate yourself for a place . ) A good performance in the B or regional squads may bring you to the attention of the national coach , and may also result in your promotion to the lite squads . Another way of getting yourself noticed is in the national championships organised by your governing body . Some people do well in these but not so well in the squad ( and vice versa ) , presumably because of the different pressures each brings to bear . Fairly soon , the group will be divided up into pairs for free sparring . The second session begins with a few limbering - up exercises and then goes immediately to the selection . You will fight in up to three bouts ( not consecutively ) and your performance will be assessed by the national coach . You may be asked to fight again in cases of drawn bouts , and at the end of the session a list of selectees to the lite squads will be read out . Don't expect to be selected on your first session ! His entrance examination , three months earlier , had shown a student of above - average ability , whose overall marks averaged 74.1 per cent , tantamount to a Second Class Honours , called Distinction at McGill . Curiously , his lowest mark was in English Literature ( a mere 57 per cent ) , though in Composition he achieved 69 per cent . His performance was better in French , where he obtained 71 per cent and 75 per cent in the grammatical and oral examinations respectively . Physics realised 67 per cent ; History a promising 77 per cent ; and Mathematics was strongest of all , with an average of 77 per cent over three subjects : algebra I and II at 72 per cent and 80 per cent , geometry at 86 per cent and trigonometry at 70 per cent ; ( he admitted to us that he had opted for the latter at school , because it enabled him to evade Latin ! ) . In Chemistry he obtained a splendid 84 per cent . Had vocation advisors been around they would doubtless have recommended a commercial future on the scientific side . Certainly he came under such guidance from within his family which clashed with his own predilections , for his varsity life seems to have been plagued by vocational uncertainty and more than a touch of its weakening indifference . At any rate , they are the best marks that were to appear on his performance schedule over the next four years , when his average ran at 56.4 per cent . In his own beloved English , it was always higher , averaging 71.3 per cent in the three years he offered the subject ; French , which was only offered in his first year produced a convincing 75 per cent ; and Economics , offered in two years , 62 per cent . Philosophy , at 70 per cent , was significant ; but he barely squeezed by in Latin , taking a refusal at his second attempt and attaining a mere pass at the repeat stage ( thanks , no doubt , to his past opting out , which necessitated his taking Latin from scratch at university ) . Make sure managers and supervisors are familiar with the policy and procedures , and make sure too that they set a good example to the staff they supervise . Make sure staff know what is expected of them a responsible attitude towards drinking , standards of work performance and so on . Make sure that your employees ' representatives are involved all along the line . A minority of them never went to B at all , but went straight to A and searched , like the others , at a visibly empty space . Until about eighteen months or so they will typically be unable to search for objects which have been displaced invisibly ( by transposing containers , for example ) . We need fine - grain theories of why the performance breaks down , theories about memory development ( a sophisticated memory - failure account is still in the running ) , about the ability to inhibit actions , about the development of the frontal cortex . But from the perspective of constructivism which is a general theory of how cognisance is possible and how it develops the immediate information - processing shortcomings that lead to the failure to relate one 's actions to objects is not relevant . That infants fail to search in these situations although they clearly have the motor skills to do so is one of the empirical bolsters to the view that what develops is the ability to relate actions to experiences of them ( again : whatever of means in this context ! ) . That 's surely putting it too high . But there is a salience problem here . Recall that it was three - year - olds who had difficulty with Flavell 's appearance - versus - reality problems ; and indeed further experiments have shown that there is a strong statistical correlation between performance on the appearance - reality and on the false belief task . Where is the salience effect ? I would say that the child is capable more or less of recognizing that other people have mental states different to his own . Cognitive Neuropsychology Case Studies and Group Studies Cognitive neuropsychology is the attempt to draw parallels between models of cognitive function and the patterns of performance observed in patients who have suffered Brain injury . There are two basic questions . First , can we explain the impaired performance that these patients produce in terms of our functional models ? Cognitive neuropsychology is the attempt to draw parallels between models of cognitive function and the patterns of performance observed in patients who have suffered Brain injury . There are two basic questions . First , can we explain the impaired performance that these patients produce in terms of our functional models ? Second , can we learn anything new about the nature of the underlying cognitive processes from studying these unfortunate individuals ? Cognitive neuropsychology is largely a European rather than a North American phenomenon . The vast bulk of the neuropsychological work performed in the United States to investigate cognitive processes uses group studies as in , for example , the investigation of human amnesia ( severe loss of long - term memory function as a result of brain damage ) . A set of amnesics is first assembled on the basis of their low scores on a clinical memory test . Their performance on some task is then evaluated by comparing their average score with the average score of a group of matched control subjects . The purpose is to test an hypothesis about what the cause of amnesia might be . This approach to amnesia has had some success . In one memorable instance , a patient pronounced LISTEN as LISTON and responded that 's the famous boxer ( Marshall and Newcombe , 1973 ) . Despite their problems with irregular words , however , these patients can produce a plausible pronunciation of unfamiliar non - words ( blasp , for example ) . What might be responsible for such an unusual pattern of performance ? This impairment can be explained in a straightforward manner if one assumes that damage has occurred to the part of the reading system that involves addressed phonology . This would mean that the patient is heavily reliant on assembled phonology . In cases of phonological dyslexia , the patient finds it almost impossible to read any word with which he or she was unfamiliar prior to brain injury . However they can still read a very high percentage of pre - morbidly familiar words accurately , regardless of their spelling . This pattern of performance suggests that these patients find it difficult to assemble a pronunciation , but they can continue to read familiar words because the lexical system , utilizing addressed phonology , is still working effectively . This means that they are able to retrieve the appropriate pronunciation of a word as a whole from the speech output lexicon . The dual - route model of reading is thus able not only to explain an existing set of data within a simple theoretical model , it also successfully pinpointed the existence of an entirely new type of acquired dyslexia . What they want in future is 32 seeds in all the Grand Slam tournaments instead of the 16 they have at present . Their argument is that it is good for the tournament , a s well as the players concerned , if as many as possible of the higher ranked competitors survive the early rounds . They also claim that the players have earned this protection by the performances in the rest of the year which have brought about their rankings . In my view , to have 32 seeds , even in the men 's singles where there is far greater depth of talent than among the women , cannot possibly be justified . To have 32 seeds in a 128 women 's singles draw , would be nothing less than a protection racket . The Ventoris features all of the technical systems which made the Genesis such a successful racquet . The Head Nodal technology reduces shock to the arm helping to prevent injury , whilst the double power wedge strengthens the tip of the racquet , increasing power without losing control . The Ventrola tennis shoe is designed for comfort and performance . It supports and stabilizes the foot preventing rollover , whilst absorbing shock from impact . All this specialist equipment needs protection in transit therefore Head have introduced a range of luggage for racquet sports , including holdalls and racquet bags . Beating the Ingham family monopoly was Michael Calvert ( Yorks ) who won the 16 's title 76 46 75 against a tiring Richard Stamp ( Lincs ) . In the girls ' event , Catherine Wittenberg ( Kent ) , consolidated her position as leader of the Reebok 12 and under Grand Prix table by reaching the final , but missed out on maximum points when she lost to Claire Sewell ( York ) 64 61 . The 16 's final was an all Derby affair , in which Tina Crosen defeated Helen Frankland 62 63 , whilst the 21 and under title went to Lizzie Jelfs ( Oxon ) who outfought one of our top student players , Maggie Loughton ( Yorks ) 76 46 75 with an excellent performance . Tennis World INSTRUCTION HITTING WITH TWO HANDS Memories ? The men first . John McEnroe 's limp first round exit to the Russian Andrei Cherkasov ; Ivanisevic 's tepid performance that brought deserved defeat against Paul Haarhuis . Then US Open champion Pete Sampras fell at the same hurdle to Thierry Champion . But it was the 38 year old veteran , Jimmy Connors , who made the blood come to the boil . HOUSING GOVERNMENT ALLOCATIONS TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES The Government has announced plans for local housing authorities to compete against each other for part of the money they need to renovate their stock . Michael Heseltine , Secretary of State for the Environment , stated that from April 1992 , 60 % rather than the current 50 % of Government housing finance will be allocated on a discretionary basis following civil servants ' assessment of councils ' performance . The proportion allocated according to a need formula will drop to 40 % . Amongst the performance criteria to be taken into account when deciding allocations will be councils ' willingness to involve the private sector in the management and maintenance of its housing stock , and the extent of tenant participation in the management of estates . Michael Heseltine , Secretary of State for the Environment , stated that from April 1992 , 60 % rather than the current 50 % of Government housing finance will be allocated on a discretionary basis following civil servants ' assessment of councils ' performance . The proportion allocated according to a need formula will drop to 40 % . Amongst the performance criteria to be taken into account when deciding allocations will be councils ' willingness to involve the private sector in the management and maintenance of its housing stock , and the extent of tenant participation in the management of estates . Daily Telegraph 1 August 1991 . Guardian , 2 August 1991 . In the 1970s there were only two types of potential replacement DMU being considered by BR 's passenger marketing people and the engineers . The Class 210 diesel - electric design of three - car or four - car unit had actually been produced to a business specification developed in conjunction with the board 's passenger commercial managers . It was intended as a high - performance set which could inherit the reliability associated with previous BR ( SR ) DEMUs , thus beating the older , inherently unreliable diesel - mechanical multiple units hands down. Its problem , when analysed by the new Provincial sector was its price : it would cost too much to enable a financial case to be made for the 210 breed to replace existing DMUs even taking asbestos removal into account . The other design in the offing was the two - axle railbus which had started life as a Research Division project aimed at combining high - speed freightvehicle technology with that of the standard Leyland road bus in order to produce a low cost diesel train . But the new two - axle units were actually responsible for part of the upsurge in traffic on their routes and were certainly no worse than the buses with which they were successfully competing . Meanwhile , however , it had become clear that there had to be a replacement DMU which was placed midway in size and cost between the railbuses and the 210 units . But , if underfloor engines and transmissions were to be used , they had to be in a different league of reliability and performance from the DMUs which BR had been running since the 1950s . Fortunately , some experience had been building up on the European continent , in Holland in particular , with DMUs which had very reliable and cost - effective engines and transmissions . The Nederlands Railways 3100 and 3200 Class units employ Cummins diesel engines with Voith hydraulic transmission driving through permanently engaged final drives on the axles . There have even been attempts to stage biographies , one of the first being Loring 's Billy the Kid ( see page 30 ) . Choreographers who are inspired to interpret music can do so in many ways , all of which can be successful , but only if they remember that its overall rhythm is not merely a mechanical guide to the timing of the steps within the dance design ( see page 68 ) . The second meaning of the word impetus should be applied to the actual performance of any step or pose in the purely technical sense . That is , the choreographer must understand from which part of the body impetus is to be given so that the step achieves its full purpose at the proper moment usually in some gesture and its musical emphasis . The moment can be as the dancer pauses momentarily in a pose , as a comma in the middle or as a full stop at the end of a sentence . Or the moment can be an important point in an overall design to fill space , such as the moment in a grand jet en avant when the dancer 's two legs are at an equal height from the ground and he or she appears to travel onwards effortlessly through space . It can also be the moment when a dancer moves into a pirouette and spins before holding a pose . However , more important is the third meaning of impetus which has also to do with physical performance . Impetus is again needed , particularly in a story ballet , when it has to be given to emphasise the significance of a step . This always used to happen in older ballets when the hero would take a step forward with a slight stamp before he swore to marry the heroine . Sometimes it is valuable to emphasise the impetus itself , particularly if a bravura pirouette is needed to display a dancer 's particular expertise or perhaps some exhibitionist trait in the character portrayed . This can be most effective in cases where the dancer takes a slow preparation into a firm but slight demi - pli then suddenly rises and turns five or six times . This kind of bravura performance is only legitimate if the context and music allow the dancer to steal a little time . Most classical choreographers still use this device when working with nineteenth - century ballet music , which was often written to order by a composer understanding the choreographer 's desire to show off a dancer . Since the days of Diaghilev and his commissioning of scores exclusive to one ballet from such composers as Stravinsky , this pandering to technical prowess has rarely happened . The above definition may at first seem to have little to do with a choreographer 's work . But if the choreographer does not understand all the details which go to make the total presentation of a ballet , it can all too easily fail in some way or other. Merely to count all the details that it is necessary to accumulate from the preparation of a scenario and score through rehearsal to public performance should make it clear that co - operation from other artists as well as from dancers is required . There must be a librettist if the choreographer does not plan out the plot a composer or arranger of music , a designer for set and costumes and all those associated with sets and props , painting stage - managing , lighting and everything else needed to get the curtain up. An understanding of mass in choreographic terms only means how to organise and manipulate the dancers within that mass of objects . In every enchanement each step an/or pose must be given its appropriate value by way of beginning , climax and end so that its place is justified by its importance to the whole sentence . This does not mean that today 's choreographers need follow the conventions laid down by the Renaissance scholars who were more interested in the physical ability and behaviour of courtiers . They were not creative artists but they were and still remain for the most part arbiters of technique and the niceties of perfect performance . The originality of so much of Ashton 's and MacMillan 's choreography fur classical ballets lies in the way they follow the basic principles and rules in order to create an infinite variety of enchanements from the traditional vocabulary of steps , and yet discard the conventions . Birthday Offering Ashton 's technical virtuosity ( The Royal Ballet ) So explicit are the tiny gestures and the perfect timing of exits and entrances that the audience is forced to recognise the personal tragedy of a love that spoke no words . Although MacMillan 's choreography fur both the above ballets is based on classical technique , it in no way conforms to the old school of dance or conventional mime . To portray specific characters , whether imagined or real ( some were known to members of the audience at the first performance of Enigma Variations and Isadora ) , the would - be choreographer can use classical dance as a firm base but must pay more attention to his characters as particular individuals . They live and work in a more varied , often plebeian , environment than that of courtiers in the palace of a prince . The latter , after all , was the stereotype setting fur all classical ballet until 1789 , the year of the french Revolution . Petipa attempted this in The Daughter of Pharaoh . This type of choreography was taken up by later music - hall acts whose very eccentric soft shoe , sand dances before a background of pyramids and palm trees aroused much laughter . However when Fokine staged A Night of Egypt ( later Cleopatra ) he went a great deal further and developed a more particular Eastern style inspired by the performance of some Siamese dancers . He started by sketching numerous frescoes and statuettes he found in the Hermitage Museum , Leningrad . From such ideas he formed dances which did away with pointes but retained much of the classical footwork which he co - ordinated with the less familiar action of the arms and hands . Ashton and MacMillan do show that changes can be made . To take only one example , their use of the arabesque as a gesture . Its style of performance and expression change repeatedly throughout each ballet as the dancer changes with the attendant circumstances . The arabesque as a gesture changes to give some insight into the character 's moods , emotions and actions , as well as arising out of the rhythmic and melodic phrasing of the music . There is an obvious contrast in Ashton 's Enigma Variations between the youthful Dorabella 's playful and loving arabesques in front of Elgar and the arabesques of his Wife , which are calm and tenderly sympathetic when she dances with him. Nor has any of them had to respond so intensely to his wishes . Yet the discipline of MacMillan 's design in all its variety , dimension and structure requires each dancer to understand and conform to technical discipline . It is this which makes the performance capable of repetition . A comparison of Rudolf 's apparently undisciplined emotions with the subtle feelings expressed by Bratfisch , his valet , shows how MacMillan creates some relief even within the decadence and horror . Natural emotional expression She later shows her mettle as a clog dancer abetted by four pretty girls , tries to set her cap at Father Thomas , but finally realises she cannot frustrate true love and dances out happily with the rest . This English pantomime tradition Ashton also exploited earlier in his choreography for the Ugly Sisters in Cinderella where he followed the tradition that one is always a somewhat modest violet bossed about by her dragon of a sister . This double characterisation was made more hilarious at the first performances when the bossy one was danced by Helpmann , and later the taller MacMillan , with wonderfully extended dvelopps , and the shyer one by Ashton with dainty attempts to be correct at all costs . A similar incongruous matching of the very tall girl with one of the shortest boys in MacMillan 's Elite Syncopations reveals that he , too , understands that old music - hall and pantomime practices are a wonderful source of inspiration if a British audience is to laugh and enjoy the occasion as the dancers do . Another commedia dell'arte character whose play has influenced too few choreographers is that of Harlequin , a maker of mischief , a magicker of spells , an animal impersonator and always a great dancer . Both Ashton and MacMillan take the technical aspects of their choreography very seriously . They know that just one small slip can make a joke in dance . Moreover , the dancers involved have to take this type of performance very seriously , even though they must be able to toss off the mistakes with an air of surprised innocence . Characters in National ballet The above approach towards any type of character role is a very typically English trait and has been used in music halls , pantomimes and comedies fur many years . The great dancer Antonio was unable to match Massine 's design even though each member of Antonio 's company danced as to the manner born . Antonio was a star dancer and he could not take an objective view of the whole . His design focused on his brilliant performance of the various solos but otherwise filled the stage with authentic steps which played little part in making the action unfold . Cinderella Ashton and English pantomime traditions Shoe fitting ( David Bintley , Deryck Rencher , Jonathan Cope ) Means of expression Surely this term should be used to describe someone who lives and works or draws the dole in Scouserpool ? When last sighted , McCartney was living in the soft south , several hundred miles from his natal city . He did , however , make a brief appearance in Scouseland this summer for the premiere , and so far only , performance of his Oratorio in the Anglican cathedral , his first serious musical work since Rupert and the Frog Song . Twitbread News further regales me with the information that McCartney was voted Scouseperson of the Year by the people of his home city . Unlike serious pollsters , the brewer 's flaccid organ fails to report the size of the sample of Scousers interviewed but it is believed to be adjacent to the number of fans at a Tranmere Rovers away match . Excellent climbing can be combined with a family holiday in beautiful surroundings , with a virtual guarantee of sunshine . Remember these routes are all on limestone , which rarely gives good routes at less than VS , but a line of bolts , ending at a firmly anchored chain , up dry and solid rock , means that a much bolder approach can be adopted than on the polished , easier routes of Stoney or the vertical scree of Swanage . Climbing outside the usual circuit of The Pass , The Lakes , Stanage etc can be a real boost to your enjoyment and , I think , to your performance . It is difficult to equate French and British grades . The received wisdom is that you knock off two letters from the French ; so 5c becomes British 5a . Electrical accessories switches , LSCs , etc Philips Lighting Ltd Range of energy - saving lightbulbs with bayonet fittings ( no adaptor needed ) , natural sunlight Halogena bulbs ( bayonet screw fittings ) , high performance spotlight bulbs , Softone pastel range , security lighting Quest Emess Ltd Full range of decorative modern indoor lighting , including low - voltage , track spot , low - voltage downlights , outdoor security lighting Water - based Stronghold smooth , and Stronghold textured masonry paint , reinforced with rock aggregate for extra durability . Dries quickly ; available in white only . The new solvent - based Stonewall Allweather High - performance Masonry Coating , manufactured with Plioway resin , will tolerate very damp surfaces . It can be applied easily even at high or low temperatures ( down to - 20C ) , is unaffected by rain 15 minutes after application , and resists marking . Available in 10 colours . Patio doors are made in timber , aluminium and plastic ( unplasticised polyvinyl chloride , or upvc for short ) . These materials are sometimes used in combination aluminium doors may be set in a timber sub - frame , for example , and upvc doors usually have steel reinforcement inside their box sections for extra strength . Timber doors are usually made either from preservativetreated softwood , or a rot - resistant hardwood such as mahogany , and many have high - performance specifications that include integral weather - stripping and sealed - unit double glazing . Their advantages are : Wood is an excellent insulator . Wood generally , and wooden windows in particular , are prone to rotting . Test the surface for sponginess by probing it with a screwdriver and renew rotten timber either by replacing complete sections with new preservative - treated wood , or by cutting - in new sections of wood , or if the area of rot is not too extensive , by replacing the decay using a modern wood repair system as made by Ronseal and Cuprinol . The basis of both these systems is a wood hardener which strengthens the decayed wood fibres , and a two - part high performance wood filler . In both cases , the wood should be as dry as possible when the wood hardener is applied , and when this is dry , the two - part epoxy - resin wood filler is pressed into the cavity to give a noncrack , non - shrink repair . A sander will be required to remove excess filler and shape it to match the existing timber . Perhaps it 's because we humans tend to associate protein with fitness and athleticism . Who knows ? The fact is there is no real evidence to suggest high - protein diets improve performance or are likely to prevent weight loss in working dogs . The good news is that you are not on your own ; many owners share your problem . I quite often see underweight dogs in my surgery . a 640 by 480 pixel 16 colour screen has 307,200 pixels , each described by four bits , thus requiring 153.6 Kbyte of storage . So bit image files frequently use data compression . Since data compression relies on redundancy in the information to be compressed , performance is affected by the nature of the data . There are various methods which can be used for computer files ( see box Getting quarts into pint pots ) . Run Length Limitation ( RLL ) is probably the most common for bit image files , although the LZW algorithm is also in use . Using an 8 - bit sound sampler board with Atari , Archimedes or Amiga computers for sound analysis in physics and biology requires a sample rate of at least twice the highest signal frequency around 20kHz . Some samplers possess a simple low - pass filter rolling off at about 16kHz , but do not remove enough of the signal above 20kHz to allow a sample rate of 40kHz . The diagram shows a low - pass filter to give the necessary performance using an inexpensive LC element which is intended for Nicam systems . Buffering is provided by ( formula provided ) matching the output to the filter input impedance . Resistor R3 matches the output to IC2 and , together with R4 , sets the gain of the circuit , which is 0dB overall when circuit losses are taken into account , Components C1 and R1 form a high - pass filter , rolling off at 3.4Hz or 340Hz , depending on which value is used . When the new version of the C compiler is released , I sincerely hope that Motorola does not charge for the update , I also hope it provides an adequate manual not like the scant document which accompanied version 1.233 . Analog Devices also has a tarnished image with its C compiler for the ADSP - 2101 ; it was not until version 4 that the maths runtime library became available surely a little late in the day for a fundamental component . Texas Instruments , having recognised the wider implications of producing high performance processors , has attached great importance to its C compilers and produces them for their TMS320C25 and TMS320C3x . Compiler for the TMS320C3x produces high optimised code and is supplied with an extensive range of run - time library facilities . Documentation is well written and contains detailed information on usage of the function calls . Andy Gothard returns to the Alma Mater . One might not expect sawing a Renault 5 in half to constitute part of an electronics research project , but that 's what they call it at sub - basement level , below the Strand . The Renault 2.5 is part of Drivage , and EC - funded project intended to assess the performance of older drivers , and work out what technical advances might be useful to older age groups . The project has involved collaboration with the college geography department , and the traffic studies centre of the University of Groningen , in Holland . The car is part of a driving simulator , which uses a Philips video disc player , in conjunction with an Acorn Archimedes A440 computer , to project video images onto a screen . The research should help quantify the differences between older and younger drivers . So far , 150 have been tested , and the full statistical results will be available soon . The research team 's David Fraser says that preliminary results indicate that the range of driving performance is age independent , far outstripping variations between groups . So next time you 're stuck in your car behind that little old lady 's Austin 1100 , remember , statistically , she 's probably no worse a driver than the 20 - year - old in the Porsche which is about to overtake you both . The sound of fractals Telephone 923 33837 . Low - power frequency synthesizer A cmos high - performance frequency synthesizer , the UMF1009T from Philips is intended for use in channelled VHF/UHF equipment such as portable and mobile radio and is programmable via the standard two - line serial I2C bus . The main divider consists of a 7 - bit binary counter and two rate selectors to control the external programmable prescaler and the 7 - bit internal programmable divider ( n2/n2+1 ) . The total division ratio from the DIV input to the input to the phase detector ( Fig.2 ) is N = ( 128 . n2 + nl ) *A + n0 , where n0 , n1 and n2 are less than 128 . Also driving the phase detectors is the reference oscillator chain , which consists of a crystal oscillator with an external crystal resonating at up to 16.8MHz and a reference divider in two sections . The first section is programmed to give an output at 1.2MHz and the second to produce 12.5kHz or 15kHz output to the phase detectors , a wide choice of frequency input thereby being possible . Two phase detectors , analogue and digital , work together to produce good noise performance and fast locking . When lock is achieved , the digital detector is switched out of circuit to avoid noise denigration in the analogue circuit . Philips Semiconductors Mullard House Torrington Place London WC1E 7HD 071 580 6633 . My view about the Matsushita response is simply that the Japanese higher education system generally requires knowledge of English , which seems at odds with the Technics explanation . The basic variation in the Technics circuit arrangement has necessitated a set - up procedure , not present in my circuit . Furthermore , my own analysis of the Technics arrangement suggest that it is sensitive to loudspeaker impedance variations ; under some conditions the performance is worse with the subsidiary amplifier than it would be without it . At the same time , even when the circuit performs better at some loudspeaker impedances than the traditional Class B circuit , it still has worse performance than that of Class S because of the low , yet varying impedance seen by the main voltage amplifier for all loudspeaker impedances bar one . Analysis The basic variation in the Technics circuit arrangement has necessitated a set - up procedure , not present in my circuit . Furthermore , my own analysis of the Technics arrangement suggest that it is sensitive to loudspeaker impedance variations ; under some conditions the performance is worse with the subsidiary amplifier than it would be without it . At the same time , even when the circuit performs better at some loudspeaker impedances than the traditional Class B circuit , it still has worse performance than that of Class S because of the low , yet varying impedance seen by the main voltage amplifier for all loudspeaker impedances bar one . Analysis Both circuits attempt to tackle the problem of crossover distortion in a basically identical manner : they try to make the load impedance , RL , appear to be very much higher to the main amplifier than it really is . Moving - iron and reed types were produced in dozens of variants , in addition to the odd - ball kinds like the compressed - air type , but the breakthrough came with the moving coil , which had been modernised from its Siemens 1874 patent and Lodge 's 1898 one by Rice and Kellogg in 1924 . The fourth picture shows a magnificent affair made by Paul Voigt , which had twin diaphragms and 20kilogauss field magnets . It was possibly the first time the BBC had had to take other equipment out of service because someone ( Voigt ) complained of its bad performance , which had shown up on this speaker . If proof were needed of the new - found fascination with sound reproduction in the 1950s , the last picture should supply it . It is of one of the unforgettable demonstrations by G.A . It also brought a delicate blush to the BBC cheek . First RC - coupled amplifier , constructional details of which were published by WW in 1923 , brought murder to the hearts of transformer makers in the land . Walter Cocking 's Everyman Four TRF receiver , which set a standard of performance for the rest to try to emulate . One is now in the Science Museum . Everyman Four and ( below ) the original circuit diagram This must seem a promising start for RDS for which first receivers appeared only in 1987 . Consumers wary of poor performance Broadcasters have been none too happy with performance of some of the earlier sets . Mark Saunders ( BBC Radio ) in a personal review of design requirements for RDS car radios points out that one of the problems that RDS poses for both broadcaster and receiver manufacturer is that , with the exception of obvious features such as the display of the programme service name , an RDS receiver is not apparently different in performance , or looks , when observed in the static environment of the dealer 's showroom . So from the point of view of the consumer , there are few tests that can be done prior to purchase , to ascertain how well a product will perform when fitted into the car . So from the point of view of the consumer , there are few tests that can be done prior to purchase , to ascertain how well a product will perform when fitted into the car . He says that it is a sad fact that many early RDS receivers failed to perform even basic tasks adequately , and many people have been put off RDS for life because of : experiences with receivers that performed inadequately and which failed to live up to the promises the broadcasters made for them . Mr Saunders goes on to admit that broadcasters are not entirely blameless in this respect : More should no doubt have been done at an earlier stage in development of RDS to give the receiver manufacturing industry some guidelines setting out the minimum levels of RDS performance that should be achieved . His belief is that it is preferable if the RF tuner and RDS processing stages of the receiver are continuously active whenever the vehicle ignition is switched on . The on/off switch on the front panel should only control the power amplifiers and display functions . Admittedly , conditions in the American academy are a little tighter than they once were , but what looks like stringency by American standards is still lavishness by British ones . Britain can never hope to compete with all this . Nevertheless , professionalism on American lines is still the ideal that academic administrators uphold , since it can indicate to sceptical politicians and the public at large that universities are engaged in the visible activity which generates performance - indicators . In this climate , the academic in English and other subjects in the humanities , who is busy , who publishes a lot , who goes to conferences , cannot but be preferred to the quiet scholar , who keeps a low profile , even seems rather idle , but is taking his time over a major piece of scholarly writing that may involve many years ' work and which he does not intend to give to the world until he is ready . Such people have in the past been left to go their own way without interference . In this climate , the academic in English and other subjects in the humanities , who is busy , who publishes a lot , who goes to conferences , cannot but be preferred to the quiet scholar , who keeps a low profile , even seems rather idle , but is taking his time over a major piece of scholarly writing that may involve many years ' work and which he does not intend to give to the world until he is ready . Such people have in the past been left to go their own way without interference . Nowadays they may be esteemed by their peers who know something of their work , but this esteem has little currency value in the committee - rooms where performance is appraised . These academics may be respected , but they are also regarded as tiresome . The culture of science looks for rapid and visible results , and it is this , despite occasional formal disavowals , that is setting the agenda . Academics in English are loners reluctant to engage in team projects or pull together in research centres . They can be irritatingly slow to publish , and it is often difficult to know how they spend their time . On the brighter side , there are those younger and more active lecturers who do their duty and generate performance - indicators in the form of books and articles . It is true that in some cases these publications may be of extreme radical tendency , attacking the established practices of academic English teaching , but that is no objection , since it is the fact of publication that counts , not its content . The real problem is that the writers of such texts may make political difficulties within a department , or teach in ways difficult for students to understand . The discussion may be restricted to impeccably intellectual topics , but the play of market forces is going on all the time just below the surface . In one sense , everyone benefits from the buoyancy of academic book publishing . The academic gets the publication record that leads to tenure or advancement , and his or her name becomes known in the profession ; the institution gains performance - indicators ; and the publisher keeps a full and interesting list . It is hard to speak against a situation that makes everyone happy , but one has to say it represents a form of intellectual inflation that is just as pernicious in its way as monetary inflation . Far too many inferior or unnecessary academic books are published each year . For Pound may have been wrong in selecting Fascist Italy as the modern society than came nearest to satisfying his Ruskinian demands , and yet right in thinking that societies should be judged according as they met , or failed to meet , that standard . That he went grossly wrong in applying the standard does not mean that the standard as such was inapplicable . However , most of us either no longer want to believe in the Ruskinian and Poundian relation between craftsmanlike performance and civic health , or else we tell ourselves ( perhaps with Pound 's fate before us as a cautionary tale ) that we can no longer afford to believe it . We are only just beginning to recognize that if we take this attitude , we are denying to arts and letters , and to the criticism of them , any bearing at all on public life including , for instance , public education . At any rate , though we would most of us like to maintain that Pound 's Fascism is a quite distinct issue from Pound 's poetry and his criticism , it is plain that we cannot do this . This presumed death is the only unequivocal event in the whole work , however , and there are moments where its meditative air threatens to become bafflingly introspective . Burrows seems to have lived with his material for so long that he has forgotten to throw out enough clues for the rest of us , and there are few hints as to why certain sequences are so important that they should be repeated over and over again But what constantly saves the piece from disappearing into itself is the obliquely moving nature of the central relationship and some patchy but startlingly lovely dance images . The performances too are excellent , with all six dancers ( from the Royal ) sensitively adapting to the small scale of The Place ( no stagy projection or glazed expressions ) . Bristow and Trevitt never waver in the closeness of their mutual dialogue and move easily between forceful classical dynamics and quiet self - containment . At 40 minutes this is an odd but oddly engrossing private journey . OPERA NORTH 's Tosca , first produced last year , is revived with a new conductor and two new principals , once again headed by the flame - haired Tosca of Mary Jane Johnson . If its dramatic focus seems different , it is because Carlo Rizzi 's tempi are rather faster than those adopted by Clive Timms ; the action progresses less with inexorability than by abrupt shifts of mood . Perhaps not every chord was quite in place , but this remains orchestrally an exciting performance ; occasional poor balance between voice and stage emanates , I think , from the acoustic properties of the set . Johnson remains nearly ideal as the jealous , mercurial prima donna . Her powerful and eloquent singing really does not need to be supplemented by low - register Sprechstimme ; one can see the point , but Puccini is near enough to raw melodrama without such mannerism . There was no sign of being unprepared in his typically confident singing , audible even at the end of Act One . He already has a conception of Scarpia , a cunning brute who veers from calculated anger to cool appraisal of Tosca 's bottom while her lover is being tortured . One must hope that Maxwell will be well enough to assume the role next week , but meanwhile the company is to be congratulated on replacing him with so sterling a performance by this seasoned professional . Edmund Barham makes Cavaradossi almost as formidable , a convincing aristocrat , tender with Tosca , arrogant with Scarpia , and sung with true tone and great power . Among minor roles I enjoyed Roger Bryson 's fussy Sacristan , setting the scene of pious hypocrisy by lighting up during the Angelus . At this level , eight games are too few to allow any margin for error ( in world championship matches , they play 24 ) . But with each loser taking home about 28,000 in prize money courtesy of Pilkington Glass , even the underdogs could afford to be a little more cheerful . As if deliberately to disconcert the semi - finalists , the world champion , Garry Kasparov , has registered one of his most impressive performances . With one round still to play in the Interpolis tournament in Tilburg , Holland , he is already sure of first place . Nine wins and four draws from thirteen games give him a score of 11 points , three points ahead of Viktor Korchnoi in second place . The crowd had swollen to about 70 by now , standing in a respectful arc , as if the stage was protected by a sci - fi forcefield . A couple of girls danced enthusiastically and several others tapped their feet . A friend of the band weaved in and out of the crowd , recording their performance on a video camera . It was the only indication , apart from the price of the beer , that this was n't a decade ago. For the players , there was the prospect of returning to their day jobs with 50 in their pockets , for the landlord there was a healthy night 's takings and for the crowd , even those who had stayed in the bar all evening , there was a nasty ringing in the ears the next morning . Thermocouples at critical points in each fridge or other piece of equipment will show , through a computer print - out , how the temperature varies inside it . Other items on test include the cold boxes in which vaccines are carried to villages , sterilisers for the syringes , stoves for the sterilisers and thermometers . The outcome of the tests is to be a book of approved equipment , with details of performance , published by WHO and Unicef . An obvious snag is the power cuts which are common in third world countries . The CRL tackled this problem a few years ago , developing ice - lined refrigerators : tubes of water surrounding the fridge compartment freeze ; if the power fails , the tubes keep the vaccines cool until all the ice has melted . The Ferrari of Gerhard Berger finished second , 26 seconds ahead of Alain Prost 's McLaren . Prost 's result does little to further his cause in the championship if he has to drop his lower scores but Senna now knows that he must win the final two races in Japan and Australia . Prost , meanwhile , can do no more and the pressure is now with his team - mate to repeat yesterday 's performance . While Senna 's steady but swift progress made his 20th Grand Prix victory look easy , the reigning world champion says this race has been one of the toughest . This is a very difficult circuit , Senna said . The only consolation was a crowd at the Harvey Hadden Stadium of 2,581 , boosted by visiting fans . In a bad - tempered match , Jason Ramshaw , the Halifax hooker , had his jaw broken , while his team - mate Richard Fairbank and Nottingham 's Craig Whitehead were sent off . Remarkably , Halifax 's performance meant that the First Division leaders Wigan , 66 - 0 winners in a 12 - try romp at Barrow , were not the day 's top scorers . Steve Clayton 's eighth - minute dismissal for tripping hardly enhanced the home team 's prospects . Hull ended their four - game losing streak by beating Leeds 8 - 7 at The Boulevard . Whitaker , the European champion , rides the same three horses as last year Next Milton , Gammon and Hopscotch . Milton 's three 1988 victories included the winner - takes - all prize of 25,000 in the first running of the Next International Masters , which will be staged again on Friday evening . This evening 's opening performance begins with the final of the first Olympic Star Spotters Championship , which aims to give riders of young horses the chance to test their potential stars . The idea has been warmly welcomed by David Broome , who has qualified Paul Schockemohle 's seven - year - old Lotus for this evening 's contest . New Zealand 's dual Olympic three - day event champion , Mark Todd , will also be in action on his latest Kiwi import , Double Take . Digression won well enough , but the big minus factor against him is the fact that he is by the American stallion , Seattle Slew , whose progeny have tended not to train on over here . Sheikh Mohammed 's Bridal Toast , who finished powerfully to take second place could have more scope to progress as a Derby contender . Fascinating though they are , thoughts of Classic confrontations to come were put on to the back - burner by another dazzling performance from Zilzal , who stamped himself as one of the outstanding milers of recent years with a thrashing of the French champion , Polish Precedent . Walter Swinburn finds it hard to believe Zilzal will ever be beaten and the son of Nureyev will attempt to extend his sequence to six out of six in next month 's Breeders ' Cup Mile in Florida . The good news is that he will not be rushed off to stud afterwards and will campaign for further honours next year when a move up to a mile and a quarter might be considered . The main problem is the large , virtually all black cast chorus , children and all . Colour - blind casting would be as pointless as translating the libretto into Home Counties English . So if , as seems likely , we have to wait a long time for a follow up to the triumphant Glyndebourne production , we should be all the more grateful for occasions like the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra 's concert performance ( sponsored by English Estates ) . As it happens , the problems of an unstaged Porgy are hardly less acute a cast of 24 soloists and a duration of three and a quarter hours are not easily managed in the concert hall . Doubling up roles and cutting up to two fifths of the score may be practical necessities , but weaken the impact of the whole . The Hundred Group recommends that nationalised industries should be allowed to borrow without Government guarantee and that the borrowings should be excluded from the PSBR . Edward Weiss , chairman of the report 's working party , said the recommendations were being put forward as an alternative to privatisation . If the objective of privatisation is to improve management performance , it can be achieved in ways other than all - out privatisation , he said . The black and white approach used in this country , where a company is either wholly in the public sector or wholly in the private sector , is not mirrored on the Continent . The fundamental problem with state - owned industries is that they are rationed of capital . Mr Blum tried his supporters saying they had done better than predicted . But it was a bad start for the CDU to the series of eight rounds of municipal or Land elections between now and the Bundestag elections . It showed that despite the Chancellor 's unopposed re - election as chairman of his party and his tactical victory over leading rivals , voters are unimpressed with his performance and that of the CDU . A car and a life left on the other side of the fence From EDWARD LUCAS in Prague As a young doctor in Leiden he paid a seminal visit to the neuroanatomist WJH Nauta , at that time developing a revolutionary anatomical technique for investigating the nervous system by staining degenerating fibres cut off from their parent cell - bodies . Kuypers was the first to use this technique in studies of the brain and over the next 10 years , now in the United States , he charted at a new level of detail the connections made by the cerebral cortex with nervous elements in the brain - stem and spinal cord that control movement in a number of higher mammals . Kuypers then started a long series of collaborative studies in which injuries to some of these connections in the monkey 's brain were correlated with the defects they produced in performance of movements ; the poising of an arm , for instance , to carry out an operation with the fingers could be dissociated from the ability to use the fingers skilfully . These studies continued , with increasing sophistication , after his return to Europe in 1966 as Professor of Anatomy at the new Erasmus University in Rotterdam . He showed that injury to connections within the cerebral cortex could cause the dissociation of hand movements guided by vision from those guided by touch . But the Equal Pay and Opportunities Acts , introduced in Scotland in 1975 , changed all that . Or were meant to . Above the rank of inspector , promotion is a matter of performance and most tellingly , other senior ( male ) officers ' assessment . There were times , as Mhoira once wryly remarked , when she wished she could join the Masons or even use the gents ' lavatory . Mhoira Robertson did take up golf , which became her favourite pastime , and eventually the promotions came , first as Director of studies and Chief Inspector at Tulliallan Police College and finally in 1987 as Superintendent within the Lothians and Borders force . Ian 's a hero , man. He 's Biggles , Raffles and Errol Flynn all rolled into one He 's England 's answer to Tom Selleck and I think he should be the next James Bond , man The cricketer was allegedly slated to appear in a film opposite Oliver Reed , and his humorous performances on Question Of Sport surprised many . So , this should prove an entertaining night out , especially if the name Ted Dexter crops up Going Out to Galleries : Debate / Public test of a private Vision : Hildi Hawkins follows the progress of A Vision of Britain The organisers of a Dusseldorf trade show for manufacturers withdrew permission to film there after reading a scene in which German businessmen try to trick Wilcox . In a previous BBC serial about the moral bankruptcy and satanic drabness of a fictional new town , the polite credits ' acknowledgment to the real modern conurbation which had admitted the cameras had an inadvertent satirical ring . Accordingly , in the television Nice Work , Rummidge University is played by Birmingham University and fears that some may find the performance too convincing have prompted a closing caption , of conspicuously meticulous wording , thanking the real campus for its good - humoured co - operation . Rummidge is a fictional construct , explains Lodge . The fact that it has some kind of playful relationship with Birmingham is something with which readers of my novels can easily cope . It remains background music , and not just because , in Keith Turnbull 's tidy production , the players are neatly packed away behind Gavin Semple 's wonderful , octopoid hotel boiler . Stylistically it asks few questions , becoming quickly locked into a limited area of harmonic discourse . The show is redeemed by its performance . Fides Krucker and Chris Enns are superb as the two down - and - outs , using their voices with extreme cleverness to depict the alternate venality and heroic detachment of the trampish life . Kevin Power has less luck with the gauchely conceived part of the boilerman . This raises two important issues . First , is it an ethical investment policy to encourage people to try to have their cake and eat it ? Second , is n't there an urgent need for a fundamental rethinking of the accounting conventions by which company performance is measured , if would - be ethical investors are to know how environmentally friendly the companies in which they invest really are ? Letter : Future of Germany From Dr CHRISTOPHER HILL The sentence is commuted to a life within prison walls when she volunteers to hang those due to swing beside her . Lady Betty pursued a career of hanging and flogging well into the 19th century and Declan Donnellan 's account of her life is told with a distressing mixture of savagery and sentiment ; the hangwoman herself is portrayed by Sally Dexter with hateful harpiness relieved by startling moments of tenderness . The play is enlivened by the vicious energy of the performances and by a variety of Irish music and dance which ranges from mournful ballads to the jolliest of jigs , transforming what could have been a dreary harangue into an invigorating ensemble work . Louise Levene THEATRE / Patricia Routledge in Come for the Ride - Greenwich Theatre TODD ELDREDGE , the 18 - year - old former world junior champion , skated superbly to take the overall lead after the original programme at the Skate Electric UK International at Richmond Ice Rink last night . The American , who had been lying second after the morning 's compulsory figures , was placed first by all nine judges for both technical merit and presentation . Eldredge 's performance took him past Grzegorz Filipowski . The Pole was first in the compulsory figures but could finish only third in the original programme , behind both Eldredge , and Vladimir Petrenko of the Soviet Union , in a nine - strong field . Britain 's two skaters , the Welsh - based Steven Cousins and John Martin , the Scottish champion from Ayr , were both outclassed . We wanted revenge and I think we all felt the pressure because we wanted to win so badly , said Wood , who looked more like she was enjoying herself . In contrast , at times Durie looked ready to scream , especially when the errors started creeping in during the second set of her 6 - 2 , 7 - 6 win over the promising Yayuk Basuki . Indeed , it was something of a typically topsy - turvy but none the less gritty performance from Durie , who missed a match point at 5 - 3 and then had to wait an hour to complete the encounter after rain fell at the end of the ninth game . She completed victory by taking the tiebreak 7 - 5 but not before she lost her serve to 5 - 5 and then saved a set point at 5 - 6 . Such was the importance placed on the result by the players themselves that team manager Sue Mappin felt she was able to describe the win as a huge boost . This ill - advised conceit casts a pall on the piece from the outset , and it does n't help that the skits ( rewritten and reconstructed ) are crushingly unfunny . But the trouble , you feel , lies with Belushi . It may be that his gifts lay in the thrill and risk of live performance , losing their savour in aspic ; or , more likely , that his genius was always over - rated . Wired purports to be about America not just Belushi , but this is trite stuff about decadence in Tinseltown ; what it has to say about the nation is nugatory , unless you count a depressing scene in which an audience collapses in laughter while the Voice of its Generation ( as Bluto in Animal House ) stuffs a sandwich down his pants . Belushi 's a book , believes Woodward , but one is inclined to agree with the cop who pronounces him just another fat junkie who went belly - up. Rather , the story acts as a framework for a series of ornamental tours de force . The mime and dancing is throughout spectacular , a delight to the eye . The performance of Durga Lal in the title role is a masterpiece of versatility and concentration : his delirium at the end of the first act is nothing short of hair - raising . To say that the recipe is naive would be to miss the point , but with the predominance of so much dance , drama is often lacking . For instance , the death of Ghanashyam is , frankly , anticlimactic with most of the emphasis thrown onto the lovely succeeding threnodic dance . She became chairman of the orchestra and later became a member and chairman of the Keswick Music Society . But her chief work for music in Cumbria was as Secretary for 20 years of the Cumbria Rural Choirs . Largely due to her courage and drive she enabled them to grow in stature so that the choirs were able to perform the major choral works drawing an audience of over 1,000 at a performance of the Dream of Gerontius and be broadcast with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra on three occasions . Ill - health dogged Dorothea . Arthritis crippled her hands so she had to give up , most reluctantly , the flute and then a series of eye operations ended in virtual blindness . He had cut his teeth on Shakespeare with Ben Greet in 1931 and went on to enlarge his Shakespearian repertoire throughout the rest of his life . I first saw him in a supporting role at the Croydon Rep in 1936 , where another young actor , seven years his junior , by the name of William Devlin , who dared to tackle King Lear at about the same time . Dignam then enrolled in Michael McOwan 's company at the Westminster , appearing in Ibsen , Chekhov , O'Neill , Turgenev , Hamlet ( the Ghost and the First Player ) , skilfully differentiating his performances without ever falling into idle routine . For McOwan he played Justin O'Connell in Waste in 1937 , the same Granville - Barker play to which he returned 48 years later , as Russell Blackborough , with the Royal Shakespeare Company . He was in the Lilian Baylis 1937 season at the Old Vic and returned to the Westminster for Pygmalion , Richard III , and more O'Neill , including a memorable portrayal of the old Ephraim Cabot in Desire Under The Elms in 1940 . 7pm Wigmore Hall 4 - 7 Pinchas Zukerman The American violinist 's only London recital this season . Beethoven ( Sonata Op12 No3 ) , Schumann ( Romances Op94 , Sonata Op105 No1 ) , Stravinsky ( Suite Italienne ) 4pm Barbican 5 - 12.50 Bach Vespers Cantata 38 ( Aus tiefer Not ) , plus Vivaldi ( Double Violin Concerto ) in context of Lutheran service 7pm St Anne 's , Gresham St , The City NORWICH FESTIVAL Dorothy Tutin joins the Endymion Ensemble for Saint - Saens 's Carnival of the Animals and Poulenc 's Babar the Elephant , plus Ibert , Milhaud 3pm St Andrew 's Hall 2 - 8 . l TUESDAY Verdi Requiem ECO and Tallis Chamber Choir with soloists Jo Ann Pickens , Sarah Walker , Jeffrey Talbot , Gwynne Howell 7.30pm Royal Naval College Chapel , King William Walk , Greenwich SE10 5.50 - 9 ( 317 8687 ) Olli Mustonen The brilliant young Finnish pianist - composer joins fellow Finn Esa - Pekka Salonen and the Philharmonia for a Grand Gala in aid of the Council for the Protection of Rural England : Ravel 's breezy G major Piano Concerto is framed by aptly Green pieces by Vaughan Williams ( Greensleeves Fantasia ) and Stravinsky ( Le Sacre du Printemps ) 7.30pm RFH 18 incl donation ; 35 - 125 incl reception and private view of Legacy exhibition ( 12 photographers ' views of Britain 's countryside ) NORWICH FESTIVAL The Field of Cloth of Gold : A musical celebration of the 1520 meeting between Henry VIII and Francois I of France , played on period instruments by Musica Antiqua of London 7.30pm Cathedral 2.50 - 7.50 ( 0603 - 618499 ) LES PARISIENNES Pianist Diana Ambache and her Ambache Chamber Orchestra offer musical portraits of four femmes de Paris two of them composers , two of them inspirations for the compositions of others . Emilie Candeille , opera singer , grande tragedienne and composeress , is represented by the first performance in 199 years of her Piano Concerto in D , Op2 . Louise Farrenc , who numbered Schumann among her fans , is remembered by her Nonet for strings and wind of 1849 , while the hapless Marie Antoinette is immortalised in the nickname of her favourite symphony , Haydn 's No85 , La Reine de France . Finally , the masculine sounding dedicatee of Mozart 's Piano Concerto No9 , dubbed the Jeunehomme , stands revealed as a certain Mlle Jeunehomme , virtuoso pianist 7.30pm St John 's Smith Sq 5 - 11/concs 5 WEDNESDAY11 The Creation Period Orchestra , the Age of Enlightenment : Haydn 's Handelian oratorio 7.30pm QEH 5 - 15 THOMAS ALLEN Second recital this week ( after Blackheath on Thursday 5 ) by the vibrant Geordie baritone . By LOUISE LEVENE LONDON Anthony d'Offay Gallery ( 499 4100 ) Michael Clark Heterospective . Small - space performance by this most trendy of dancers . Dress up. Only 50 seats per performance for a 23 donation to the Michael Clark Foundation which finances his company 14 - 23 Oct. Sport in Short : Ice Skating By GENEVIEVE MURPHY SUZANNE OTTERSON , the 15 - year - old Scottish junior champion who was making her senior debut , gave a flowing performance to finish fourth in the short programme and move up to fifth place overall with the free skating to come . Sport in Short : Ice Hockey By GENEVIEVE MURPHY In the last minute , Bernie Gallacher , the Villa full - back , denied Wolves the chance of extra time when he headed Shane Westley 's header from under the bar . Wolves have now failed to progress beyond the second round since they won the then League Cup in 1980 . If the result was not one for Graham Turner to celebrate on the third anniversary of his takeover at Wolves , the manner of their performance should certainly cheer him on his 42nd birthday today . It took Wolves 15 seconds to bring a Black Country barrage from the stands with their first , booming aerial pass for Bull to pursue ; a further 30 seconds for Villa to concede a corner ; and two minutes for Nigel Spink to be forced into a sprawling save by Mark Venus . A pass from Venus sounds like the definitive long - ball game , and Villa 's central defenders , Paul McGrath and Mountfield , did well to defend a series of attacks that came out of the night sky . I had a second X - ray on my injury last week and it showed that the crack had healed . I was surprised when the doctors said the injury had gone . The England captain , who missed the World Cup match with Sweden in Stockholm last month because of bruised ribs , was happy with his performance against Portsmouth , saying : I was pleased to get through the 90 minutes . I was involved in some fairly strong tackling and did n't feel a thing . Now I have another week to get my fitness up to the right level . It is a real bonus after I fully expected him to be unavailable for the Poland match . I 'm looking forward to the match and to seeing him training . It really has been an amazing recovery and I understand he gave an outstanding performance in his comeback match . Bobby Robson received further encouragement when Stuart Pearce , the Nottingham Forest captain reported fit after taking part in the 3 - 3 Littlewoods draw at Huddersfield . Forest prevailed after extra time on the away - goals rule. Regular correspondence with the revered minimalist La Monte Young introduced him to the Dadaist movement Fluxus , but by the time he had won a Leonard Bernstein scholarship to the Berkshire School of Music in Massachusetts , I felt I 'd run my course as far as the avant - garde was concerned . The dream ticket to America led to Lou Reed 's primitive melodies and documentary realism , not John Cage . Not that that prevented Cale from screaming at a potted plant sitting on his piano , or suddenly demolishing a table beside his stool with an axe in mid - performance . A lot of the things I did were done for shock value . But when I joined the Velvet Underground , then it became a little bit more subliminal . The Philharmonia carried it off well . The frantic whirl of the outer sections framed a warm and full - blooded Andantino with some clear woodwind playing , while the well - handled lowering of dynamic in the final pages permitted an exhilarating ascent to Lyapunov 's noisy ending . Islamey was followed by a rather quirky performance of Beethoven 's Third Piano Concerto , in which the soloist was the 22 - year - old Olli Mustonen , a compatriot of the conductor . Comparisons are sometimes drawn between this work and Mozart 's great K491 Concerto in the same key , which Beethoven is known to have played and admired . The similarities , however , are mostly in matters of device ( the piano arpeggios in the first movement Coda , for example , and the six - eight ending of the Rondo , tragic in Mozart , brilliant in Beethoven ) . The story of its ill - fated Paris premiere in 1913 , which provoked fighting in the audience , is well known . As it has become familiar over the years , the constant discord and the rhythmic complexities have ceased to shock . Tuesday 's performance was outstanding , vivid and of surpassing clarity . The orchestra was in stunning form . As for the conductor , Mr Salonen is making the going just now . Over the years , Page has established himself as a medieval raconteur , delighting his audience with tales of , say , thirteenth - century Paris ; but anecdotes aside , he has also been refining the presentation and programming so that , almost without realising it , his audiences learn a good deal about the often totally unfamiliar music being performed . This concert , part of the Early Music Centre Festival , was one of the most overtly educative so far , with even , at one point , an illustrated guide to composing a motet in five easy stages . Yet there is nothing condescendingly didactic in Page 's manner , nor anything textbookish about Gothic Voices ' performance . Beyond this , what might appear just to be a way of illustrating how motets were put together singing the two or three different , often highly contrasted melodies individually before putting them together as a polyphonic , multi - texted whole may equally well represent a valid reflection of the manner in which they were originally performed . More often than not , each melodic line stands perfectly well by itself , and hearing it thus at least lends something of the sense of familiarity and recognition that the thirteenth - century literati might have enjoyed if they attempted to disentangle aurally the separate strands of the motet . By TERENCE WILKINSON , Assistant City Editor ETAM , the fashion retailer , saw its profits before property income rise by 10.3 per cent to 6.3m in the six months to 12 August . But , despite this resilient performance , its share price dropped 14p to 192p on fears of a renewed slump in high street spending . Etam sales , up 32 per cent to 84.3m on an increase in trading space of 29 per cent , appeared to benefit from the hot summer weather and its low - priced fashion for younger women seemed not to suffer greatly from the effects of higher mortgages . Pre - tax profits showed a more modest 2.5 per cent increase to 6.3m in the absence of last time 's 409,000 of property profits , and after a slightly higher tax charge earnings per share were almost unchanged at 6.22p . The outer group includes the heads of programming departments . Mr Dunn , who is currently devising an incentive plan for Thames Television , said he believed ITV had to motivate and retain the services of all its staff , but that schemes should be devised to spread profit sharing and share ownership company wide . He added that special incentives should perhaps apply to the top 10 managers , whose performances will be crucial in retaining the franchise . Mr Bland said last night : Our scheme is designed to ensure that LWT is in a position to make and broadcast programmes at the weekend from 1993 onwards . Barry Cox , LWT communications director , said that the company was unable to comment or discuss the scheme before publication . This ill - advised conceit casts a pall on the piece from the outset , and it does n't help that the skits ( rewritten and reconstructed for copyright reasons ) are crushingly unfunny . But the trouble , you feel , lies with Belushi . It may be that his gifts lay in the thrill and risk of live performance , losing their savour in aspic ; or , more likely , that his genius was always overrated . FILM / Play Me Something By LESLEY ABDELA Strikers in the Staffordshire Senior League are currently facing a weighty problem of similar proportions . Sid Kelly , who minds the net for table - topping Eccleshall , is believed to tip the scales at around 20 stones . The roly - poly goalie makes heads turn on away grounds when he runs out , and some of his diving stops have been measured on the Richter Scale , but his performances invariably win respect from opponents and spectators . Eccleshall , from a scenic village north - west of the county town , are more accustomed to propping up the league than heading it . Last Saturday , however , with Sid on - song between the sticks , they held Stafford Rangers ' second string to a 0 - 0 draw and have yet to lose . His Equity - required understudy received 800 per without having to learn a line . The producer sent him the script , in case he was curious , but assured him there was no question of him appearing on stage in the role . Had Kingsley been ill , the performance would have been cancelled . The play 's the thing , but , in a one - man show , the actor is the play : not Ben Kingsley in Edmund Kean , but Ben Kingsley as Edmund Kean or even , as those ultra - butch radio commercials put it , Ben Kingsley IS Edmund Kean . We are there to attend not a play but a performance . Had Kingsley been ill , the performance would have been cancelled . The play 's the thing , but , in a one - man show , the actor is the play : not Ben Kingsley in Edmund Kean , but Ben Kingsley as Edmund Kean or even , as those ultra - butch radio commercials put it , Ben Kingsley IS Edmund Kean . We are there to attend not a play but a performance . You can see why this appeals to actors . Of the greatest player of her day , Jane Austen wrote only that We were quite satisfied with Mr. Kean , which may not look so good splashed across the marquee but which is all many of the experts demand : as far as Miss Austen is concerned , he did n't get in the way of the drama . Of the greatest player of her day , Jane Austen wrote only that We were quite satisfied with Mr. Kean , which may not look so good splashed across the marquee but which is all many of the experts demand : as far as Miss Austen is concerned , he did n't get in the way of the drama . If we 're honest , most of us reviewers prefer to engage in a dialogue with the author and director , addressing concepts of political theatre rather than the actor 's little trick of twitching his left ear . So , we bang on about the play and the staging and the big themes , and , if there 's any space left , then , as the chairman of Critics ' Forum wearily intones , I suppose we ought to say something about the performances . In his own solo , Edward Petherbridge quotes James Agate 's comparison of actors with puppets : Punch and Judy have no understanding of their show . What better way for the hired hand to disprove the notion than to dispense with writers and stagers entirely ? So , the star compiles and writes the evening , and calls in a fellow thesp to direct : Petherbridge 's The Eight O'Clock Muse is staged by Peter Barkworth , John Sessions 's Napoleon The American Story by Kenneth Branagh ( a promising young actor , in case you had n't heard ) . In both these shows , there 's an odd sense of being in some sort of parallel universe : it all looks the same , but the power structure has been weirdly distorted . Petherbridge mentions Chekhov and Shakespeare , but , for him , theatre is something made by performance not writing . That 's character , he says , after doing a few undulations . Truly it is . Fourteen percussionists here had a stage of their own , stretching around half of the choir seats , and the average decibel count from the brass was well up in proportion . The concern , though , was always with where the music was going and which of its layers were propelling it , so that the occasional sudden stillnesses became a real opening - up of another dimension in the music 's workings and vision , not just a refuelling stop for the orchestra . Thrills with thought : this astonishing piece is necessarily a rare event , and it would be a shame if so astute a performance went unrevived . Ives 's Three Places in New England also had a philosophical , meditative character , rather than a passionate or temperamental one . The march tunes heaped up with proper brashness and a wild final acceleration , but the collage until then kept a rare sense of harmonic direction . Turnage has produced a work which is attractive , disturbing and memorable : an impressive curtain - raiser to a three - year association with the CBSO from which more works are destined to flow . The decision to interpose Stravinsky 's Suite No 1 for Small Orchestra as a kind of buffer zone between Beethoven 's Leonora No 3 and the Turnage was little short of inspired . The Stravinsky was a welcome up - beat to the new work and it drew a veil over a performance of the overture which apart from a cracking final Presto was emminently forgettable . Brahms ' Fourth Symphony , now something of a hardy annual with Rattle and the CBSO , provided the conclusion . Scrutinising this familiar object revealed some untidy details in the first movement : the performers have not quite solved the problem of what must be one of the cruellest openings for an orchestra ever devised . Ferranti , helped by option influences , rose 1.5p to 59p . ADT , benefiting from a US investment road show , gained 6p to 206p . Guinness , reflecting its strong profits performance , jumped 25p to 597p . But cider maker HP Bulmer , perceived as an interest rate casualty , fell 10p to 172p . BAT Industries improved 17.5p to 850.5p on Hoylake 's expression of continuing interest . A league table published by Charterhouse , the merchant bank , showed Lord Hanson was Britain 's highest - paid director of a public company , earning 1.239m last year . Sir Ralph Halpern of Burton Group and John Gunn of British and Commonwealth were not so fortunate . They suffered 25 per cent performance - related pay cuts , dropping to 996,000 and 740,700 respectively . Also suffering was Sir Derek Alun - Jones , chairman of Ferranti International Signal , the troubled electronics company . Trustees representing substantial Ferranti family interests wrote to Sir Derek asking for the board to be replaced or supplemented by new directors . Prestige comes in the shape of a Mercedes with the 240D or Stuttgart Taxi , commanding 7,000 but returning unfailing reliability . Even if lead levels in the atmosphere do not bother you , I am sure you will find the fact that unleaded petrol is 15p cheaper , and that diesel fuel boosts mpg by at least a third , most interesting . Motoring : Miles of smiles as the diesel comes of age : Brett Fraser on the Citroen AX , which offers fuel economy without much sacrifice in performance to drivers willing to turn away from the petrol engine By BRETT FRASER BACK IN the bad old days , drivers of diesel cars were the social outcasts of the motoring world . The AX is the smallest of the Citroen range and is available in three - and five - door versions . Computers were used extensively during the car 's development , in a successful attempt to make the AX 220lb lighter than the class average . The significance is the boost it gives to the AX 's performance , particularly in the context of the diesel . Here is a diesel - engine car which will out - gun many of its petrol - engine rivals . It comes close to shaming some of its own stable - mates , too , and they are among the swiftest in their class . Overheating and loose valvegear chains , both of which can abruptly extinguish all mechanical life , are its ( avoidable ) weaknesses . With the wisdom of hindsight , it is easy to see now that the Stag 's troublesome V8 , designed and inadequately developed in - house by Triumph before it merged with Leyland , should have been ditched and replaced by Rover 's proven ex - Buick 3.5 - litre V8 ( still used by Land - Rover , Morgan , TVR and others ) that was already on the shelf . In the interests of dependability , many Stags have subsequently been converted to Rover V8 power , gaining in reliability ( and quite possibly in performance ) what they lose in originality and nose heaviness . A Rover - engine Stag may well be a better car than one with Triumph power , but as a hybrid it will never be so valuable . Ford V6 conversions are intrinsically even less desirable though worth considering as a cheap and reliable engine . Far from it . The engine 's lovely , lugging delivery ( it is not all bad , you see ) serves as an antidote to frenetic driving . Whereas most modern performance cars encourage aggression through their virulence , the Stag suppresses it while getting there just as quickly . Anyone who is not relaxed and glowing with a sense of well - being at the wheel of a good Stag should keep their money in the building society . Age and mileage have little to do with values any more . All these schemings take a lot of energy , and Mr Pozsgay has plenty . He darts around the country in the same blue pin - stripe suit , delivering variations of the same speech . He frequently gives interviews , and has got television performances down to a fine art . His boyish smile and double chin are now instantly recognised by Hungarian and increasingly by foreign viewers . In his spare time he reads social science journals and contemporary Hungarian literature , or cooks for his family or friends . Despite official denials , it appears the US did agree to play a limited , and deniable , role in the rebellion . US officials place most of the blame for the debacle on half - cock rebel tactics , and a lack of adequate advance consultation with Washington . But the White House Chief of Staff , John Sununu , has started an inquiry into the administration 's performance in one of its first efforts in foreign policy crisis management . The administration 's enemies , both on the Democratic left and the Republican right , were still circling yesterday hoping to draw political blood . In a speech to the Senate on Thursday night , Senator Jesse Helms compared the US performance to that of the keystone cops . But the White House Chief of Staff , John Sununu , has started an inquiry into the administration 's performance in one of its first efforts in foreign policy crisis management . The administration 's enemies , both on the Democratic left and the Republican right , were still circling yesterday hoping to draw political blood . In a speech to the Senate on Thursday night , Senator Jesse Helms compared the US performance to that of the keystone cops . President Bush defended his administration 's cautious response , saying he had seen no facts since Tuesday which would have made me make a different decision . But the official version of events has already changed several times . With the exception of three years in the mid - Fifties , Rowicki continued as its artistic director and principal conductor until 1977 . For a short period from 1952 to 1954 he was Professor of Conducting at the Warsaw Conservatoire . From 1965 to 1970 Rowiecki also served as musical director of the Theatr Wielki , Warsaw 's huge opera and ballet theatre , and presided over the opening performance of the reconstructed building in 1965 , conducting Moniuszko 's Straszny Dwor ( ' The Haunted House ' a characteristically Polish mix of folklore and Bellinian melody ) . But the exigencies of operatic life did not really appeal to one of his perfectionist standards . He preferred touring with his orchestra and , increasingly , guest conducting abroad . Nigel Andrews , Financial Times . In terms of performance the film is praiseworthy , with a consistent , naturalistic , undeclamatory style that still respects the poetry Kenneth Branagh 's own performance correct , passionless , all intelligence - will be entirely a matter of taste . David Robinson , The Times . This Henry V is an achievement of some character and resource , warts and all . It is fair to say that the real chemistry is not between actor and part , but between the idea of the star as entrepreneur and the idea of the king as a self - made man. Adam Mars - Jones , The Independent . The best thing about Wired was Michael Chiklis 's touching and convincing performance in the central role of John Belushi . Otherwise , there seemed little to commend it . The filmic device of a discarnate Belushi reviewing his life allows the dead performer ( and Hollywood collectively ) a right of reply ; unfortunately it also makes the film ludicrous . Toshack has wasted no time in putting his stamp on the side , moving the West German midfielder Bernd Schuster to libero , Michel from the right flank to central midfield , and giving the striker Emilio Butragueno a slightly withdrawn role . And those with their ears to the dressing - room wall have yet to report rumbles . Toshack has taken pains to play down the hard - man image he brought from San Sebastian , swearing that the extra training ordered after the poor performance at Castellon was not a punishment . While Real are unbeaten , the relative honeymoon will continue for a man whom the late Bill Shankly , with characteristic caution , once said was destined to become the top manager in the game . Toshack 's admiration for Shankly , who signed him for Liverpool from Cardiff in 1970 , is unquestionably deep : still the overwhelming influence on his career . In water , it splits like a spider 's web into gossamer strands while retaining its basic strength . Many anglers are hailing it as the most significant advance in fishing tackle during the past 20 years and Dave Chilton , the man who has popularised its use , believes that the line , made from the world 's strongest man - made fibre ( Lancia uses it to strengthen the internal bodywork of its cars ) , may revolutionise all branches of the sport . In many parts of the world , fish are still being caught by bow and arrow and it was a bowstring which first put Chilton , a Bolton lorry driver , on to the potential of the high - performance polyethylene fibres . He had been experimenting with dental floss , which was multi - stranded but then broke when rubbed against rocks or weeds . I was delivering to industry and kept a constant look - out for a suitable material . The All Whites , incidentally , have their own All Black date in a fortnight . Quins need Paul Ackford fit to face Bedford far more than they do today . He picked up a groin injury during his heroic performance in Lions colours in France and , with exhaustion probably exacerbating his condition , he makes way for David Thresher in the second row . The prop Andy Mullins , like Ackford and Thresher an England squad member , is another absentee , with a twisted ankle . Brian Moore , the Lions hooker , makes his first appearance of the season - having rested since the tour of Australia for Nottingham at Northampton . TELEVISION / Certified excellence : Mark Lawson on Ashcroft 's second childhood By MARK LAWSON HEAVY with prizes from Venice , She 's Been Away ( BBC1 ) was , superficially , one of those pieces in which a major star offers what might be called a Complex Simpleton performance . Reigning in their verbal and facial expressiveness to play a character so damaged that a big speech is possible ( if at all ) only at the end , they subsequently receive an award from a jury awed that they were clever enough to play so dumb . Peggy Ashcroft duly got her gong for playing Lilian , 50 years in the bin , but She 's Been Away was considerably more than a kind of Rain Woman ; a vehicle for acting technique . It is relatively easy to operate such a system where trading is involved and many are in specialist grades as in Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , the up - and - running agency with the most sophisticated pay arrangements so far . Offering it to armies of administrative assistants doing non - commercial jobs in the great clerical factories underpinning the benefits system and in a nation - wide network of local offices , is another matter . They are looking at job - weighting , concepts of stewardship and performance measurement in the knowledge that greater flexibility in pay ( and recruitment ) will be crucial factors in escaping from what Mr Montagu calls the rigidities that have bedevilled us in the past . The feasibility study prepared by Stephen Hickey , an assistant secretary , which provided the agency blueprint for the DSS , was unequivocal about the key asset in the operation people will represent the prime resource of any social security agency and blunt in saying morale in some areas is low virtually no local office staff were happy to admit working for social security . Mr Montagu and Mr Brown believe getting staff not to fear the agency process as a bringer of cuts or worse conditions , but as a way of improving both and service to the customer , is the crucial task facing ministers and senior officials between now and spring 1991 . At a seminar hosted by the Edinburgh Concurrent Supercomputer Project last month , researchers and vendors could finally say with confidence that supercomputing in the 1990s and beyond will be done by parallel computers . There are fundamental limits to how fast a conventional computer can go . Data cannot be moved from the processor to the memory and back faster than a certain speed , which limits the performance of the computer as a whole . Another limitation is the extent to which components can be shrunk before quantum effects decrease their reliability . Faced with these problems , computer scientists began in the mid 1970s to experiment with using many processors in a single machine to work in parallel on a single problem . Still owned by its employees , Meiko has broken into the American and Japanese supercomputer markets , and now has offices across the US and in Europe . The largest of its Computing Surface machines is at the University of Edinburgh . Faced with the loss of their previous high - performance computer in 1987 , the university got backing from the Science and Engineering Research Council and the Department of Trade and Industry to purchase a large Computing Surface to serve both as a research vehicle and a flagship site for Meiko . The Edinburgh Concurrent Supercomputer Project ( ECSP ) , under Professor David Wallace , now has the largest parallel computer in Europe , with 400 processors which can perform 400 million arithmetical calculations a second . The example of the installation at Edinburgh has led to several million dollars ' worth of business which , according to Meiko , would have been much harder to obtain without a such a proof of cost - effectiveness . The winner may now become Glover 's first runner in a Group race . His mission had been planned two years ago when he worked well with stablemate Balthus , the 1987 Cambridgeshire winner , and Glover promises he has something else in the yard to continue the trend in two years . For the successful jockey , Dean McKeown , it was some compensation for the dismal performance of 2,000 Guineas hope Message Pad on Friday . McKeown has not given up on the north 's hope for next year 's Classic , who was found to have a temperature after finishing last in the Somerville Tattersall Stakes . He 's got a real motor , but that day the engine fell out , said the jockey . When you are always trying to make your best shots you sometimes miss . In a long match like this it is really difficult to play your best for three and a half hours . Lendl 's concern that Mecir 's shrewder shots would pass him in mid - court made for a characteristic back - court performance and a 6 - 4 , 4 - 6 , 4 - 6 , 6 - 1 , 6 - 4 victory for a 100,000 ( 62,500 ) prize . While it would be a mistake to regard such matches too seriously when they lack the edge of grand prix conditions , Lendl 's tactical reticence was interesting . Mecir could not envisage his fellow Czechoslovak changing a successful routine . England 0 Australia . . 0 STEVE TAYLOR probably established himself as the rightful successor to his more famous namesake , Ian , when he gave an outstanding performance of goalkeeping in England 's final game in the Lada Classic at Luton yesterday - a goalless draw with the world champions . The result was enough , however , to give Australia the trophy . Following their disappointing performance against the Dutch on Saturday when they lost 5 - 1 , England made a number of changes , including dropping captain Richard Leman and introducing a young right - wing triangle of Chris Mayer , Russell Garcia and Rob Hill . It was Mayer who gave the experienced Michael York a torrid afternoon and created a string of opportunities with penetrating crosses . Only sound keeping by Lachlan Dreher in the Australian goal and poor finishing denied England a victory they fully deserved . It was the champions ' first defeat since losing to Hull in the First Division at the start of April a run of 13 successive victories . Jeff Hardy led the Sheffield spree with two tries ; the others came from Bruce McGuire , Warren Smiles and Sonny Nickle , with Mark Aston kicking five goals . The Eagles ' manager , Gary Hetherington , said afterwards : It was a tremendous performance and a great day for us . What made it more significant was that over 7,000 Sheffield fans were following us . A year ago , the Eagles were drawing three - figure crowds to Owlerton greyhound stadium . A bit like a car boot sale but for clothes and it happens indoors . You need to involve your friends collecting jumble . Don't plan on selling too much at more than 10p an item . 3 . SPONSORED RUN It was no particular shock when I found out ; I had expected the test to be positive . I was a very happy gay man. There was clearly a need to adapt my lifestyle , but playing the role of victim was never among my plans . You can be perfectly well with HIV and at other times chronic debility makes it hard to do even the basic things . In the early days the stigma of being HIV positive had driven away about 60 of my circle of friends . Santiago , Chile : On a warm autumn evening in 1990 international rock star Sting dances on stage with a group of Chilean mothers and grandmothers of the disappeared . The event , organized by the Chilean Section of Amnesty International , is entitled An Embrace of Hope . Moscow , USSR : At the same time , 12,000 miles away , a delegation from Amnesty 's International Secretariat is making plans for a fledgling Moscow Group to participate in the Women in the Front Line campaign . To outsiders , the two events may seem little more than an international organization at work , but for Amnesty members these events are charged with significance . The Cold War was at its height when Peter Benenson , the British lawyer , founded Amnesty , and three decades later it is hard to believe that the Moscow AI Group finally has permission to become part of Soviet life . Interpretation is the heading which is the most wide - ranging of the three elements , including questions of form or style , but perhaps additionally considering the work 's historical background , and technical , thematic or other questions , including the artist 's biography . The evaluation is a summing up which places the work in the experience of the critic , and helps the reader to form a judgement . The plan of the book , then , is simple . After the first two chapters , it discusses where and how to read art criticism . While this first chapter has outlined what that criticism is , the next gives sketches of half a dozen critical types . The White Rabbit had put on his spectacles , but he did not know where to start . Begin at the beginning , the King said gravely , and go on till you come to the end : then stop . ? Many art books follow this plan , especially those aiming to take in a national culture or a whole civilisation . Art histories often make an attempt to keep to chronology , although the difficulties include the crucial fact that in art there is no clear sequence of events . Unlike old - fashioned narrative history , art has no decisive battles , no international treaties , and no changes of government . Sculptures in cities are a part of cultural history , and can be the symbols by which the cities are known or remembered . Rome is distinguished by the statue on the Capitoline Hill of Marcus Aurelius ; New York , even the United States , is symbolised by the Statue of Liberty ; Copenhagen is remembered for its mermaid . Also , the history of sculpture includes some account of the abortive plans for sculpture , just as the history of architecture is incomplete as a history of ideas without a knowledge of rejected proposals . Even though the same might be argued for painting , the technical obstacles to be overcome for painting are very much less than for sculpture . Again , this is where sculpture is closely aligned to social and political history . In The Periodic Table he mentions a woman dear to my heart who was murdered at Auschwitz : but the book on Auschwitz does not discuss his relationship with her . In The Wrench he creates the rigger Faussone , the practical man whose cranes girdle the world and who keeps returning , a little heavy - footed , to the house in Turin where two old aunts fuss over his welfare : Faussone was spoken of as my alter ego , and the book has to struggle to accommodate him as a second person , available for interview by Levi . These omissions and transpositions indicate that Levi could well have kept to himself any plan he may have formed to end his life . During the meeting with him a few months before his death which was recorded in an article published in the London Review , Philip Roth found him as keen as mustard : here was someone who listened , with the intent stillness of a chipmunk . Levi had a high opinion of the grain of mustard , and of salt . It was basically envisaged to be of national proportions as well as non - denominational , with religious instruction given in separate classes . There was , however , controversy from the start . The Church of Ireland withdrew its schools from the plan which threatened that church 's dominance over the primary sector . The presbyterians also had misgivings , and only came back into the system in 1838 when they were practically guaranteed control of their own schools within it . The Church of Ireland rejoined in 1860 , because it lacked funds to continue its own system . So , wrote Harsnet , there is continuity as well as discontinuity , but that does not mean , he wrote , that there exists what is called character , personality , character , Goldberg wrote in the margin , personality , as they seem to think , wrote Harsnet ( and Goldberg went on typing ) , when they say you have such a generous character if you would only recognize it , or you have so much to offer , or it is not for myself I speak but for you , not for myself I mourn but for the waste of all that generosity , when they pour those words over you , character , generosity , warmth , looking sad , shedding tears , putting on a brave face , saying do n't pay any attention to me , or , it 's nothing , forget it , I 'm crying for the waste , meaning waste if it 's not directed towards them , but you have only to see what happens when one lets oneself be persuaded by that sort of thing , wrote Harsnet , you have only to see what happened to Hutchinson , MacMahon , Rollins and Goldberg . Taken in by the image of yourself they present you with , wrote Harsnet , instead of waiting in patience for the beginning , instead of waiting and then beginning , though beginning , having begun , he wrote , is not everything , is far from everything . It is quite possible , he wrote , that it will lead nowhere , even when one has begun at the right time in the right spirit , or at least not at the wrong time , in the wrong spirit , with the wrong plans and having made the wrong preparations , with the wrong tools and the wrong principles , on the wrong surface and with the wrong conception . Though it may well be , he wrote , that one actually achieves more working with the wrong plans and in the wrong spirit , with the wrong tools and the wrong principles , on the wrong surface and with the wrong conception , it may well be , he wrote ( and Goldberg typed ) , that one achieves more than working with the right plans and in the right spirit , with the right tools and the right principles , on the right surface and with the right conception , though right and wrong and more and less are relative concepts and what seems right at one moment to one person may seem wrong at the same moment to another Person or at another moment to the same person , and what seems more to one person at one moment may seem less to another person at the same moment or at another moment to the same person , right , wrong , more , less , relative concepts , scribbled Goldberg , in the margin , panting slightly as he bent over his old Olivetti Portable , there is only the beginning , wrote Harsnet , or rather , there is only having begun , beginning , scribbled Goldberg , aware now of the black stains on his hands left by the felt - tip pen , having begun , there is only the feeling in the pit of the stomach or the feeling in the chest , wrote Harsnet , the feeling of sickness or the feeling of elation , those are not relative , he wrote , those are absolute . Yet is it possible to assert , he wrote , that work done with a lifting of the heart is better than work done with a contracting of the stomach ? Though it has to be said , he wrote , and Goldberg , his eye racing down the page covered in his friend 's tiny handwriting , paused to sip from the glass of fresh orange - juice at his side , wiped his forehead and went on typing , it has to be said that I have occasionally had the illusion that I knew what step to take first and even , occasionally , what step to take second , I will not talk about a third . There is of course no logical reason why things should be different this time , wrote Harsnet , why this too should not be an illusion , the illusion of imagining that I know not only what step to take first but also what step to take second and even what step to take third . No logical reason , he wrote , but that will not make me change my plans once I have begun . Night , he wrote , work on the big glass and on the notes for the big glass , day , sleep and write this freewheeling commentary on the entire project , viz. on the big glass and on the notes for the big glass . Night , scribbled Goldberg in the margin of his typescript , work on glass , day , work on freewheeling commentary . I need to move slowly across from the left and see where things start to go wrong , he wrote . Except that I cannot work like that . I have made my plans and I must stick to them . Even in the plan , though , I now realize , he wrote , there was a certain vagueness about the right hand side of both panels . Perhaps because in painting as in writing we start from top left hand side , so that the right is always less clear . Except that I cannot work like that . I have made my plans and I must stick to them . Even in the plan , though , I now realize , he wrote , there was a certain vagueness about the right hand side of both panels . Perhaps because in painting as in writing we start from top left hand side , so that the right is always less clear . Interesting to examine the old masters from that point of view , he wrote . However , he wrote , for that very reason , the right hand side should have been even more solid , even more thought through than the left . But there it is , he wrote . The plans are made , work has begun , there is no going back . Work as the fancy takes me , he wrote . A little bit here , a little bit there . In other words , he wrote , am I right or wrong to see this as decisive ? Is that an insight into how things really are , or only one more passing thought ? My plans have been well laid , he wrote . The project is well under way . There is no reason to fail . But in the end very disappointing . As is often the case , some last - minute idea blossoms while what had seemed a brilliant solution and been pondered for ages falls quite flat . That is why there has to be the big glass and the notes in the box , not the glass alone or the notes alone , but the box , with all my preliminary notes and measurements , all my plans and blueprints , and then the glass , with the end product of all those notes visible on its surface . Consider , he wrote . Where is the image ? Not to be sidetracked for any reason whatsoever . Not to give in to temptation , no matter what form it takes . But difficult at times to remember why I ever made such a plan , he wrote . Or even if there was any plan at all . Or any glass at all . Then : Can I see it ? I took him in and watched as he studied it . You have n't taken up any of those plans about the boxing - match , he said . Or the waterfall . I stood at the window and looked down into the street . First part over , second part starts . Must see it for myself in a public space . That was the plan from the start and it remains the plan . Goldberg in Guardian today , major new work , still to be unveiled , but those who have seen it , etc. Letter from Pizetti , what about MOMA next year , letter from Rosenblum , what about Washington after New York , letter from Karsten offering Hamburg . There appears to be no creative public vision which will help the survival of the pub or help ensure a healthy and varied pub stock . History , indeed , tends to show that public intervention can have the effect of reinforcing rather than curbing market excesses . It was the licensing system and licensing controls , after all , which helped to foster Britain 's peculiar brewery tie and concentrate pub ownership in the hands of the brewers in the first place ; and it was the same system which connived at and partly encouraged the modern contagion of open - plan pub designs . In addition , the 1989 MMC Report , conceived as an attack in the public interest on the monopoly power of the major brewers and requiring the untying of large chunks of their tied estates , may have devastating consequences for traditional pubs . For despite their other shortcomings , most of the major brewers have been able and willing to cross - subsidise many less profitable houses . At the Saracen 's Head at Towcester , for example , a recent proposal to historicise the pub involved extensive destruction of genuine historic fabric and the introduction of the worst cliches of traditional pub detail , such as bulls - eye glass and copper lanterns . In recent years serious damage to the historic interiors of pubs has resulted from the creation of the open - plan which now seem to be pubs ' standard internal layout . Often the creation of the open plan interior requires the removal of walls , chimney breasts , stairs and other internal features of interest , which is highly destructive of the building 's historic character . The owner of The Hollybush at Elstree proposed to infill an original coach arch in the pub 's facade and to demolish the timber framed side walls of the passageway behind in order to form a larger and open interior , even though it was this feature that distinguished the building as an historic inn . In the most extreme cases the existing building is so different from the historic pub concept that a virtual rebuild is proposed . A good example of this can be found in the sleep village of Buckland in Oxfordshire ! The Lamb , a picturesque village pub closed some years ago by Allied , was reopened in 1989 as a free house after an extensive remodelling which involved the complete gutting of the original unexceptional but characterful , partitioned interior . Now nothing remains whatsoever of the old fittings , features or proportions ; in their place is a vast , open - plan space with bright white walls , bistro furniture and cheery chintz . A similar treatment was recently meted out by Allied 's Tetley Walker subsidiary to what remains a fundamentally Georgian pub in an urban setting near Manchester the Church Inn at Lowton . Having applied cement render over the external brickwork , attached a hideous modern porch and added an extension in jarring and inappropriate modern materials , the brewery designers have gutted the interior . One such example is the Grade II Pen and Parchment on Bridgefoot in Stratford - upon - Avon , where the barn at the back of the pub was used as a theatre throughout the 18th century . Such appropriately Stratfordian associations have , however , been totally disregarded by Whitbread in their recent cavalier remodelling of the complex . Not only are the pub interiors themselves of the nondescript , open - plan kind , but the barn to the rear has been wholly mutilated . Fortunately , not all recent pub refurbishments have been in this vein . A number of the big breweries have recently made encouraging moves towards a more sympathetic attitude to their historic pubs . ( Rebecca Katkin ) . The Cheshire Cheese , Fleet Street , City of London . Top left , projected plan , showing additional areas to the top and right ; right , the projected frontage to Fleet Street ( Waterhouse Ripley Adie Button ) ; bottom left , the old front to Wine Office Court in February 1991 ( Steven Parissien ) . Left , the exterior of The Pen and Parchment , Stratford - upon - Avon : Georgian windows masked by large blinds on the left , with what remains of the Georgian barn on the right . Right , the ruthlessly stripped interior retains very little evidence of its Georgian glory ( William Hawkes ) . The rich variety of pub types created during the 19th century has subsequently been largely lost by redevelopment and remodelling . This not only makes an understanding of the nature of Victorian pubs difficult , but also means that those which do survive merit special care and attention . One of the most important changes in pub design during this period was in the plan . Pre - Victorian pubs were largely run on the basis of waiter - service , following from the original concept that the pub was a house open to the public for refreshment hence the term public house . Thus the introduction of bar service was a revolution . Thus the introduction of bar service was a revolution . Bar service enabled various different rooms , or cabins within rooms , to be served from a central point ; many late - Victorian pubs had a sequence of separate private bars serve from a single bar - counter , in total contrast to the current fashion for single - room pubs . The modern desire for open - plan has led to the removal of many bar - partitions , destroying the character of original interiors and distorting any attempt to create a truly Victorian interior . The small private bars not only created intimate areas within a pub for small groups of people , but also enabled a wide variety of people to be served in the same building . A 1907 description of a typical suburban pub with six bars featured omnibus drivers and conductors in the four - ale bar , horny handed sons of toil and lady customers in the bar opposite , with other woman in the bottle and jug . The Thirties Society has tried to counteract the brewers ' failure to understand the potential assets represented by their 20th century buildings , but since so few pubs are listed many cases escape our notice . The County Arms at Blaby was subject to a proposal for theming as a Beefeater steakhouse some years ago , which was rejected by the local authority with support from the Thirties Society although the building is not listed . More recently , the Prospect Inn was threatened by an enlargement scheme by Whitbread which would have totally destroyed the remaining original features of the building , and its remarkable plan . Fortunately , the Thirties Society was able to get the Prospect listed in May 1990 , and alternative development plans are awaited . The Prospect Inn , which could be restored a major tourist attraction , is also threatened by a road widening proposal by Kent County Council , although the local authority , Thanet , understand its importance and value the building . The County Arms at Blaby was subject to a proposal for theming as a Beefeater steakhouse some years ago , which was rejected by the local authority with support from the Thirties Society although the building is not listed . More recently , the Prospect Inn was threatened by an enlargement scheme by Whitbread which would have totally destroyed the remaining original features of the building , and its remarkable plan . Fortunately , the Thirties Society was able to get the Prospect listed in May 1990 , and alternative development plans are awaited . The Prospect Inn , which could be restored a major tourist attraction , is also threatened by a road widening proposal by Kent County Council , although the local authority , Thanet , understand its importance and value the building . Road widening is an inevitable and current threat to many former roadhouses , such as the former Chez Laurie on the A299 near Herne Bay ( W M Bishop , 1936 ) . The John Bull in Layerthorpe , York ( B Wilson , 1937 ) was a Tudor - style pub remarkable solely through having survived unaltered , but not listable simply on these grounds . The needs of pub management in the 1980s have been hard to contain in pubs originally segregated into saloon and public bars , if not into further distinct spaces . This has been the experience of the Thirties Society in fighting for the retention of the main plan features of the Nag 's Head , one of the few listed pubs of the period . Designed as a demonstration of bi - partite segregation between public and saloon , it lends itself poorly to unification , and the restorable public bar would have been lost in the process . The Thirties Society negotiated a compromise scheme with the architects acting for Ind Coope which the owners found unnacceptable , threatening closure of the pub . A more straightforward case is that concerning Jack Straw 's Castle , which was listed after a scheme was submitted to cover the courtyard with a new restaurant . The new emphasis was to be on dining rather than drinking , and the design was as sensitive as it could have been . Due to the circumstances of the original build , there are some strange anomalies in the plan , but the courtyard remains a key part of the design , much enjoyed by visitors in the summer , sitting under a fine specimen walnut tree . The scheme was taken to Public Inquiry in October 1990 , in which the Borough of Camden was supported by the Thirties Society and Lucy Archer , Raymond Erith 's daughter and biographer . The appeal was dismissed . Good idea : this would extend the tourist season into late summer and autumn and bring Britain more into line with its European neighbours . The British Tourist Authority likes it . The Government , however , has no immediate plans to change the public holiday set - up. The industry has marketed Britain energetically as a year - round destination , with many attractions that do not leave the visitor at the mercy of our fickle weather . The public holidays should reflect that . BULL RING ARCHIVES ( Bar and Gallery ) Tues 24 Sept to Fri 18 Oct Photographs of Birmingham 's famous ( or infamous depending on your viewpoint ) market place and landmark , soon to be lost , as the Trust who owns the site plans to redevelop . The Bull Ring Archive was founded in 1989 to complete a unique and compelling chronology of life in The Bull Ring . The festival will be screening PARADISE CIRCUS , Heather Powell 's film about the development of Birmingham 's city centre from the viewpoint of the women who live and work in the city . All these little bits and pieces were starting to add up and I was getting nowhere . Admittedly I was depressed again no , not depressed exactly , low would be a better word . My plan for how I was going to live out the rest of my days had just been torn up in front of my face and I needed time to adjust . A little luck would not have come amiss , either . The house was sold very quickly and the new owner immediately gave us all notice to quit . They had become my friends and there was no way that I would now go back to being their problem dependant . I wandered back north towards the church . My plan was to sit around and wait for one of the parish team to appear and then to ask them for their advice . Accordingly , when I arrived there , I settled down in a pew at the back and nodded off . After a while , I was woken by the noise of preparations something happening . It would probably be best if I started from square one , the contact opened the proceedings by saying . Someone has left us a private house in Colchester in their will and we 've decided to use it as a training house . It 's only just been finished but the plan is to have four people living there three clients or whatever and one person sponsored by us , probably a member of staff . Everyone has their own room with a little fridge and a kettle , but you do have to share kitchen and bathroom . What role does your member of staff have in all this ? The calcareous clays , such as East Anglian boulder clay , are alkaline and therefore will not suit azaleas or rhododendrons . But the acid or neutral clays which are found in many parts of Britain are as good for lime haters are are acid sands . Planting plans Designing a beautiful garden is no more difficult on clay than anywhere else . For a formal theme , neat - growing trees such as the clay - loving acers can be planted at regular intervals along a brick path to create a little avenue . Once planted , and whether 10 or 50ft high , a tree becomes a focal point around which to build a complete plant community . Under natural conditions a tree growing in a hedgerow , copse or forest progresses through various stages of settlement to a climatic climax which , once attained , remains the same year after year with only minor variations . Contrived planting plan This process , which can take several decades in open country , may be contrived in only a few years in a garden by reversing the natural scheme of things . First plant the tree or trees , followed by shrubs carefully selected for their usefulness in supporting a diverse wildlife community . By blanketing the soil they also help to control weeds . Leguminous green manures , such as clover and beans , fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil by means of their root nodules , so making it available to plants later in the growing season . Including the planting of a green manure into a garden plan can seem difficult . The easiest way to start is to sow small patches when clearing crops in autumn . Of course , if for any reason you have to leave your garden for several months , the best thing you can do is to sow a suitable green manure . Spiky dahlias lend their vibrant colours to the scheme The end - of - summer border blends a warm mixture of sunset colours Planting plan and shopping list 1 3 x Hemerocallis Stafford Such incidents can only be avoided if the pilot has a more open mind about where he is going to land . For example , if the glider is too low to land conventionally in the normal landing area directly into the wind , it may well be possible to land across wind and behind the normal launching point , so that the low turn can be completed safely . All too often the pilot has a plan in his mind and sticks to it even when it should have become obvious that the situation has changed and his plan is no longer feasible . It is sometimes quite hard for a person to do the unconventional , but that may be the only safe option . However , if the pilot is thinking ahead , that option could have already been considered and he could have had the plan ready for use if more height was lost . It is in these situations that centring skills are most useful . When giving instruction in thermal soaring , I try to insist that students go on attempting to find lift until about 5600 feet , and I very often explain my own thoughts and precautions as they do the flying . All the time during each turn it is essential to have a plan for the worst contingency and to know exactly what you would do if you suddenly lost 200 feet . In this way it is possible to use the lift low down with safety , provided that the thermals are not too turbulent . Then it is necessary to give up much higher . Once you have some ideas of what would suit you , you will need help to take these ideas forward . You can contact your Social Services Occupational Therapist at your local Social Services Office Address at the end of the Book . Help with plans . Who do I ask ? It will be necessary for you to seek help and advice from someone who knows about building and plans . Help with plans . Who do I ask ? It will be necessary for you to seek help and advice from someone who knows about building and plans . You may already know someone . You should seek advice from an Architect , Building Surveyor or Builder . These people will help you prepare plans , obtain building regulation approval , planning permission if needed find and supervise a builder . Fees for this can be included as part of the reasonable cost of the work and grant given . Preliminary plans will show what the adaptation will look like make sure that these are explained to you . The Environmental Health Officer and Occupational Therapist will also want to comment on these plans , to give advice on whether the planned work is suitable and acceptable . Some Environmental Health Departments may have agencies who can deal with this part for you Ask them Social Services also may have help available Ask your Occupational Therapist . Fees for this can be included as part of the reasonable cost of the work and grant given . Preliminary plans will show what the adaptation will look like make sure that these are explained to you . The Environmental Health Officer and Occupational Therapist will also want to comment on these plans , to give advice on whether the planned work is suitable and acceptable . Some Environmental Health Departments may have agencies who can deal with this part for you Ask them Social Services also may have help available Ask your Occupational Therapist . Site Visits You will also need to supply documentation about the ownership of your home . Your Occupational Therapist will have written to the Environmental Health Officer to support your application and you will have had an initial test of resources . The application forms should be submitted together with copies of the plans , building and planning approval and copies of the estimate . You should also by now know how you are going to find your part of the cost . When can work start ? Making adaptations to your home may seem a very complicated process There is no limit to the grant available but . Seek help from someone who knows something about building and plans . Do not start any work until you have received written approval . If the builder encounters some unforeseen work The manufacturer and your architect or surveyor will be able to advise you . How is the lift installed ? The manufacturer will be able to provide you with a plan , an estimate and details of building and electrical work required . A builder will need to give an estimate for the building work . The building work and electrical work will need to be completed ready for the installation , and some making good is needed afterwards . HO Circular ( 194/78 ) describing British and American research literature on policing is another typically apologetic , anti - intellectual document , for within its first few paragraphs it admits : the implication of attempting to establish a central research information centre to give advice to chief officers about research findings , or collect , collate and distribute research of interest to the police service , and maintain an up - to - date index of research would be very considerable . There are no plans to establish such a centre . No one seems to have asked whether the Staff College could have taken on this job , but then again such anti - intellectualism is apparent even in the Bramshill Scholars ' Association . In 1985 , they proposed to extend their role beyond that of an annual dining club for officers who had taken a degree through the police college scheme . He talks enthusiastically about getting back to some real police work in the real world , even though his responsibilities as Divisional Commander will be mainly administrative and give him little or no contact with the dangerous classes . We take the piss out of him , because of this idea that he will be doing real police work , but we all know that divisional work has higher status for a Chief Supt. than Research , and this is the cause for celebration . Within 3 days of his successor 's arrival , we have a Dept. meeting where our new Chief Superintendent outlines his plans . In a run down on the style of deference he anticipates ( which I note will stifle any critical point from below decks ) , he talks about his length of tenure and how long it will be before he can escape back into the real world . The research manager ( a civvy ) who is aware of my research interests grins across the room as this desire to escape back into real work is reinforced by yet another Chief Supt. ( From fieldnotes , 1988 ) But there was something in the air like hummingbirds poised over exotic blooms or velvet sheened butterflies . Jay found Lucy 's eyes on her sometimes when she looked up , but there was little enough time to meet . A plan occurred to her ; she and Lucy would go away for a weekend to the heart of the country , roses round the door , and find out how they would be lovers . If Her dreams were so vivid while the poem shimmered on her desk signed , sealed , undelivered that she had to catch herself from grabbing Lucy 's hands , kissing her right out in the street , holding her close at the end of each day , saying , come home , darling ; grabbing her and flinging her to the floor , ripping her clothes off , sinking into her breasts , fucking her like a sheet of flame . Surely this was the news they had most wanted to hear . Angus ? he said , but Cameron was looking past him at Allan Stewart , sceptical and intent . He said at last , So what plan has come out of all this buzzing and swarming ? It will suit you , Angus , Stewart said , laughing and unabashed . They have done their homework too they have it down on paper . Anything less and we might as well not do it at all . There must be several hundred quiet , individual meetings with individual families . If the broad plan is agreed . How to discuss it secretly ? Probably there are government spies amongst us already ( but who ? which friend at the wedding ? There is nothing desperate going on . It would be worse if the army But it was no time to be arguing . Was it right even to burden the family with his plan ? To do nothing might be worse Allan had greeted them at the house with the news ( fresh from the great oven of rumour , the widow Duff 's at Ballinluig ) that a file of English soldiers had ridden out from Perth . Mary , he said carefully , you have your own troubles now . After that Menzies had walked along the hill to Duntaylor and Dunacree ( leaving out the lonely man at Dunskiag with his terrifying dogs ) . Both these families had sons of about twenty , both had been in the crowd that won the signature from Menzies of Bolfracks . They saw the sense of the plan and agreed to find refuges for the boys in the thick forest between Bolfracks and Kenmore . It was dry work , Menzies summed up , so I came back then for some refreshment . It must be like this for a minister paying his visits . Has that mad Duke been blethering ? I said to be chary of the McLaggans No no , there is no harm really . Only I went to Donald Stewart 's smithy and Mary was there , chatting to her mother , so by the time I had fixed things up with Donald and went along to Grandtully to explain the plan to Alex , Mary had already gone back and told him. Ah , young love she was sitting with her arm round him , crying silently . She looked like Kirsty when I first went off to Bengal Menzies stopped , his own eyes watering , while Cameron let his temper sink back to normal after the gratuitous alarm . Like some fantastic prison , where you could drink so deeply and so long that you forgot your bondage . They went home at the end of the afternoon , just is the cloud slid back like a shutter and let clear yellow light stream along the valley from the west . The evening was spent uncomfortably , biting back remarks that might have let the hiding plan slip out prematurely to Allan Stewart . James Menzies woke abruptly . Still dark . Several cups of coffee later , and many cigarettes ( not to speak of his midday repast , a small bowl of Rice Crispies a suitable delicacy , given his previous late night explorative jazz session with Sonny Rollins and the group Was Not Was ) later , he kindly consented to our task : the victim was ours . He left town the next morning , for Montreal where he feels most at home . Our plan was to meet there in a few days ' time , once our researches in New York were concluded . These were now more eagerly undertaken , and soon completed ; thanks not least to the good offices of his very able assistant , Kelley Lynch , and his unofficial archivist , Robert Bower . A few days later , after we had established ourselves in Montreal , we called him. He had seen beyond the excitement of being approached for his first book ; he already visualised it on the bookshelves ! Following the professor 's agreement to the material , Leonard now set his own hand to the matter entirely , learning at 21 the art of negotiation with typesetters , printers , binders and designers . ( There had been no plan to illustrate the book , but Leonard talked his friend and fellow - student Freda Guttman into it , and so the book appeared with five designs from her hand ) . Professor Dudek had envisaged the series coming out in paper covers ( the format that was just becoming the way to the mass market ) ; Leonard ensured that it went into hard ; Dudek had not meant the books to be prestigious in format but vehicles of introduction ; Leonard saw to it that his book could stand alongside the best that there were from both sides of the Atlantic . And he himself covered the entire costs ( of 300 ) , and did most of the distribution and selling ( on the campus , in the local cafs , in bookstores and so on , aided by a mini - advertising campaign in the McGill paper ) . Associationism is long dead as a theory of thought , but externalism remains as a feature of most of its naturalistic successors , because , by virtue of their naturalism , they can find no space for intrinsic generality of mental contents . The problem for the associationalist is exactly mirrored in those theories of thought and mind inspired by computers and artificial intelligence . The human mind which , from this viewpoint , is the brain is said to work on the same plan as a computer , with operations being carried out on physical symbols . The question is , what gives these symbols meaning ? The answer is that , as with associationism , their meaning comes from their relations to things external to themselves . The Anniversary Organising Committee had felt that a clock should be commissioned to replace the one which had been stolen , and perhaps because I have for some years specialised in the reproduction of historic clocks , my name was one of those considered . There were some practical considerations to be taken into account before the work could actually commence however . Although several quite good photographs of the original clock existed these were in plan elevation only and there was no indication of the dimensions , particularly the depth . The photographs also indicated that the original had two trains ( going and striking ) and indeed there were some interesting notes prepared by a Dr Byrom who was an enthusiastic amateur clock repairer , and who overhauled the clock in 1970 , but these were couched in very general terms . At about the time the new clock was commissioned , I became seriously ill with a heart condition , and it proved not possible to undertake the extensive research required to faithfully replicate the old clock . Details of this and all the other competitions at the Woodworker Show , from Argus Specialist Exhibitions , Argus House , Boundary Way , Hemel Hempstead HP2 7ST . Clock kits , without movements , plans , and mouldings are available from Park Clocks , 13 Oakfield Court , Damory Street , Blandford Forum , Dorset DT11 7HF . The plans of the bracker clock accompany this article , are reproduced by the kind permission of Charles Greville Co. Ltd , Willey Mill House , Alton Road , Farnham , Surrey GU10 5EL , from whom plans and movements are available , cost 3.50 . Market Review Carving through the confusion When you are laying out a new workshop you can play a particularly entertaining board game . First you need a scale floor plan of your workshop drawn out on graph paper marking where all the doors and windows are , and , if they are already fixed , where all the electrical points and outlets are . The next stage is to go to the manufacturers of the machines you thinking of installing and get the plan dimensions of their products . You then make little card templates of each machine in the same scale as your floor plan , then go and look for any other large objects that you might have to install your bench area , your timber storage area and a storage area for board material . You measure those up and make little templates to scale to represent them . pitfalls and just general cock - ups that you can make . I will tell you about one or two just to get you going but it would be unsporting to warn you about everything . You see , when you are working in plan like this it is difficult to bear in mind that machine table heights can work in your favour and they can also work against you . For example , if you have the situation where you want to put two occasionally - used machines quite close to one another , it may be to your advantage that their heights are exactly the same so the job can run across both tables . The converse of this can apply if your table heights are at different levels . Because of their bracing action the joints have to accurate Fig. 1 The Gothic bracket Fig. 2 Credence table plan and elevations Notches and cross - bars in the waste pieces from the curves , create flat clamping surfaces . Waste blocks protect the legs ( above ) It was a conversion experience , he says , I had seen his carvings in a vague sort of way already Esterly was then a post - graduate student at Cambridge and surrounded by some of Gibbons ' best work but I found myself looking at them there in St James 's as if for the first time . The scales fell from my eyes . He initially mistook his interest for an academic one and outlined plans to write a book . But as time went on he realised he could not convey how the style had evolved without understanding the techniques at first hand . So I bought a few chisels and some wood and had a go . Details can be obtained by writing to Freepost , Chosen Heritage , East Grinstead , West Sussex , RH19 1ZA , or telephone free of charge on ( 0800 ) 525555 . Further information is available from your local Age Concern group or from the Marketing Department of Age Concern England . Dignity in Destiny , a joint operation between the charity , Help the Aged and P F G Hodgson Kenyon International plc , offers prearranged funeral plans with guaranteed services and prices . There are four plans available to cater for individual preferences . Payment at today 's price may be by a single lump sum or by instalments . Further information is available from your local Age Concern group or from the Marketing Department of Age Concern England . Dignity in Destiny , a joint operation between the charity , Help the Aged and P F G Hodgson Kenyon International plc , offers prearranged funeral plans with guaranteed services and prices . There are four plans available to cater for individual preferences . Payment at today 's price may be by a single lump sum or by instalments . Details from Dignity in Destiny Ltd. , Freepost , Manchester M1 8DJ or telephone , free of charge on ( 0800 ) 269318 . This scheme does not offer set funerals but customers decide on the details of a specific funeral paying in advance at current local prices . Further information may be obtained from the Co - operative Funeral and Memorial Service , 2 Commonwealth Buildings , Woolwich Church Street , SE18 5NW , Tel 081 317 7317 . Most co - operative societies have some form of funeral prepayment plan which may involve vouchers for goods in their stores . As schemes differ it would be essential to enquire at a local branch . The Independent Order of Odd Fellows Manchester Unity Friendly Society , 40 Fountain Street , Manchester M2 2AB , Tel : 061832 9361 offer assurance to people up to age 85 next birthday . Paying The Community Charge Under the community charge rules , the normal payment plan will be for the charge to be paid in 10 monthly instalments . If you have problems in meeting the instalment plan which the council gives you , you should ask if it can be changed . The council can choose not to accept instalments of less than 5 . Penalties for non - registration and non - payment About 250,000 people live in residential homes , which are run by local authorities , charities or private companies . These numbers have increased considerably over the past few years , partly because income support is available to help cover the fees of residential and nursing home care , and money to pay for care at home is not easily available . At the time of writing , the Government 's plans are to change this system from April 1993 . Local authority social services departments will become responsible for assessing and arranging packages of care for people who need help . Such people will , in most cases , be assessed for their ability to pay for services at home or in residential or nursing homes . Tyneside has its Metro , Liverpool its underground lines , Strathclyde a lavish electric system . Manchester at first lost out very badly on rail investment , but now it has some compensation in the Windsor Link and is going ahead with an advanced tram system that will take over a number of heavy rail routes . Birmingham and Sheffield are making similar plans . West Yorkshire , having presided over a massive expansion of rail traffic in recent years , is pushing for more electrification in the wake of the successful completion of InterCity 's electrification to Leeds . With the abolition of the metropolitan councils in 1986 , responsibility for the supervision of the PTEs has passed to joint boards of delegates from each of the metropolitan boroughs . Had BR had more time and more funding , had the government been more sympathetic towards the railway investment and had there been no recession , the APT might have eventually been successful but that is another story . ( By 1988 the Italian Railways had produced a tilting train the Pendolino which appears to be successful . ) Not only was the non - fulfilment of the APT an enormous financial loss but since its rapid adoption in squadron service had been presumed there were no alternative plans for either trains or track . As the depression began to affect West Coast loadings it soon became clear that it was no longer possible to sustain the level of service provided in the 1974 Glasgow electric timetable . The hourly off - peak service from Euston to Liverpool and Manchester was an early casualty when the service was cut back to a ninety - minute headway , but the most far - reaching change concerned the Anglo - Scottish services between Euston and Glasgow . At one stage the average time of the five daytime trains between Euston and Glasgow was over five and a half hours . However the long - term decline of the West Coast main line was not a prospect that InterCity was prepared to accept . As a first stage towards reviving the route 's viability plans were made to accelerate certain key Glasgow services by raising the line speeds from 100 to 110mph ; the second stage was to prepare an investment case for new equipment to fill the gap which would otherwise have been covered by APT . Raising the maximum speed from 100 to 110mph was relatively easy . While the fleet of Class 87 locomotives and Mk 3 stock was capable of 110mph , the only guards ' vans on the route were old Mk 1 cars restricted to 100mph . To go with the new Class 90s an order was placed for twenty - nine Driving Van Trailers ( DVTs ) to replace the old Mk 1 guards ' van . By the close of the 1980s the West Coast had started to regain some of its old vitality and was emerging as the most utilised and profitable part of the InterCity network . Although no plans exist at present for 125mph train speeds , a more general extension of 110mph services is likely to start in 1990 . East Coast Main Line . Probably because it started the 1980s with a fleet of new 125mph HSTs which had made a major impact on its market , the East Coast main line was far better placed to withstand the rigours of the recession than its West Coast neighbour . As well as the series of long - distance trains which still run through Birmingham , the sub - sector now includes those few trains from the North West to Dover which run through Kensington Olympia in London , and the service between Manchester and Scotland via Preston and the West Coast main line . In the late 1970s plans were prepared for a fleet of HSTs to operate the North East - South West ( Newcastle/Leeds - Cardiff/Plymouth ) route and these were introduced from 1982 . As already mentioned , many plans had to be changed in the light of the recession and these included reduction of the number of Cross Country HSTs . Plans to upgrade parts of Cross Country routes for higher speeds were also deferred . However , although the Cross Country route has not emerged as a high - speed line per se , it now features a number of useful long - distance trains mainly aimed at the leisure market . Further growth in leisure travel ( which represents 29 per cent of NSE income ) was planned to follow the introduction of the Network Card on 29 September providing one - third discounts on off - peak travel . Chris Green announced that NSE had a commitment to quality improvements on all fronts , but with full - blooded business direction aimed at maximising the high profile of the sector , to which his famous red lamp posts gave an immediate impact . Longer term financial and quality improvements were to follow major station redevelopment schemes , including profitproducing office and retail elements , of which the redevelopment of Liverpool Street and for which new plans were announced in 1986 is a good example . The redevelopment of Liverpool Street involved the closure of the much decayed ex - North London Railway terminus at Broad Street , and the diversion from 30 June of the remaining North London Line services to the City via the newly constructed Graham Road curve into Liverpool Street using dual - voltage Class 313 units . In retrospect the most important event of 1986 may have been the conception of the new Networker train , filling a vital gap price and quality wise , at long last making it possible for NSE to plan systematic replacement of old EMUs . But 1988 ended with the disaster at Clapham discussed in the signalling chapter . Given its success after only eighteen months , and the current plans to extend the Thameslink network , it now seems hard to believe that passengers have enjoyed the ability to cross London by regular electric BR services for such a short time . Success has been despite the somewhat confusing route plan initially imposed on the service south of the Thames by the necessity of incorporating the new service into an existing timetable without increasing mileage . Thameslink was formally inaugurated by HRH The Princess Royal on 25 April , when she combined its formal launch with that of Save the Children Week and travelled with a number of children on unit 319036 to Crystal Palace . The everyday Thameslink service commenced on 16 May . for example : by making his six dancers appear equally important in Symphonic Variations Ashton was the first to break away from the convention of making a ballerina the focus of attention . ( He repeated this idea for the six dancers in Monotones I and II . ) Nevertheless his choreographic plan is so designed that each movement of every dancer , whether as an individual or part of the group , is co - ordinated with the others so that it fits correctly into the overall pattern and within the space allotted by stage , wings and backcloth which in Symphonic Variations delicately echoes the curving lines or the dance . Swan Lake The classico - romantic ballet of Ivanov and Petipa Right : Odette 's arabesque as Swan ; below ; Odile 's arabesque as enchantress ( Yvette Chauvir , Erik Bruhn ; Merle Park , Rudolf Nureyev ) The fact that dancers acquired more space within which to move also meant that all SUFFOLK brewers Tolly Cobbold celebrated the first anniversary of their rebirth by launching Ipswich Pride on draught at the town 's beer festival . The brewery was closed by Brent Walker in 1989 but a management team bought the site and restarted brewing a year later . The team , led by Brian Cowie and Bob Wales , were able to buy the brewery from their employers , Brent Walker , after Ipswich council had slapped a planning order on the brewery site , stopping BW 's redevelopment plans . CAMRA were at the forefront of the fight to rescue the brewery . A Tolly Cobbold Action Group collected more than 3,000 signatures against the closure and picketed Brent Walker 's London offices . By the time this column is read the curtain may have fallen on the empire created by George Walker , finally defeated by a 1.5bn debt burden . The late appearance of Lonrho 's Tony Rowland in the guide of Fairy Godmother or is it the Wicked Witch ? offering to wave the magic wand and change the bulk of the debt into convertible preference shares could have offered a reprieve . But Rowland 's offer has been dismissed out of hand by Brent Walker and unless the bond holders , owed 102m in all , agree to the restructuring plan involving BW 's 47 bankers it would appear that the directors will have no other alternative but to put the company into receivership . If that happens Lonrho may be gambling on picking up the betting shop part of the operation for the proverbial song . Meanwhile still waiting in the wings are the Cameron 's management buy - out team and Sunderland brewers Vaux . Belgium brewer Liefmans are making a big push with their draught kriek cherry flavoured beer the sales of which have increased by 45 per cent over recent months . The company was acquired last year by the regional brewer Riva , best known for its Dentergens wheat beer . Liefmans plan to impress potential customers with their products at this month 's Innovate 91 exhibition in London where they will have a stand in the Real Ale Village . Riva 's move into the UK could well be just the vanguard of a friendly invasion of quality draught continental beers which may soon be competing on the bars of UK pubs with our own traditional ales . Beer sales up Brians Dark won the Best Mild award , Cains Bitter the bitter category , Bathams Best Bitter won its class , Fuller 's ESB came top in the Strong Bitter section and Theakston 's Old Peculier the Old Ale and Barley Wine class . Mauldon 's Black Adder came top in the Stout and Porter category and Worthington White Shield was voted top bottle - conditioned beer . Plug pulled on Bass pub loo plans THE Good Beer Guide listed Star Inn in Bath has been saved from the developers . The pub has been largely unchanged for 100 years but owners Bass took advantage of development planned in the next door antiques market to announce a drastic redevelopment . But unlike the modern crags , this wall had no bolts and the major difficulties ended only after pitch 23 . A return seemed unlikely , but at the same time there was this intriguing question : just what would it be like to be up there , 20 pitches out , on a wall as hard as many a belted route , but with no bolts ? While I sulked in the tent , nursing my wounds and recovering from the thorough sandbagging , Mick was hatching a plan . The two feet would shrink with a cheating stick , and perhaps we could avoid some of the easier but time - consuming lower pitches by sneaking in along the first terrace from an easier route . We spent a day driving round the villages , asking for information , suspecting that we were missing something vital . FITTING A FIRE SURROUND The lounge with fireplace and living fire is back in vogue . So , when you next plan to change the lounge dcor , why not add a new fireplace ? Kits are available with four basic components surrounds , inserts , hearth and the fire itself . And the combination of all four illustrated costs in the region of 500 . Apart from the different sizes available the packaging of ceramic wall tiles is confusing , to say the least . Depending on the tile size and on the manufacturer concerned , you are likely to be offered packs containing anything from 6 to 50 tiles , and some packs of 13 , 22 and the like do n't make estimating quantities any easier . Fortunately , most retailers will split packs for you if buying whole packs would be uneconomical , so it 's best either to count up the numbers you need from a scale plan of the area to be tiled , or else to use the number per square metre figures given above . Tile designs alter with changing fashions in interior design , and current demand seems to be mainly for large areas of neutral or small - patterned tiles , perhaps interspersed with individual motif tiles on a matching background . Plain tiles , often with a simple border frame , are also popular , as are tiles which create a frieze effect when laid alongside one another . Write to SAW POINT Some years ago , my father built an 8in rise - and - fall tilt arbour saw bench from a set of plans produced by Cliff Bowers . Over the years , he has used it for many successful d - i - y projects . However , he eventually sold it , and replaced it with another model . Following in my father 's footsteps , I would like to build myself a Cliff Bowers saw bench . I have scoured magazines for any information on this subject , but so far , to no avail . I would be very grateful if any of your readers could assist me in obtaining an address to write to , or better still , a copy of the plans . I would be pleased to reimburse any costs incurred . KE Smith , Newport , Isle of Wight REGULATIONS BUILDINGS REGS APPLICATIONS The next time you call at your local council offices to collect some forms for making a Building Regulations application , do n't be surprised if you are asked , What type of forms do you want Full plans or Building Notice ? The reason for this is that there are now two ways of getting your council 's blessing to proceed with the work you have in mind . The Full Plans method is the old system that has existed for many years , whereby detailed plans of your proposal are submitted in duplicate , along with an application form . The next time you call at your local council offices to collect some forms for making a Building Regulations application , do n't be surprised if you are asked , What type of forms do you want Full plans or Building Notice ? The reason for this is that there are now two ways of getting your council 's blessing to proceed with the work you have in mind . The Full Plans method is the old system that has existed for many years , whereby detailed plans of your proposal are submitted in duplicate , along with an application form . The plans are examined by the council for compliance with the Building Regulations , and if everything is in order you will receive an Approval Notice in due course , which you can then file away with your deeds . The Building Notice procedure is a comparatively new system and does not require the submission of any detailed plans . The Full Plans method is the old system that has existed for many years , whereby detailed plans of your proposal are submitted in duplicate , along with an application form . The plans are examined by the council for compliance with the Building Regulations , and if everything is in order you will receive an Approval Notice in due course , which you can then file away with your deeds . The Building Notice procedure is a comparatively new system and does not require the submission of any detailed plans . With this method a simple form ( Notice ) is deposited with your council , which gives brief details of the work you want to do . Although no detailed plans are necessary , you will be required to provide a location plan showing the siting of your building , the boundaries of the site and particulars of any drainage works . The Building Notice procedure is a comparatively new system and does not require the submission of any detailed plans . With this method a simple form ( Notice ) is deposited with your council , which gives brief details of the work you want to do . Although no detailed plans are necessary , you will be required to provide a location plan showing the siting of your building , the boundaries of the site and particulars of any drainage works . Once a Building Notice has been submitted and accepted by your council you can start work within 48 hours . As there are no plans to examine , the council is not obliged to issue any formal letter of approval . As there are no plans to examine , the council is not obliged to issue any formal letter of approval . Compliance with the Building Regulations is enforced by means of site inspections during the progress of the work . A question which is often asked is , Are there any risks involved in using the quicker procedure of submitting a Building Notice rather than depositing full plans ? The answer is yes , although the risk may only be minimal in the case of minor projects associated with dwelling houses . Unlike the Full Plans method , the use of the Building Notice procedure does not entitle you to any documentary proof from your council that your proposal is satisfactory , or that the work will be accepted by the Buildings Control Officer who is required to inspect the work as it proceeds . Medically , it 's impossible for someone who has lost their sight due to glaucoma to get it back . Incredible as this story is , it presents problems for Pete , the well - known and loved retriever cross . Andrew and Wendy plan to work with drug addicts in Hong Kong and they will soon embark on a two - month trial period . In their absence Pete will be looked after by the Bible College 's bursar and husband in Malton . Indeed , if things work out , this may be Pete 's future . This young man is also very mental . His being is riddled with theory and hypothesis . He has a plan . Rather , he has a plan of a plan : the plan being to murder an old money - lender , while the plan of that plan is to embark here and now , out of doors , in the glare and summer stench of Petersburg , upon a rehearsal of the murder . The question of motive hangs over these first pages , and over the whole novel . His being is riddled with theory and hypothesis . He has a plan . Rather , he has a plan of a plan : the plan being to murder an old money - lender , while the plan of that plan is to embark here and now , out of doors , in the glare and summer stench of Petersburg , upon a rehearsal of the murder . The question of motive hangs over these first pages , and over the whole novel . Dostoevsky 's letter to Katkov asserting that crimes like Raskolnikov 's can be found in the newspapers also discusses motive . Everybody in our town feels indignant about the insult to the respected old gentleman , and a proposal gets off the ground to give a subscription dinner in his honour ; but finally we think better of it , perhaps realizing at last that a man had , after all , been pulled by the nose , so there really was n't any cause for a celebration . Social unsteadiness ( shatost ) , as Shatov says . What has bitten us , the transpersonal Gadarene motif of The Possessed , manifests itself through the dotty plan for a dinner just as eloquently as through the murder in the park . It 's a mistake to have a narrowly political view of the novel , as it is to regard its comedy as somehow decorative . The lightness of its light relief is shatost too . UPDATE EC announces 420m for RD but is it enough ? Research grants worth 420million have been announced by the EC , revealing its plans for the third set of Esprit projects . But it may not be enough according to some industry commentators . US - based companies will play a major role for the first time , but the Japanese are not expected to be heavily involved . They allow a drawing to consist of several layers , equivalent to overlaid transparent sheets , each containing a different aspect of the drawing . For instance , an architect may want an office floor plan with walls , furniture , plumbing , electrical wiring , and air conditioning all shown on different layers . The plan can then be produced in different versions showing different aspects of the overall design . All such detail goes into the drawing description of file . The result can be a very long document in a complicated coding scheme , but it forms a powerful description of design information without any compromise made in accuracy . At the core of the problems in the development of the Taurus system is the rapidly changing character of financial markets and their structure . When original objectives were set out in the early 1980s for improving services and reducing costs at the exchange through cutting down on the amount of paperwork , more detailed efforts were made to put the objectives into action . These were overtaken by the Government 's plans to deregulate the British securities market , announced in 1983 , which were to lead to Big Bang . There were then more pressing priorities . But since 1987 there has been added impetus to the development of the Taurus programme , triggered largely by the post - Big Bang boom in share dealing and the subsequent crash in 1987 . BIIBA , as the trade association attempting to represent most middlemen , is equally unhappy that Fimbra is attempting to bring in a centralised insurance scheme , as most of BIIBA 's members have their own professional indemnity insurance cover . A centralised scheme would disrupt existing relationships between BIIBA members and their insurers , and lose them valuable financial advantages such as a no claims bonus . BIIBA wanted a stay of execution on Fimbra 's plans and thought that it had gained such a deal when its chairman , David Palmer , met Fimbra chairman Lord Elton . In those discussions BIIBA claims that it was agreed that its members would be allowed to renew their existing policies up to 31 October 1990 . A misunderstanding then seems to have occurred with Fimbra writing to its members last week saying that its scheme had not been altered in any way and that members could not renew existing policies if the renewal date was after 1990 . The Eurobond market is on course for a record year after registering a volume of 165bn for the first nine months according to Euromoney Bondware . At this rate 1989 volume should comfortably surpass 1986 's record figure of 179bn , and may yet reach the magic 200bn . 40 % of shareholders approve Ferranti demerger plan By MARY FAGAN , Technology Correspondent MERCHANT bankers proposing a demerger of Ferranti International into two separate businesses have received the initial approval of 40 per cent of the company 's shareholders . By MARY FAGAN , Technology Correspondent MERCHANT bankers proposing a demerger of Ferranti International into two separate businesses have received the initial approval of 40 per cent of the company 's shareholders . Hill Samuel said yesterday that the plan to put Ferranti 's naval and avionics businesses into a separate company and to merge it with another UK defence company , thought to be Thorn EMI , is to be investigated further . Christopher Baker of Hill Samuel said the plan was presented in writing to the Ferranti board on Friday . Sir Derek Alun - Jones , Ferranti 's chairman , announced on Friday that the beleaguered company would have to write off 185m . MERCHANT bankers proposing a demerger of Ferranti International into two separate businesses have received the initial approval of 40 per cent of the company 's shareholders . Hill Samuel said yesterday that the plan to put Ferranti 's naval and avionics businesses into a separate company and to merge it with another UK defence company , thought to be Thorn EMI , is to be investigated further . Christopher Baker of Hill Samuel said the plan was presented in writing to the Ferranti board on Friday . Sir Derek Alun - Jones , Ferranti 's chairman , announced on Friday that the beleaguered company would have to write off 185m . Ferranti is now convinced that it was the victim of fraud perpetrated by International Signal and Control which it took over two years ago. Ferranti then hopes to decide on a course of action and in particular on how to restructure its capital base . It has already undertaken to sell off 100m worth of businesses and to raise 150m through a rights issue or by attracting a suitor . Sir Derek said last night that he had glanced at the Hill Samuel plan and was interested to see how it works out . But he stressed : It 's only an idea , not a proposal , and it needs a lot more work . The Hill Samuel plan envisages splitting off the UK naval and avionics businesses and giving shareholders one share in the new company for every share they hold in the existing organisation . By JOHN MOORE , Assistant City Editor DAVID ANDERSON , chairman of Australian Mutual Provident , Australia 's biggest life insurer , and Einion Holland , chairman of Pearl Group , the British life insurance company , are meeting over the next few days amid speculation that the Australian group is poised to mount a takeover bid for Pearl worth at least 1bn . Australian Mutual Provident executives were yesterday believed to be mounting plans for a takeover which could be one of the largest acquisitions made in the British life insurer sector . Any bid which has not been discussed with us will have to be considered , said Mr Holland , yesterday . I have a long standing arrangement to meet Mr Anderson this week . It was a matter first of embarking on practical ways of increasing harmony and creating a single market . Mr Cash is convinced he knows where this is all leading . I am not aware of any preconceived plan . Proposals for economic and monetary union are just another phase of the journey . Doubtless , in time , we will consider adjusting the democratic framework to suit new circumstances . But citing national welfare , the Supreme Court earlier voted eight to seven to uphold the ban imposed by Mrs Aquino . Mr Laurel said : Now that he is dead , that makes a lot of difference . Details of the highly sensitive information have not been made public , but it is understood to have originated from intelligence and diplomatic sources and probably relates to plans by Marcos loyalists to capitalise on his return to the country . At meeting on Saturday Mrs Aquino gave aides details of this information . The military is on alert , with half of its troops confined to barracks as a precaution against disturbances . By PATRICIA WYNN DAVIES , Legal Correspondent BARRISTERS could retain much of their monopoly over advocacy in the higher courts under a subtle agenda for discussion spelled out by Lord Donaldson , the Master of the Rolls , as he opened the Bar 's annual conference in London at the weekend . Signalling the beginning of a lower - key campaign against the plans of the Lord Chancellor , Lord Mackay of Clashfern , to give increased rights of audience in the High and Crown court to solicitors , Lord Donaldson called on the Bar to put aside the trauma , the acrimony and the recriminations which followed Lord Mackay 's Green Papers and to abandon the hustings . Lord Donaldson said objectives due to be included in this autumn 's Bill were total freedom of choice for the client , unless the interests of justice otherwise require . When those concerned turn their attention to this problem , they may find they have to make a distinction between litigation in which there is a direct public interest in the result and that in which the public interest is limited to ensuring that an adequate system of justice is available . A YEAR ago Sir Angus Fraser took over from Sir Robin Ibbs as the Prime Minister 's efficiency adviser and part - time head of her efficiency unit . It was a tough assignment for two reasons . First , Sir Robin and his team had developed , and persuaded ministers to adopt , the most radical plan the so - called Next Steps for restructuring the Civil Service in nearly 150 years . No successor could hope for such an earth - moving tenure as that . Secondly , Sir Angus was barely a year out of the Civil Service after a career which had taken him to the chairmanship of the Customs and Excise . City schools face cash cuts By SIMON MIDGLEY , Education Reporter HARD - PRESSED inner city comprehensive schools are likely to lose thousands of pounds a year under government plans to devolve financial management to heads , one of the largest teachers ' unions warns today . However , comprehensives in relatively affluent rural and suburban areas will become richer . A survey by the National Association of Schoolmasters/Union of Women Teachers reveals that under the new financing formula nearly 60 per cent of secondary schools will be less well funded and about 40 per cent better resourced . The Labour Party Conference : Policy review throws a spanner in the Whitehall machinery By COLIN HUGHES , Political Correspondent AN INCOMING Labour government would turn large areas of Whitehall upside down but the party 's policy review barely considers the implications of its plans for restructuring government departments . Scattered through the policy review are proposals to : Drastically alter the status and organisation of the Department of Trade and Industry ; Create two departments a Department of Consumer Affairs , and a Department for Legal Administration ; Create a Department of Environmental Protection within the existing Department of the Environment ; Set up a plethora of new commissions and executive agencies ; Set up a Women 's Ministry . Those are only the most overt changes advocated in the review papers . A new Minister of Environmental Protection would operate inside the DoE . That could work though it is easy to imagine conflicts of interest with the housing and planning functions of the department . More problematic will be Labour 's plan for the Ministry of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food . The priority of MAFF must become food , not farming , the policy review says . Its main concerns would become food and the people who consume it , not farming and those who produce it . Britain is lagging behind . No telecottages have been established , but there are several initiatives in the offing . The most advanced is a plan for five in the north of Scotland which will be funded by the Highlands and Islands Development Board and British Telecom . Colin Pavey of British Telecom hopes that they will be running by the end of the year . Two would be business - orientated and three would be community - orientated and located in schools . Four of the absentees suffered the squirming discomfort of being among the Welsh squad . It 's not that I do n't want to say anything but I just do n't know what to say , John Ryan , the Welsh coach , sighed . His plans in ruins , he is now reduced , Micawber - like , to hoping something will turn up before his players face the All Blacks in five short weeks . At Bridgend he looked in despair , and he almost admitted as much : I hope we can pull it together but sometimes I have my doubts . Nicholas was sympathetic : He is only as good as the players we give him. That 's one of the reasons why we want to play the best sides in Europe . Having dispatched the pride of Romania , Steaua Bucharest , and the cream of Wales , Neath , Toulon are next on the Bath hit - list . To succeed again they will have to improve their fitness and concentration , the only flaws in an otherwise faultless game - plan . Having raced into a 14 - point interval lead , thanks to two tries from Tony Swift , another from Richard Lee and a Jonathan Callard conversion , they nearly allowed themselves to be knocked out of their stride by Neath 's bludgeoning approach . Tries by Allan Bateman and Colin Laity brought the home team back into the hunt and set up a stirring finale to the heavyweight contest . It was as well for Yorkshire that John Howe and John Dixon were unable to assert any aerial authority for , early in the first half , John Orwin collided with the newcomer Steve Harris , suffered a neck injury and , though he stayed on , was a virtual passenger . He will miss tomorrow 's encounter with Cheshire . It meant that Yorkshire , if not previously committed to open plan , had no choice than to adopt one . This suited Peter Buckton and Simon Tipping admirably ; they made the best possible use of the loose ball , punching holes through the Durham defence so that , as the final quarter was reached , Yorkshire led 25 - 6 . Powerless to halt the irresistible Simon Irving and Paul Johnson , Howe led a spirited fightback with a try , to which Dave Cooke the best of the title holders ' backs added another , but Johnson later confirmed Yorkshire 's legitimate hopes of being northern group winners with a third score from the backs . Technology : Problem of dividing up radio frequencies By MARY FAGAN THE GOVERNMENT faces controversy over plans to sell off the spectrum of radio frequencies . From a commercial point of view , there are not enough to go round . More television and radio , telephones that go everywhere with you , and in particular the defence of the nation , all take a toll on the frequency spectrum . Roughly 40 per cent of the consideration will come from borrowings and the remaining 60 per cent from existing resources . Evidently , the stock market believes that matters will not rest there and Pearl 's share price raced up 87p to 639p . AMP has made its play for Pearl as part of long - term expansion plans . The group has dominant market share down - under , taking about a third of Australia 's life insurance business , and needs to look beyond its local market for opportunities . The Australians produced an impressive array of statistics to explain why the Pearl was underperforming and how it was losing market share . Mr Holland was due to meet AMP 's chairman , David Anderson , today in a meeting which had been planned since June. Because of the takeover moves the meeting was cancelled . We are better served as an independent company getting on with our own plans without the involvement of any Australian freebooters , said Mr Holland . In its takeover deal Australian Mutual Provident is offering 605p in cash for each share investors hold in the Pearl . Instead of accepting the cash deal Pearl shareholders can sell their shares in return for AMP 's loan notes . AMP has had a business in the UK since 1908 . In March this year it increased its presence in the UK with the acquisition of London Life , the British mutual insurer , which attracted a measure of opposition from the British group 's policyholders . AMP argues that its proposed acquisition of Pearl represents a significant step in its plans to become a major force in international life insurance markets . The Australian group said that Pearl 's policyholders will benefit from the deal through its capacity to bring new products and marketing skills and expertise in administration , computing and product development . If successful in acquiring the British group it intends to operate Pearl as a separate entity with its own sales force . It is an accepted practice in dire situations such as this that the board is replaced or supplemented by a new board charged with the function of restoring the fortunes of the company and the confidence of customers , the letter says . You may care to consider whether this is not a practice to be followed in the case of Ferranti . The Ferranti family 's demands came to light as a result of an approach by representatives of Hill Samuel and Murray Johnstone , who are canvassing support among shareholders for a plan to make Ferranti hive off its core UK defence interests and merge them with the defence activities of Thorn EMI . Trustees of Ferranti family shareholdings in the company wrote back saying there was an urgent need to reinforce the board so that proposals and the inevitable approaches that the company would receive could be reviewed by a strengthened board . The statements that have been made by the company have made no reference to board changes , the letter said . By C J FOX FOR A gang conspiring to conquer Europe , the Nazis were capable of conduct weirdly out of character . There they were in 1934 hatching plans for invading Russia but allowing one of their army chiefs a typical monocled , duel - scarred , square - headed general of the High Command to reveal the lot to an RAF veteran over lunch at a plush Berlin restaurant . The astonished Briton , who recounts the event in this new autobiography , also recalls how his Nazi host remarked to him after the general had finished spouting : I 'm sure it 's not necessary to ask you not to pass any information on to the Communists . Even the most myopic Teuton must have been able to see that the politely inquisitive Englishman being entrusted with these confidences had to be an Intelligence man. While companies with factories in China show few signs of pulling out in a hurry , some have lost enthusiasm for further expansion . A survey conducted by the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce showed that 55 per cent of companies had postponed further investment decisions , while another 36 per cent were still debating what to do . For example , Tomei Industrial ( Holdings ) , an electronics company with 95 per cent of its production in China , accelerated expansion plans in Malaysia and Thailand , and hopes to cut China - based output to about 50 per cent of total production . Another company , Gold Peak Industries ( Holdings ) , which makes car audio equipment , is also trying to hedge future risks by setting up new factories elsewhere . In both cases , the companies were worried less about producing the goods than selling them . And , according to Mr Abbell , it is common for US attorneys to use their experience in government once they move to private practice . Yet at the same time as he was representing members of the Cali cartel , Mr Abbell was on Capitol Hill lobbying for changes in the international treaty on extradition which would favour the defendants in such cases . Last month , at the height of terrorist violence in Colombia , he also floated a compromise plan between the US and the cartel leaders , under which the drug lords would stand trial in the US , but return to Colombia to serve their sentences . State Department officials variously described that idea as surreal and wacky last week , rejecting out of hand any negotiations with the cartel . The question that has to be put is , do we have a cartel lobbyist in Washington ? said Jack Blum , a former chief investigator for the Senate Foreign Relations sub - committee on terrorism and drugs . A vigorous and sociable man , he attracted loyalty and friendship . He was a man with whom , often far into the night , I have had the most challenging and memorable scientific discussions of my life . He disliked long - term plans . He was a scientific adventurer , for whom every discovery revealed immediate new possibilities ; and he saw no end to his work . Obituary : Professor Roger Howell By HELEN HAGUE MIDLAND BANK launches its first nursery today in Sheffield , spearheading a national drive to retain and recruit staff as the jobs market tightens , writes Helen Hague . Up to 300 more are planned over the next four years , under a plan to help parents on the bank 's payroll . Midland , whose staff is 56 per cent female , is the first major clearing bank to start a nursery programme : others are expected to follow in the drive to woo mothers back to work . The Sheffield nursery , costing 35 a week for each child , has spaces for 46 children aged between six months and five years . A man has been accused of murdering his wife 10 years after her body was found in the Grand Union Canal at Berkhamsted , Hertfordshire . David Lockley , 43 , of Sussex Road , Lowestoft , Suffolk , who changed his name by deed poll from John Byatt , was remanded in custody until Friday when he appeared before Hemel Hempstead magistrates charged with killing Mary Angela Byatt in August 1979 . Broadlands store plan is rejected By HELEN HAGUE A plan to build a superstore and garden centre at Broadlands in Hampshire , the former home of the late Lord Mountbatten , has been rejected by Chris Patten , the Environment Secretary , overturning a decision of the inquiry inspector . We want it abandoned . In the vote on the NUM motion three factors helped to tip the balance in favour of the Labour leadership : the NUM lacked the support it commanded last month at Blackpool from Nalgo , the local government officers ' union , since the latter is not affiliated to the party ; the pro - nuclear EETPU , absent from Blackpool since its expulsion from the TUC , cast its votes in favour of the leadership 's stance ; and Ucatt , the construction union , previously in favour of the 15 - year deadline , has recently withdrawn its opposition to the policy review plan . The Labour Party Conference : Gould tells of economic plans By JUDY JONES BRITAIN'S projected 20bn trade deficit for this year is the market 's definitive judgement on a decade of Tory government , Bryan Gould , Labour 's trade and industry spokesman told the conference yesterday , writes Judy Jones . He appealed for leniency on the grounds that nothing had been touched . He said Shooter , who admitted the blackmail plot at an earlier hearing , was an author of several works of fiction . In one unpublished crime novel , the extortion plan was mentioned , he added . In a statement read to the court , Shooter described his crime as a cry for help from someone who could no longer handle the pressures of life . Lord Allanbridge said he took into account the stress Shooter was under at the time . A sea valve had been left open on the tanker as she discharged her cargo at Esso 's Fawley Refinery on Sunday . The tanker had earlier been involved in a collision in Spain , but the refinery manager , Reg Clay , said there was no underwater damage that could have contributed to the incident . Refinery staff , who had earlier feared that more oil had been lost , launched contingency plans and the nearby Oil Spill Service Centre was placed on alert . Booms were used to contain the oil , and tugs sprayed hundreds of gallons of chemical dispersant on the oil , which had initially formed a 100ft slick . Skimming operations recovered about 1,000 gallons . Switching to another bit of spectrum means new radios and transmitters have to be developed and installed . A draft consultative document approved by Lord Young of Graffham will go before his successor as secretary of state , Nicholas Ridley . If he gives the go - ahead , the auction plan would be submitted to industry and other users for comment before any necessary legislation was considered . Good diet curbs cancer risk By LIZ HUNT , Medical Correspondent Football : Robson 's cure eases Polish problem By PATRICK BARCLAY , Football Correspondent FOR Captain Marvel read Captain Miracle : Bryan Robson , whom England had sadly written out of their plans for the World Cup qualifying match against Poland a week tomorrow , may be fit to play in Chorzow after all . The England and Manchester United captain was named yesterday in his club squad for the Littlewoods Cup second round , second leg against Portsmouth at Old Trafford tonight , a hairline fracture of the leg having healed with remarkable speed . Bobby Robson , the England manager , who had spent the weekend pondering the merits of possible deputies for his club colleague Neil Webb , a long - term casualty , expressed surprise and delight at the news that England midfield disruption may be kept to a minimum . All have a right to see the new architecture planned for their town . In Birmingham , local residents are struggling to stop , or at least change the nature of the giant new retail redevelopment , designed by Chapman Taylor Partners for the developers London Edinburgh Trust , which is planned to replace the infamous early Sixties Bull Ring . In Leeds , local councillors have been sheepish about releasing plans to local people for what might just prove to be one of the most inspired and humane post - war city centre redevelopments masterminded by the architects Terry Farrell and Rob Krier for the Dutch developer MAB . The more people get used to prodding , weighing and evaluating new planning proposals , the less likely it is that the Hammersmith effect will spread further . Architecture : The eagle is landing in west London : Swedish architect Ralph Erskine has designed an office block in which Dan Dare would feel at home , should he wish to work in Hammersmith The upper floors give on to stepped and landscaped terraces , some internal , some external protected by the umbrella roof . Equally significant is the fact that the developers are providing a two - storey building alongside for use by the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham . The borough plans to house its archives in this lilla huset ( Swedish for little house ) , together with an urban study centre for local schools and a business studies centre for the borough 's training programme . Erskine 's office will be faced in bronze between tinted glass , stand on a highly textured brick base in a sea of foliage and be topped by a copper roof . Given its setting , the building is almost inevitably a little like a spaceship settling on the dangerous surface of an alien planet . It was suggested Goldsmith interests already had two per cent and were planning to build a significant shareholding to encourage the Grand Met board to consider a breakup . The stock market theory is that the Goldsmith contingent needs a new challenge now its bid for BAT Industries has effectively evaporated . The Goldsmith plan to break up BAT has been overtaken by BAT 's decision to do the job itself . Sir James was first detected on the Grandmet share register earlier this year . But at that time he was fully occupied with BAT . Mr Dromgoole said this would flatten , if not drop in the new year , as the group reins back its activities to minimise the amount of levy paid to the Government . HTV 's objective is to have half its revenues coming from other than advertising sales . So far non - advertising revenue stands at 38 per cent of turnover and around 30 per cent of profits , though HTV does not have plans to make any large acquisitions , such as the purchase of CCA Galleries last year . CCA was in these figures for just three months and fine art contributed 849,000 of profits , up from 156,000 . HTV is also redeveloping a 21 acre parcel of land close to its studios at Culverhouse Cross which could realise more than 5m of profit . The real problem is that , unless resisted , the vigorous pressure for federalism by some leaders in Europe will become an assumed part of our involvement in the European Community . We did not agree to this on accession in 1972 , nor again in 1975 in the Referendum , nor in the acceptance of the Single European Act in 1986 . Mr Haselhurst claims that he is not aware of any preconceived plan but seems unaware that Michel Rocard , Prime Minister of France , describes himself as a complete federalist and of the recent advocacy by the five Christian Democrat leaders in Europe of a Single European Government and a Single European Parliament . That is what convinces me where they would like to take us . This would inevitably imply the end of our Westminster Parliament in any real sense and the loss of our freedom to decide our political , economic and social priorities and , with it , the loss of our hard won democratic system . Proceeds from the food aid would be directed into funding reform . Management training and assistance with environmental protection would be made available , and steps would be taken further to open Western markets to Hungarian and Polish goods . Among EC ministers most supportive of the Commission 's plan yesterday was the British Foreign Secretary , John Major , attending his first EC Council meeting . He stressed that the aid was in recognition of the moves in both countries toward economic reform and democracy . It is a historic moment , he told journalists . The Soviet Union and China are marching towards the open market and here we are , in southern California , the home of Ronald Reagan , talking about tying the economy down with a maze of petty regulations We should be looking for a market - based solution to our problems , not snooping in people 's backyards to check out what kind of barbecue they are using . Jim Lents , executive officer of the Air Managment District , and one of the main architects of the Plan , responded : The plan does involve an element of changing the life - style of southern California . But the population of greater LA is projected to rise from 14 million to 19 million in the next two decades . Our present life - style ca n't survive that kind of increase anyway . Attempts will be made to tag a Proposition ( referendum ) rejecting the Plan on to next year 's congressional and state elections . Mr Antonovich points out that air pollution in Los Angeles has been declining for a decade . Why the need for such an ambitious plan now ? It 's the last hoorah of the economic regulators , he said . They lost the government spending argument in the late Seventies and Eighties , now they 're trying the environmental route . Decisions The conference : Called on the next Labour government to introduce retirement for both women and men at 60 on full pension , with the option of early retirement at 55 and to take emergency steps to restore cuts in young people 's benefits . Agreed a quota of 40 per cent for women 's representation on all party committees . Rejected the NEC plan for a separate society for black and Asian members that would be open to voting white members . Delegates also refused to give official recognition to existing black sections . Today the conference will debate the policy review reports Physical and Social Environment , including housing and transport ; People at Work ; and the education section of the Consumers and the Community report . Estuary plans pose threat to wildlife By CARMEL MCQUAID ULSTER'S bird and marine life stands to be seriously diminished by new plans to develop areas around its estuaries , environmentalists were told yesterday . Extensions to Belfast 's port facilities and to its harbour airport , announced last week , must encroach further on the mudflats at Belfast Lough , Alison McCloy , of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds , warned in a lecture . Already reduced to one - tenth of their original extent , these served as a breeding and wintering ground for 12,000 waterfowl . They say they are entitled to compensation against BNFL under the Nuclear Installations Act . Mr Sedley said the court would have to decide if the damage to property under the Act included contamination by nuclear matter or waste or if it was limited to injury to the fabric . Psychiatrists explore hidden meaning of Thatchergate plan By PETER DUNN THATCHERGATE , the neo - nineteenth century railings which the Prime Minister wants to erect across the Whitehall end of Downing Street , sent a buzz of speculative excitement through psychiatric circles yesterday . But it has fought back . EastEnders , regarded by senior BBC managers as having lost its way with sordid story lines , is being given a new producer . Barman survived cliff - top murder plan By RICHARD NORTH , Environment Correspondent A BARMAN was pushed over a 200ft cliff after his wife agreed to a 2,500 murder contract , a court was told yesterday . I will certainly not be an intellectual hands - off guru merely thinking up schemes , he said . The Jockey Club are looking for action and I hope what I devise will be practical and can be implemented . Haines 's main tasks are to produce a strategic plan for the Jockey Club , focusing on its role within the racing industry ; ensuring that the needs of racing are effectively understood in Whitehall and Westminster ; responsibility for the Club 's financial planning and maintaining close liaison with the Levy Board and the Horseracing Advisory Council . Possibly , Haines 's public unveiling should have been left for a while as he felt unable at this early stage to give firm views on major issues , such as racing 's finances and Jockey Club justice . In fact , the most eye - opening statement came from Lord Hartington in response to a question about Alan Meale , the Labour MP who has proposed legislation to abolish the Jockey Club . The measure applies to the transport sector , to the fuel and energy industries , and to metallurgical and chemical enterprises . Above all it is aimed at the country 's railways , where disorganisation and disruption and not only in politically - inflamed Soviet Transcaucasia have caused dangerous shortfalls of coal and oil stocks at power stations , and of other raw materials at factories across the country . The outcome was none the less a climbdown for the government , which was obliged to drop its original plan to outlaw strikes in all sectors of industry for 15 months , amid deep divisions among parliamentarians over the extent of the powers to be granted . Instead , the new provisions will operate only until passage of a draft law on strikes , which itself bans such industrial action where it would endanger lives and health . This Bill , which sets out detailed mechanisms for settling disputes , could be passed early next week . Building societies face the threat of a further slowdown in their mortgage sales as pressure intensifies for an increase in base rates , and therefore mortgage rates . The Halifax estate agency losses for the six months to 31 July compare with break - even in 1988 . The society remains committed to its 700 - strong chain , though it said plans to create some new offices had been mothballed . There might also be a very few closures , it said . Overall the society produced a comparatively strong 6.4 per cent increase in pre - tax profits to 237.7m for the half year . A Halifax spokesman stressed the 20m provision on loans to the Kentish development Burrell 's Wharf was highly prudent and would not necessarily lead to a loss of the same magnitude . Halifax was the lead lender on the project with total exposure of 26m . There were no plans to make major cuts in the 1,145 - branch building society network , though there could be the odd closure . The Leeds said the plan to close 60 of its 481 branches across the country was part of its long - term strategy and had not been forced on it by the housing recession . The closures are mainly smaller , less profitable branches or those with overlapping parishes : 150 full - time and 93 part - time staff will lose their jobs , some of them through voluntary redundancy and early retirement . Standard in 150m pound German deal By PATRICK HOSKING STANDARD Chartered yesterday announced plans to sell the bulk of its continental banking operations for 150m in a pan - European tie - up with Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale . Standard is selling most of its continental commercial banking operations to WestLB for 100m . In a second deal , netting Standard another 50m , the two sides are pooling their merchant banking units in Europe to form a 50/50 joint venture . I 'm afraid that the answer to most of their questions is : We do not yet know . ' ( Photographs omitted ) Education : Zoo trips hold on to their place in the management plan By ELISABETH DUNN AT THE Landscore primary school in Crediton , Devon , there is palpable evidence of the enthusiasm with which the national curriculum has been embraced . The question is whether young children learn best by studying at their own pace through relatively informal activity methods in small groups ( which , to some parents , looks suspiciously like playing ) , or whether they should learn the three Rs sitting at their desks in a more competitive and disciplined environment . Leicestershire is widely regarded as a pioneer of progressive primary methods . The saga began last year when the council opened a new open - plan primary school to relieve overcrowding in Groby 's two existing primary schools . Jim Nind , a teacher with progressive views on primary teaching , was appointed head and the school opened in August 1988 with 137 pupils . Within weeks , some parents started taking their children away from the school . From PETER PRINGLE in Washington UNDER intense pressure from congressional Democrats to increase aid to Poland and Hungary , the White House announced yesterday that President Bush will ask Congress for an additional 200m ( 125m ) grant for Poland , almost doubling his previous request . The White House spokesman , Marlin Fitzwater , said the aid would be contingent on completion of an economic stabilisation plan between Warsaw and the International Monetary Fund . Mr Fitzwater added that Mr Bush has invited both the Polish President , Wojciech Jaruzelski , and Prime Minister , Tadeusz Mazowiescki , to meet him in Washington . The decision to increase American aid reflected the dramatic changes in Poland over the past two months , said Mr Fitzwater . He also asked for 25m for Hungary . The Senate Foreign Relations Committee has approved a 1.2bn aid package for Poland and Hungary to be spread over three years . The Democrats have been calling Mr Bush 's aid plan grossly inadequate and have been determined to produce an alternative that would increase the aid to the eastern European countries . Mr Fitzwater said the White House is willing to negotiate with Congress on the amount and the nature of the package the numbers are all negotiable . Soviet villagers prepare to fight Mr Rogich is a handler par excellence . His arrival suggests that Mr Bush will appear more often on television , spend less time at his Maine seaside retreat , and less time playing with his dogs . The Rogich plan is to sharpen up the focus , as well as the pace . Does Mr Bush foresee some sort of crisis during which his image will suffer unless boosted ? Economic troubles , perhaps ? THE US Secretary of State , James Baker , hinted yesterday that the US withheld military support for Tuesday 's failed coup in Panama because it believed it had little chance of success . Mr Baker said that Washington was prepared to use military force to oust General Manuel Noriega , but on America 's own terms and timetable . You do so based on your own plans , at a time of maximum opportunity and advantage . You do n't do so on the basis of someone else 's plans , Mr Baker told the US Senate finance committee . But Panamanain exiles in the US complained that a small show of force by the US might have been enough to tip the balance in the rebels ' favour . Mr Baker said that Washington was prepared to use military force to oust General Manuel Noriega , but on America 's own terms and timetable . You do so based on your own plans , at a time of maximum opportunity and advantage . You do n't do so on the basis of someone else 's plans , Mr Baker told the US Senate finance committee . But Panamanain exiles in the US complained that a small show of force by the US might have been enough to tip the balance in the rebels ' favour . Juan Sosa , former Panamanian ambassador in Washington , said that , if the US had been more active , several battalions of wavering Panamanian troops would have joined in on the rebel side . The Washington Times reported yesterday that senior US military officers in Panama gave the rebel officers tacit assurances of American assistance . This was firmly denied by the Bush administration . US officials admit that they knew about the coup plans as early as last Saturday , but say they were given little time to judge its chances of success or to plan any US involvement . Mr Baker 's comments yesterday implied that the US government would be prepared to use its troops to back a Panamanian coup , but not this coup . This is , in itself , a shift in the US position . The 333 - acre wood , the largest the trust has bought in Scotland , opened this week , writes Joanna Gibbon . It stretches up a steep hill and overlooks the rivers Tay and Earn . The trust plans to replace some of Moncreiffe Hill 's conifers with broadleaf trees , to provide a balance between the two that will encourage wildlife . The Woodland Trust was founded in 1972 and is the only charity in Britain which aims to safeguard native trees such as oak , lime , beech and ash . Today 's agricultural and forestry methods have caused a decline in broadleaf woodlands and coppices , affecting the animals and birds that inhabit them and the general landscape . Hard left pamphlet You all sound so unhappy ; it 's been the best week of my life . Eric Hammond , EETPU Today 's party is a party of law - makers , not law - breakers . The Labour Party Conference : Less priority given to NHS spending plans By COLIN BROWN , Political Correspondent SPENDING ON some areas of the National Health Service could be downgraded in Labour 's list of priorities as a result of the leadership 's determination to make the productive economy the centrepiece of the party 's programme for government . He said : We are absolutely delighted . The new Secretary of State has recognised what we said all along should be the right and reasonable level of development in Hampshire . It is also important that he has endorsed the county council 's structure plan . But Lord Northfield , chairman of Consortium Developments , said : Foxley Wood is not going to go away A new settlement is going to be needed . Speelman and Timman had agreed a draw on Tuesday night in their adjourned game from the first round . Speelman with the white pieces has often been accused of having a rather wimpish opening repertoire , and on this occasion he gained nothing from the advantage of the first move . Between moves 9 and 13 , he adopted a convoluted plan that seemed only to tangle his own pieces . He already stood worse when he overlooked Timman 's clever 14th move , which forced the win of material . Timman now leads 1 1/2 - 1/ . As Jonathan Martin , the BBC head of sport , put it : It 's not just about having the biggest cheque on the table . It 's what television does with your sport in terms of scheduling and presentation that matters . Commonwealth Games : Cost plan devised by AAA By NEIL WILSON SCOTTISH , Welsh and Northern Irish athletes will be able to prepare for next January 's Commonwealth Games in Auckland at training camps in Australia in spite of the financial constraints which have imposed limits on the size of their teams . The situation was further confused because the rebels were led by Major Giroldi , whose battalion is charged with guarding the barracks and who presumably should have known whether the general was inside . Many of the coup participants surrendered to General Noriega personally , and more than 200 soldiers who backed the uprising were arrested after nearly five hours of fighting . General Noriega went on television to say he had been aware of the rebels ' plans for about three weeks . His hand - picked President , Francisco Rodriguez , said the government had all kinds of proof that Washington was behind the coup attempt . He said US soldiers had sealed off roads leading to the Panama Canal before the coup attempt , and that US aircraft had circled the combat areas . The new statute will stop trade unionists trying to persuade workers in unconnected companies to take sympathy action . The new Employment Act will also make it unlawful for organisations to refuse to employ a job applicant on the grounds that he or she is not a union member . The plan to make unions responsible for unofficial action arose out of the strikes in the summer on the London Underground , where an informal group of drivers and guards led a long series of stoppages over pay . Opponents of the Government have criticised the policy because it makes unions responsible for disruption which they have not organised and in some cases may oppose . Labour Party leaders , meanwhile , saw their plan for new industrial laws overwhelmingly endorsed at the party conference in Brighton . The plan to make unions responsible for unofficial action arose out of the strikes in the summer on the London Underground , where an informal group of drivers and guards led a long series of stoppages over pay . Opponents of the Government have criticised the policy because it makes unions responsible for disruption which they have not organised and in some cases may oppose . Labour Party leaders , meanwhile , saw their plan for new industrial laws overwhelmingly endorsed at the party conference in Brighton . Some important planks of the policy have yet to be clarified , however . The party has not decided what would constitute a legitimate trade dispute under the law and precisely what forms of secondary action would be sanctioned . KLM 's share of the 3.65bn buyout is considerably smaller than BA 's 750m participation in United , but some analysts have suggested regulators might be swayed by the fact that the airline 's staff will control the company . The United machinists complain the scheme leaves the airline with too much debt . In testimony before a US congressional committee earlier this week , the machinists ' union said the takeover was based on a ludicrous business plan , and threatened an extended campaign to block the deal . KLM , meanwhile , is expected to maintain a reduced involvement in Northwest , keeping its foot in the door , one analyst suggested , until US policy of foreign ownership becomes more clear . Mr Checchi , for his part , said yesterday that he does not intend to seek a new partner to replace the 225m shortfall , but will instead repay KLM out of operating profits - a move analysts said would further endebt the airline . Ten years after the discovery of AIDS we are entering into a new era in the global pandemic , with growing concern about our ability to confront it successfully . New approaches are needed , with close partnerships between local communities , non - government agencies , governments and international organisations . I believe ACET has an important part to play in this process . He added , We are just at the beginning of the worldwide epidemic and the situation is still very unstable . The major impact is yet to come . Those at home often need opiates ( morphine - like medicines ) for pain , while one in five will also need a special battery - operated syringe pump , especially if they are too weak to swallow . Specialist care The picture then has changed and we now need to plan for increasing numbers of those with chronic illnesses needing specialist community care not just volunteers , although volunteers continue to have a vitally important role to play . Until the numbers of deaths each month has risen to equal or exceed the number of new diagnoses , the numbers needing care will continue to rise fast , even if the number of new cases reported in official figures is relatively constant or falling . These factors help explain some of the reasons why the total number of ACET clients covered at any one time by our on call service in London has more than doubled from 70 in April 1990 to over 150 by March 1991 ; and why the nature of the services required has become so much more sophisticated . Adherence to this stated principle has never faltered , but other areas of concern took precedence and it was not until the late 1970s that this area of work was developed . In 1985 work on behalf of refugees took its place in the statute of Amnesty . The British Section refugee office has played a leading role in this area of work , processing some 4,000 cases since 1980 . The public perception of Amnesty has also changed and this has not happened by accident . For a long time deemed a white , Western organization , the setting up of section sin countries like Tunisia , Algeria and South Korea , are ample illustration of Amnesty 's worldwide stature . In those days there was a small core of paid research staff who were responsible for a large number of countries if you did the Soviet Union , you were also responsible for Eastern Europe and half of Western Europe as well ! Volunteers worked on research alongside their paid counterparts and Burley recalls the hundreds of Spanish and Portuguese POCs on whose behalf Amnesty worked at that time . Of course , none of the work carried out by Amnesty could continue without money and it is in this respect that sections , particularly the larger sections like the British , have a vital role to play . The annual budget for 1990 was 11 million , which represents only a third of the money raised worldwide on Amnesty 's behalf . It excludes the contributions made by individuals who finance the sending of telexes and telegrams as well as the funds required to support national sections . Unfortunately , increased use of the death penalty appears to be the most popular solution . The definition of capital murder which carries the death penalty varies from state to state : in Alabama , a capital murder is one that occurs during the course of a robbery , or where the victim is kidnapped or raped ; or , where the perpetrator is on parole or has escaped from custody ; or where the crime is particularly cruel . In practice , however , issues such as the colour and social standing of the victim will also play a major part . Since 1973 , in Columbus , Georgia , a death sentence has been sought for 43.8 per cent of those accused of killing a white female and only 2.6 per cent of those accused of killing a black female . Also , if the DA is coming to the end of his/her four - year term , seeking the death penalty may improve their chances of re - election . The practice of American art historians reviewing or curating exhibitions , not only historical shows , is a normal feature of art life . Part of the reason for this is that the American professoriat is the largest in the world , while the American market for current art is unprecedented ; it is evident that the turnover of the American art market as a whole is the largest in the world . The persuasive tax advantages for the rich to contribute works of art to public collections also play a part , contributing a measure of prestige shared between artists and the powerful in society . Critics can also be invested with a degree of respect deriving partly from their academic connections . Another sort of authority derives from money , which a reader of art criticism may find it difficult to dissociate from an object . At the end of the twentieth century group exhibitions perhaps do not have the importance that they have had earlier in the century . There are many galleries through the world , and it is no longer so difficult for an artist to show work independently . Solo shows and mixed exhibitions are more common , with the group show playing a less important role in the market . Artists who group together for financial reasons may choose a name which is no more explanatory than a number or numbers . Thus in London at different times there have been groups which have called themselves the Society of Twelve , the Seven and Five , and One/Four . Diderot 's standards were those primarily of a moralist , questioning how morality might be fashioned through painting , but he was sensitive to artistic aims ; his essay on painting was admired both by Goethe and Baudelaire . Here is a description by Diderot of a Russian country scene by Le Prince , from criticism of the Salon in 1767 . An old man has been playing the guitar , but he has left off playing to listen to a young shepherd piping . The old man is sitting under a tree , and a young girl is near him ; I think he is blind at least , he ought to be . The youth is sitting at a little distance , his shepherd 's pipe in his mouth ; there is a charming simplicity in his dress and appearance ; he has a fine head . The old man and the girl are listening attentively . On the right are some rocks , and at the foot of them the sheep are feeding . This picture goes straight to my heart ; I should like to lean against that tree between the old man and the girl and listen while the youth played . And when he had left off playing I would go and sit by him , and a little later we would all lead the good old man to his cottage . A picture that affects one thus cannot be a bad picture . On the right are some rocks , and at the foot of them the sheep are feeding . This picture goes straight to my heart ; I should like to lean against that tree between the old man and the girl and listen while the youth played . And when he had left off playing I would go and sit by him , and a little later we would all lead the good old man to his cottage . A picture that affects one thus cannot be a bad picture . You may say that it is feeble in colour and monotonous in tone it may be so , but it touches the heart , it arrests the attention ; and what is the use of all your correct drawing and pure tints , and skill in light and shade , if your subject leaves me cold and unaffected . Gangs and guerrillas are talked of Wealthy people are talking of escape from a Caribbean version of James Baldwin 's the fire next time . A white woman named Jane has come here from London , drawn by the glamour of the Third World , supposing herself to have arrived where the action is , where the doers are . She is , as she acknowledges , playing with fire . For a while she believes that Peter Roche is a doer . Tortured by the regime in South Africa , Roche has written a book about it , and now , in the Caribbean , has joined the firm of Sablich 's as a welfare worker , whose job is to define and to publicise the firm 's good intentions toward the community . It seems clear , however , that Chatterton needn't have had prodigious talent for the talent expended in the novel to take effect . It is a novel which communicates the notion that talented and untalented meet in that country of the mind where everyone copies and steals from everyone else , where everything is reproductive or reminiscent of everything else , where one thing leads to another and this person passes into that . It plays with such ideas , to a Shavian pitch of exaggeration : but it is not a novel of ideas , any more than it is a heartless game . It has people in it , with lives to live . It has Charles in it , whose plight is more touching than anything in the nineteenth - century retrospects of Chatterton . ( Northern Jenny Bunn , incidentally , sounds , to me , Welsh . ) There may be a matter of principle here for some of those who wish their authors to be concealed : such authors should not sound like the characters they invent , any more than they should express opinions . But the raconteurs of the extra - literary world are permitted to shape and turn the speech of the characters in their stories , and to play the pervasive evident author . And anyone who doubts whether the method can safely be transferred to literature should consult one of Amis 's best novels , Ending up . Raconteur and raisonneur , in his art as in his personal life , he is a concealed author who is evident enough in his hotly opinionated fiction : he is not given to expounding his own passionate opinions there , but can be recognised without difficulty in almost every aspect of every one of his novels , including the speech assigned to his often disputatious characters . At one stage no less a person than Bobby Kennedy , soon to accompany Josie to the grave , had offered to help Roth gain his freedom . In the liberated world of radical chic , we may be intended to think , favours could be done for the right person . The Facts says that the crack - up of 1987 had induced fiction fatigue , a need to demythologise myself and play it straight . Leaving off with the imaginative fury might make it possible to unlock meanings that fictionalising has obscured , distended , or even inverted . At the same time , he accepts the obvious fact that facts are never just coming at you but are incorporated by an imagination that is formed by your previous experience . Holla ! what storm is this ? Comment This is one of the great roles for a black actor ( not that black actors in these days are not eligible to play practically any character in Shakespeare , with the exception of Desdemona ! ) . Aaron , lover of Tamora , has been brought to Rome a captive , then freed . He is relishing his future . The English ideal . That this essence of Englishness was actually there in my possession And suddenly I caught sight of this prat sailing down the Cam back towards Cambridge in a punt , with a girl doing all the work , while he reclined at the exact angle , trying to play a chord and strum a tune There was this idiot , sailing along desperately trying to simulate an atmosphere of Christ knows Some vague recollection of tranquillity from his grandfather 's scrapbook . It may be difficult , but it is not complicated , and if it gets complicated there is something quite wrong . Above all acting is not an intellectual occupation , though a good mind is needed to respond imaginatively and practically to the work of authors and directors . An actor can wear his cap as an academic in private conversation as well as the next person , but once on stage the actor responds to the requirements of a scene being played , and works through from moment to moment . And the fact that you already have a good instinct for acting will probably have been the main reason why you passed your entrance audition for drama school . What you will eventually be working towards is a fusion of instinct and technique , and training is very largely to do with improving technical skills . Here is an example of an impro exercise for two actors : An actor is asked to assume the character of a close family friend who arrives at the house with the news of the death of the wife 's husband in an accident . He has hurried to get there and tell the wife before the police arrive . This may prove more effective if the girl playing the wife has no idea of what the scene is going to be about . What an impro of this kind does is confront the actors with a situation where they have to be emotionally truthful . Without a text to assist them they may prevaricate too long before facing the brutal truth . And class work in this area is usually referred to as technique or simply acting . For example , one exercise which I have used in class is a play called Justice by John Galsworthy . Here a single actor plays an imprisoned man , and performs in silence , and the scene culminates in an emotional breakdown where the prisoner beats on the door of his cell . Galsworthy gives very precise details on the dimensions of the cell , the things that are in it and the character 's sequence of actions . The piece tests the actor 's awareness and imagination to the full , but nevertheless makes precise demands on him : he must follow exactly what the author says . Showcase productions Depending on the school 's theatre resources , a full term of productions may mean that at least three or more plays will be staged , giving agents , directors and casting pundits a chance to evaluate your work . Students may find themselves performing in final productions over two full terms , which means they have the opportunity to play twice as many parts , but this depends on the school 's policy and how they think you have progressed . At this stage , too , the allocation of parts and the standard of performance is becoming a lot more competitive a foretaste of the profession itself . In many cases students will also tour in productions mounted by the school , and this gives good audience experience away from the greenhouse of school performances , where the people who sit in the audience are usually either professionally interested , or are fellow students and friends . ( On the other hand , plays like Tom Stoppard 's Jumpers or Max Frisch 's Andorra offer good opportunities for large numbers of students . ) Quite clearly the most important thing about final presentations is that the play suits the talent available in the group . Yet every now and again a student emerges who shows exceptional talent and it is quite natural that a drama school will make sure that his/her ability is given a good stretch in public with a major role , perhaps playing Hamlet or Hedda Gabler . Some students , there is no denying , are more charismatic and powerful on stage than others and it is always very difficult for the system to be absolutely fair . However , one thing worth mentioning at this point is that the larger parts are not always a guarantee of an agent 's interest quite often big roles will attract attention , but a student who has been very well cast in a smaller role may hit the mark just as effectively . Many drama schools regard musical productions as a main attraction , and shows such as Cabaret , Guys and Dolls and Chicago often get presented very well , with good choreography and musical direction which supports the cast very well . The ability to sing and dance has become increasingly important in the profession nowadays , and there are few actors who do n't possess some musical and dance skills . Productions such as Oh , What a Lovely War offer many opportunities for voice and body training to be displayed effectively , particularly as the quick character sketches in this show mean that an actor may play several parts in one evening . Press notices are , however , exceptionally rare these days. Once The Stage covered all finals productions from the drama schools , but now they may write up a play perhaps once a year . They are personal work - out sessions . Altogether , tutorials take place over a period of about twenty - four weeks in the last year of a course , and usually by the last twelve tutorials a student has a much clearer idea of what he or she is about . Where the tutorial focuses on current productions , I have found that students will work hard on their performances and be open about their work and any problems they may be having with the characters they are playing . A director may have made it plain that he has a definite intention for a character , but the student may not always see this straight away . Discussing a character and finding an outline of what is required in a half hour tutorial can save a lot or time on a tight rehearsal schedule . Writing letters about yourself is never easy we tend either to say too much or too little . Nobody wants a florid letter from someone they have never seen before but as an actor your style and personality must come through sufficiently a bare list of parts played wo n't convey much . Prepare details on a separate sheet of paper : your name , height , colouring , and the parts you have played in training . The accompanying letter needs to be personal and brief and should certainly not be sycophantic or name dropping . If you have particular skills like dancing , singing , fencing , acrobatics , or mime , be sure they are on this information sheet . Also played Anna in Self - inflicted Wounds by Tom Kempinski . A.R. Although you won the BBC radio competition for a place in the BBC Repertory company straight from drama school , you decided to start your career by playing Ophelia in Hamlet at Theatr Clwyd . Do you feel that was the right way round for you ? J.F. J.F. Well , I 'd thought a lot about the part . I knew I would n't play her as a wimp and the whole audition was based on the speech where she goes mad the flowers , rosemary for remembrance and the whole bit . George Roman read me and after I 'd done the first reading he asked me about my own attitudes to the Part and then told me his as a director , which were completely different . So I asked if I might go through it again and try some of the ideas he talked about . I did the well trodden path , with phoebe in As You Like It . A R Did you ever play that part ? J.F. No. J.F. No. When the school did do a production I played Celia . A.R. So you played quite a bit in the classics during training . When the school did do a production I played Celia . A.R. So you played quite a bit in the classics during training . J.F. I finished by playing Isabella in a production of Women Beware Women in a 1950 's style which may have helped when I came to my Ophelia , which was loosely based on a Princess Di concept . I always wanted to do the heavy parts . But I love playing comedy and then I 'm not very tall . Perhaps radio will allow me to play all the unsuitable roles that I ca n't do visually in the theatre , where it 's just the voice and the character . A.R. What did you do for the BBC competition ? J.F. The voice teaching and knowing how to keep yourself ready vocally ; that really is the most important thing , which you do n't realise when you start out . And singing is part of that too I did n't sing before I went into training even though I am musical and play both the piano and the flute . But being trained to use your singing voice is really good . Perhaps some of the voice teaching was repetitive in the second term , but when there was a change in voice tutor who developed pieces of your own choice rather than just vocal exercises the whole thing came alive and interesting . Amanda Root Trained at Webber Douglas Academy . Her first job was in 1983 with the Leeds Playhouse Company , playing Essie in The Devil 's Disciple by Bernard Shaw . She followed this by joining the Royal Shakespeare Company on tour playing Juliet and later repeating this performance in the Other Place at Stratford upon Avon . While in Stratford she also played Jessica in The Merchant of Venice and Moth in Love 's Labours Lost . Trained at Webber Douglas Academy . Her first job was in 1983 with the Leeds Playhouse Company , playing Essie in The Devil 's Disciple by Bernard Shaw . She followed this by joining the Royal Shakespeare Company on tour playing Juliet and later repeating this performance in the Other Place at Stratford upon Avon . While in Stratford she also played Jessica in The Merchant of Venice and Moth in Love 's Labours Lost . Recent work includes a television play This Lightning Always Strikes Twice and the play Dragons . Her first job was in 1983 with the Leeds Playhouse Company , playing Essie in The Devil 's Disciple by Bernard Shaw . She followed this by joining the Royal Shakespeare Company on tour playing Juliet and later repeating this performance in the Other Place at Stratford upon Avon . While in Stratford she also played Jessica in The Merchant of Venice and Moth in Love 's Labours Lost . Recent work includes a television play This Lightning Always Strikes Twice and the play Dragons . A.R. Recent work includes a television play This Lightning Always Strikes Twice and the play Dragons . A.R. Were you surprised how soon you got into the RSC and that you have now ended up after only just over a year and a half in the profession playing Juliet and Hermia ? AMANDA I was amazed ! We ought to do more modern work at drama school , as well as the classics . I remember doing the Stoppard play Undiscovered Country which was a great help and drama school needs to do more of that sort of thing . We need to be of now and maybe that 's a better way of playing then . A.R The past is often reflected by something called documentary drama , which uses improvisation before arriving at a script in its final state . I think the training has been basically good . I do think there 's a greater need for other aspects to be included like the Alexander technique , which helps with your body control . For example , I had no idea about playing scenes on a raked stage , which can throw your weight out in placement very considerably . Being technically aware of your body is very important and the more drama school does about that the better . Kenneth Branagh Trained at RADA . Played Judd in Another Country as almost his first job , following this with Francis , the title role in a new play at Greenwich Theatre . joined the Royal Shakespeare Company playing Henry V , Laertes and King of Navarre in Love 's Labours Lost at Stratford upon Avon and in the Barbican Theatre , London . Television includes Too Late to Talk to Billy , To the Lighthouse and The Boy in the Bush . A.R. Patrick Ryecart Trained at Webber Douglas Academy . first major West End role was playing Marchbanks to Deborah Kerr 's Candida in 1977 . Co - presented the play The Beastley Beatitudes of Balthazar B as well as starring in it . He followed this with Jack Absolute in The Rivals at the National Theatre and David Mamet 's A Life in the Theatre with Freddie Jones at the Open Space . Or did . A.R. Your first big stroke of fortune was playing Eugene Marchbanks in Shaw 's Candida with Deborah Kerr in the West End . P.R. And that was a tense business . P.R. Yes , it did . Although the story of my doing Balthazar B and the Beastly Beatitudes is a bit strange inasmuch as I ended up playing the part that was completely opposite from the one I was originally intended to do . That had more to do with management and the presentation of the play to those who were backing it so instead of playing Beefy , who is described as the world 's most beatific observer I played the opposite number who was the world 's last shy elegant young man. Which was right be had no resemblance to what is commercially thought of a typecasting in any way it 's just that the mixture was right with Simon Callow . David Suchet Trained at LAMDA . Has worked a great deal with the Royal Shakespeare Company playing the leading roles of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice , Achilles in Troilus and Cressida , Bolingbroke in Richard II and Iago in Othello . His performances on television have been as varied as Freud , and as Blott in Tom Sharpe 's Blott on the Landscape . He won the BBC best radio actor award in 1979 for the Kreutzer Sonata . So the first thing I did was to spend ten years with the Royal Shakespeare Company ! A.R. In which you played a lot of leading parts , as the days went by . D.S. That 's right . Can you remember anything of that audition ? A.S. I can remember doing my Mick again from The Caretaker and for Shakespeare I did an outrageous choice of Cardinal Wolsey from Henry VIII , which I do n't think I shall ever be suited to playing . A.R. On reflection , what do you feel about drama training ? I think there should be a more stringent system of entry into the drama schools so that there is a higher standard of work achieved by the time they come to join the profession . Auditions are quite unreal I mean , how can anyone show what they are about by coming into a room and doing the opening speech of a play ? In playing a part you have a whole journey of rehearsals behind you . A.R. So how would you recommend that actors are cast ? M.D. playing female parts at school until my voice broke . D.G . For me it was also at school playing Sir Andrew Aguecheek . So we both started by playing the opposite sex . But I think I got into drama professionally in the first place by accident . Much as today , I would think . There was a lot of concentration on the voice and good diction . I came to the school with considerable amateur experience of Shakespeare with the Oxford University Dramatic Society and had even played in a real theatre in Oxford . So the school 's first job was to cut me down to normal proportions which they did . I think the persons who helped me most were the professional actors who were playing in the West End and came to us as teachers during the day . I came to the school with considerable amateur experience of Shakespeare with the Oxford University Dramatic Society and had even played in a real theatre in Oxford . So the school 's first job was to cut me down to normal proportions which they did . I think the persons who helped me most were the professional actors who were playing in the West End and came to us as teachers during the day . D.G . Ellen O Malley , though she had long retired , was a wonderful teacher too . Ellen O Malley , though she had long retired , was a wonderful teacher too . She was marvellous at getting people to let go of inhibitions I remember . She had played a lot of Shaw including Candida ; and created Ellie Dunn in Heartbreak House , named after her by Shaw . M.D. And perhaps even more to us as modern actors was Alison Legatt , then playing with Nol Coward and Gertrude Lawrence every evening . D.G . Yes . Perhaps the best decade was the sixties when we played a lot of Shaw , Wilde and Ibsen . These included Candida , Heartbreak House , The Wild Duck and An Ideal Husband in which we agreed to play the dreadful Chilterns . A.R. The new Minister for Health , Dr Noel Browne , a dedicated reformer of the health services and much concerned in particular with the eradication of tuberculosis in Ireland , modified the earlier bill to exclude the compulsion elements . But by March 1951 , it was clear that even this reform did not satisfy the Irish hierarchy who had also been lobbied by the Irish Medical Association to oppose the scheme . Grounds for the bishops ' opposition were that only parents and not the state should have the right to provide for the health of their children , that the state had no role to play in the physical education of children and mothers , and that individual privacy would be threatened by public use of their private health records ( Whyte 1980 : 21314 ) . Later the hierarchy made it clear that the basis for their objections was the increase in power by the state vis - - vis the liberty and self - reliance of its citizens which such legislation would entail . Perhaps the most revealing aspect of the whole affair is the way Dr Browne handled it . If there is only the mechanical operation of the spirit ? Steam engines , he wrote . Every little cog plays its part . Every piston moves because every little cog plays its part . Eventually , it drives its load forward . Tony more subdued than I 'd remembered him. At 6 a.m. Marcus leaps out of bed and starts to play Victorian hymns on the little portable organ he has in his bedroom . Whole house starts to echo with the booming sound . Impossible to sleep . Straight inside . Up huge stone stairs . Sounds of children playing round corners . As in Louvre . Those huge rooms . No more . No less . My pathetic attempt to combine snapshot and Last Judgement in early picture of God and his family , God in suit with cigar , Mary , white hair , Joseph ditto , child Jesus playing with dove , sailor suit . First time theme of picture excited me though . Don't know why . For who is beautiful and whole ? Nineteenth century tries to stifle doubts by crushing you with sheer bulk , he wrote . I want my doubts to play and dance . And Goldberg , drawing his pad towards him : The very words he used to excuse his behaviour at the wedding . it did not pacify Madge , he wrote , and when he told her they could have another go at it the following month she told him she had had enough . There are , of course , countless buildings that were purposely designed as pubs , yet many more occupy buildings intended for some other , usually domestic , use . To this extent it is not especially helpful to see pubs as a category of buildings , but rather to keep a clear distinction in mind between interior and exterior . To do otherwise is to play into the hands of the facadists and myth - makers . Our country has more than enough pubs whose ruined interiors fail to live up to the promise of attractive historic frontages . A number of modern pub designers attempt to rescue a sense of intimacy and defensible space by dividing these open - plan arenas into token drinking areas . MUSTARD Hot stuff Britons play safe with herb mustards , but the French add roses and bananas , reports Michael Raffael ENGLISH mustard holds pride of place . This is far from being an indication of cultural superiority , but is due to the fact that English manufacturers extract the essential oil through their milling process . Sergeant Bramble made as if to speak , but the foreign person silenced him with a glance that would have iced coffee . The answer , he said , lies perhaps in your game of golf . Our friend played , I think , off a handicap of trois . Also perhaps we should think a little of the monnaie . Was our friend Sir Vivien as rich as he pretended ? How he bled ! 2 Shep . Someone foully hath played , some forsaken swine This murder hath made by evil design ! 3 Shep . At whose door be it laid ? To the Festival with that 7 year itch As a great movie fan , each year I try and keep a fortnight clear to spend time at the Birmingham International Film and Television Festival . The Festival 's come of age of late and I am more than happy that my sax playing has been the soundtrack for the Festival 's cinema trailer in recent years . For film lovers the Festival 's the place to be in September . It grows from strength to strength each year and the quality of the programme gets even better . Our opener this year has been a runaway success in the States where the box office success of this relatively low budget film has taken everyone by surprise . The Festival now brings you the chance to see for yourself Rik Mayall and Phoebe Cates , in a tale of an imaginary friend with a difference . Mayall plays Fred , the obnoxious character summoned up by a mixed up young woman with hilarious and chaotic consequences . Rik Mayall 's name was all it took to persuade Ate de Jong to direct the film : I knew him from his work in THE YOUNG ONES . He was great to work with I 'd do anything to work with him again . The creation of Zia Mohyeddin , who handles executive production and a major role in the series , FAMILY PRIDE is filmed on location on the streets of Birmingham . The series follows the lives of rich and successful families in this instance , and surprisingly for television , the families are Asian who run an import/export empire . At the heart of the series is BB who has built the business empire from humble beginnings , and who is played by Zia Mohyeddin , whose screen appearances include JEWEL IN THE CROWN , MOUNTBATTEN , ASSAM GARDEN etc. BB 's lifestyle and that of the other members of the family signals that they represent powerful and successful members of the community , a role - breaking change from the traditional depiction of Asians as exotica and outsiders in other television soaps . In the middle of the series ' first run this presentation will provide an opportunity to consider how successful FAMILY PRIDE has been in launching onto the region 's and the nation 's screens the UK 's first Asian soap . DATE : Saturday 21 September TIME : 0205 SCREENING : DESPAIR ( 1979 ) Dirk Bogarde , Andrea Ferreol . Bogarde plays a Russian emigre who runs a chocolate factory in Germany just as the Nazis begin to take power . The film is adapted by Tom Stoppard from the novel by Nabokov . Directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder . David Janssen John Anderson . This was the pilot for the Harry O detective series . Janssen plays a private eye who , while investigating a murder , gets emotionally involved with the prime suspect . Directed by Jerry Thorpe . DATE : Sunday 29 September TIME : 0030 SCREENING : FEDORA ( 1978 ) We all filed out of the assembly hall . My brief was to teach art and history of art to all age groups . I had no experience of teaching art to anyone , but the headmaster assured me that it simply involved giving the boys some paints to play with and then telling them to get on with it . He expressed the hope that my presence would give a boost to the standing of art history in the school , but unfortunately that wish was pie in the sky . Art classes were seen as free periods by the boys and any suggestion of serious work was unwelcome . Perhaps the most important point is that , regardless of who may be at the launch point , the pilot alone bears the responsibility for accepting or rejecting the launch in the light of the situation as he sees it from the cockpit . If he has the slightest doubt about his ability to launch safely , bearing in mind such hazards as swinging to one side or a cable break at any stage , then he must refuse the launch . Moreover , if a pilot decides not to launch in a situation like this , he must never be overruled or criticised for playing it safe . Accidents due to swinging on take - off and landing are so common that it is worth studying the causes in detail . The behaviour of some modern gliders during take - offs and landings is very different to most of the training gliders , and it is vital to understand why they are more prone to swinging . Height judgement above that height is not essential and is largely guesswork . Instructors should encourage the use of comparison for judging low heights so that the pilot is more confident about recognising when he is low . Lack of confidence often results in the pilot playing it safe with extra height , instead of making an effort to rely on his own judgement . Failure to recognise when too high after the final turn Introduce opening full airbrakes after the final turn to check the situation ( unless obviously low ) . On a normal tow , except for very low performance machines , the climbing angle of the towplane and glider is much steeper than the glider 's gliding angle when flying downwind . So , in theory , the glider should be within easy reach of the gliding site . However , in turbulent and windy conditions it is always better to play safe and land into wind in another field , rather than to make a downwind landing . Downwind landings Every glider pilot should make at least one downwind landing during training in order to realise that there is no particular problem in making a safe landing as long as the wind is not very strong . After an accident in which a pilot was killed by a strike , the remains of the aircraft showed the true potential power of nature . The main spars were burnt where the control cables had been melted away . It was obvious from this that in going into storms we were quite literally playing with fire . The effects of electrical discharges on glass fibre and carbon fibre structures are uncertain , but it is clear that any moisture in the material would be turned to steam by a flash and would certainly cause delamination and very expensive damage . Clearly , therefore , we should take heed of these warnings and never enter clouds which are actively electric . Social Services Departments vary in the way they register childminders , but you will probably be visited in your home and be given some forms to complete . What will they want to know about my home ? They will want to know that you have a safe , warm place for children to play , and that your kitchen and toilet facilities are adequate . What will they want to know about me ? They will want to be sure that you are prepared to give your time to care for the children , that you will provide for all their needs and take them out regularly , and that you really do like small children ! Does the practice work with or employ a midwife ? Are there facilities for young children e.g. play area ? Are there accessible toilet facilities ? Some have swivel seats to make getting on and off easier . Are they safe ? All lifts are fitted with Key Switches that can turn them off to prevent children playing with them . Lifts also should have a micro sensitive pad at the bottom which means the lift will cut out and stop the moment it touches or lands on anything . The British Standards Institute have issued standards to cover lifts . Such people are radically opposed to the idea of sociologists conducting research on the police and long for a return to a golden age when the proverbial veil of secrecy surrounded police work . When the research is experiential , carried out by an insider , the publications can prove emotive and will almost certainly be career - problematic for the author . Usually policemen know the limits allowed by the organization and play safe . Harry Templeton ( 1980 ) , a police officer in North Wales , suggested : when you read in Police Review that an officer has been awarded an M.A. after post - graduate study , it will probably be in a safe subject such as business management . But there seems more to it than that ! It is the total change in perspective and new semantic outlook which ensures that the subjective nature of the liminal journey can be used as an essential part of the analysis ; for it can produce a dynamic simply because it incorporates aspects of a newly created ideological disjunction , as some classic accounts have shown . So that now , with the dubious benefit of hindsight and a keen awareness that memory and retrospective versions of reality are often skewed , I feel the subjective account must of necessity become part of the ethnography in which I play all of the parts . I am the institutional member as well as the marginally moving player . I am the anthropologist and the field of study . As Turner ( 1974 : 245 ) has shown in his essay Passages , Margins and Poverty , this philosophy epitomized the concept of movement as a rite of passage into liminality . It possessed a sense of communitas that was essentially perceived as being dangerous to structure : there is no doubt that from the perspective of incumbents in positions of command or maintenance in structure , communitas even when it becomes normative represents a real danger , and indeed for all those , including even political leaders who spend much of their lives in structural role playing , it represents a temptation . Of course not all policemen are in absolute positions of command even though they represent the maintenance of structure in more than a symbolic way ; and few can move into communitas to experience the temptations described above . Once again Turner ( ibid . 241 ) outlines the constraints of structure and the potentiality of standing outside : Jay could n't think of anything else . Her mother had both children late in life , and was wonderful for the first six years of Jay 's life . Jay remembered the sun in the garden , the paddling pool , her mother meeting her after school , face lighting up with love and joy as her little girl pelted out of school like a tornado , seized her mother 's hand and dragged her home down the street , read to her , played with her , woke her with a kiss , read her a bedtime story . Happy days ! But it had all soured later . Dionne said : Well , if she 's had a necking session or two with you , you wicked dyke , she 's obviously interested . Francis said : I could n't have your patience , darling ! Could your Lucy be playing a little game sorry ! I take that back . I am merely a dyke - hag . But when you talk I stray back to your ankles in a fantasy of exploring there with my tongue . Your feet are a mystery in shoes that look like velvet , look like suede , fit you and enhance you and tantalise my warm mouth with desire every time you move your toes . Your hands are playing with the glass I gave you . Sparkle fine and curving like I remember your breasts in my hands . Well , it would be kinda fun to suck your fingers and take me a mouth - walk on the planet of your palms Do you like Mozart ? Oh , yes , said Jay . I shall play some tomorrow , said the woman , sipping brandy . The light from the window spilled along her cheek and lips , and made a dazzling star in her glass . Jay smiled from her shadow , admitting a lazy , faint and wholly delicious curl of desire . What he wanted from Byers above all was an offer a plausible offer to bring two hundred people down to Fortingall . And this was what Byers could not make . They sat on arguing for three hours while Ella went into the other end of the house and sang quietly to the baby and wee Alex came home filthy from playing and sat drowsily beside the fire , chewing at the bones of the fowl . The hut was sweltering with smoke and steam and everybody scratched as vermin crept and bit under their clothes . But it was no better outside : midges boiled in clouds out of the sodden peat around the saw - bed and the timber stacks . Lazarus 's business ambitions soon elevated him from storeman to lumber merchant , thence to a partnership in the coal industry which became his sole business L. Cohen and Son after a few years , and hence to a high - profile dredging company which could boast that it had kept every one of the lifelines of the young nation the St. Lawrence tributaries between Lake Ontario and Quebec open . Lyon soon emulated his father 's zestful example . By the time he was 16 , The Montreal Herald was reporting the great success of his four - act play Esther , which he had written and produced ( and played a leading part in ) shades here of his precocious grandson ! This so impressed the then president of the Canadian branch of the Anglo Jewish Association that he invited the young man , scarcely more than a boy , to be its secretary ; the start of a highly successful and very wide range of business and charitable interests . Quite apart from his business acumen ( by the end of his commercial life he was the head of the largest clothing manufacturers which his father had acquired earlier , originally named Freedmans in the British dominions , as well as chairman or president of the most important trade bodies related to that industry ) he held very senior positions in such organisations as the Baron de Hirsch Institute , the Montreal Reform Club , the Montefiore Club , the Montreal Insurance Co , the Jewish Public Library , the Hebrew Educational Institute , the Canadian Jewish Committee for the Relief of War Sufferers in Europe , the Executive of the Canadian Jewish Congress , the Canadian Colonisation Committee , the Zion Athletic Club , the Zionist Organisation of Canada , and many , many more . One of his particular enjoyments at camp was the log - fire singing , whose ebullience and rhythms remain with him even today , many of them drawn from The People 's Song Book . By this time the guitar had made its popular impact , and in just five years time it would be considered virtually the instrument of musical expression . On one of his walks through Murray Park ( now King George VI Park ) he encountered a young Hispanic who was playing the guitar to himself . Leonard talked him into giving him a lesson . It went well , as did the second and the third lessons . They called it The Shrine even then secular sanctity was in vogue ! It was situated in an old house , a three - storey building which the students and others had the run of , more or less . One of its rooms was given over to chess - playing , a pastime enjoyed by Rosengarten and Leonard . After the second or third week of starting his course , Leonard asked to speak to Professor Dudek , and showed him some of his own poetry . He was aware that the professor was deeply involved in the burgeoning poetry movement of Canada , chiefly in the form of the little books and magazines which were in the van of the movement . He was to be frequently found at various gigs with his Buckskin Boys a square - dance group of three , of which he was the leader . They played mainly country tunes , at high - school and church - based venues most weekends . Terry played bucket - base , Mike played the harmonica , and Leonard played the rhythm - guitar . Two of the numbers they played were Red River Valley and Turkey In The Straw ( the former finding expression in 1989 , when it was included in the video Songs from The Life Of Leonard Cohen ! ) His guitar was his companion , its music his soul - mate , not only at such professional expressions as these but everywhere . Oh , and we 're backdating the warning to cover the stuff you returned to him last week . My weekend began very pleasantly . I did a few odds and ends in the garden on Saturday , played a round of golf on Sunday morning . But Anne was late serving Sunday lunch . She apologised of course ; I gathered she 'd been talking quilts with a fellow enthusiast and had forgotten the time . Books first the new Fay Weldon , an Alan Coren paperback collection and a weighty Zo Oldenburg . Then a pack of cards , and backgammon , Trivial Pursuit and Monopoly because she was sure the cottage would have only Snakes and Ladders and jigsaws with several pieces missing . For the daytimes she would need swimsuit , snorkel and flippers ; oilskin , so rain could not stop her going out ; Hunter boots and crash cap because she was bound to find a riding stable ; tennis racquet on the offchance , as Rodney did n't play ; a frisbee ; a lilo ; shorts , walking boots , a pedometer , a compass , a small knapsack and a thermos . Oh , and she would take the folding bike . She went downstairs to the kitchen where Rodney was packing food and cookery equipment into cartons . She padded across to the window , drew back the curtains and looked out . Veronica lay in a bikini on Sara 's lilo on the lawn ; Rodney was rubbing sun tan lotion on her back . Peter and John were playing French cricket with Sara 's tennis racquet . Carla and Nick were sitting on the grass , languidly tossing Sara 's frisbee to and fro . The Hound was chewing one of Sara 's flippers . Sara placed her knife and fork neatly on her plate and turned to Peter . Peter , she said , you and John . This morning you were playing French cricket with my tennis racquet which I have just had restrung . Carla , she looked at Carla . You used my cards yesterday and now the three of hearts is missing . You used my cards yesterday and now the three of hearts is missing . Nick , she faced him. You were playing with my frisbee . And your dog has chewed one of my flippers . Veronica , she went on . He hated all soaps , especially Neighbours . He did a great deal of walking . He played tennis . He did n't jog . He rarely ate red meat . I knew it by the way their eyes glowed green and yellow in the dark and because they always hopped in my direction in spite of how much I hated them . Proof of their evil intentions came the day the dog caught one . The dog played with it , as dogs will , nose to the ground between his paws , retreating to full height with a sharp bark , rolling the toad over to expose its horrible pale underside . For other prey , a rat for instance , death would be next . But the dog , toad between teeth , jaws primed to gnash , began to foam , in spurts , like a washing machine , and dropped the beast on its uneven back leaving me to confront the hideous creature putting itself to rights . Mummy in her Norwich fiat now . No more tawny owls in the tall Scotch pines . No more croquet lawn ; Daddy , longlegged in shorts and a big blue T shirt , coaching us girls to play . Harriet and I as teenagers bashing each other into the lavender bushes . So competitive , he would mock groan . It was hot , hot . They saw the temple of the sun and the temple of the moon , driving out of the huge city past a tangle of ravines and yellow clifftops hung with shacks of corrugated iron and this and that . Fowl , pigs and human kids played among yellow and white plastic rubbish water containers , Exxon oil bottles . In the heart of the vast city , Daddy again , his brown eyes bright , you could see his sparse hair growing down by the minute into the Hippie pigtail he 'd been too young or too old and always too respectable to wear Well , he showed them his real find , the Rivera murals , the white - clothed indigenos who were being liberated , the obese bosses with their cigars tumbling , the beautiful Mayan prostitute cheeking the bourgeois couple in Almeida Park . The voice of Michael O'Heiner on the radio Daddy who 's playing ? Ssshh go and play , there 's a good girl . Steve slumped deflated . It 's a real example of Thatcher 's Britain . To when she collected Colm from school ? Or right back to the day she married Steve , or took the boat to England ? Or maybe even further than that : to those warm sunny days when she sat watching her Daddy and asking him questions and he told her like he always did - Go and play , there 's a good girl . THE CROSS IS GONE Ben Okri I am nine and - a - half years old and sit in front of the television in England with my brother , watching characters like Meg and Sandy argue in the Cross roads motel , while fat Benny , the tele West Country moron in woolly hat , eats lots of pies . And somewhere through the hotel muzak lurks the sensation that things used to be different , that we ( my brother and I ) had n't always been wrapped in jumpers , silent , staring at the screen , that the days used to be hot and long . That we used to walk home from school at one p.m. in the burning sun and play barefoot in grass that was dry and scratched our calves . That we would wait for our mother to come home from work with Lucky Packets full of sherbet , that most of our childhood had been outdoors and here we were inside , with our dad home again , our dad who we had n't seen for four years , here we were having crossed the equator with nine suitcases , where flying fish leapt from the sea , to be in this place . Wembley Park , London , no money , no furniture , no nothing , short winter days and starless nights . My English friend Annie was more or less brought up by her nan in a back - to - back in Manchester . Her nan had lost her hearing working in the textile m ills . Because she had no garden , she improvised a sandpit for the children to play in . She took an old carpet , filled it with soil and put it in the front room , where Annie and her brother spent the day . When it was time for them to go , she rolled up the carpet full of soil and put it in her bedroom . 10 things you did n't know about the Federation Cup Billie Jean King played in the first five Federation Cup finals . Representing the United States , she played between 1963 and 1967 . Martina Navratilova is the only player , to date , to have represented two countries in Federation Cup competition . She played for her native Czechoslovakia in 30 defeat of Austria in 1975 , and then played for the United States in 1982 and 1986 . Prior to the establishment of the Federation Cup by the ILTF ( now the ITF ) in 1962 , the former US player , Margaret du Pont , together with former Australian pro , Thelma Coyne Long and supported by the USTA , had drawn up plans for their own women 's international team competition and had even offered to donate a cup for the event . Make no mistake , money is now a cancer in the game . Our game really is in danger of dying from too much of it . You cannot blame a brilliant young player who takes , say , the 200,000 he or she is offered , to play just for one night but it inevitably gives them a totally false impression of life and what their tennis priorities ought to be . But when you have a situation where youngsters of 12 or 13 and in some cases even younger who may only have won a couple of matches , are being offered 500,000 guarantees to sign up with one of the management companies before they are snapped up by one of the rival agents , the potential for long term damage is enormous . This year , in prize money alone , there is well over 100m available for professional players round the world , including team events such as The David Cup and The Federation Cup . If you do not believe me , then listen to how Steffi Graf and Monica Seles let the cat out of the bag in Paris . First , Steffi admitted The women 's event does n't really start before the second week after most of the top seeds had advanced for no more than the loss of a few games . Then Monica , in apparently wanting the ITF to change the Olympic eligibility rules to suit top players who did not want to qualify by playing in the Federation Cup , said without Gabriela , Martina or I in the Olympics , they would n't really be the Olympics and Steffi could win the gold medal playing left - handed . Ouch ! ( Editor 's note : We would be interested to hear readers views on the WTA proposal to increase the numbers of seeds in Grand Slam tournaments ) Now , there is an added urgency to her shots and she remains an unlikely threat to both grass court opponents and , ( following her victory in the 1990 French Open and her re - appearance in the final again this year ) , clay court specialists . Sanchez - Vicario gambled on power , played for the lines and left her opponents , particularly the vastly experienced but hopelessly out of sorts Pam Shriver and the Puerto Rican , Gigi Fernandez , floundering . Shriver 's recent long term absence from the tour , following shoulder surgery , and her lack of match practice were shown up by an opponent who was playing the women 's game of today , powerful and merciless . Shriver , good humoured as she was in her quarter final defeat , played yesterday 's tennis . Despite the humour , which was lapped up by an appreciative crowd , it was a sad spectacle and one that must have left her regretting her comments , when asked about her chances at Wimbledon . Sanchez - Vicario gambled on power , played for the lines and left her opponents , particularly the vastly experienced but hopelessly out of sorts Pam Shriver and the Puerto Rican , Gigi Fernandez , floundering . Shriver 's recent long term absence from the tour , following shoulder surgery , and her lack of match practice were shown up by an opponent who was playing the women 's game of today , powerful and merciless . Shriver , good humoured as she was in her quarter final defeat , played yesterday 's tennis . Despite the humour , which was lapped up by an appreciative crowd , it was a sad spectacle and one that must have left her regretting her comments , when asked about her chances at Wimbledon . She said , Planning was often difficult or impossible and the need for home care was less . The commonest cause of death is now advanced Kaposi 's Sarcoma ( a kind of cancer ) . Slowly growing internal lesions can produce great difficulties in the lung and the gut , causing shortness of breath and other problems . Internal Kaposi 's Sarcoma can be very painful . Surviving longer Emotional support The commonest cause of death now is advanced Kaposi 's Sarcoma a painful cancer . Slowly growing lesions can produce difficulties in the lung and the gut , causing many problems including shortness of breath , and periods of continuous pain . ACET SCOTLAND : WHO WILL CARE FOR MY CHILDREN WHEN I DIE ? It is hard to fathom the pain felt at the death of a son or daughter , husband or wife , partner or friend . The authorities said that Hong Song - dam was not imprisoned merely for sending his paintings to North Korea and books to Koreans in Germany , but because his paintings and contributions to a magazine Art Movement were aimed at promoting a Marxist - Leninist revolution . In September 1990 the Supreme Court dismissed the charges of espionage and returned the case to a lower court . In January 1991 Hong Song - dam was sentenced to three years ' imprisonment for producing material benefiting North Korea . Chang Ui - gyun continues to serve an eight - year sentence for espionage . The authorities denied that his arrest in 1987 was solely because he had met pro - North Korean people in Japan and claimed that he had acted on North Korean orders to collect documents on South Korean opposition groups , and to infiltrate dissent groups in order to create social unrest . Wlflinn himself describes the Bernini statues at some length but at no point does he ever mention the subject Wlflinn was trying to isolate a visual denominator which , he claimed , was common to all works produced at the same time . The history of forms in art has had some distinguished advocates , some of whom have been concerned with the transformation over time of one form to another ; others have been more attracted to problems of values , arguing either that styles in art change and decay , or that in a particular period there is an artistic will to produce work in a style of its own . These are matters which border on philosophy . Eternal values can also be sought in art , as they were by the French art historian É ; lie Faure , whose open mind accepted disparate arts , a view which he expressed like this : It is not paradoxical at all to affirm that an Ivory Coast mask and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel express the same need to manifest a harmonious rapport which exists between mankind and the universe . His words about kissing are worth hearing . The airmail letters which he exchanges with his liberal friends in England tell a worse story of them than they do of him , and hark back in fine style to that golden time when such friends used to kneel in London mosques with Michael X and other celebrities , squinting up at the Heavyweight Champion of the World 's effulgent arse . Jane is unlikely to earn much sympathy by virtue of the attention given to the environment which produced her dabbling in eventfulness and her poor kiss , and yet the two environments have more in common than would once have been thought possible . It is a quite Caribbean Britain that has made her : a Britain at the end of the world which it used to rule. Ahmed 's revulsion from Jane sometimes seems to be shared by the writer . The second sentence of the issue of May 1988 refers to the first twenty years of the state : Threatening to push the Jews into the sea , the Arab world reformulated the Nazi theory of Lebensraum in Mediterranean terms : there was no room in the region for a Jewish homeland . Arabs who had been expelled from their land and thrust into the condition of Jewish refugees are hereby reformulated as imperialist aggressors and as Nazis . This is reminiscent of the sort of inversion a fault - finding literary criticism can produce which is not to deny , which is indeed to admit , that the Arab leaders and polemicists of the region have had their faults , including some of those which have been identified over the years by Commentary . The magazine 's line on such matters would also appear to be remote from , and distinctly harder than , that taken in its dying days by the Reagan Administration . George Schultz travelled to the Middle East in the summer of 1988 to spread the word that the continued occupation of the West Bank and Gaza and the frustration of Palestinian rights is a dead - end street . He is a schoolteacher , 29 years old the age of Christ at Calvary , whose name is often in his mouth , averse though he is to deities , and perhaps of Hamlet , whose words enter the novel . This Glasgow Hamlet is the latest in a long line of impersonations , and his soliloquies are the novel he inhabits , or most of it . Doyle 's greyhound is a pair of electricians ' pipes , which he lights upon , paints and plays , producing a doleful sound that soothes him it is like mumbling your mantra or telling your beads . He needs soothing . He has passed into crisis . There are classes in movement , dance , acting and improvisation , as well as more specialist areas like mime , clowning , and playwriting . The classes are on certain days of the week only , but enrolment is not expensive given that a term is structured over the usual academic year . The term can be approximately twelve to thirteen weeks long , and advanced classes will in all probability do a production over that time which will be mounted and produced in the Institute 's own theatre . Such an exercise might even spread over two or three terms . What should you do if you do n't live in London , and find that it is financially difficult to pay for such courses ? Coaching and presentation You will now perhaps be wondering whether or not you should be coached for your audition . Coaching can be a great help but it can also get in the way , for slavishly following a pedantic teacher can produce very strange results , with the candidate ending up trying to sound like someone he or she is n't . Your natural ability is the thing that should emerge , and if you have been well coached the coaching wo n't show . If you have been badly coached it will show everywhere . Men may wish to use a jacket for one piece and only a sweater for the other. And props ; what do you do about them at your audition ? Well , anything that can be carried and produced without a lot of fuss is permissable pipes , cigarettes , mirrors , handbags , fans , matches , etc. But the less elaborate you can be the better . Try to think of the essentials , as any good coach will tell you . You will need to send a photograph to Spotlight , too . Quality in photographs costs money but it is an outlay that is never wasted for casting directors and producers do look at volumes of Spotlight repeatedly . In recent years , photographs of newcomers to the profession have been put together in a volume expressly produced for that purpose , by Spotlight . The drama school will know about this , and make sure your picture is sent at the right time before you finish training . Equity Because such religious orders are themselves controlled from Rome , Roman discipline is conveyed via a route other than by the bishops . Even so , some orders still remain slightly independent from Rome , particularly the religious orders of solemn vows , whose existence preceded the reformation . Their numbers include the Augustinians and Dominicans , both of whom have been influential in Ireland and have produced theologians of liberal or left persuasion . Despite their dependency on Rome , the jesuits too have been important innovators on the contemporary scene in Ireland , particularly in the areas of education for ecumenism and industrial relations . Nevertheless the predominant catholic power lies with the hierarchy and secular clergy . Roman catholic theologians teach at Trinity College , former bastion of protestant Ireland , and Roman catholic writers , including clergy , question the agreed wisdom of the Irish catholic hierarchy . But , as will be seen , such liberal theologians have yet to achieve power within the political religious establishment . Criticism of the Irish constitution itself from both clergy and laity produced one first change in the constitution . The famous paragraph of Article 42 intending to give pride of place to the Roman catholic church in the state was removed by referendum in 1972 , along with the accompanying paragraph recognizing other existing religious groups . The Roman catholic hierarchy declared that they had no opposition to this particular change , but one wonders how the vote would have gone if they had . A proposal before the Church of Ireland synod in May 1979 to support interdenominational education was defeated , despite pressure from its ecumenical lobby . The main grounds appeared to be the danger which it might pose to the small Southern protestant minority by encouraging mixed marriages . However , no evidence favouring such a contention has ever been produced . Harry MacAdoo , then the Church of Ireland archbishop of Dublin , on several occasions put forward the argument that Southern protestants were a minority group with their own culture and traditions , and thus deserved to have schools for themselves in order to hand on their own traditions . When considering the merit of this argument , one does have to bear in mind the particularly precarious nature of the Southern protestant grouping . It has been argued that catholic schools do not do the job for which they were set up , that is educate Roman catholics sufficiently to keep them in the church . Irish bishops have been well aware of Spencer 's ( 1968 ) research . Using traditional measures of religiosity , he has pointed out the apparent failure of English catholic schools to produce better catholics and fewer ex - catholics than state or other schools , and has inferred the likelihood of the same for Irish schools . Spencer 's argument has been banded about from time to time . This is not unnatural , as in the 1970s and early 1980s Spencer was at the Queen 's University , Belfast , and an active member of the All Children Together Movement . In the light of W. McCready 's findings in another study that the religious behaviour of the father had a greater impact on children , Greeley considered the fact that catholic schools were having an increasing influence on men to be of significant importance for the future of Roman catholicism in the USA ( 1976 : 1735 ) . Clearly , the follow - up study was more favourable to the defenders of catholic schools than to opponents . However , Greeley and Rossi 's work also has been used to uphold the defenders ' argument that , though Roman catholic schools varied in their efficiency , they were certainly better than any possible alternative in terms of producing good Roman catholics . Thus , both sides have tended to use social scientific research to make statements in general about catholic schools which have been drawn from other countries and , therefore , beyond the cultural confines within which Irish catholic schools exist . This is something for which surveys , including that of Greeley and Rossi , are not and cannot be intended . Beer seems such a simple drink that we tend to take it for granted . Serious conversation about alcohol is reserved for wine and spirits . Yet beer good beer is a highly complex product and one that arguably needs greater skill to produce than wine . Wine , at its simplest , means crushing grapes and letting the wild yeasts on the the skins ferment the sweet juices into alcohol . If you crush an ear of barley , however , you will not get beer . As the roots begin to break out of the grains the barley is transferred to a vast hall heated with warm air and turned by large malt shovels . When the maltster is satisfied that germination has unlocked the rich natural sugars in the barley , the grains are taken to a kiln room where heat stops germination . The temperature of the kilning process determines the type of malt produced : the higher the temperature the darker the malt . The malt is now ready for brewing . In the brewery it is milled into a powder called grist and then mixed with hot water ( known as liquor in breweries ) in a vessel called a mash tun . Yeast is made up of millions of tiny fungus cells which literally go berserk when confronted by a liquid rich with sugars . Within a few hours a scum appears on top of the wort and this rapidly builds up into a great yellowy - brown crust as the yeast turns the sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide . The system used in Britain to produce mild , bitter , stout and strong ales is called warm fermentation , using a special type of top fermenting yeast . This means that the yeast , encouraged by the warmth of the wort and the temperature of the brewery , works quickly and vigorously on top of the wort to produce alcohol . After 47 days most of the sugars have been turned into alcohol and the yeast begins to sink to the bottom of the vessel . Keg , which includes lager , is known in the industry as brewery conditioned beer . Instead of a secondary fermentation in the cask to add a full , mature palate , keg beers are killed off in the brewery by a number of unnatural processes that affect the taste and quality of the product . The aim is to produce beers quickly which , because they are sterile and have a long shelf life , are also highly profitable . Where keg milds and bitters are concerned , when fermentation is complete they are conditioned for a short period in tanks under a heavy blanket of carbon dioxide . They are then chilled and filtered to remove the remaining yeast and are usually pasteurised as well to ensure that death is complete . What the Campaign is against is fake , poor quality imitation lagers being foisted on unsuspecting drinkers and passed off as being genuinely European or Australian . All the main brands of lager on sale in Britain are brewed here , not imported . Those that carry the same names as overseas beers are produced under licence and do not necessarily adhere to the recipe or strength of the original . The Whitbread version of Heineken , for example , is 12 degrees of gravity weaker than the Dutch version . There is no such beer in Germany as Hofmeister ; it is brewed here by Courage . Beer is classified as a food stuff and yet it is excluded from the legal requirements to list ingredients . Drinkers have a right to know whether the beer they are drinking is a genuine barley malt product or whether it is stuffed full of such tasty ingredients as corn syrup , propylene glycol alginate , amyloglucosidase , papain enzymes and potassium metabisulphite . All these ingredients and additives were used to produce Miller Lite in the US until there was an outcry from consumers . In Britain , Courage brew Miller Lite under licence but do not have to reveal the ingredients . Keg bitters and lager have been enormously successful for the brewers not as a result of genuine consumer demand but due to saturation advertising . Many small independent breweries were saved from extinction . Real ale became a major talking point in pubs and the media . Slowly and hesitantly , the Big Six attempted to rebuild bridges to its alienated customers by producing and promoting cask conditioned beer again . When Allied Breweries unveiled Draught Burton Ale in 1976 to great acclaim , the flood gates opened and all the national combines hurried to embrace the new philosophy of abroad portfolio of brands to please the disparate wishes of pub users . CAMRA 's strength lies in its style of organisation . National , regional and local beer festivals present a vast range of beers to the public and help gain many new members . A small full - time staff based in St Albans looks after the day - to - day administration and finances of the Campaign and produced a monthly newspaper , What 's Brewing , and the annual Good Beer Guide . A subsidiary publishing company , Alma Books , has been set up to produce a number of guide books and the Campaign also works with commercial publishers to produce such titles as Classic Town and Country Pubs and Beer , Bed and Breakfast . In its short history , CAMRA has produced many reports on the structure of the industry and the need to refashion it to meet consumer needs . It has involved itself energetically in such issues as pub opening hours and the additives and adjuncts used in the brewing process . Much of this is due to the face that , following the recent Monopolies and Mergers Commission report on pub ownership , many breweries are actually moving out of brewing itself and concentrating instead on pub management an area where they believe they stand to make the greatest profits . At the end of the 80s the famous Manchester firm of Boddingtons sold its brewing operation to Whitbread ; yet during 1988 alone , Claire Hunt has noted , Boddingtons undertook the refurbishment of 50 of their tied houses . More recently , at the end of 1990 the regional brewing giant Greenall Whitley announced that it was closing both its breweries at Warrington and Nottingham ( formerly the independent Shipstone 's brewery ) to concentrate solely on running pubs contracting out its beer to be produced by former rivals Allied Breweries . The principal victims or beneficiaries of this change of direction are the historic tied houses . And the principal problem facing them today is the replacement of genuine and much - loved historical features by bogus period fittings which are invariably couched in a vaguely Victorian or Edwardian sham - historical style . Too often , though , myth and reality part company outside the door , behind the roses and the last flailing morris dancer . We are not shown the acres of car park , the oversized modern restaurant extension and the gutted interior , knocked together from what were once intimate old rooms . Yet if we should catch a glimpse of the fake plastic beams , the mass - produced horsebrasses , cartwheels and hunting prints there will , often as not , be unnerving claims of genuine olde worlde atmosphere for this mishmash of bogus antiquity . The myth - makers , with the tourist boards prominent among them , carefully ignore the fact that genuine historic quality has been lost forever from most of Britain 's pubs . In York , one of the country 's major historic and tourist centres and the city best known to this writer , the visitor 's search for some genuine experience of a better , bygone England will find little reward inside most of the old city 's public houses . William Harrison noted in 1587 that : In all our inns we have plenty of ale , beer and sundry kinds of wine and such is the capacity of some of these that they are able to lodge two hundred or three hundred persons and their horses . In the medieval period the church was also involved in the brewing of its own church - ales , which were made on an occasional basis and produced a useful income supplement ; in late medieval times these were often served in the Church House that frequently adjoined the churchyard . The church - ales provided competition for the secular supply of beverages from the taverns and alehouses . Both these establishments seem to have had an architectural form very similar to the ordinary domestic buildings of their area , and the hall provided the communal eating and drinking space . The figures come from the latest study , Restaurant Chain Market in Europe , compiled by GIRA SIC , a market research company affiliated to the Geneva International Research Associates group , which concentrates on service industries and catering . For the study , a fast food outlet was defined as one with highly systemised operations , normally with counter service , and a high volume of customers . Using these criteria GIRA SIC found that chains produced more than 70 % of the UK 's fast food meals in 1990 , with American groups dominating the market . Hamburger outlets are by far the most important , representing almost 80 % of total turnover in the fast food market . In the UK , franchising has always played a significant role , although relations between franchisor and franchisee have not always been smooth , according to the report . We talk about sweet and sour but they may have five different sweets and five different sours . Another key difference between styles is in heat control , inextricably tied in with the equipment used . Any standard piece of Western catering equipment simply cannot produce the heat needed . That 's the crucial difference in keeping the flavour , says Jermey , for whom an important concern has been authenticity . The main differences between the two styles of cuisine is in the way the Chinese blend ingredients , how they introduce colour into the food , and that up to 90 % of the work is done prior to cooking . The Allegrini has a pleasant , bitter cherry finish the touch of austerity making it an ideal foil to buttery pasta . In the search for alternative sources of good , reasonably priced wine , have a look at Sicily . The Sicilian Institute of Vine - growing and Wine - producing has launched a generic campaign in Britain to increase awareness of Sicilian wines . Certainly modern methods of vinification and new grape varieties have already produced good results . Cellaro is a first - rate Sicilian co - operative . Well known pastas such as spaghetti and lasagne are still the best - selling products . However , according to many suppliers , pasta shapes are rapidly increasing in popularity . As a result , McDougalls has introduced Tricolour Mixed Shells , Spirals and Animals with the latter being aimed at caterers producing children 's meals . Shapes , such as shells , twists and bows , are the fastest growing sector of the pasta market , says Teresa Cooke , product manager for the Knorr Collezione Italiana range from the Caterplan Division of CPC ( UK ) . The company has just added Flute Penne ridged tubes which are ideal for trapping sauces and Conchiglie Tricolore ( shells ) to its range . The doughnuts cost less than 20p each and are available in Sweet Cinnamon , Sugar Spice , White Delight and Choc - on - Top varieties . Iced yogurt DAIRY Crest has joined forces with Taylor Freezer to produce an iced yogurt , Piccolo , which can be stored in ambient conditions , and a soft - serve machine from which to serve it . Two 2.5 - litre tubs of yogurt cost 11 and are available in chocolate , vanilla , peach Melba , lemon and strawberry flavours . The yogurt keeps for six months in ambient conditions or two weeks once opened in a refrigerator . Potato flavours DE - ANNE offers garlic herb , onion Provenale , smoky bacon and cheese - flavoured potato powders . The powders can be reconstituted with water and shaped to produce flavoured French fries . The fries , made through a counter - top machine , can then be deep - fried before serving . Boneless turkey The recipe passed to the Pommery family in 1760 , and now it 's a subsidiary of Amora . It 's not the only moutarde l'ancienne . Both in Britain and France large food companies and tiny cottage industries produce their own interpretations . In some , the outer husks remain almost whole . In others they are crushed and flaky . A blurred blueness in the distance , Capri , indeed , was the little wallowing tub 's destination . Really , exclaimed in heavily scandalized tones one of the few other passengers braving the last gusts of a salt - laden sirocco up on deck , an Englishwoman in an ample frock loud with different coloured daisies . But , finding her exclamation had produced no reaction in the only other passenger not comfortably below , save in the stem for a scatter of peasants returning with emptied baskets from Naples , she moved nearer along the ship 's greasy rail . Her target was an excessively tall gangling gentleman , not very suitably clad for the Mediterranean in a suit of gingery wool with the trousers ending in tight bands round the calves . He was leaning against the rail smoking a cigarette and staring with an air of melancholy towards the distant island . It was to her own surprise that Muriel Box , the director of 14 modest budget feature films between 1951 and 1964 , found herself an inspiration and a role model for a new generation of women film - makers , critics and students . She was rediscovered as a film - maker in the early 80 's , and a series of retrospectives and tributes culminated in 1990 at the International Festival of Women 's Films in Creteil , where a programme of her work was feted by capacity audiences . Her first husband was Sydney Box , the writer - director who became head of production at Gainsborough Studios ; and her sister - in - law was the Miss Box Office who produced the wildly successful DOCTOR IN THE HOUSE films over two decades . But Muriel 's climb to film direction was slow and gradual , and she began her apprenticeship as a typist and then continuity girl , rising throughout the studio hierarchy . She wrote theatre plays , often for all women casts , which anticipated her work on Gainsborough films , with their dominant roles for women stars and strong appeal to women audiences . But Bevan and Radclyffe quickly proved that Laundrette was not a one hit wonder by going on to produce WISH YOU WERE HERE , which made Emily Lloyd a Hollywood hot property , followed by the powerful and moving A WORLD APART . Chris Menges ' directorial debut which received critical acclaim and festival awards throughout the world . One of the strengths of the company has been their ability to produce films with a wide range of styles and subject , without losing their commitment to brave and adventurous film - making . Their list of successes includes PERSONAL SERVICES ( a Zenith production ) , CARAVAGGIO ( produced by Sarah Radclyffe for the BFI ) SAMMY AND ROSIE GET LAID , FOR QUEEN AND COUNTRY , PAPERHOUSE and FOOLS OF FORTUNE . They have also set up their own television production company , WTTV , developing projects including NEWSHOUNDS with Alison Steadman and Adrian Edmondson , which won the top prize in the Best Television Film category at last year 's BAFTA awards . Chris Menges ' directorial debut which received critical acclaim and festival awards throughout the world . One of the strengths of the company has been their ability to produce films with a wide range of styles and subject , without losing their commitment to brave and adventurous film - making . Their list of successes includes PERSONAL SERVICES ( a Zenith production ) , CARAVAGGIO ( produced by Sarah Radclyffe for the BFI ) SAMMY AND ROSIE GET LAID , FOR QUEEN AND COUNTRY , PAPERHOUSE and FOOLS OF FORTUNE . They have also set up their own television production company , WTTV , developing projects including NEWSHOUNDS with Alison Steadman and Adrian Edmondson , which won the top prize in the Best Television Film category at last year 's BAFTA awards . They also produced LORNA DOONE with Clive Owen , and are now working on a series based on the children 's classic THE BORROWERS and a major drama series adapted from Armistead Maupin 's cult novels TALES OF THE CITY . They have also set up their own television production company , WTTV , developing projects including NEWSHOUNDS with Alison Steadman and Adrian Edmondson , which won the top prize in the Best Television Film category at last year 's BAFTA awards . They also produced LORNA DOONE with Clive Owen , and are now working on a series based on the children 's classic THE BORROWERS and a major drama series adapted from Armistead Maupin 's cult novels TALES OF THE CITY . Working Title have a slate of releases for 1991 which is more than impressive : in addition to ROBIN HOOD produced by Sarah Radclyffe for 20th Century Fox , they have also completed two American based productions : DROP DEAD FRED with Rik Mayall and Phoebe Cates and RUBIN AND ED . Meanwhile , in the UK , LONDON KILLS ME , EDWARD II and DAKOTA ROAD were all recently completed . They are currently shooting their biggest budget movie so far : A MAP OF THE HUMAN HEART with the brilliant young New Zealand director , Vincent Ward , who directed the strange and wonderful NAVIGATOR . third focus colonial power , black politics , desire music Over the last year thousands of films have been produced all over the world . Yet what we normally get to see on British cinema screens represents a small slice of what is produced globally . This has very little to do with the quality and entertainment value of the films themselves . colonial power , black politics , desire music Over the last year thousands of films have been produced all over the world . Yet what we normally get to see on British cinema screens represents a small slice of what is produced globally . This has very little to do with the quality and entertainment value of the films themselves . What gets investment and what is shown has far more to do with the economic stranglehold of the Hollywood studios and the distribution/exhibition chains . For this to happen , cities will need to discuss and plan their events with television companies in order to ensure maximum mutual benefit . How big are the audiences for sport on television ? The Women in Film group will produce a session with particular emphasis on Women as Audience and the Representation of Women in Sport . Sport and the coverage of sport on television is a major part of the everyday life of the television audience . Sport as part of The News means that it has national significance and is part of the cultural heritage of the audience . Lynda La Plante One of the originators of the Z CARS series , the founder of 7 : 84 theatre company and writer of THE CHEVIOT , THE STAG AND THE BLACK BLACK OIL , THE BOFORS GUN , BILLION DOLLAR BRAIN and more recently , BLOOD RED ROSES , John McGrath has written for the stage , television and film . His three plays about Scotland ( THERE IS A HAPPY LAND , BORDER WARFARE , JOHN BROWN'S BODY ) were produced for Channel 4 as part of a 9 hour trilogy on the popular history of Scotland . He also adapted Beryl Bainbridge 's THE DRESSMAKER for the cinema . His most recent film work was the script for ROBIN HOOD ( starring Patrick Bergin ) which Working Title produced for Twentieth Century Fox . His new novel , PARADISE NEWS , will be published on 30 September , a week after his talk . A SOUTH BANK SHOW about him and his work will be broadcast by LWT at the same time . SMALL WORLD was adapted by Howard Schuman as a television serial , produced by Granada TV , in 1988 . David Lodge himself adapted NICE WORK as a four part serial for the BBC , broadcast in the autumn of 1989 . It won the Royal Television Society 's award for the Best Drama Serial of the year , and a Silver Nymph for the screenplay at the International Television Festival in Monte Carlo in 1990 . SPECIALS is not another helping of car chases , sieges and shoot - outs . It is a realistic human drama focusing on the problems faced by these very special police officers . Brian Degas and Harry Robertson who devised , wrote and produced SPECIALS will discuss their new series with a senior police officer of national standing , and with members of the cast . Michael Eator , Royal Television Award - Winner for SHOOT TO KILL , will chair the discussion . Family Pride One of the best American Football films ever made . Nolte is a declining star in a world he increasingly discovers is more about money and power than sport . Directed , produced and written by Frank Yablans . TIME : 0145 SCREENING : THE CROWD ROARS ( 1932 ) James Cagney Guy Kibee . I would work for one of the major charities , perhaps , or maybe go for a job in publishing . That seemed like the most sensible idea . I would write to all the publishing houses that regularly produced art books and offer my services to them . All my specialist knowledge , all that accumulated wisdom of the ages , would surely come in useful to someone . Also , academic life had not exactly left me well - off and it seemed like a good idea to try to earn a slightly larger salary so that I would have something to put towards my eventual retirement . Many gardeners collect and store seeds from their garden plants , which is an economical practice , especially in the case of outstanding vegetables , flowering plants and sports or other unusual forms . It is not really worth saving seeds from F1 hybrids or from most fruit varieties as these rarely reproduce true to type . Variegated varieties will often produce green plants from seed , and seedlings from a flower mixture may not represent the full range of colours . You should gather seeds from the best plants only , if possible selecting and marking them early on and removing all but one or two of the first , fattest seed - heads to conserve as much energy as possible . A plant left to fully ripen all its seeds will probably stop flowering or cropping before its neighbours . For these reasons , when tackling the problem of gardening in the shade it is important to choose plants proficient at extracting energy from limited sunlight . Mere tolerance of shade is not enough . Some species may be receiving sufficient light to grow plenty of healthy foliage , but will always lack that little extra needed to produce flowering shoots . Variegated plants will start to make more chlorophyll in their leaves in response to restricted sunlight , and so tend to turn green in the shade . Others need precise daily rations of sunlight that change with the seasons if they are to start flowering at a particular time . Later , when the wind has picked up , the gliders weathercock round and can be free to tip over so that the into - wind wing is upwards . Another hazard is the wind swinging and increasing during the day so that the glider ends up parked facing directly into the wind . If the glider is facing across the wind with the into - wind wing held down , the wind will be blowing on to its top surface , producing an extra down - load . However , in a strong wind several tyres are required to stop the into - wind wing lifting up. The upper tip will be high in the air where the wind is stronger , while the lower wing will be close to the ground where the wind is much lighter . It is a frightening experience , and I have never heard of anyone doing it a second time . With a trailer that you have not towed before , your first priority should be to explore its stability carefully . You can do this by driving on a quiet , wide road with no traffic about , gradually increasing your speed and moving the steering slightly to produce a very slight weave . As the speed is increased , the damping becomes less and you will be able to decide on a reasonable limit to keep to for the first half hour . By then you will have become tuned in to the driving and will be better able to judge if it is safe to go a little faster . In flight , the directional or weathercock stability is maintained by the fin and rudder , which provide extra side area behind the c.g . Thus with the aileron and rudder held in a central position , a glider will always weathercock into line with the relative airflow , just as the wind vane on a church steeple will always swing into the wind . When rudder is applied , the nose of the glider yaws to the side until the force produced by the rudder is balanced by the tendency for the aircraft to swing back into line with the airflow . ( In the air this is nothing to do with the actual wind . The aircraft is flying in a mass of air which may be stationary or moving . ) In windy weather , the effects of the wind gradient near the ground accentuate any movement up or down of the towplane and glider . If the towplane gains speed by flying close to the ground , when it noses up to start climbing , the effect of the wind gradient accentuates the climb so that the glider may easily be left flying close to the ground , in or near the wake and below the tug . Then , when the glider pilot recognises he is far too low , any quick movement to regain position takes the glider up through the same wind gradient , causing a sudden surge of speed and producing an unexpected and possibly uncontrollable gain of height . At the same time , the extra load in the tow rope accentuates the nose - up pitching movement on the glider ( as in a winch launch ) . This slows down the towplane , leaving it at low speed below the glider and having its tail pulled up out of control . Never having shown the same propensity as the French for violent revolution , the dispossessed have entered into a complex ritual of action within the processes of the criminal justice system , and in doing so have encouraged those tasked with their containment to consider them as being less than human and therefore needing further control and discipline . As Wilson ( 1981 ) , Reiner ( 1985 ) , and others have clearly identified , policing is basically a socio - political tool of the state and government . It is sustained by an intimate knowledge of its enemy the underclass of society and exemplary use is made of this knowledge to produce the technological and structural means for the continuity of this system of power . As we shall see , there is now a specifically created police culture of the dramatic , which incorporates illusion , praxis , and imagery as part of a well - directed social production . It rejoices in an enhanced belief in Manichaean and mythological archetypes of good and evil which are made manifest in exaggerated games of cops and robbers . Such a mood of concern has existed now for more than a decade and seems to mirror uncertainties of role occurring elsewhere in society . For example , it can be argued the expansion into amalgamated police units has enlarged the organization to a point where it is no longer accessible to the man in the street ; alternatively , it may be that the use of a centralized computer and complex technical aids has alienated the public even at the same time they are increasingly fed a diet of violent news snippets which reinforce a fear of crime and generate another folk devil of criminal menace , which demands the impossible : a policeman on every corner . In nightly theatrical TV rituals of social order and chaos , a stream of hero - policemen stand at the symbolic crossroads between peace and mayhem , and the detective and the chief officer now operate at the point where once the church and its priests declaimed on categories of good and evil and the resulting binary codes they produce . Inevitably , as a secular interpretation of morality has superseded that of established religion , so the activities of the social controller have become increasingly important in the drama . It can be no accident that the opinion of the police officer is now sought on matters which once would have remained the province of the archbishop and his clergy . the report is certainly not a definitive and unchallengeable portrait of the Metropolitan police . In later , calmer moments , those conclusions which are not based on published research material need to be contested . There is a world of difference between research findings based on safe academic principles and methodology , and those produced with graphic literary phrases , but based upon anecdotal heresay , recorded by listeners blessed with total recall . This attack was repeated again in 1987 in the Federation magazine , for the report had obviously hit a very raw nerve . Its frenzied rejection was very different to that of the many projects listed in the Police Foundation or Home Office Registers of Research mentioned above , most of which are simply ignored and never ever receive any review . Nor will he be able to take a sabbatical to formulate the complex structures of meaning lodged deep in the empirical material , which Lvi - Strauss ( 1976 : 80 ) has argued are capable of linking together symbolic and metaphoric programmes to reveal properties not immediately accessible to the ( empirical ) observation . To coin another military metaphor , he must soldier on knowing that all of this activity might well smack of sedition . Even the fact that someone inside is writing fieldnotes will produce unease , as I have experienced ; and their collation can almost certainly be tantamount to something akin to espionage ; for as Sean Conlin ( 1980 ) observed : often our work can seem political rather than scientific . WRITING THE ESPIONAGE Because of this insider 's knowledge , I chose to record my fieldnotes surreptitiously and with much burning of the midnight oil . Furthermore , as these college - based insiders stress , their essays do not represent police college views or those of the Home Office ; and both Thackrah ( 1985 ) and his publisher , James Tindall , take pains to ensure from the outset that we are aware than any views expressed in the book are those of individual contributors , and not those of the college , the Home Office , or even the police service . One might suggest then that the major project Holdaway recognized was missing from the college inventory is still to come ! Indeed the anonymous reviewer of the Pope and Weiner edition went on to propose that if the police staff college is to fulfil its task of producing a major project with any credibility , it must encourage its academic staff to go out into the field to study policing at first hand . Other challenges to social researchers to pursue a form of participant observation are to be occasionally found in the journals : questions were being raised about what the police were doing , what they ought to be doing and how they ought to be organised and accountable . questions were being raised about what the police were doing , what they ought to be doing and how they ought to be organised and accountable . The fact that these questions are being raised has significance for the authority of the police and it is the single most important determinant of the style of policing . Thus we need to explore in more concrete terms the operational aspects of the questions and the dilemmas they produce . ( Manning and Butler 1982 : 338 ) But if attempts to produce this concrete research are doomed to neglect or derision or to be defined as espionage , then what can be achieved ? He dismissed this as irrelevant and his use of metaphor , in what turned out to be an eighty - minute interview , was most revealing . I later recorded he invariably used the idea of an escape from real work to describe any research secondment ; in doing so he embodied the common institutional fear of uncontrolled social movement across a divide or boundary into another society such as academia . This is part of the ideological pedagogy which the institution uses to create and maintain defensive boundaries against the outsider or those who might produce a critical analysis of its systems ; it is one major strength of the organization . Again , as I recorded in a fieldnote , this assistant chief exhibited aspects of what I could only then describe as institutional paranoia , when he went on to deride an unnamed social scientist who had been allowed research facilities inside a police force ( unspecified ) . He dismissively described how this man had come in , taken the material provided , and then had written a childish and critical book on the police , out of which he got a Ph.D . To have advanced within the job and achieved rank means he is likely to have followed and supported institutional precedents without question , and to have unwittingly accepted and been involved in the reproduction of the narrow modes of thought and practice demanded by the culture . It is this special knowledge , or gnosis , which hopefully can make the inside ethnography so different and illuminating . Burridge ( 1969 ) has written most persuasively about the effects which fieldwork can have on the anthropologist , describing the prophetic experience this can produce . He links this to the act of consciousness raising , which I consider presents the greatest problem for the insider who cannot leave the field or return to academia . The insider/ethnographer can turn his understanding of an interpretive methodology to an assessment of his own actions , and see connections as if scales had been removed from his eyes . By consciously using subjectivity as a research tool , the insider is peculiarly placed to generate what Geertz ( 1976 ) described as an inward conceptual rhythm , moving between the particular and the general . Hopefully , he can use the creativity which exists between the experiential inside view and observational outside view of a cultural system to formulate an ethnography which incorporates a continuous dialectical , tacking between the most local of detail and the most global of global structures in such a way as to bring them into simultaneous view ( Geertz ibid . 235 ) . But it is not just how the new consciousness is to be used which produces problems in handling this new - found wisdom ; it is the very acquisition of knowledge itself which makes the concept of self so dynamic . This structural awareness can be as hard to handle as any decision to try to publish the account , for what has happened in the past and what is expected now from the insider is tied up with an understanding of how the institution of policing prefers to present a restricted image for outside consumption , as I have described above . It all becomes uncomfortably apparent and that which had been lived and accepted is opened up in a revelatory manner , so that the vice of being caught up within the hegemonies of such a system designed to control a powerless underclass can become overbearing . Once the semantics of police experience were revealed , I had to live with the problems experienced by both Castenada and Favret - Saada , although I demur from casting myself into their intellectual companionship . Reality itself then became a construct of knowing and being known , and of living with the alternative possibility . For personal transitions made across physical and psychic boundaries during the subjectivity of the field situation can produce disjunction ; indeed they can paralyse . In such a situation it is therefore all the more necessary to recognize the unique place the ethnographer holds and to capitalize on it . During this time of subjective observing participation , the policeman/insider moves to the margins , to a point where analysis negates automatic approval or predisposition for a world of known categories and classifications . By defining this insider fieldwork ( and the university experience which generated it ) as a liminal situation , I am extending the Turnerian concept ( 1969 , 1974 ) in which the individual moves temporarily into an unstructured and somewhat ambiguous state , during the initial process of passing through a rite de passage before returning to structure . Here the marginality is less transitory and occurs in the post - tribal situation where the concept of liminality is less familiar to the discipline , even though transitions across spatial and temporal boundaries still create epistemological changes of the kind Turner describes . In my own case , the model of transition through liminality might still produce a recognizable replication of the move through a rite de passage : policeman student new policeman But there seems more to it than that ! I suspect it is no accident the politics of the times seems to parallel the growing toughness of the police image , or that the police have taken on an increasing resemblance to the black - clothed enemies of goodness who sprinkle the popular science fantasy films such as Star Wars , Superman , and the like . In these mass cultural replays of the eternal dichotomy between good and evil , the use of highly symbolic black uniforms as an indicator of anonymous evil predominates . Within the separate police forces , the nuances of uniform difference were always embroidered by real polises to produce symbolic boundaries from which to assess other uniform wearers . Thus our contacts with firemen , St John Ambulance men , special constables , and the like were all used to define them as being somewhat unreal and therefore slightly less than human . Such groups were said to be like the foreigners in the adjacent forces , for it was constantly repeated that many wanted to join us but failed because of some inadequacy . His real work always lies in the bodily activity of physically capturing the prig , often to have this dangerous business transformed by a detective who then negotiates justice with the adversary , in the essential CID cause of returning a good detection rate . As a result , the uniform polises often complain that the quality of prig has been forsaken to be replaced by quantity . This qualitative/quantitative dilemma produces a further schism between uniformed policeman and detectives , for CID systems of maximizing and negotiating both the crimes recorded and their eventual classification can drive a wedge between the two units . Once again the result is disjunction , for it is quality and not quantitative measures in the work experience which produce self - esteem for the individual . As Pirsig ( 1979 : 277 ) correctly observes , qualitative value As a result , the uniform polises often complain that the quality of prig has been forsaken to be replaced by quantity . This qualitative/quantitative dilemma produces a further schism between uniformed policeman and detectives , for CID systems of maximizing and negotiating both the crimes recorded and their eventual classification can drive a wedge between the two units . Once again the result is disjunction , for it is quality and not quantitative measures in the work experience which produce self - esteem for the individual . As Pirsig ( 1979 : 277 ) correctly observes , qualitative value is the predecessor of structure . In contrast nailing the prig down is a quintessential statement about the value to uniform polises of stasis , containment , and spatial control . Such vivid , metaphoric language epitomizes and illustrates the ultimate truths and values of the police world . In effect , even those who move across the margins into CID work have produced the first structural crack in the preferred coherent model of uniformed and unitary policing . FURTHER INTO LIMBO In 1966 I moved from the world of real polising into areas of operational marginality which were further to confound the preference for the clearly delineated police world I had been brought up in . The philosophy which they never tired of expounding to us included visions of a new world , which although sketchy and inevitably idealistic often showed an artistic and positively creative side to their existence . It was often difficult to dislike the gentle , painted hippies , even though they subscribed to a strange new communal , non - hierarchic lifestyle incorporating the unlawful use of dope . This undermined any pre - ordained police logic we might have employed to define them , so that pressures to produce a unidimensional model of polis prig were simply unable to be maintained , although we did home in on such facets as their long hair and frequently unwashed state to polarize them as binary animals , in contrast to our human status . And so although they were still the opposition , they could rarely be classified as real prigs . We therefore became aberrant policemen simply because what we were now living was not programmed by previous organizational knowledge and habit . As I have indicated , the requirements for competition are slightly different , but we can use the fitness built up through normal training to provide a platform upon which to establish more specialised requirements . Thus you will already be aerobically fit , that is able to sustain a relatively low work - load over a long period . If this is the case , then your first objective is to raise the level of work you can do before sliding too far into fatigue - producing anaerobic respiration . The longer you stave that off , the less time you will spend building fatigue toxins . Some people would argue that the bout is too short to require any form of aerobic training . Always taper your training down at the end of a workout ; do not stop suddenly because this can cause fainting or dizziness . Begin increasing training intensity as soon as you can last the 20 minutes . Eventually , you will be able to work higher and higher into the aerobic band , thus staving off reliance on fatigue - producing anaerobic respiration . As you approach the time of competition , begin interval training in your aerobic band by working very hard to raise the pulse rate almost into the anaerobic threshold , then easing up to drop the pulse rate down into the lower third of the band . This is an invaluable part of your preparation . Work at relaxing your muscles , so that the stretch is at a maximum , then hold it there for around 30 seconds . Lift your legs slightly against the force of gravity , holding them for at least ten seconds , then let them relax again . This exercise produces quite startling gains in a short time . Your partner presses down on your knees and you try to relax your muscles Force back against the applied pressure Avoid bouncing up and down because an lite performer will simply wait until you are moving upwards before driving in with a strong attack . You will have no weapons beyond a feeble back fist or hammer fist , whereas your opponent can throw a powerful reverse punch that meets all the requirements for an obvious score . Stance width is an important factor which , if ignored , can produce serious stability defects Straddle stance has a low target profile , but body weapons are seriously restricted Your stance must be long enough to dig in under a fierce attack . You could then lean back and pick up the front foot , thrusting it straight into the opponent 's solar plexus . The recoil gives you added stability , but you must take care that it does n't thrust you backwards and off balance . Bag work is essential to learn how to cope with the often heavy recoil effect produced by this kick . ( b ) then thrust your foot out in a straight line The side kick delivered from the back foot is comparatively slow and does no more than a good front kick . You may be asked to fight again in cases of drawn bouts , and at the end of the session a list of selectees to the lite squads will be read out . Don't expect to be selected on your first session ! The lite squads work more intensively and aim to produce at least three prospective candidates in each weight division . More techniques are taught and there is ample opportunity to demonstrate your ability . After two or three such sessions , everyone 's performance is scrutinised and the leading contenders selected . Lazarus 's business ambitions soon elevated him from storeman to lumber merchant , thence to a partnership in the coal industry which became his sole business L. Cohen and Son after a few years , and hence to a high - profile dredging company which could boast that it had kept every one of the lifelines of the young nation the St. Lawrence tributaries between Lake Ontario and Quebec open . Lyon soon emulated his father 's zestful example . By the time he was 16 , The Montreal Herald was reporting the great success of his four - act play Esther , which he had written and produced ( and played a leading part in ) shades here of his precocious grandson ! This so impressed the then president of the Canadian branch of the Anglo Jewish Association that he invited the young man , scarcely more than a boy , to be its secretary ; the start of a highly successful and very wide range of business and charitable interests . Quite apart from his business acumen ( by the end of his commercial life he was the head of the largest clothing manufacturers which his father had acquired earlier , originally named Freedmans in the British dominions , as well as chairman or president of the most important trade bodies related to that industry ) he held very senior positions in such organisations as the Baron de Hirsch Institute , the Montreal Reform Club , the Montefiore Club , the Montreal Insurance Co , the Jewish Public Library , the Hebrew Educational Institute , the Canadian Jewish Committee for the Relief of War Sufferers in Europe , the Executive of the Canadian Jewish Congress , the Canadian Colonisation Committee , the Zion Athletic Club , the Zionist Organisation of Canada , and many , many more . There is certainly an element which highly values the proprieties of artistic freedom : a work of art must be a work of free spirit , untrammelled by rules and regulations , wherein absolute consistency or conformity of any sort is out of place . But there also seems to be a more personal element , too . In The Favourite Game he turns on those who produce such work in a wholly negative way . Of Breavman ( his alter ego ) he states , He did n't know why he hated the careful diagrams and coloured plates . We do . Even when in lectures , which was not often , his mind was elsewhere . But there was a degree of comprehension , if not agreement , from the professor . Scott was in fact a poet of considerable skill himself a founding father , no less , of Canada 's emerging poetry movement , and the doyen of poetry in Montreal , which has produced so many excellent poets . An odd diversion , perhaps , from one of the country 's leading constitutional lawyers , but he was seized of the gift , and so the poetry became assertive . His presence had a telling , if quieter , effect on Leonard than that of Dudek or Layton , but it was nevertheless very important . Understanding mythologies thus , we might paraphrase his title : Symbols Of Life , which has the additional benefit of thrusting forward his debt to the surrealist poet Lorca , a natural child of the symbolist movement , whose super - realisms had infatuated Leonard from his teenage years . ( The symbolists ' position was best declared by Mallarm who , in a famous phrase , said , Peindre , non pas la chose , mais l'effet qu'elle produit . Painting is not what matters , but the effect it produces . It is this which produces Leonard 's startling use of juxtaposition , which goes on to become a disavowal technique . ) Whilst owing his debt to Lorca , it has to be said that this volume is markedly conservative . ( The symbolists ' position was best declared by Mallarm who , in a famous phrase , said , Peindre , non pas la chose , mais l'effet qu'elle produit . Painting is not what matters , but the effect it produces . It is this which produces Leonard 's startling use of juxtaposition , which goes on to become a disavowal technique . ) Whilst owing his debt to Lorca , it has to be said that this volume is markedly conservative . The language apart , Leonard also seems to have been drawn towards the scandal - provoking propensities of the social catalysts as well as their revolutionary emphases ; drawn towards them , at times suggesting some involvement with them , but always as an outsider to their cause ; never a fully committed revolutionary himself . Wild - eyed Furus , bright scarves knotted round their brows , hurled chunks of red iron ore through the plate - glass windows of Government House. Bit of crisis on Mars , is n't there ? asked Michael . Now the Uridians ca n't afford to produce enough marioc for the government there to keep the Furus sweet . Next day , behind the summerhouse , the dark man began to colour in his picture he used two colours only , yellow and blue . The picture was of a terraced garden . When this picture was fully developed , even space was represented not as being qualitatively the way it is in vision , but as a structural isomorph of visual and tactile space . By this point , every knowable quality was confined to the mind . But the modern behaviourist and functionalist analyses of mind treat mental states as mere powers to produce behaviour : that is , they abolish the intrinsic qualitative content of mental states , replacing it by causal , hence relational , properties . We have then reached the absurd position that nothing in the world possesses a knowable intrinsic or qualitative nature , for all properties are essentially relational . This predicament arises out of the demise of consciousness , when only consciousness , understood in a traditional way , can bring us face to face with , and hence give us any grasp on , the qualitative , as opposed to relational , properties . Paradoxically , associationism is anathema to representational theorists like Fodor ; and Fodor criticizes connectionism ( see Chapter 7 ) for inheriting all the problems of associationism . But a picture of the mind as consisting of atomic mental states causally interacting is not a million miles from the Humean view a view of which Hume himself was the most insightful critic . On a more phenomenological level , if we wanted some visual analogue to the associationist view of mental life we could not do much better than think of one of those psychedelic slide - shows popular in the late 1960s , in which lights were projected through oil , producing coloured globs which met , merged and repelled in a series of kaleidoscopic patterns . Every emerging pattern was explicable in terms of principles of local association . From the standpoint of constructivism , the reason why associationist - representational theories so spectacularly fail to capture the essence of thought is that they ignore the fact that every thought , like every action , has , at some level , a purpose . ( See the discussions of these developments elsewhere in this book , particularly Chapters 4 and 7 . ) And it has led to the introduction of new technologies for the direct investigation of the relationships between brain , behaviour and external events , the subject of the present chapter . Most current procedures for recording the electrical activity of the brain , or producing radiographic images of the living human brain , or investigating the accuracy and timing of behaviour are dependent on computing capacity which was not available twenty years ago. But many of the techniques which computers are enabling us to exploit are not new . By 1875 , the Liverpool physiologist Richard Caton had detected tiny fluctuations in voltages present on the surface of the brains or scalps of monkeys , cats and rabbits . The viewing medium can be X - rays , as in computerized tomographic ( CT ) scans ; magnetic resonance of atomic nuclei , as in nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) scans ; or emission from radioactively labelled substances incorporated into the structure of nerve cells as in positron emission tomographic ( PET ) scans . These obviously have considerable clinical value for localizing and identifying areas of brain abnormality , but they also enable areas of activity in the normally functioning brain to be pictured . The resolution of these pictures is still relatively coarse and they produce only a stationary image at a single moment in time . Nevertheless , they have demonstrated activity in the visual areas during an imaging task , in the language areas during a verbal task and even , on one - occasion , in the higher visual areas of a schizophrenic patient who subsequently reported that he had been hallucinating . Remarkable as these observations are , they are currently only confirming what was known already about localization within the brain . We have no way of knowing exactly when these experiences took place . All we can reasonably conclude is that they happened at the same time . A much more likely explanation of Libet 's findings is simply that all experiences are delayed relative to the stimulus causing them , so that synchronous external events produce synchronous experiences . ( Another useful illusion is that of the instantaneity of experience . We have to view a stimulus for a finite time before it generates a perception , but that perception appears to us to occur instantaneously rather than fading into view like the Cheshire cat . ) Recent experiments on the psychophysiology of selective attention by , for example , Steven Hillyard at San Diego and Emanuel Donchin at Illinois have successfully related different endogenous components in the ERP to different stages in the process of selective attention . Suppose a subject is listening to different sequences of sounds played independently to each ear through a pair of headphones in order to pick out and respond to a particular target sound . If the subject is instructed to attend to one ear and ignore the sounds coming into the other ear , all the sounds in the attended ear will produce an enhanced N100 component in the ERP . ( The name N100 indicates a systematically occurring negative shift in the ERP which peaks about 100 msec after the stimulus . ) This enhancement is thought to be associated with the extraction of additional information about the stimuli in the attended ear . The implication , contrary to relativism , is that certain things ( referred to in the contemporary literature as natural kinds ) simply belong together . If we attempt to put the wrong type of things together , or attempt separate explanations of things which are part of the same natural kind , then we are going to struggle to produce successful science . We wo n't produce any interesting generalizations , we wo n't succeed in predicting new phenomena , and the world will remain every bit as confusing as it was previously . Cognitive Neuropsychology Case Studies and Group Studies Graphemic parsing is necessary because a phoneme is often represented in English by more than one letter ( for example , PH represents one phoneme in graph , OO represents one phoneme in boot ) . Each grapheme is then translated into a corresponding phonemic representation on the basis of pre - established conversion rules ( each grapheme would become associated with a particular phoneme as one 's reading skills develop ) . Finally , the phonemes are blended together to produce the spoken response . The alternative pronunciation route , which involves addressed phonology , employs the lexical system . Initially , an entry in a reading lexicon which matches the sequence of letters that one has detected is located . I have gone into such detail about individual patients to try to convince you first , that it can be misleading to categorize patients too narrowly into groups , and second , that the dual - route model I described can accommodate a wide variety of data from different individual cases . There is an equally important additional point that I want to make . Since brain damage can produce these very precise differences between patients , it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that there is one part of the brain that has the precise function of carrying out each piece of information processing that is specified within the cognitive model . It seems to me to be perverse in the extreme to attempt to resist the claim that the brain is literally carrying out these functions . Cognitive neuropsychology thus provides powerful evidence that the level of analysis which functionalists use to describe brain processes is the correct one . Muller 's nineteenth - century doctrine of specific energies formalized the ordinary observation that different sense organs are sensitive to different physical properties of the world and that when they are stimulated , sensations specific to those organs are experienced . It was proposed that there are endings ( or receptors ) within the nervous system which are attuned to specific types of energy , For example , retinal receptors in the eye respond to light energy , cochlear endings in the ear to vibrations in the air , and so on . Of course , high energy stimulation even of the wrong kind may stimulate a sensory ending ; for example , excessive pressure on the eyeball will produce a sensation of light . Contrariwise , over - intense stimulation of the appropriate kind will evoke pain . These are , however , abnormal situations ; for ordinary perception , the doctrine of specific energies holds . Intentionality is usually overlooked by causal theorists who tend to see their job as being to sort out the afferent limb . It is therefore especially ironical that the neurophysiological CTP , which locates the basis of perception literally in the head , at a particular place away from the perceived object , actually sharpens the mystery of intentionality . For nature , after all , offers no other examples of causal chains in which events causally downstream refer back to the objects that are involved in producing their causal ancestors . The intentionality of perceptions and indeed of other mental phenomena makes them non - analogous to material phenomena outside of the nervous system . And nothing that takes place within the nervous system can explain why this property of intentionality should emerge there . Pam emerged from a strong field headed by twenty - fifth ranked Sabine Appelmans from Belgium and two of the world 's most successful juniors in recent years , Maggie Maleeva and Cristina Tessi . On route to the final , Pam defeated Appelmans 63 , 63 and Tessi 62 63 . In the final , Pam 's aggressive game produced a 64 75 victory over another young American prospect Clare Rubin . Once again , the U.21 event provided invaluable experience for young British players . Mandy Wainwright played exceptionally well in taking the middle set 63 from 142 ranked Nana Miyagi from Japan ; whilst Joanne Ward typically made the most of her opportunity by extending Cristina Tessi to 75 61 . To compensate , I told him to move to his left on the return of the serve . Allow more time to play that forehand shot . Time , even a fraction of it , possessed value in producing a better return . More than coaching fundamentals , which Pancho Segura considers a different type of coach than himself , he was a coach for the championship performances . I taught Jimmy the sensation of where to expect the serve of an opponent , plus where to plan to return that shot . Coaching Visual Tennis Video - new release T John Yandell , one of America 's top coaches , has produced a new 60 minutes teaching video for beginners and those wishing to improve their games . It 's called Visual Tennis and offers the viewer a comprehensive approach to learning the game based on visualisation and mental imagery . The video retails for just 14.99 ( plus 1.50 pp ) and is available through our video service elsewhere in this magazine . High tech ladies Though the trend in tennis today is towards the high - tech , powerful , graphite rackets , often with larger heads , many women find them a little heavy and sometimes even a bit too large . Now Slazenger , which has been linked with the sport for more than 100 years , has produced a new racket design with women , and teenagers in mind . Slightly shorter in length , and with a 90sq in headsize rather than the 95 and 105 which are currently the norm , the Challenge 26 is also lighter and specially balanced to suit female and junior players . It features a highly aerodynamic wide - body graphite frame for easy manoeuvrability and greater power and includes Slazenger 's Optimum Mass System at the 3 and 9 o'clock positions on the frame to extend the sweet spot and so improve playability and ball control . Caroline is available from branches of Olivers and Freeman Hardy Willis , nationwide . Wilson Hammer competition winners The prize of five Wilson Hammer rackets to be won in the April issue of Tennis World understandably produced a large , imaginative entry . The answers to the questions were : The five lucky winners were : The Joanne Ward story by Alastair McIver I spoke with Joanne on the eve of her chemistry GCSE . She was n't looking forward to it , which is a little surprising for a 16 year old who , just 3 years ago , combined all the elements of her talent to produce the compound which exploded her on to the junior tennis scene ! This was no experiment , however . Athletic and committed , Joanne , who once stood on the fringes of junior county badminton , now has a goal to realise . The amount of protein and carbohydrate in the diet will determine how much repair and development can take place , and also how much energy is available to train with . Training for size Weight training can produce very different results , depending on the type of routine followed . Even if the majority of exercises employed are basically the same , the results will vary according to whether you work hard for short periods or do easier work for a longer stretch . When training for size the number of reps per set ranges between 8 and 12 . Desiccated liver This is perhaps one of the most widely used and cheapest of supplements in bodybuilding . It is produced from raw beef liver , and once in its dried form is one of the most concentrated forms of food available . It has all the goodness of liver but with virtually all the moisture , fibre and fat taken out . Desiccated liver is approximately 80 % protein and is easily broken down and absorbed by the stomach . ADVANCED USE OF THE FITNESS DETERMINATION ROUTINE ( FDR ) By now you should be completely familiar with the original FDR , and you will already have experienced its benefits . It might already have occurred to you that the routine can be varied to produce different benefits . The object of advanced use of the FDR is to make you aware of its potential . The first and most obvious change is to increase the duration of each exercise , but keeping the rest periods constant , that is 30 seconds ' exercise followed by 1 5 seconds ' rest . Lie on your back , with your hands over your ears , your knees bent and your ankles crossed . Slowly crunch your head and knees together and then lower your head back on to the floor . The knees should only move slightly it is the head and upper body movement towards the knees which produces the best results . Barbell curl slowly curl the barbell to shoulder height , then lower it to the starting position Leg raises It is the obliques and abdominals which create the well trained look . Thus because there are stomach muscles which operate vertically , diagonally and horizontally , complex bending and twisting movements are possible , and support for the vital abdominal organs is provided . One of the most popular myths in weight training is that higher reps produce bigger abdominals . However , in order for the abdominals to grow you must treat them like any other muscle group , and work them hard for 8 to 12 reps using 3 to 4 sets . Two of the most basic exercises for increasing abdominal development are weighted sit - ups and weighted leg raises . In only five of those factories were the levels on all machines below the maximum exposure level ( MEL ) , stipulated by the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health ( COSHH ) laws . Such was the ineffectiveness of controls that only 13 factories fell within a limit twice that of the MEL . Although 60 per cent of the 363 samples taken were below the MEL , there were plenty of examples of poor control , with nearly two - thirds of all planers producing dust levels above the MEL . The HSE 's Woodworking National Interest Group have concluded that lack of control is not the preserve of specific machines , and dust levels are high within factories as a whole . They are urging better housekeeping , and a better understanding of when and how to use respiratory protective equipment ( RES ) . Perhaps a more important advantage of Solvent Free Varnish is that it is touch dry in 20 minutes , and ready for a further coat in two hours . A considerable time advantage over polyurethane finishes , against which it is match . Roncraft are producing a range of clear and coloured versions , but I suspect that the clear gloss and satin finishes will be of most interest . Details from Ronseal Woodcare Advisory Bureau , 15 Churchfield Court , Churchfield , Barnsley S70 2LJ . Wirbel keeping the workshop air clean He is , however , frequently contacted by landowners who want to know how they can make better use of their trees . Now , as a step away from the craftsman entrepreneur that has been John Makepeace 's hallmark he has introduced a new course to Hooke Park College for manufacturing businesses that want to make better use of wood . He is attempting to provide training for people who want to create businesses that produce quality products from indigenous timber at source . Like his other courses this one - year programme will comprise a mix of practical and business studies , though the practical side is more likely to look at machining , timber technology and forestry . It is hoped that the first year 's crop of students will stay on at Hooke Park to help initiate a production plant there . Presumably he means mortise gauge . When talking about edge jointing he advises scribing a line with a knife or gauge . I would suggest that if a gauge was used then any curvature of the edge would be repeated at the line produced . Perhaps he would have been better off with a pencil ! On the same subject I would advise the author that hot glue is not a necessity to make a joint without cramps it can be made equally as well with a cold glue . T. Burton , Herts Appalachian dulcimer Having read your article ( WW/May 91/p.484 ) on the Appalachian dulcimer , I would draw your readers ' attention to the following points , which might aid them in producing an effective musical instrument . The original articles ( Dec. 1970 and Jan. 1971 ) included helpful photographs showing stages in the instrument 's construction . Anyone unskilled in wood bending would find it helpful to read a more detailed description of the process , which can be found in most books on guitar or violin construction . Try comparing a plucked note on a violin and on a mandolin and you will certainly notice the difference . If the posts are only intended to curve the back , this can be better achieved by planing a curve on to the struts before they are glued to the back . It is possible to make dulcimers of different sizes and shapes but this does affect the sound produced . The instrument described is traditional in shape , size and stringing . A modern dulcimer is more like the lower one in the photograph , with a double first string . The advent of the Arbortech Carving Competition at the 1990 Woodworker Show gave me the idea of putting the tool to some good use . My grandfather had always taken a keen interest in my work , and I had an equal admiration of the stories of his time spent in Burma during the Second World War . Therefore it seemed fitting that as a tribute to him and his comrades I produce a sculpture with this tool . The strongest image I got from his stories and subsequent research was of the oppressive jungle and heat in which the soldiers fought . They given the colloquial name of Chindit . I still needed extra information on clothing etc This was obtained with kind assistance from the Burma Star Association and the National Army Museum . I produced sketches and a clay model for ideas , but these were eventually only used for reference when working on the sculpture . I chose a large irregular lump of spalted walnut and directly drafted my idea on to the timber with a paint brush and some white paint . This was the only medium that showed up well enough against the various colours and patterns of the spalted timber . Possibly due to my lack of marquetry expertise I was drawn towards the three veneer section , and E.J . Higgs Light Music ( left ) won third prize in the class . Perhaps it 's because you get to see more of the timber . However I was amazed by the quality of the exhibition as a whole , and can see that marquetarians are continuing to produce work of the highest standard . In the long term , I 'd only like to see more effort aimed at subject matter , and perhaps , in some cases , less concern with veneer quality E.H. The resulting shape is finally inserted into its background and the design mounted and finished as required . A more emphatic outline can be achieved by making a second cut round the outside of the first outline . This involves choosing a further veneer ( D ) , and when you do , keep an eye on maintaining a good contrast between the two linear shapes produced . For making up you will have to first paste the motif on to A , as before , then cut in C. Proceed by taping this assembly on top of D and cutting round the original outline . Counter - change patterns essentially 2 - D in nature can be most effective ( fig. 2 ) . They can be cut in two separate operations or , if three alternating veneers are taped together , the top one bearing the pattern , both halves of the design can be cut in one operation . The figure produced from A fits into the ground B ; the figure from B fits into ground C. One half has then to be turned over before the two halves are trimmed and married up. Roundel and counter - change patterns ( fig. 2 left ) and line patterns ( fig. 3 below ) Clockmaking The fortunes of time Bill Watts , whose clocks achieve the highest levels of craftsmanship , was recently commissioned to produce a clock to replace one built in the 1760s . He is now critical of the British clockmaking industry , but hopes that with the help of a German movement , his new clock will survive longer than the original . It was in September 1990 that The Royal London Hospital , Whitechapel , celebrated its 250th anniversary of continuous service to the community . The chose pose proved interesting , and suited the size of the timber , yielding very little waste . George 's favourite model , his daughter Samantha , had turned model - maker for this project and fashioned a velvet beanbag to help him achieve a realistic finish and to portray the Teddy as an old bear with modern leanings . Calculations were taken from the original bear to produce drawings , reducing it from three to two dimensions . At the same time , George measured the beanbag model . From the drawings , he sketched various elevations , then cut them out and transferred them on to the blocks of wood to be bandsawn . Some manufacturers supply larger handles with larger tools , but I have not found any discomfort with this aspect of the design . According to the manufacturer , the bevels on the Cogelow tools need only honing to be perfect . In my experience , there is only one manufacturer ( not British ) that produces tools ready for use for professional ornamental carving . Even in this case , some work needs doing to the back of the bevel to bring them to optimum usefulness . The most pointed criticism is that the angle of the bevel is not rounded off or taken back far enough , so producing an elbow that hinders the smooth entry and flow of cut . Waste blocks protect the legs ( above ) Carving out of his shell Bertie Somme meets carver David Morgan , and looks at some of the endearing pieces David produces in his West Country workshop Pond snail in monteray pine David Morgan ( or Ned ) is one of the rate sorts of person who always appears to be happy and cheerful , making him the natural leader of the Devon branch of the British Woodcarvers Association . His degree in zoology from Bristol University has doubtless led to his strong feeling for the natural curves and shapes which are so predominant in his work Bob Wearing 's Workshop Edges of Perspex and similar acrylic sheet plane well , but not with the conventional plane . The thin edged - woodworking cutter blunts very quickly and at times produces a very chipped or chattering surface , so it is modified ( fig.1 ) . A very small 45 bevel is ground on the top surface , giving an approach angle to the work of 90 ie , a scraping cut . Although the angle on the blade is quite large when compared with the normal , nevertheless it must be kept well sharpened . An order form is enclosed with Publishing News . AGE CONCERN SECURITY CARD As part of our mailing activity we have produced a security card designed to help elderly people check on callers . The front has space for the older person to put details of gas , electricity , telephone , water , local council and police station numbers . The back highlights the importance of using caution and suggests how to use the card . The leaflet can be used by Age Concern local organisations or by older people themselves . We will be including a sample copy and an order slip with the November mailing . Following a request from an Age Concern organisation , we will also be producing short guidelines on why older people should vote in the first place . These will be included with the November mailing . CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL CENTRE DISCUSSION PROGRAMME The Christian Council on Ageing ( CCoA ) is a national voluntary and inter - denominational organisation , inaugurated in 1982 , which believes that churches should give greater attention to the particular needs and potential of older people . It sees the practical development of its work as taking place mainly at local level , and to this end encourages the formation of autonomous local groups which can respond to needs in their own area . The CCoA produces a quarterly journal , Plus ; publishes occasional papers ; runs courses ; and promotes in - service training on ageing and pastoral care for clergy and pastoral workers . It is also currently developing devotional material for use in residential homes . Further information from CCoA Membership Secretary , 20 West Way , Rickmansworth , Hertfordshire , WD3 2EN . OFTEL Press Notice 19/91 , 15 August 1991 . TELEPHONES BRAILLE BILLS British Telecom ( BT ) can now produce bills in braille and in large print for the partially sighted , free of charge . The new bills have already had successful trials in the East Midlands . The braille bills are produced for BT by the Royal National Institute for the Blind ( RNIB ) . British Telecom ( BT ) can now produce bills in braille and in large print for the partially sighted , free of charge . The new bills have already had successful trials in the East Midlands . The braille bills are produced for BT by the Royal National Institute for the Blind ( RNIB ) . Mr John Wall , chairman of RNIB commented : RNIB urges other companies to follow the example of BT and to give visually impaired people the right to privacy . BT News Release NR64 , 12 August 1991 . Available from Joseph Rowntree Foundation , The Homestead , 40 Water End , York , YO3 6LP . Markets in Social Care Services A resource pack has been produced by the School for Advanced Urban Studies at the University of Bristol . The pack is designed to help local authorities and independent service providers address the practical and conceptual issues around markets and contracts in community care services . The pack includes a discussion paper and seminar report on issues related to markets in social care ; plus additional materials , including journal articles and specimen contracts and service agreements . Available from Cambridge University Press , Edinburgh Building , Cambridge CB2 2RU . Reminiscence West Indian Stories Age Concern Thamesdown 's Caribbean Lunch Club has produced a book of reminiscences and recipes . The idea grew out of their weekly meetings and from the desire to inform younger West Indians about their heritage . The book consist of 12 stories , a number of recipes and some Ring Play Rhymes . Multicultural Healthcare and Rehabilitation for Older People Demographic changes in Britain are resulting in a varied ethnic minority population . Age Concern England and Edward Arnold have jointly produced a book which brings together various authors experienced in addressing the particular needs of elders from ethnic minorities . Health needs and beliefs , special circumstances , cultural requirements and the history of immigration are amongst the subjects discussed with reference to individual minority groups . There is also a section on future planning of services for multicultural elders . MEMORIES OF THE 1950s CHAIRMAN Sir Peter Parker was doing his best , but the 1980s opened with much the same worries of insecurity over government policy , lack of investment , and working practices which harked back to the old company rules . Although the new chairman Sir Robert Reid had his critics , at the decade 's end it was clear that his method of management had produced decisive changes . A slimmer BR was more confident , easier to contemplate privatising . There was no longer just the promise of investment , but much of it in place . 1981 . Deltic Mania is not too strong a label to attach to the last full year of the locomotive flagships of the East Coast main line . Undoubtedly the most powerful , distinctive and popular design of the post - steam era , their final months on secondary workings produced a near manic enthusiasm that happily led to six of the fleet of twenty - two heading for preservation . It may have been heralded as a strategic disaster , but the Manchester - Sheffield electric route via Woodhead tunnel slipped quietly into oblivion , due ceremony avoided because of the public puzzlement that a heavy freight route should be axed only twenty - five years after complete modernisation . The post - mortems continue but the truth is , that from an operational viewpoint , the 1,500V DC Woodhead line is not missed for a moment . It is now a matter of history that notwithstanding an outlay of 150million at current prices on research and development and prototype trains the technical potential of the train was never achieved and in 1983 the entire project was abandoned . Had BR had more time and more funding , had the government been more sympathetic towards the railway investment and had there been no recession , the APT might have eventually been successful but that is another story . ( By 1988 the Italian Railways had produced a tilting train the Pendolino which appears to be successful . ) Not only was the non - fulfilment of the APT an enormous financial loss but since its rapid adoption in squadron service had been presumed there were no alternative plans for either trains or track . As the depression began to affect West Coast loadings it soon became clear that it was no longer possible to sustain the level of service provided in the 1974 Glasgow electric timetable . WHO would have thought , back in 1980 , that we would now be reading in the popular railway magazines a number of reports that British Rail 's Provincial sector possesses some routes which are promising to become profitable ? Who indeed could have forecast that the Provincial sector would be announcing such an improvement in their financial situation resulting from rapid but targeted investment in new trains , with the prime objective of cost reduction ? Certainly , only eight years ago , when the other sectors were given clearly defined briefs , the lumping of unprofitable passenger services into a somewhat negatively titled Other Provincial Services produced a kind of dustbin sector . Provincial inherited a very wide range of types of route , train make - up , and service level . It had very few jewels in its crown . The same work was also required in a large number of the early Mark 2 locomotive - hauled carriages , and in many long - life electric multiple units . It emerged that across the very varied fleets the cost of asbestos removal would be 25,000 per vehicle , an investment producing no financial return . The question had to be asked : could the purchase of new trains produce savings sufficient to cover the cost of servicing their capital costs as well as reducing the burden on the PSO ? In the 1970s there were only two types of potential replacement DMU being considered by BR 's passenger marketing people and the engineers . The Class 210 diesel - electric design of three - car or four - car unit had actually been produced to a business specification developed in conjunction with the board 's passenger commercial managers . It was intended as a high - performance set which could inherit the reliability associated with previous BR ( SR ) DEMUs , thus beating the older , inherently unreliable diesel - mechanical multiple units hands down. Its problem , when analysed by the new Provincial sector was its price : it would cost too much to enable a financial case to be made for the 210 breed to replace existing DMUs even taking asbestos removal into account . The other design in the offing was the two - axle railbus which had started life as a Research Division project aimed at combining high - speed freightvehicle technology with that of the standard Leyland road bus in order to produce a low cost diesel train . This was certainly a cheap option , and there were some short - or medium - distance routes where such a basic vehicle was considered acceptable . In particular the PTEs in West Yorkshire and Greater Manchester were interested in the railbus as a replacement for their ageing DMUs . Some were the direct result of campaigning by the Railway Development Society and the list is almost a tribute to it . It should be added that though this book is about BR , the 1980s also saw the opening of the last section of the Tyne Wear Metro in March 1984 and the launch of the stillexpanding Docklands Light Railway in July 1987 . Both produced passenger levels far greater than forecast and have encouraged more planning of urban light railways . Closure and Opening . Sixcar MetroCammell dmu arrives at South Shields with a service from Newcastle in April 190 . No better example can be given than by citing the careers of Tamara Karsavina and Margot Fonteyn , both of whom worked with many different choreographers as well as submitting themselves to the severely classical discipline of the older Petipa repertoire . A general view There is a third type of choreographer who produces ballets which give audiences great pleasure through the sheer variety of their virtuoso designs . Because of the interesting , usually technical , demands made on the performers , their ballets often become testing grounds for future soloists . Variations from such ballets as Petipa 's Don Quixote , Raymonda and La Bayadre and Bournonville 's Napoli are still considered by most classical dancers to be more technically demanding than the more complex twistings and turnings of modern choreographers who mix their styles . Today there are many ballets which are created in the generally accepted styles from which choreographers can borrow : classical , demi - caractre , romantic , character and/or national , and modern ( see pages 75138 ) . However , when necessary , choreographers can and should create a particular style that is perhaps based on a mixture of the above but that is , in the final analysis , a style suitable for one ballet only . Such choreographers as Ashton , MacMillan and Robbins have produced some ballets which have an exclusive style of their own . The most outstanding are possibly Monotones , Gloria and Afternoon of a Faun . Although the movements in all three are classically based , they would look out of place in older classical ballets or danced to other music . Petipa divided movement into seven categories which other teachers have analysed further . If these definitions were put through a computer they would list five kinds of jumps , twenty - three pas de bourre , seven glissades and so on . The technical structure of each step and pose is known and years of practice in hundreds of class - rooms have produced principles of calm and - spacious movement . But technical descriptions only indicate the positions through which the feet and legs should move and at which moment they should co - ordinate with the arms as weight is transferred from one step and pose to the next . There are few , if any , suggestions of how individual movements can be linked together to achieve some expressive or rhythmic quality suitable to the style of dance required by the plot , theme and/or music . He explained the gestures in the libretto he prepared for his audience . As a Greek and Latin scholar he had found them described in the works of ancient authors who wrote about the moods , emotions and actions of all the actors involved in their dramas . By 1717 these gestures were accepted practice by actors to reinforce the meaning of the words spoken and particularly by members of the commedia dell'arte travelling troupes who produced mime plays . In these the expert gestures and extemporised playing of easily recognised characters in certain stock situations were understood by audiences everywhere no matter what the native language because the gestures were so explicit . These gestures were first listed by monks in the tenth century . The latter , after all , was the stereotype setting fur all classical ballet until 1789 , the year of the french Revolution . La Fille Mal Garde of 1789 was the first ballet to display the lives and loves of peasants and farmers . Even the popularity of these lesser mortals could not drive aristocrats completely from the stage , particularly in those countries where major theatres continued to be subsidised by Royal Treasuries who largely dictated what choreographers could produce . The style of demi - caractre ballet The demi - caractre style has its roots in classical technique , but must be coloured by more clearly defined and individual movements which allow the dancers to show they are playing the part of some character who has some claim to live in the real world and therefore can be recognised as such . They squawk and scratch with unturned - out feet in temps levs and batterie , elbows flapping and heads pecking and poking . Petipa 's ideas about birds were followed by Ivanov 's Odette in Swan Lake and later in Fokine 's unforgettable The Dying Swan fur Anna Pavlova . But by the time Fokine produced The Firebird he had developed his mimed dance much further . It had become the most important part of his choreography . His Firebird flew and still flies in all her glory before being trapped pitifully in the arms of the Tsarevich . Something that David Bintley was also to achieve later in his Sons of Horus ( 1985 ) . Ashton too has created two oriental styled ballets in which the delicacy of the hands and arms drew attention to the way such subtle movements can take the place of words . His interest in ports de bras nearly always produces something new to say , whether it is to tell a story , describe the characters and/or create a style exclusive to one work . Japanese The first of Ashton 's ballets in oriental style was Madame Chrysanthme , in which he utilised many traditional japanese gestures made more fascinating by emphasis of his dainty ballerina 's footwork . Elaine Fifield did not always keep her feet fully pointed nor knees stretched , even when on pointe . At first CAMRA was run on a purely voluntary basis , controlled by an elected national executive . Graham Lees was the honorary secretary and kept the national records in an old shoe box . Michael Hardman edited a monthly newsletter called What 's Brewing , produced on a typewriter and edited and pasted on a kitchen table . But the demands of a growing membership were outstripping the voluntary nature of the Campaign . An office was rented in St Albans and a small staff was appointed , with Michael Hardman as the first editor of publications , responsible for both What 's Brewing and the new and immediately successful Good Beer Guide , which listed all the known outlets for real ale . Keg , which includes lager , is known in the industry as brewery conditioned beer . Instead of a secondary fermentation in the cask to add a full , mature palate , keg beers are killed off in the brewery by filtration , chilling and pasteurisation . The aim is to produce beers that are sterile , have a long shelf life and are highly profitable . In the case of keg milds and bitters when fermentation is complete they are conditioned for a short period under gas pressure and are then filtered to remove yeast solids and pasteurised . As the beer cannot generate its own carbon dioxide it would be flat and lifeless so it is racked not into casks but into pressurised containers known as kegs . The rest of the world drinks mainly lager beers and even in countries such as Belgium where ale - type beers are produced they come to fruition in the bottle rather than in the cask . The British drink most of their beer in draught rather than bottled form . A cask ale is brewed from the finest malting barley , produced in the main in East Anglia , with the addition of English hop varieties . Before barley can be used in a brewery it must be turned into malt . This requires great skill in encouraging the barley to germinate , producing the natural starches that will provide sugar for fermentation . A cask ale is brewed from the finest malting barley , produced in the main in East Anglia , with the addition of English hop varieties . Before barley can be used in a brewery it must be turned into malt . This requires great skill in encouraging the barley to germinate , producing the natural starches that will provide sugar for fermentation . In a maltings the grain is allowed to germinate , with roots breaking through the husk of the barley , and is then heated in a kiln to produce a pale or darker malt according to the brewer 's needs . In the brewery the malt is ground into a coarse powder called grist . Before barley can be used in a brewery it must be turned into malt . This requires great skill in encouraging the barley to germinate , producing the natural starches that will provide sugar for fermentation . In a maltings the grain is allowed to germinate , with roots breaking through the husk of the barley , and is then heated in a kiln to produce a pale or darker malt according to the brewer 's needs . In the brewery the malt is ground into a coarse powder called grist . It is thoroughly mixed in a large vessel called a mash tun with hot pure water . When the hopped wort has been cooled it is run to fermenting vessels where it meets its destiny with yeast . The type of yeast strain used for ale is known as top fermenting . It works at a warm temperature and vigorously turns the sugars in the wort into alcohol and carbon dioxide , producing at the same time ripe fruity aromas that add to the pleasure of ale drinking . The great head of yeast created during fermentation is cropped off and after a week the remaining yeast is overcome by the alcohol it has produced and sinks to the bottom of the fermenter . The liquid is now officially called beer but it needs a few days further conditioning in the brewery , to purge some of the rough alcohols , before it is ready to leave for the pub . Thomas Hardy 's Ale , brewed by Eldridge Pope , has an OG of 1126 and each nip bottle has to be laid down for several years before it is ready to drink . Gales of Horndean brew a Prize Old Ale ( 1095 ) which comes in a cork - stoppered bottle . Among the micro brewers , Burton Bridge produce a bottle - conditioned porter . Knowing the body count The strength of beer is shown in two ways : the original gravity and the alcohol by volume rating . Their beers are now brewed by Whitbread and Allied , intensifying the grip of the nationals . On the positive side CAMRA can point to the success of the independent brewers , many of whom would not exist today but for the interest in cask ale generated by the Campaign . They have been joined by a host of small micro brewers producing a limited barrelage but adding variety and choice in the genuine free trade . With little promotional support , cask ale sales are rising and now account for 20 per cent of the total beer market . There is still a great deal for CAMRA to do to ensure that a wide - ranging and diversified brewing industry survives into the 20th century . The EIG was at the centre of CAMRA 's response to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. The Strategies and Promotions Group takes the policy decisions of the AGM and organises their implementation . It uses the best talents available to produce promotional materials to recruit new members . It also controls the publication of national Campaign books and pamphlets . The Technical Committee looks at all aspects of brewing and serving beer . But the case left a few unfortunates in its wake . Two of the volunteers ran up the white flag and could n't stay the court . Four more drinkers produced violent Technicolored Yawns long before reaching the eighth glass . As M'lud Beaumont intoned , drinking that amount of 2.2 is an uncomfortable process . Pass the sick bag , Alice Springs . It is not surprising , since it is almost certain that the European Commission will shortly propose that labelling of ingredients for alcoholic drinks should become law throughout the community . Recently , thanks to legislation from the EC , all drinkers have to state their alcoholic strength by volume ( ABV ) . CAMRA , in conjunction with fellow beer consumer organisations in the European Beer Consumers Union , have produced a Euro - Beer Label setting out exactly what beer drinkers would like to see declared . The demands include ingredients , place of brewing , date of bottling or racking , and whether or not it is cask or brewery conditioned , bottle conditioned or pasteurised . * Just to show the brewers how it should be done , CAMRA is producing a bottle - conditioned beer to celebrate 21 years of the Campaign . Erdinger says it uses more than 50 per cent wheat , but declines to be more specific . I will guess 5060 per cent . The brewery was founded in 1853 , started to make wheat beers in the 1890s , and has produced nothing else since it came into its present ownership , the Brombach family , in 1935 . At the time , it was making 3,500 hectolitres a year . WHEN I first encountered South German wheat beers , in the early to mid 1960s , they were regarded as an old - fashioned , rustic style , favoured by old ladies with large hats . The Anchor brewery had been built in 1757 by a couple of brewers from Bethnal Green called Wastfield and Moss , at a time when the district was so quiet and un - built - up you could still see ships passing on the Thames from the brewery windows . John Charrington , the son of a Hertfordshire vicar , bought a third share in the brewery in 1766 , and by 1783 the Charrington family was in sole control . Theirs was one of the few ale - only breweries in London at this time , most of the others producing huge amounts of porter for a voraciously thirsty market . Not until 1833 , when the Anchor brewery took over Steward and Head 's brewery in neighbouring Stratford , did Charrington 's start brewing porter and stout . This was just about the time when pale ales from Burton were starting to grow in popularity . One of Joseph Truman 's nine children , Benjamin , born about 1700 , became a partner in the brewery in 1722 . By the end of the 1730s Truman 's Brewery had getting on for 300 publicans on the books , though less than a tenth were tied houses actually owned by the brewery . It seems highly likely that most if not all the beer produced in Brick Lane by now was porter . Benjamin Truman , who was knighted in 1761 , died in 1780 , and the brewery passed to his grandsons , William and Henry Truman Read . However the brewery , which by 1786 was the second - biggest in London , was run by Sir Benjamin 's old head clerk , James Grant . Flavours rapidly evaporate from hot wort while bitterness requires up to an hour to fully develop . Brewers have been aware of this issue for centuries and have developed the practice of adding copper hops early in the boil to provide bitterness and aroma or late hops towards the end of the boil for flavour . While whole hops are repeatedly claimed to produce the best hop character in a beer , problems may be encountered . First is the liability of hops to deterioration by oxygen in the air . As might be expected this is accelerated by heat , making cold storage essential . A range of these exist from simple compressed hop pellets to Pre - Isomerised Kettle Extracts , more affectionately known as PIKE . Compressed hops have a number of advantages , including reduced liability for oxidation , reduced storage volume and ease of handling . An extension to simple compression is to crush the hops and pelletise the powder produced . The resulting pellets are termed Type 90 reflecting the high percentage of hop material present compared to water and foreign matters . Enriched hop powder pellets are also possible by sieving the powder at 35C to remove coarser non a acid material and by blending with liquid extracts to further enhance the a acid content . While acknowledging his argument for the bolt placement , I advised that he had done the route ; if others thought a bolt should be placed , let someone else go ahead and place it . Shortly afterwards Dave placed a protection bolt in the roof just above the pegs . The blatant placing of a bolt in a Lakeland mountain crag produced considerable reaction throughout the rock climbing fraternity . Removal squads descended on the Lakes , threatening and verbally abusing and the bolt has now been hacksawed through , leaving a useless stump . Personal reflections HIGH GLOSS LACQUER NOW IN AEROSOL FORM International Paint 's well - established Jet - Dry Japlac now also comes in a handy aerosol to complement the existing range of standard cans , available in 750ml , 500ml , 250ml , and 125ml sizes , and to facilitate application in awkward areas , or where speed and convenience are prime considerations . Japlac is a high gloss lacquer which produces a mirror - like finish that leaves ordinary paints looking lacklustre in comparison . Its hard , shiny finish means it not only looks smart , but withstands knocks , bumps and scrapes . It is easy to apply and can be used on wood or metal , inside or out , and its quick - drying formulation means it is touch - dry in two hours and ready for over - coating in six . Three coats are usually sufficient if a high gloss finish is required . The last coat is rubbed down with wet and dry paper and brought to a high gloss with a burnishing cream . Alternatively , the surface can be rubbed with grade 00 or 000 steel wool and wax polish to produce a smooth satin or matt finish . When dry the surface is resistant to heat , solvents and abrasion . APPLICATION Wash in white spirit or a proprietary brush cleaner . Straighten the bristles after cleaning and wrap with clean plain paper , so that the bristles maintain their shape , and then lay it on its side until it is required for use . A good varnish brush is expensive a 2in brush can cost as much as 10 , but when used correctly and cleaned properly after use , it will last for many years and produce excellent results . BRUSH STROKES When applying a varnish , the brush should be dipped into it for about one - third of the length of the bristles and then , holding the brush in a similar way to a pencil , with the fingers holding the metal ferrule and the handle resting between the thumb and first finger , spread the varnish quickly and evenly over a small area . Includes low - energy , low voltage , cabling , electric fittings , etc. Left : A Hint of Peach for a living room , with Philips ' Softone bulbs Right : Stylish Vogue uplighters , from Mazda 's Interiors range , produce a subtle , sophisticated effect . Available in four designs Rise and fall pendants are ideal above dining areas , especially when connected to a dimmer switch . If you experience difficulty in locating the doors , contact Leboff International Ltd LIMING AN OAK TABLE If you have one of the thousands of barley twist - legged tables produced from the Edwardian period onwards , the chances are that it will be coated with a dark , almost black varnish . These tables can be easily lightened to produce a limed - oak effect . 1 10 Before the concrete sets , the surface can be given a final smooth in a number of ways . A soft broom produces a smooth surface ; a stiff broom a lightly textured surface , and a wood float a smooth , non - slip surface . If the workshop has a timber floor , obviously the finish is not important ROOFING A CONSERVATORY Ordinary polythene netting will deteriorate within two or three seasons , but manufacturers usually add a uv stabiliser , which considerably extends its useful life . Different manufacturers claim widely different life expectancies for both materials , but you can reasonably expect a five - year life from most types ( but as some manufacturers claim a life of only half this , and others double , check before you buy ) . The majority of bird netting is likely to be knotted ( this produces a fine and very flexible net ) or knitted , but the thickness of the thread is likely to be more important than the type of assembly . A reinforced edge adds strength and is useful for a fruit cage . MAKING YOUR OWN Clips for fixing and joining the nets are available from some cage and netting manufacturers . PROTECTING STRAWBERRIES Cloches are widely used to protect strawberries in spring and to produce an early crop . Some can be fitted with a net to provide bird protection once the glass has been removed . Netting can also be stretched over the hoops used for the popular polythene tunnel cloches . There are all sorts of hazards in gardens : electrical equipment which can kill if not used correctly , or if it is faulty ; tools which are easy to trip over ; garden canes , which cause many eye injuries ; loose paving and muddy surfaces ; and sharp implements and thorns . And for children , there are even more hazards : from ponds to poisonous plants and chemicals . The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents , the Consumers ' Association , and the Department of Trade and Industry have got together to produce a leaflet to warn you of garden hazards which you may not be aware of , and may not be aware of , and how to safeguard against them . Entitled Do it safely , it 's available free from garden centres and d - i - y stores , as well as local trading standards and environmental health departments . BULB BARGAINS Is he right ? Early versions were comparatively flimsy mouldings which tended to suffer from brittleness and yellowing as they aged , and which relied on complicated channellings and fixing clips for their installation . Later developments , however , have produced greatly improved versions of this type of cladding . It is widely available and is now much simpler to fit . There is also a second generation of plastic cladding materials which have none of these drawbacks and which are also extremely easy to handle and install . If you still want a Dobermann and can handle any adverse public reactions , you 'll need to know the specific requirements of the breed . Firstly , they need lots of exercise and they must be welltrained and socialised , Graham explained . When buying a puppy , try and ensure it is well - bred and reared by a breeder who has some aim to produce well - tempered stock . Graham emphasised the fact that the breed needs plenty of mental exercise , too , even if it 's only basic obedience training . It is no good you being a couch potato and having a Dobermann , only to wonder why it seems so frustrated with its existence . The interest of how things are resides in their figuration , discernible and expressible by the deeper realist , of how things will be only in so far as that futurity is the truth and the end of how they are and always have been . His naturalism is apocalyptic . The social and psychological trends that were bound to produce Raskolnikov/ Danilov are the mere phenomenology of a transcendent mystic and Biblical cryptogram . The Book of Revelation , which Tolstoy said reveals absolutely nothing , is more heavily marked than anything else in the New Testament which Dostoevsky took to prison with him , and we know that huge overarching shapes like Baal , the Kingdom of Antichrist , are beginning to appear in his writing from the early 1860s . Danilov 's double murder looks small beer in comparison . In the notebooks Shatov ( as Shaposhnikov ) calls Slavophilism a gentleman 's fancy . We are back in the area of Peter the Great 's reforms . Peter tried to rouse his countrymen from their aboriginal stupor and turn them into Europeans ; but a Russian is n't and ca n't be a German or a Frenchman , and the result of Peter 's efforts was to produce an educated class who ca n't be Russians either . They can of course call themselves Slavophils , but that is to try and wish away Peter , to perform an act of mental regression , not to be a Russian . It is a paper act in a paper situation , inflammable and precarious . For example , there 's a minor character in The Possessed , a quarrelsome eccentric lady , and she believes Lake Geneva gives people toothache . Exactly right for her . So it produces an odd sensation to learn , again from Anna , that this superstition was in fact Dostoevsky 's . He also goes in for creative self - plundering by way of rhetorical and dialectical self - parody . At the fte Stepan Verkhovensky , the man of the 1840s , makes a speech arguing that Shakespeare matters more than boots , and Raphael more than petroleum ; whipping himself up in his peroration to declare that mankind can get on without bread but not without beauty . Toshiba - IBM LCDs on - stream Display Technologies , a Toshiba - IBM joint venture , has completed construction of its manufacturing plant in Himeji and has started production of large size , LCDs for computer terminals . The plant produces 10.4 - in ( 640 x 480 pixel ) LCDs and will gradually add large size units . The plant is said to be a state - of - the - art facility that forms transistors onto large glass substrates , in a class - 100 clean room that has the similar level of air cleanliness to those used in the manufacture of LSI chips . Total production management is coordinated using a cim system . In its most basic form , it comprises a single straight nickel - iron alloy core carrying two windings . One winding functions as an excitation coil in which current flowing creates a field to magnetise the core in alternate directions . The other acts as a pickup coil producing a voltage proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linking it . At low levels of excitation this structure , outlined in Fig. 1 , will obviously behave as if it were an inefficient transformer . To convert it to a fluxgate transducer , the excitation is increased so as to force the core into saturation on alternate peaks . The pickup coil remains a single winding over the toroid ( Fig. 8 ) . By these modifications the sought - after simplicity is achieved , coupled with the virtual elimination of all high - level signals . As an additional benefit , the closed magnetic circuit of a toroidal core greatly reduces the drive requirements to produce saturation levels , simplifying the circuitry need by the system . It may be felt that replacing two straight cores with a ring structure is too drastic a change to gloss over , but the mechanism is not too different in the two cases . Figure 9 represents the way in which the lines of force are concentrated from the immediate vicinity and makes plausible the idea that an overwound coil would not see much difference in the flux changes it experiences from either system . Figure 9 represents the way in which the lines of force are concentrated from the immediate vicinity and makes plausible the idea that an overwound coil would not see much difference in the flux changes it experiences from either system . An additional advantage of the ring core is that it will accept more than one overwound pickup coil and they have different orientations to the external magnetic field . For example while the coil orientation shown in Fig. 10a produces the largest output , that 10b links none of the changing flux and has a null output . Angles between these produce an output which varies as the cosine of the angle , leading to the familiar figure - of - eight polar diagram for directional sensitivity . This is the characteristic which is exploited in the design of a fluxgate compass . A gain of 400 in the first amplifier/filter will then produce an output of almost two and a half volts from the total earth 's field vector , avoiding overload and permitting a peak - to - peak measurement by rotating the core . Calibration The core is aligned with one coil picking up the north - south field and inclined at roughly 67 to the horizontal and adjusted so as to produce the largest positive output from the amplifier . It is then rotated through approximately 180 degrees to find the largest negative output . This process is repeated , while the zero offset is adjusted , until the positive and negative readings have the same magnitude . The driver section starts with an RC oscillator made from two 4011 gates wired as inverters . The component values are chosen to give a frequency of 720Hz . The output is fed to a two stage frequency divider formed from the D - type 4013 bistables , producing a final output square wave at 180Hz in both normal and inverted phases . These two signals are connected to two pairs of complementary emitter followers in bridge connection for core driving . The excitation winding is connected in series with a small current - limiting resistor . Fig. 8 : the toroidal core winding system . The finished transducer includes a second pickup coil at right angles to the first . Fig. 9 : a toroidal core tends to concentrate the magnetic field tangentially producing the same sensitivity pattern as a pair of bar cores . Fig. 10 : The toroid exhibits greatest sensitivity at right angles to the pickup coil Fig. 11 : The electronics divides into two parts : the exciter section drives the core into saturation with a current ramp of alternating polarity while the measurement section integrates the pickup coil pulses caused by the action of a static magnetic field on the core . A magnetometer , detecting changes in the magnetic fields arising from charged particles deflected around the earth , measures the effects of corpuscular and non - corpuscular radiation emanated from the sun during solar flares and other events . Non - corpuscular radiation is in the form of high energy X rays which , assuming that the earth is in the path of the rays , will reach the earth in fifteen minutes . This radiation may increase the depth of the D layer due to ionisation and produce the all too well known Dellinger face out when long - distance HF communication ceases abruptly . Corpuscular or particulate radiation appears in the form of protons and neutrons which take longer to reach the earth 's upper atmosphere than the higher energy radiations . These nuclear particles arrive at the F1 and F2 layers approximately 48 hours following a solar event and produce ionisation by colliding with gaseous molecules and cosmic particles . Cuk vs. Buck According to Terrence Finnegan , the Cuk power converter offers the best of all power supply worlds , approaches 90 % efficiency , requires few components , and produces minimal amounts of interference ( EW + WW July 1991 ) . The rather woolly nature of these claims aside , readers might be forgiven for wondering why , if the Cuk converter offers so many desirable features , it is not more commonly used . The fact is that in the world of switch - mode power supplies ( and it is a very large world indeed , covering PCB , mainframe computers , electronic telephone exchanges , military equipment , aerospace , and more besides ) it is rare to come across a Cuk converter . The low RF interference and low component count claims are usually made because the Cuk topology is not only able to accommodate the input and output filter chokes on the same magnetic core as the transformer , but it can also reduce the input and output ripple currents to very low levels . This does indeed seem like getting something for nothing , but is it really ? Since the input and output inductors store energy , then just like any other inductor , they produce flux in their common core and they require space for large enough diameter wire to keep I2R losses reasonable . Extra core volume and winding window area must be provided to support these . What no one , as far as I know , has ever done is to show whether there is any space , weight , efficiency or cost saving that results from assembling all the windings onto one core . In my view and also , if my memory serves me correctly , in Dr Reeves ' view , this is quite simply because it doubles up as a transmitter with very sharp rise and fall times on its pulse width modulated waveform . This means it needs effective screening and filtering which can be difficult , bulky and expensive . I fully accept that in Andy Gothard 's article ( EW + WW July 1991 ) about King 's College , there is a circuit system developed by Dr Mark Sandler which produces a very accurate , and indeed ideal , analogue output from the digital ( CD ) to analogue ( PWM power amplifier drive ) converter . But Dr Sandler 's circuit has at least three problems . First , there are unwanted transmissions over the RF spectrum as mentioned earlier . Any attempt to produce something in reality leads to imperfection . For example , we can all sing perfectly in tune in our heads . ) However , although device neutral in the above sense , a cad file must support the features of the cad system which produced it . Since such features , which can be very powerful , differ for various cad systems , output files tend to be system specific . Transferring work between systems which do not support a common interchange file format requires translation software , and raises the problem of how to handle features of one system not supported by the other , or handled differently . Initial Graphics Exchange Specification ( Iges ) : this appeared in 1980 . It uses ascii character coding , and tends to produce very long files . Perhaps in view of this , a compressed format is available . Most printers are monochrome , but the often have a higher resolution than bit image date . Thus they can convert colour to a grey scale by a process called dithering . Although each printer pixel can normally be only black or white , a grey scale can be produced by varying the proportion of black to white dots . Some screen graphics utilities allow the user to improve an image by hand dithering . Page description formats About ACET 's Home Care Many people with AIDS have to spend long periods of time in hospital unless there is someone at home who can help and look after them . ACET volunteers work as part of a team and provide help in many different ways to ensure that people do n't spend time in hospital unnecessarily . What do ACET volunteers do ? Transport clients to and from hospital Cliff said , I am pleased to support ACET in the world they are doing . The care of people in the community , with are ill with HIV infection and AIDS , together with the education of schoolchildren to help prevent the spread of this terrible disease is becoming more and more urgent . I believe it is especially important that ACET represents the Church working in the front line to provide real and practical support . So often Christians are criticised for not getting involved . Cliff with Dr Patrick Dixon , Director of ACET ACET opened its Glasgow Home Care service in late June after receiving confirmation of a grant from the Greater Glasgow Health Board to fund the work . The Ruchill Hospital Social work team and the AIDS Resource Unit were particularly helpful in identifying the need for this service . Home care Coordinator , Margaret Gillies , currently has a team of 20 volunteers from a variety of churches providing practical help to a number of clients already referred . Strathclyde Regional Council may provide further funding and consideration is being given to the possible employment of a part - time nurse . Margaret Gillies says , We are discovering the extent of the need for the kind of help that ACET offers from other support agencies including Scottish AIDS Monitor and Body Positive as well as hospital contacts and local counselling services . The Symposium considered how the Church can communicate more effectively to young people today for the benefit of their safety and emotional health . Many churches are responding . Those involved with ACET are now helping provide home care for one in four of all those dying with AIDS in the UK and up to 4,000 school pupils a month are now receiving education on the subject . Both programmes are the largest of their kind in the country . ACET is currently offering speakers to inform , motivate , train and support . Last year ACET educators saw 24,500 pupils in face to face presentations . The ACET Conference in May at the Ealing YMCA was well attended by both staff and volunteers from London , the South East , Northern Ireland , Scotland , Romania and Uganda . UK Director and organiser of the Conference , Peter Johnson , said , For many , the day provided a reaffirmation of the vision for ACET and a marvellous sense of unity . It was the first time our national and international network had gathered together in one place and made us all realise just how much the work has grown . Three visitors from Frankfurt , Germany , recently visited ACET 's offices before returning home to begin a similar service , Christian AIDS Help ( CAH ) . Despite the publicity giving the facts surrounding the transmission of the disease , ignorance was such that they became afraid of normal social contact . It soon became clear that I could no longer rely on friends for help with everyday chores like shopping and housework when I needed it . While deciding to stay as independent as possible , I contacted ACET who I knew provided practical care at home . I had previously spent about two years asking local social services and friends for help and not having it happen , so my flat had become pretty run down. There was also the question of my own exhaustion . Three ACET staff members , Peter Fabian , Director of Resource Development , Sue Lore , a specialist HIV community nurse and Peter Glover , Press and Information Officer , featured on Radio Thamesmead , North Kent , in an hour - long chat show in April , speaking on AIDS and AIDS care in the community . ACET 's Scottish Office was also featured on Songs of Praise on BBC1 . Care - link units , designed to provide remote signalling of distress via the telephone systems , are currently on loan with seven clients in London . Designed originally with the needs of the elderly in mind , those ill with HIV/AIDS at home are also finding them enormously valuable . Help can be summoned from ACET or other services merely by pressing a button on a pendant worn around the neck . Hampshire County Council has provided 20,000 to furnish the building . P.A.L.S . provides counselling and general family support , the Link Project deals with drug - related problems and gives general advice , while ACET provides practical home care not only to the Portsmouth area but also along the South Coast . Living with AIDS by John Creedy TWO AND A HALF years ago I was diagnosed as being HIV positive . Despite the publicity giving the facts surrounding the transmission of the disease , ignorance was such that they became afraid of normal social interaction . It soon became clear that I could no longer rely on friends for help with everyday chores like shopping and housework when I needed it . Whilst resolving to stay at independent as possible , I contacted ACET who I knew provided practical care at home . I had previously spent about two years asking local social services and friends for help and not having it happen , so my flat had become pretty run down. There was also the question of my own exhaustion . IN JANUARY 1988 a small group of 50 would - be volunteers met in the Ealing YMCA to learn about AIDS . This was the beginning of ACET . Many of the first group completed a training course to provide practical help in the home for a small number of people ill with HIV/AIDS . The first referrals came from Ealing , Acton and surrounding areas . This was coordinated from the living room of a local doctor . Within a short space of time referrals were regularly coming in . In June 1988 ACET was officially launched as a registered charity . Over the next six months this small group of professionals and volunteers provided practical care for 15 people living in or around the Borough of Ealing . To date ACET has provided professional nursing care or practical help to over 400 individuals across London , excluding hardship grants and equipment loans . In Ealing alone we have received over 30 referrals for Home Care . In June 1988 ACET was officially launched as a registered charity . Over the next six months this small group of professionals and volunteers provided practical care for 15 people living in or around the Borough of Ealing . To date ACET has provided professional nursing care or practical help to over 400 individuals across London , excluding hardship grants and equipment loans . In Ealing alone we have received over 30 referrals for Home Care . It has always been ACET 's policy to work with and complement statutory and other voluntary organizations . ACET is a national and international AIDS charity with the following objectives : To develop appropriate local responses to the global problem to HIV/AIDS To provide professionally - based practical home care to men , women and children at home with HIV/AIDS related illnesses . To enable people who are ill with HIV/AIDS to live and die at home , if that is their wish , and appropriate to their needs . To reduce the number of new HIV infections by giving young people the facts about AIDS . The person 's circumstances may change rapidly , from owner occupier to homelessness ; from a good income to living on sickness benefit ; from young and active to housebound and disabled . ACET'S HOME CARE SERVICE ACET provides a dedicated Home Care service using a team of doctors and nurses backed by a trained and active network of over 400 volunteers . The service includes pain and symptom control and nursing advice . Volunteers cook , clean , nightsit and carry out DIY and many other tasks . At the time you enter a Deed of Covenant , the covenant should be capable of lasting for more than 3 years , and there should be the intention by you that it does so . This is why the normal period for a charitable covenant is 4 years . But it is possible to have a covenant which lasts for a longer period , provided that the period is specified in the Deed . Do I need to go to a lawyer ? No. As a further alternative , you can enter into a Supplemental Deed . This has the effect of cancelling your existing covenant and in return you commit yourself to making payments under the new covenant . This procedure is perfectly acceptable provided that your new commitments are at least as great as the remaining commitments due under the orignal covenant . Can I extend my covenant , if I wish to continue making payments over a longer period ? Again the answer is no. Thus , the first payment should be on or after the date on which the Deed of Covenant is signed . You cannot simply draw up a covenant ( or a Deposited Covenant Agreement ) to cover a donation you have already made in the hope that ACET can obtain tax advantage on the sum given . However , it can be possible for the documents to be signed after you have sent a payment by cheque provided that you arrange for us to hold the cheque and not pay it into the bank until we have received the signed Deed of Covenant . What happens if I have difficulty in continuing to make payments ? If this unlikely situation arises , you should discuss the problem with us . ACET HOME CARE TEAM WHAT IS ACET ? We are a national charity , founded in 1988 , dedicated to providing care at home for men , women and children with AIDS/HIV related illnesses . This leaflet explains how ACET Home Care in London would help you , or someone you know . A CHRISTIAN RESPONSE TO AIDS AIDS CARE EDUCATION AND TRAINING ACET Home Care ACET is a Christian response to AIDS . We are the largest independent provider of practical home care to people with HIV/AIDS in the U.K. From 7 regional offices we have provided practical care to over 1000 people in the lat 3 years and in the last 12 months we cared for at least 1 in 5 of those who died of AIDS in the U.K. Our Home Care teams are made up of doctors and nurses backed by a network of trained and active volunteers . Our staff and volunteers are drawn from churches of all denominations . Our Home Care teams are made up of doctors and nurses backed by a network of trained and active volunteers . Our staff and volunteers are drawn from churches of all denominations . Without their commitment we would not be able to provide such an extensive service . Regional Offices London Edinburgh Glasgow Dundee Portsmouth Northampton Belfast Kampala , Uganda Constanta , Romania Schools Education I was particularly impressed by the way you managed to organise all the available services so efficiently just at the time when we were beginning to wonder how we 'd manage . Dr S J Bowcock Former Senior Registrar in Haematology , Hammersmith Hospital I would like to thank you and your Team for all the effort and resources you have put into providing a home care service for our patients . Your Team has been invaluable in providing psychological as well as practical support for these patients which have been grossly lacking through the conventional channels . I hope that you might be able to continue to help our patients in this manner . Dr S J Bowcock Former Senior Registrar in Haematology , Hammersmith Hospital I would like to thank you and your Team for all the effort and resources you have put into providing a home care service for our patients . Your Team has been invaluable in providing psychological as well as practical support for these patients which have been grossly lacking through the conventional channels . I hope that you might be able to continue to help our patients in this manner . Villiers High School It is now more than ever clear that every section of society needs to be involved in responding to AIDS , including the churches . ACET is a Christian initiative supported by all denominations . It is the churches that provide our volunteers ; without their support we would not be able to provide a service at all . The work they do is an inspiring example of what loving community care is all about . Governmental organisations support us financially . Ten million children with be AIDS orphans by the year 2000 . WHO press release April 1991 . We are seeking to provide urgent help to churches and Christian organisations in their prevention campaigns and care programmes , working closely with Tear Fund , the World Health Organisation , UNICEF and governments . As a result of preparatory work , programmes will be starting in the next few months in Uganda and Tanzania . CHILDREN IN ROMANIA Despite the publicity on transmission of the disease , ignorance was such that they became afraid to even visit me . It soon became clear that I could no longer rely on friends for help with everyday chores , like shopping and housework , when I needed it . I contacted ACET who I knew provided practical care at home . Illness , including chronic muscle debility , herpes , tremors and eye infections have come and gone . Recently I have experienced near fatal fevers . But for many people , the slide into drug use has been to escape other problems poor living conditions , no real job prospects and broken relationships at home which all lead to feelings of hopelessness and despair . People are still injecting and sharing dirty equipment . ACET 's response has been to provide clients with special tubes for the disposal of dirty needles and syringes or help them if they wish to cease injecting . To help reduce infection , our community care workers also provide clean needles and syringes to those clients who are known injectors an operation which has full medical supervision . We also educate young people in schools about the dangers of drug use . There is a great deal of individual suffering with deaths in almost every family in some areas . ACET aims to be a practical resource to local churches and Christian organisations seeking to prevent new infection and provide basic community care. Over the next twelve months we will be providing support to a growing number of new and existing local programmes , identified as a result of an extensive survey we have just completed . There is an urgent need for further prevention work . Practical help is also needed for those who are dying and for orphans left behind . A full set of audited accounts is available on request . ACET OFFICES AND PERSONNEL Here are some of the people involved in providing ACET 's home care and educational services . The victims were among some 3,000 black Mauritanians arrested late last year . The authorities claimed they were conspiring to overthrow the government , which is dominated by a different community , the Moors , but offered no evidence to substantiate this claim . It took AI several months to compile details of the killings , but prisoners released in March 1991 provided information and themselves bore scars from torture . In a few cases , prisoners are reported to have been deliberately executed without trial . Most of the reported deaths , however , were due to torture in both military barracks and police stations . 315 OF THESE ARE IN THE UK , WORKING ON BEHALF OF 318 INDIVIDUALS AND RAISING MORE THAN 260,000 A YEAR TO FURTHER AMNESTY'S WORK . How did it all begin ? Peter Benenson , in his original article in the Observer in 1961 , envisaged a central library , providing information on prisoners of conscience to any group , existing or new , in any part of the world , which decides to join in a special effort in favour of freedom of opinion or religion . The response to this call was and has continued to be overwhelming . Perhaps this is because , as a member of the Abingdon Group put it : In a group there is the fun and companionship and the awe at saving a life , supporting a prisoner through years of isolation , getting your prisoner free . A firm basis for the study of Oriental art came more slowly , and as we shall see , some of the differences of approach between East and West still require wider recognition . Moreover , other cultures , such as those of Africa , have had to wait until even more recent times for recognition . It is literature within the last three centuries , then , that provides the main choices for a reader . The advice offered here is that a reader should ignore what category of writing a book or article may come under , since helpful art criticism may be found in all sorts of sources . There is no need to be intimidated by the formality of a staid institution 's catalogue , or to neglect popular magazines ; as for writing in various academic disciplines , there ought to be no barrier to learning about an interesting topic . A diagram of the art world , according to Wolfe , would be made up , in addition to the artists , of about 750 culturati in Rome , 500 in Milan , 1,750 in Paris , 1,250 in London , 2,000 in Berlin , Munich , and Dsseldorf , 3,000 in New York , and perhaps 1,000 scattered about the rest of the world . That is the art world a mere hamlet restricted to les beaux mondes of eight cities . What Wolfe provides is art criticism in a sardonic mode , created by parodying others . One of Wolfe 's targets is the critic Greenberg , about whom an apologist has gravely asserted : The significance of Clement Greenberg cannot be overestimated . He is the designer and subtle manipulator of modernism , which is the single most important and influential theory of modern art . In The Emperor he writes : For the starvelings it had to suffice that His Munificent Highness personally attached the greatest importance to their fate , which was a very special kind of attachment , of an order higher than the highest . It provided the subjects with a soothing and uplifting hope that whenever there appeared in their lives an oppressive mischance , some tormenting difficulty , His Most Unrivalled Highness would hearten them by attaching the greatest importance to that mischance or difficulty . The Emperor has something of the technique of comic and fantastic exaggeration that we associate with Dickens , and something of the manner , too , of Dickens 's reader , Kafka : In the courtyard where the Emperor s retinue awaited him , there were tens , no , I say it without exaggeration , hundreds eager to push their faces forward . Outcomes are uncertain , games of chance can be rigged but this is not what we are conscious of in reading about Ursula . We read that she intended , in Hamlet 's words , to leave betimes , and that she did what she intended . That there was a pattern for her in Lermontov 's novel is conceivable : but it ca n't be claimed that it fits her with exactitude , or that it provides an explanation of her conduct . It is clear enough , none the less , that the hero of that time is like the hero of some other times , including Hamlet 's . Shakespeare 's play has an arranged duel which miscarries , and which takes off a divided , gambling man who has wondered whether or not it might be better to end his life . 5.30 p.m. End of classes for the day The five weeks is structured to provide a fairly comprehensive picture of actor training though even so it can only provide an outline of classes at drama school . There is not much time for academic work , though some courses include lectures on theatre history . Some of the courses include a limited number of visits to the theatre , and discussion of these productions will be included in the overall schedule . The final year The final terms at drama school are vital and exciting . This is the time you have worked towards , when you will be working on the showcase productions which will provide opportunities for you to be seen publicly . The last three months particularly are charged with electricity and you are suddenly involved both in the throes of final productions and the business of acting ; it all comes together in a thrilling rush , and the time goes quickly . There do n't seem to be enough hours in the day to do all the things you have to do , quite apart from your laundry ! Their small church membership of around 10,000 hides the wider appeal Paisleyite politics has for the small businessmen and farmers of protestant Ulster . The setting up of a new form of Ulster Club organization involving paramilitary activity in the wake of the Anglo - Irish accord of 1985 , is an added dimension to the struggle for power within the alliance . It is likely that the inner core of local church laity , such as select vestry members of the Church of Ireland and presbyterian elders , provided and still provide one of the links between the material and spiritual interests of the groups in the alliance , as these laity were and are active in the business and commercial fields also . THE DOMINANT BELIEFS OF THE TWO ALLIANCES As we examine the dominant beliefs of the two alliances , it must be stressed that we are not looking at beliefs possessed by each and every person who identifies to a greater or lesser extent with either set of traditions . The link between Irish catholicism and Irish nationalism is deeply rooted . For centuries the Roman catholic church and faith were the bread of life to the subordinate classes in Ireland , deprived of their land , civil rights , and education . The church not only provided solace and comfort in those long years , but also a vigorous identity which enabled its people to hold up their heads amid the persecution and oppression . It provided intellectual and spiritual leadership and some alleviation from hunger and starvation . The clergy were the only source of education apart from the hedge school teachers ( Dowling 1968 ) and provided a significant moral and organizational resource . The church not only provided solace and comfort in those long years , but also a vigorous identity which enabled its people to hold up their heads amid the persecution and oppression . It provided intellectual and spiritual leadership and some alleviation from hunger and starvation . The clergy were the only source of education apart from the hedge school teachers ( Dowling 1968 ) and provided a significant moral and organizational resource . Several aspects of catholicism became particularly important in the nineteenth century . As has been seen , partially as a result of Cardinal Cullen 's nineteenth - century reforms , the church became more organized and developed in its numbers of clergy and religious . What the protestant loyalists in effect seek to maintain is protestant loyalist domination within a flexible territory , one which they feel justified in calling their land and ruling according to their conscience . The Key Mythical Structures of Protestant Loyalist Popular Religion It could be argued that the myths of Ulster protestantism and the institution of the Orange order take the place of the more centralized clerical organization of Roman catholicism in providing some element of overall religious unity among protestant loyalists . By myth is meant here what has generally come to be accepted within sociology and social anthropology since the work of Levi - Strauss : an account of the origins of a society or of particular crucial events in its life , which unite the cosmos to the social structure by actively shaping everyday life perceptions . The historical consciousness of Ulster protestants in this sphere is also a faith consciousness . These principles were embodied in the constitution . The prime reason for bringing in a new constitution in 1937 was the return to dominance of the republican grouping , the side which had lost the civil war , and which had retained the intention of establishing a republic . The new Fianna Fil Party , under the leadership of Eamon de Valera , was intent on asserting Irish independence to the full by leaving the empire and providing a president to replace the monarchy , thus becoming the Republic of Ireland . The 1922 constitution approved by Britain was considered a model of libertarian democracy . The preamble of the new constitution of 1937 proclaims : It appeared that one of the main sources of the bishops ' opposition was the authoritarian nature of the legislation . That the bishops were affected by the opposition of the medical profession to the scheme clearly they stood to lose money and independence if such a scheme were implemented seems likely . Whereas similar provisions in other countries were mainly designed to provide facilities which could or could not be used , the Irish ones were to be compulsory and there was to be no choice of doctor . The hierarchy feared the move as the thin end of the wedge of secularism and the totalitarian state . It appears they feared the appointment of secular medical personnel who might educate mothers in family planning and their children in sexual matters . The new Minister for Health , Dr Noel Browne , a dedicated reformer of the health services and much concerned in particular with the eradication of tuberculosis in Ireland , modified the earlier bill to exclude the compulsion elements . But by March 1951 , it was clear that even this reform did not satisfy the Irish hierarchy who had also been lobbied by the Irish Medical Association to oppose the scheme . Grounds for the bishops ' opposition were that only parents and not the state should have the right to provide for the health of their children , that the state had no role to play in the physical education of children and mothers , and that individual privacy would be threatened by public use of their private health records ( Whyte 1980 : 21314 ) . Later the hierarchy made it clear that the basis for their objections was the increase in power by the state vis - - vis the liberty and self - reliance of its citizens which such legislation would entail . Perhaps the most revealing aspect of the whole affair is the way Dr Browne handled it . Protestant churches were not unaffected by the spirit in which the campaign often appeared to be conducted . Some members of the anti - abortion lobby had apparently been indicating the weak moral stance of protestants on the issue . The Church of Ireland appears to have had this in mind when it invited the well - known English Roman catholic marriage consultant , Dr Jack Dominian , to provide a report on divorce for the Church of Ireland General Synod . As Bishop Empey argued to the synod : Somehow we have to nail the lie that permissiveness flows from the Church of Ireland and that morality is the sole possession of but one Church in this land ( Irish Times , 22 May 1986 ) . In submitting his report , Dominian stated : The referendum proposal was as follows . The present constitution in Article 41.3.2 stated : No law shall be enacted providing for the grant of a dissolution of marriage . The proposed change involved the deletion of this and its substitution by the following : Where , and only where , such court established under this Constitution as may be prescribed by law is satisfied that Their membership , mainly middle - class , have met considerable difficulty in trying to achieve their limited goals integrated schooling for the children of those parents who wish it though some of the membership in the early days were aiming at a total integration of the schooling system . Until recently , catholics in the North were practically forbidden by their clergy to attend state schools , exceptions being made in certain outlying areas . Bishop Edward Daly in Derry liberally interpreted the needs of his Roman catholic pupils from the mid - 1970s , allowing greater freedom and seeing to it that some alternative religious education was provided . At the same time , the late Bishop Philbin began to refuse the sacrament of Confirmation to Roman catholic children attending state schools . A number of clergy in his diocese refused religious instruction to these children . To place one item , one element , in relation to all the others , and yet to keep space open for further elements . Time does not exist in the big glass , he wrote . Only exposure will provide it . Exposure to viewer . If only there was a way for each viewer to leave his mark . Each eye that looks to wear away the glass a little bit . My dream of a book whose print fades a little each time it is read until the pages are blank . perhaps provide each viewer with specially prepared spectacles ? Hang those on big glass ? Too fussy . The subjugation of individual character in such cases which on occasion even involves the removal of all traces of the pub 's actual name is particularly depressing . The aim of this report is not to demand that brewers turn the block back to 1620 , 1720 , 1820 or even to 1920 ; pubs have to make money , and have to adapt to some extent to changing needs and expectations . Nor does it pretend to provide a detailed and exhaustive analysis of the condition of Britain 's pubs . The aim is to present a brief overview of what is happening to historic pubs today , and to provide suggestions as to how this perceived threat to our old pubs can be effectively limited . In this respect it supplements , rather than replaces , publications of the past such as the 1983 SAVE/CAMRA report and detailed regional studies such as Claire Hunt 's of 1988 . The aim of this report is not to demand that brewers turn the block back to 1620 , 1720 , 1820 or even to 1920 ; pubs have to make money , and have to adapt to some extent to changing needs and expectations . Nor does it pretend to provide a detailed and exhaustive analysis of the condition of Britain 's pubs . The aim is to present a brief overview of what is happening to historic pubs today , and to provide suggestions as to how this perceived threat to our old pubs can be effectively limited . In this respect it supplements , rather than replaces , publications of the past such as the 1983 SAVE/CAMRA report and detailed regional studies such as Claire Hunt 's of 1988 . Each of the organisations involved has its own particular viewpoint , none of which has been stifled for the sake of consistent unanimity . In all our inns we have plenty of ale , beer and sundry kinds of wine and such is the capacity of some of these that they are able to lodge two hundred or three hundred persons and their horses . In the medieval period the church was also involved in the brewing of its own church - ales , which were made on an occasional basis and produced a useful income supplement ; in late medieval times these were often served in the Church House that frequently adjoined the churchyard . The church - ales provided competition for the secular supply of beverages from the taverns and alehouses . Both these establishments seem to have had an architectural form very similar to the ordinary domestic buildings of their area , and the hall provided the communal eating and drinking space . The tavern was a meeting place , usually in the centre of the town or village , where wine was normally served . At the Huntsman 's Inn in Ide , Kent , the refurbishment proposals were to involve demolitions so extensive that all but a portion of the building 's external wall would be destroyed , the planned reconstruction included an extension that would double the size of the original structure . It seems most surprising that the breweries consider the large open space to be the pub 's ideal internal form , or believe the artificial , standardised historic pub interior to be preferable to genuine historic detail , when the original internal divisions and features are essential elements of the historic character that customers expect when entering such a building . The Duke 's Arms at Presteigne in Powys provides the perfect illustration of how the misguided quest for the ideal traditional pub character can seriously threaten genuine historic features . This pub was originally a 17th century timber frame jettied building ; in the early 19th century its front was removed and a new rendered facade added . Although the loss of the original front is regrettable , the present facade is in accord with the general architectural character of the street and retains original late - Georgian features , such as its sashes with glazing bars . By creating a more definite starting and finishing point to the season , members of the group believed that the growing trend of out - of - season holidays and short breaks could be accelerated . The proportion of holidays of four nights and above between October and April has grown from 14 % in 1976 to 22 % last year , while August holidays have slipped from 24 % to 20 % and July from 25 % to 18 % . In addition to the hotel income which a bank holiday encourages , the group was also aware of its importance in generating day - trip revenue which , at 5b a year , provides nearly a third of tourism expenditure by Britons in this country . During the season , the NEDC group sees further benefits in amending the traditional school summer holiday , staggering the starting dates to avoid the sudden rush of tourist traffic . A more even spread of half - term holidays over three weeks of October would offer the industry the incentive to open beyond September . It is most surprising that in the tourism industry the necessity for language training to meet the growing demand for overseas visitors is not felt to be important , the report said . There was also very little demand for help on legal matters and employment issues . EMTB development manager Andrew Keeling said the survey 's findings would provide a background to a regional tourism strategy to be published in March 1992 . * Look out for Mind your language in Caterer , 1218 September . Study shows UK fast food boom FAST food now accounts for almost one meal in every 10 served in the UK . High - tech investment at Fairfield Manor YORK - based Croft Hotels is investing 80,000 in training and presentation equipment for its Fairfield Manor Hotel , near York . The investment will provide the hotel with some of the most comprehensive and up - to - date training and presentation facilities in North Yorkshire . It forms part of a 6m redevelopment programme for Fairfield Manor , which will be completed next spring . One of the priorities in redeveloping Fairfield Manor Hotel is to cater for business users , said Croft managing director Keith Pope . The computer system will only bring the returns that the company expects if the people using it are using the system fully , which can be guaranteed through investment in adequate training . It must also be noted that the computer systems generate information and it is how this information is used that influences the returns on the total package . The onus is on the company to ensure that staff are making intelligent decisions on the information that the computer system provides and this comes from in - house training . Telephone Management Systems customer care director Anne Nunn also speaks for many suppliers when she talks about the imbalance between the knowledge required of hotel staff and the time devoted to training them . She catalogues some of the services guests now take for granted , and which require electronic equipment working behind the scenes . The package IMS 90 , runs under any industry - standard operating system and can be used with EPoS devices . Designed for the brewing and leisure sector . IMS 90 provides management with a comprehensive reporting system and incorporates applications specific to bar and restaurant operations . Using all of the system 's facilities , management can analyse sales and staffing levels in multiple bars on a single site , or can view an entire operation remotely from a head office . Contact Quintek Systems Ltd , 4 The Courtyard , Denmark Street , Wokingham , Berkshire RG11 2AZ . RECIPES THREE chefs provide recipes which show versatility of mustard as an ingredient . Martin Blunos of Restaurant Lettonie in Bristol provided the rabbit recipe , using grain mustard . The Garland 's Tom Bridgeman in Bath also opted for grain mustard in his dish of lamb 's liver and bacon . Tarragon mustard was the type chosen by Philippe Roy of Clos du Roy , Box , in his hake recipe . Director Roger Pomphrey 's documentary crew filmed UB40 at home in Brum and followed them down to London with their families and friends . Once at Finsbury Park , the cameras caught them at the sound check , in interviews , backstage , and relaxing before the gig . Uniting music and image , this unusual concert film provides insight into the staging of the event , the comments of the fans and the band . Featuring many of their greatest hits , the film captures the Brummie Band at their best , before an audience of around 35,000 eager fans . Brian Travers Associates are proud to show the world premiere of this new film in UB40 's home town at the Birmingham Film and Television Festival . With the franchise bids for Channel 3 close to completion and the date set for the advertising of Channel 5 franchises it is timely to look again at the possibilities in the new channel , and in particular at the potential for city television . The arguments for the development of the media industries of regional cities has always had both economic and cultural aspects . The 1991 Forum will look at Channel 5 both as an opportunity to provide employment and economic growth outside of London and the South East and as a means of making the non - metropolitan voice heard . Despite the minimalist parameters for the new channel set out in the Broadcasting Act , in profound contrast to the remit of Channel Four when it began a decade ago , we want to make an issue of the new Channel . We see the allocation of the scarce resource of our last terrestrial channel as a matter worth serious discussion , and seek in it an answer to the perceived shortcomings of the existing Channels . We will look at the new Channel in relation to existing television whether broadcast , satellite or cable . What new programming do we want to see ? Will the new channel be able to provide it within its economic constraints ? Will its strength be a new kind of local programming with its 31 transmitters and the possibility of city station opt outs ? Is this possibility genuinely different from the existing regional models ? Is this possibility genuinely different from the existing regional models ? Will broadcasting survive the new franchise arrangements ? Will it be cable that provides truly local television ? Are Channel 5 and Cable in opposition or will they work together occupying new spaces in a completely new industry map ? What sort of programmes do we want to see in the nineties and beyond ? EVENTS at a glance As a location for drama production , the City of Birmingham and the region has an unrivalled tradition for both the popularity of the series produced , and originality of the subject matter portrayed , for example EMPIRE ROAD , GANGSTERS , SECOND CITY FIRST , ANGELS ( all BBC ) , CROSSROADS , MUCK AND BRASS , BOON , SOLDIER , SOLDIER , ( Central Television ) . The city 's two television centres have provided popular and award winning dramas for the network schedules and this success story continues in exemplary fashion under the direction of Ted Childs ( Central Films ) and Barry Hanson ( BBC Drama , Pebble Mill ) . The Festival series of four drama presentations , LOCATION BIRMINGHAM , is an opportunity for the general public to discuss with the producers , directors , writers and performers ( if available ) their series : the origins of the idea for the series , the production background , the writers ' viewpoint , audience reaction , future plans etc. FAMILY PRIDE the UK 's first Asian soap opera began its initial series in June 1991 with transmission on both Central Television and Channel 4 . He smiled and was silent for a moment . His next comment was measured in delivery . Would I be right in saying that we have n't provided you with what you were looking for when you came here ? What am I supposed to have been looking for ? That 's rather what I 'm hoping to find out . It was partly brought on , I 'm sure , by the worry of all that was happening . The illness did , however , convince me to accept another of the points Mrs Hill had made and I decided to apply for social security money . During my earlier periods of unemployment I had always , on a point of pride , provided for myself out of my savings . However , these were now too low and my prospects too poor for me to continue along that track . My illness kept me out of action for a fortnight so it was fully three weeks after the demise of my job before I finally went down to my local Department of Employment offices and signed on . The weather was overcast but the chances were the rain would hold off . It had better , I thought to myself . The shelter provided by my broom cupboard suddenly seemed extremely attractive . I 've been very lucky , I realized . I could n't really have been more lucky . Where were the cars going to park ? In the village hall car park , was the answer . The Lions would provide us with signs and men to act as car park attendants . Slight unease on my part . This thing was growing . Plant dwarf spring flowering bulbs such as Anemone blanda , chionodoxa and snowdrops to form carpets of colour beneath established shrubs . The anemones will prefer being planted in full sun , as their flowers do n't open so well when put in a shady position . Towards the end of the month , begin to strip down hanging baskets and replant them with winter - flowering pansies to provide colour through the darker winter days. Pot up the summer 's fuchsias and geraniums and store them in a frost - free position over winter . Tune in to Charles Patman on BBC Radio Peterborough . It is essential that bulbs spend a period of time in cool , dark conditions before flowering ( this is known as plunging ) to ensure that a good root system is produced , otherwise stunted growth and deformed flowers can result . Older gardening books may recommend a cool cupboard indoors for plunging . But with central heating , it is now not always possible to provide an ideal plunging environment within the home . An alternative is to put the planted - up bowls in black polythene sacks ties at the top and keep them in a cold greenhouse or cool , frost - free outhouse , garage or shed . Underground safe The pool forms a real focal point from both the house and patio , while the sound of water , falling from a mask set in the wall , will be delightful on a hot summer 's day . Of course , if you have a young family and feel water might be a hazard , the feature could become a raised sandpit or planter , which naturally gives you the opportunity of converting it at a later stage . On the other side of the terrace a raised bed provides visual balance and accommodates a specimen juniper and winter flowering heathers . Moving away from the terrace , broad steps drop down past a rose and herb bed edged with low growing box to the first lawn level , which would make an ideal play area . The path flanking the lawn leads first down and then across the garden to help create a feeling of greater space . Break up the slope by creating different levels . We created an attractive and useful patio area paved with wooden decking and surrounded by planting towards the lower end of the garden . This provided a totally separate area to the levelled lawn in front of the house . If possible increase the size of any vaguely level area already there , as we did with the lawn . The essential reference book Start collecting our superb free Gardeners ' Manual and month by month it will build into a reference book you will turn to time and time again . Compiled exclusively for BBC Gardeners ' World Magazine by Andi Clevely , the Gardeners ' Manual provides detailed advice , explains techniques and gives practical information on choosing and using plants . Packed with gardening know - how , its structured style and easy - to - follow , well - illustrated format will appeal to every gardener , from novice to enthusiast . The Gardeners ' Manual has been designed to pull out and collect , so you can always keep it close at hand with your other gardening reference books . The decorative smoke tree Cotinus coggygria gives terrific value in the garden . The hybrid variety Grace is even better , with huge deep red leaves throughout the spring and summer that turn fiery red in autumn . What I did n't discover until recently was that it provides a bonus for organic gardeners . I 've had this shrub for a few years now but it has been a bit reluctant to bloom . But this year , it has finally decided to flower profusely , forming brownish clouds which drift hazily over the bush . H Cullett , Sunderland Auto - Waterer Take the guesswork out of watering growbags by raising the bags off the ground and providing a reservoir beneath them . Make simple wooden frame to support the bag . Push two wicks of capillary matting through slits in the bottom of the bag . This month 's plan is for a wide , rectangular border which receives lots of sunshine every day . Although it is mostly made up of perennial plants which will come up fresh in spring , there are one or two evergreen shrubs added for structure : an upright rosemary and a couple of spiky yuccas . The border will provide plenty of interest and colour from midsummer onwards , particularly at summer 's end , when many other plants have long since finished flowering . Some of the key plants are described in more detail below . If you have trouble in finding exactly the same varieties , you local nursery should be able to suggest some good alternatives . In warm and sheltered gardens Abutilon megaponticum and A. vitifolium can remain outside . Readers ' questions We are unable to provide a personal query answering service to readers by post . However , a selection of your questions will be answered on these pages each month . Tune in to your BBC local radio gardening experts for advice . Most private owners discovered the use of a tail and wing - tip dolly a long time ago , making it possible to tow out with a car single - handedly on most days. It is a harsh punishment to have to walk the glider all the way back , particularly after a cable break where the glider lands in the middle of the airfield . I am always surprised that clubs will happily buy an expensive tractor to pull gliders back , but will not provide aids to make it all less strenuous and time - consuming . The proper equipment makes the whole operation far easier and safer , and encourages instructors to practise those exercises which can so often result in a long walk back to the launch point . However , it is essential to recognise that towing aids are only really safe for use in normal flying conditions , and caution is needed if they are used in windy weather . Tow - rope loads On a car or winch launch , the pull of the rope or launching cable exerts very little stabilising effect , but the rapid acceleration usually ensures that enough speed is gained to have good control . A nose hook provides more stability for aerotowing , and it is a slight advantage to start the take - off a little on the upwind side of the towplane . This ensures that there is a sideways pull on the nose , helping to prevent both the glider and the towplane from weathercocking into wind . The poor acceleration of an aerotow makes a swing or a wing - drop more likely . Higher on the launch Higher up on the launch the drill should be : lower the nose into the approach attitude ; release the cable ; assess if a landing ahead is practical . If the latter is the case the speed should be checked by the ASI and , provided that it is adequate , the airbrakes can be used for a normal approach and landing . Unless the failure has occurred below 50 feet or so , once the speed has been regained it is always best to apply full airbrake first to use up any excess height quickly . The airbrake can then be reduced if necessary for the round - out and landing , provided that there is still plenty of room to do so . If the latter is the case the speed should be checked by the ASI and , provided that it is adequate , the airbrakes can be used for a normal approach and landing . Unless the failure has occurred below 50 feet or so , once the speed has been regained it is always best to apply full airbrake first to use up any excess height quickly . The airbrake can then be reduced if necessary for the round - out and landing , provided that there is still plenty of room to do so . This is far better than opening a little airbrake , then some more , and then finally having to use full airbrake for the landing in order to avoid overshooting into the far boundary . It is important to realise that if the glider stops just within the boundary , another few feet of height could have meant a serious overshoot and perhaps a damaged aircraft . The following incident with an experienced pilot on a K6E drew attention to the importance of making smooth stick movements . This particular pilot was an instructor who was in good practice in a K13 two - seater but out of practice in his K6E . The E - model , unlike the K6CR , has an all - moving stabiliser with no tabs to provide feel . Without the spring trimming there would be no pressure required to change speeds or to pull out of dives , and the controls would be very light indeed . Since the force exerted by the spring is the same at both low and high speeds , this makes it feel rather twitchy , and it is not difficult to overstress the aircraft at high speeds . This is slightly more than the distance that most pilots would like for a spot landing at the gliding site because you need a little more time for the approach in a strange place . Obviously , if the fields are small , two lengths might be needed . Then , provided you are not running short of height , the final turn must not be any closer than your chosen point . This system helps to prevent you from getting too close for a normal approach . Only come closer if you are anxious , because the base leg is going to be rather low . For a start , novice pilots should have some experience of aerotowing in single - seaters before converting to types which are not fitted with a nose hook , and gliders intended for inexperienced pilots should always be manufactured with a nose hook for aerotowing . It is wise for inexperienced pilots to carry additional ballast to bring the c.g . well forward , making the glider more stable and increasing the stick forces . The nose heaviness will also provide additional down elevator power to help control any nose - up pitching tendencies . The pilot must be vigilant on every aerotow and must realise the importance of being prepared to release at any point on the climb out should his glider get badly out of position . The pilot 's left hand should certainly be near the release toggle all the time until the glider is at least 500 or 600 feet up. The gliding is often spectacular : poor landings , low final turns and generally sloppy flying . At many clubs it is compulsory for everyone to have at least one dual flight at the beginning of the season before flying solo again . Certainly , an emergency on the first flight after a long lay off provides the potential for an incident . If you are out of practice , why not take a ride or two with an instructor and ask him to criticise your flying ? This is a very quick way to get your hand in and learn what you need to practise . When giving instruction in thermal soaring , I try to insist that students go on attempting to find lift until about 5600 feet , and I very often explain my own thoughts and precautions as they do the flying . All the time during each turn it is essential to have a plan for the worst contingency and to know exactly what you would do if you suddenly lost 200 feet . In this way it is possible to use the lift low down with safety , provided that the thermals are not too turbulent . Then it is necessary to give up much higher . Checking the compass Finally , check the airspeed carefully and approach with an adequate amount of height and speed . Try to avoid an approach which ends up with a very small amount of airbrake . It is always easier to land with at least half airbrake provided that the speed is not too low . Don't try to judge the landing attitude ; just make sure that you are close to the ground and keep holding off until the glider lands itself . Make quite sure that you hold off fully . Stamina - building is not the only advantage of cycling . Because you 're not carrying the weight of your body on your feet , it 's a good form of exercise for people with painful feet , bad backs , or arthritis . And , of course , cycling can save money and provide pleasure . More and more people are taking to their bikes as an alternative to driving or using public transport . Whether you 're shopping , going to work or travelling for pleasure , it 's a lot cheaper and much healthier ! They will want to know that you have a safe , warm place for children to play , and that your kitchen and toilet facilities are adequate . What will they want to know about me ? They will want to be sure that you are prepared to give your time to care for the children , that you will provide for all their needs and take them out regularly , and that you really do like small children ! What will they want to know about my health ? You will probably be asked some questions about your health , and you will need to have a routine chest X - ray if you have n't had one lately . Family planning using the safe period As well as leaflets on family planning , information is also available on women 's health care , sexually transmitted diseases and sex education . The Family Planning Association and the Health Education Council provide a free Family Planning Information Service FPIS to help people to know about and use the free National Health Service facilities . HOW TO GET ADVICE You can find out more about contraception by visiting your family doctor or your nearest family planning clinic . Your partner is also welcome , so why not go along together to discuss the different methods of birth control ? The service is free . All family planning services and supplies on prescription are provided free on the National Health Service if you are ordinarily resident in the UK . The services are available from hospitals , clinics and most family doctors . GPs cannot prescribe condoms . Release information in limited quantities so that it can be absorbed and understood . If you do n't know the answer , do n't be afraid to say so . There is no shame in saying , I do n't know but I 'll try to find out , provided that you do try and find out and report back . WHEN ? Inevitably there are times and places when it is not possible to have a proper discussion on AIDS . Where to have your baby . Most doctors will tell you it 's best to have your baby in hospital , especially if it 's your first child . Every facility can be provided in hospital , and this is particularly important if special care should be needed . Antenatal care. Your doctor and the hospital will arrange for you to make regular visits for antenatal care. It is not a comprehensive guide to symptoms and services , but it should point you in the right direction and show you where to go for help . AT YOUR SERVICE Good health is not just about providing efficient , high quality medical services . In many ways it is also a partnership . There is much that each of us can do to help ourselves by not smoking , by eating sensibly , by taking regular exercise , and by not drinking too much . The national breast screening programme is free and offers mammography breast X - rays every three years to all women between the ages of 50 and 64 . Older women can also be screened every three years on request . The service is provided by nearly 80 special screening centres throughout England at hospitals , clinics or mobile units . If you are in the relevant age - group , and have registered your address with your GP , then you should automatically get an invitation by the end of 1993 . Women below 50 will not be invited routinely . FAMILY PLANNING Free family planning advice and services are available under the NHS from most family doctors and family planning clinics . In some areas there may be special clinics for particular groups such as young people , or services provided by voluntary organisations to complement NHS facilities . Women are free to choose where they want to go for advice and treatment . Forms of contraception Unfortunately , some pregnancies result in miscarriage or stillbirth ; or a baby does not survive beyond the early stages of life . Professional staff , including your GP , hospital consultant or midwife , will be able to provide you and your partner with immediate support and advice . The following organisations can also provide help . BIRTH AND BEYOND Your midwife or GP will be able to tell you about the types of care available which may include : a hospital maternity unit , a GP maternity unit , or a home birth . The voluntary sector also provides advice , counselling and rehabilitation services . Tranquilliser Dependence Many local drug treatment centres provide services to meet the particular needs of people dependent on drugs such as tranquillisers . Your GP can also advise you . OTHER HELP AVAILABLE You can get advice on a wide variety of subjects including money or debt , legal difficulties and housing from the Citizens Advice Bureaux . See the local telephone book for the address and telephone of the nearest branch . The services provided by the NHS are there to be used . You are not wasting your doctor 's time by asking about something which worries you . Your doctor wants to help you . Applications for people who live in council property For some types of work your District Council may expect you to apply for a grant as a tenant . If they support the work they may provide financial help towards the cost . The District Council may offer to rehouse you if this is more suitable for you , and it is an option that you might want to consider . If you are living in council property you must discuss adapting your house with the housing department . The manufacturer and your architect or surveyor will be able to advise you . How is the lift installed ? The manufacturer will be able to provide you with a plan , an estimate and details of building and electrical work required . A builder will need to give an estimate for the building work . The building work and electrical work will need to be completed ready for the installation , and some making good is needed afterwards . Also , in association with the Partially Sighted Society , special adaptations were made . These were to install illuminations up to 1000 Lux , but all indirectly to avoid sparkle and glare in the abnormally thick spectacles of partially sighted people . A deep black dado below the white walls surrounds the room in order to provide an enhanced sense of perspective to those who see only a blur and have to find their way using very little visual data . Doors are outlined in a black architrave for the same reason . The effect of a black and white room in stunningly attractive . Doors are outlined in a black architrave for the same reason . The effect of a black and white room in stunningly attractive . It is surprising what can be achieved in an old and complex building to provide for disabled people and also how much the internal and external architecture can benefit from the refurbishment that the opportunities of converting a building for disabled access can provide . Jeremy Bell , Maguire Co Maguire Co was started as the successor firm to Maguire Murray in 1988 . Motability has also negotiated good discounts on new cars on behalf of purchasers . Cars supplied for hire or purchase can be adapted to suit the needs of the individual , but the types of adaptation that can be made to hire cars is more restricted because they have to be returned to the general market at the end of the hire period . Motability can provide the names of professional organisations who can assess the needs of the disabled person and advise them whether or not they are capable of driving and what sort of car and adaptations they might need . Providing the disabled person is entitled to receive mobility allowance , it need not necessarily be the disabled person who has to be the driver of the vehicle . Often vehicles are provided for the use of children or other non - drivers . Motability can provide the names of professional organisations who can assess the needs of the disabled person and advise them whether or not they are capable of driving and what sort of car and adaptations they might need . Providing the disabled person is entitled to receive mobility allowance , it need not necessarily be the disabled person who has to be the driver of the vehicle . Often vehicles are provided for the use of children or other non - drivers . In addition to providing help for the hiring and buying of cars , Motability also has a wheelchair hire scheme covering both manual and powered models . Motability is a registered charity and if a person cannot meet the full cost of putting a car on the road , including any adaptations , Motability may be able to provide some financial help from special funds . Providing the disabled person is entitled to receive mobility allowance , it need not necessarily be the disabled person who has to be the driver of the vehicle . Often vehicles are provided for the use of children or other non - drivers . In addition to providing help for the hiring and buying of cars , Motability also has a wheelchair hire scheme covering both manual and powered models . Motability is a registered charity and if a person cannot meet the full cost of putting a car on the road , including any adaptations , Motability may be able to provide some financial help from special funds . If you would like further details of the scheme , contact your local Motability motor dealer . Often vehicles are provided for the use of children or other non - drivers . In addition to providing help for the hiring and buying of cars , Motability also has a wheelchair hire scheme covering both manual and powered models . Motability is a registered charity and if a person cannot meet the full cost of putting a car on the road , including any adaptations , Motability may be able to provide some financial help from special funds . If you would like further details of the scheme , contact your local Motability motor dealer . They will have all the facts and will be able to explain what the costs would be in your particular case . In the main , the college has produced little radical comment or research of note during the four decades of its existence , for the various chief officers have jealously ensured that any consolidation of ideological excellence at this location has been neutered , and under Home Office direction its senior courses have primarily been used to provide a stream of suitably acquiescent candidates for the ACPO ranks , who readily take on the symbols and metaphors of dominance which feed the appetite for power Stead warns against . In 1987 I spent the summer at the college on the Intermediate Command Course and found it depressing to see just how little research was being sponsored or carried out there . The vast library on police matters was clearly under - used and there is obviously a need for a critical ethnography of the college itself , for it takes in numbers of senior and middle police managers each year , maintains a considerable staff of academics and visiting lecturers , but has singularly failed to provide an academically stimulating university of policing . Even the civilian academics at the college seem to be nullified by the overriding police desire for circumspection in the written account and the preference for academic silence . It could be anticipated that the college would have seen the creation of a continuous stream of books and papers generated by the rich source of material which pours through its gates , but this has hardly been the case . The analysis spans a period when technology and communication techniques transformed the outward face of policing . Hopefully the resulting ethnography will generate a new and clearer understanding of the nuances and specificities of police reality , incorporating what Bourdieu ( 1977 ) has called a practical mastery built upon objectivist knowledge . A subjective element in the account provides a better potential to unravel the semantic patterns which structure the maintenance of this executive unit of power . It introduces knowledge of the cultural metaphors and the symbolic capital by which the constantly changing gradations of disorder , order , crime , and social sin are determined and acted upon , or are ignored . IN THE PAST : THE PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Later , when I was a city detective in the early 1960s , we again used clothing to mark off our separation and dirty , ragged tramps shuffling off to shelter in rubble - filled dens under the Tyne Bridge would become a referent to our despised neighbours : look we would point there 's a Gateshead detective hurrying off on the scent . Again Douglas ( 1966 : 138 ) has suggested there is a liaison which exists between the physical body and its use as an expression of the social , so that one becomes a paradigm for the other : the human body is a model which can stand for any bounded system . It should come as no surprise , therefore , to find that a well - disciplined human body with clearly defined parameters of correctness will provide a symbolic mirror of the preferred police social formation in which the human condition can be enacted . We can also expect to find that any discrepancy in this preferred social formation will be reflected and transferred to the physical body as a metaphor of chaos . These adjacent police forces were physically aberrant in nuance of bodily style and were therefore deemed to be socially incorrect . Aerobic training I will assume that you are not completely unfit and can cope with the demands of normal training . As I have indicated , the requirements for competition are slightly different , but we can use the fitness built up through normal training to provide a platform upon which to establish more specialised requirements . Thus you will already be aerobically fit , that is able to sustain a relatively low work - load over a long period . If this is the case , then your first objective is to raise the level of work you can do before sliding too far into fatigue - producing anaerobic respiration . Here the right guard hand and shoulder are drawn back , exposing more of the body and head . Stepping towards the opponent 's closed side provides fewer targets , though it does succeed in preventing an immediate , effective counter . Stepping to the open side provides more target opportunities , but also gives the opponent opportunities too . Remember that blocks do not score , however well they are executed , and so a follow - up punch , kick or strike is essential . Underline the follow - up by means of a loud shout to show that you have unified mental resolve and physical effort in the technique . This hooking action is important because it interferes with the opponent 's attempts to free his arm and keeps him closed off for a longer period . Use any opportunity to force the opponent 's front hand across his own centre - line since this always inhibits his immediate responses . provided that you then turn your body directly towards him , you will be able to deliver a powerful scoring punch . It is possible to duck underneath your opponent 's powerful head punch as he comes barrelling in , but this requires a fair amount of nerve and good timing . Begin from the opposite stance and advance into the opponent . Competitors generally adopt an attacking or defensive attitude which governs their usage of technique . Thus the defensive fighter waits for you to attack and then counters as your technique is concluding . Don't fall for this but draw him out instead by providing openings . Then , just as he responds , pull back out of range , deflecting his technique and countering . The wary fighter backs off from you and so must be encouraged to make all the running . Begin what seems to be a front kick , then change it at the last moment into a high roundhouse kick . Is the guard comprehensive , so that no immediate openings are visible ? If so , provide an opening yourself and as the opponent goes for it , rock back and punch over the top . Snap punch to bring the opponent 's attention high Maintaining effective pressure What they had missed was an elegant argument in which Mr Menzies cast himself as Moses , the much - wronged and sorely - tried shepherd to the Israelites , and his session clerk and schoolmaster James Robertson as the faithful lieutenant Aaron . For Moses and Aaron knew , they knew full well , said Mr Menzies in a sorrowful coo , that their lot was a thankless one . But equally , his voice surged , they knew that the Lord would provide . And they were not mistaken , for He did provide , and provide abundantly : quails and bread , and he that gathered much had nothing over , and he that gathered little had no lack ; they gathered every man according to his eating . But were they satisfied ? Because of his father 's incapacity , Leonard grew up with all the advantages of family prestige , and few of its responsibilities . His home , a very well disposed , if modest , semi - detached residence in the affluent part of Montreal known as Westmount , backed on to a park overlooking the city and the mighty St. Lawrence River and port . Despite the Depression , the family were well provided for , and spared the rigours that many others endured . Mrs Cohen was queen of her domain and , aided by a maid ( suitably attired ) , a nurse for the children ( Leonard had an elder sister , Esther ) , and a chauffeur - gardener ( a coloured man named Kerry ) , they were particularly fortunate . When Mr Cohen was well , they lived the life of any well - to - do family of the time , in the Edwardian style of the period . That the ability was there is beyond question . And his third year First Class results ( known at McGill as Great Distinction ) in English demonstrate where his heart truly lay , as did his obtaining the coveted Chester Macnaughton Prize for Creative Writing in 1955 ; as well as the Peterson Memorial Prize in literature . He recalled that Ian Duthie , a graduate of Edinburgh University , - was one of his tutors in English 101 ( a compulsory subject ) , who provided interesting connections with his father 's accent and the general Scottishness of Westmount . Behind the indecision lay a youth torn in one direction by the family business , not least perhaps his father 's shadow hanging over him ; and the preferences of his mind and ever prolific imagination in the other. Accordingly , he read arts in his first year ; commerce ( which included accounting , commercial law , political science and a couple of doses of mathematics ) in his second ; arts ( though strangely retaining political science ) for his third and fourth years , to which was added zoology . As he said himself of this time , I yearned to live a semi - bohemian lifestyle , an unstructured life ; but a consecrated one ; some kind of calling . It was this that fostered an even more radical bid for his independence . Being adequately provided for , he was able to book himself into a downtown hotel which cost him three dollars per night , though he often failed to make it back to the hotel , finding the cosmopolitan and nocturnal life of the town there entirely to his liking : consecration dismantled ! Leonard was fortunate in being welcomed virtually as an equal - into the regular company of such as these older poets . Not merely welcomed among them , but escorted around the country by them to various literary and poetry events , and often presented to their confrres as their protg . encourage employees to seek help voluntarily provide advice and any other type of help needed offer an opportunity for help where work has deteriorated Alcohol Concern Can put you in touch with local services . The Workplace Advisory Service advises on alcohol policies and provides education and training Alcoholics Anonymous Branches throughout the country Would it not make a difference if one identified experience , not with some disposition to overt behaviour , but with the behaviour of the brain as it discriminates the various sorts of stimuli within the nervous system ? This is a version of the supposedly post - behaviourist theory called functionalism , which treats mental states as responding to other internal and mental states as well as to external stimuli . The first thing to notice about functionalism is that it does not fare any better than behaviourism in providing an account of what it is that V knows and BS does not , for BS could know all about V 's functional or covertly behavioural states ; so there is no lack of knowledge that his deficit could consist in . It can reside only in his inability to do certain things spontaneously . The situation would be different from this only if the internal discriminations carried with them some experiential feel that was not to be identified with some physical process of which BS could know . It looks silly from the perspective of our so - called folk psychology of thinking . For , paradoxically enough , it is the language of thought thesis which is closer to the layman 's intuitions about thinking . We have a way of talking , and thus a way of thinking , about thoughts as if they were sentences in the head ; and it is worth noting that Fodor ( for example in Psychosemantics ) regards folk psychology as providing a rough but reliable account of mental life and behaviour . The doctrine of holism , by contrast , challenges our folk psychology of thought ( see Note 1 ) . How , then , might a supporter of the mental sentence view try to deal with the holism of the mental ? This may sound a somewhat highfalutin ' way of making an obvious point ; but the obvious points are often the important ones : in this tension we find the limits of experience , beyond which we locate an objective universe and within which we locate subjectivity . ( One caveat : I am not saying that this is the only necessary experiential condition for objectivity : it is , though , the one which highlights the importance of action most clearly in differentiating the objective from the subjective within the stream of experience . ) Without the possibility , then , of altering one 's perceptual inputs at will it is difficult to see how the information provided by the input systems could ever be centered upon a self , a self that is not just a repository of information , but something which addresses itself to reality and for whom reality is centred upon itself . I will give just one reason for this . If there were no refractoriness ( no failures to experience X when trying to have an X - experience ) there could be no basis on which to draw a distinction between appearance and reality , and without this distinction there can be no possibility of thinking about reality . The appearance is of the wall stopping just as it reaches the board ; but do not the input systems deliver up the information that the wall continues behind the occluder ? Indeed , as I mentioned above , there is plenty of evidence from research with the very young infants that their input systems allow them to make appearancereality distinctions ( for example , apparent versus real shape ) at so young an age that the possibility that they have to rely upon records of their actions to do this is just not worth considering . I think that this kind of objection rests upon a false way of thinking about the information that the input system provides . I shall have more to say about occlusion a little later , but for now : grasping the fact of occlusion in the sense of grasping the fact that if something were removed then something behind it would be perceived because the something behind was there all along is an achievement of the central systems . It means that we can think about things that are not present . The infant 's brain records the results of this modification and gradually constructs a model of reality on that basis . It must be said , however , that despite the beautiful detail of Piaget 's behavioural descriptions , his picture of the mental reorganizations underlying behavioural change was painted with a very broad brush ( by present - day standards ) ; and indeed the assimilation - accommodation model is little more than a description of what has to be explained , awaiting , what we now call , a computational model . My own view is that connectionism ( see Chapter 7 ) is well placed to provide such a computational account of sensorimotor development ; but that is not the issue here . Here is Piaget 's most well - known demonstration of the infant 's failure to relate actions to experiences . At about seven months of age the average baby is quite skilled at removing obstacles to prehension ; is well able , for example , to pull a cushion away to reach a rattle behind it . Indeed , it is a common observation in experiments of this kind that subjects themselves often express confusion about what they are conscious of . The problem arises whenever we try to use conscious awareness as a dependent variable : for example , when we want to decide whether or not a particular external event leads to a phenomenal event . This is an area of some controversy at the moment in psychology , where one of the holy grails is the attempt to provide empirical evidence for the intuitively reasonable idea that there can be a dissociation of behaviour from consciousness . This is a phenomenon which most of us experience from time to time , particularly when performing a highly practised task like driving a car or using a keyboard , and which the clinician often feels presents in exaggerated form in certain neurological conditions . The term blindsight was coined by Larry Weiskrantz at Oxford to describe perhaps the best known example of this dissociation , in which patients with damage to the visual areas of the cortex deny being able to see a visual stimulus while behaving in some respects as if they are processing it , for instance by moving their eyes in its direction . But when we talk about our conscious experiences we are providing our listener with only a very crude approximation to the actual phenomenal content of experience . ( Interestingly , one of the functions of art is the attempt to refine this process of communicating mental states and the accounts of the artist can sometimes be a more useful guide to the nature of cognitive processes than nave introspection . ) What I am suggesting is that introspective reports , while often providing helpful qualitative information , can never be reliable enough to use as quantitative data defining the presence or absence of conscious awareness . Returning to the central theme of the present chapter , electrical activity can be correlated with behaviour and this helps us towards an understanding of the neural mechanisms and cognitive processes underlying behaviour . It does not enable us to say anything directly about the nature of consciousness . Consequently , I am going to start off by outlining some of the philosophical beliefs about the nature of mind which underpin contemporary research in the cognitive sciences , including cognitive neuropsychology . This will involve a brief discussion of the approach known in contemporary philosophy as functionalism . The basic theme of this chapter will be that the success of cognitive neuropsychology provides strong grounds for believing that functionalism , or something very close to it , is actually true . Functionalism as a Philosophy of Mind The functionalist approach to the study of mind characterizes much of the work currently being done in cognitive psychology , artificial intelligence and linguistics . Fodor ( 1981 ) provides a very clear description of functionalism , and his book The Modularity of Mind discusses some of the philosophical issues surrounding cognitive neuropsychology . Pylyshyn ( 1984 ) contains an important account of the relationship between cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence , and Pylyshyn ( 1973 ) contains an interesting discussion of the differences between cognitive science and phenomenology . A very clear introduction to current work in cognitive neuropsychology is provided by Ellis and Young ( 1988 ) . Churchland 's Matter and Consciousness is an equally lucid introduction to the philosophy of mind . A Critique of Neuromythology For the purposes of the present discussion I am going to confine myself to sensation and perception and ignore behaviour . I do this not only because the issues are easier to grasp in the case of perception than in the case of voluntary movement , but also because neurophysiologists of movement are less prone to wild claims than neurophysiologists of perception : most of the former would admit that we do not yet have the faintest idea how voluntary activity is able to utilize or over - ride reflex pathways ; how we mobilize so - called motor programmes when we need them ; or even where in the nervous system voluntary movement is initiated . The metaphysical framework for the neurophysiology of perception is provided by the Causal Theory of Perception ( henceforth referred to as the CTP ) . This goes back at least as far as Aristotle . According to Aristotle , perceiving an object is the result of being acted upon by it : objects of perception , acting via a medium of perception , causally affect the perceiver 's sensory apparatus . Or have they ? In the discussion that follows , I shall question whether : ( a ) scientific , and in particular physiological , observations have provided any additional , independent evidence in support of the impingement theory of perception/experience ; ( b ) the impingement theory , with its physiological embellishments , goes any way towards explaining perception . One might expect , a priori , that no empirical ( that is perception - based ) observations could provide evidence in support of a metaphysical theory of perception ; that perceptions would not enable us to get to the root of perception . ( a ) scientific , and in particular physiological , observations have provided any additional , independent evidence in support of the impingement theory of perception/experience ; ( b ) the impingement theory , with its physiological embellishments , goes any way towards explaining perception . One might expect , a priori , that no empirical ( that is perception - based ) observations could provide evidence in support of a metaphysical theory of perception ; that perceptions would not enable us to get to the root of perception . By unmasking the circularity of physiological explanations of perception that have been developed within the framework of the idea of the impingement , I shall show that the a priori principle is upheld . The Neurophysiology of Perception : Critique According to the Muller doctrine , sensory endings are particularly sensitive to certain types of energy light energy in the case of retinal endings , sound energy in the case of cochlear endings , and so on - and that when they , or their central connections , are stimulated a specific modality of sensation is experienced . According to the Weber - Fechner law , there is a correlation between the intensity of the energy incident on the sense ending and the magnitude of the corresponding subjective experience . These laws seem a ) to provide empirical support for the neurophysiological account of perception and b ) to contribute to its explanatory force . I will argue , however , that a ) and b ) are apparent rather than real . a ) Do the laws provide empirical support for the neurophysiological account of perception ? These laws seem a ) to provide empirical support for the neurophysiological account of perception and b ) to contribute to its explanatory force . I will argue , however , that a ) and b ) are apparent rather than real . a ) Do the laws provide empirical support for the neurophysiological account of perception ? Both laws are derived from observations and there can be no doubt about their empirical credentials . Are those empirical credentials sufficient , however , to sustain the metaphysical implications it is thought that the laws have ? Recent work has confined that it is not possible to measure intensity of subjective sensation in a way that is distinct from and independent of measurement of the physical stimulus from which it is derived ; that Fechner 's logarithmic transform exists only as a mathematical construction to link reports of sensations with measurements of stimuli ; and an experimental subject 's conformity to Stevens ' power law depends on his getting the experiment right . Even if the laws of psychophysics are empirical laws in the sense of correlating one type of observation or experience with another , they are not laws about the relationship between experience and that which lies outside of experience and is its trigger or basis pure , objective , material energy . Psychophysical laws , in other words , provide no independent evidence for a physical basis of perception . To assert this is merely to reiterate a point that should be obvious : that science , however sophisticated its instrumentation , cannot generate observations that somehow enable us to look at the relationship between experience and the world as it were from outside of experience . ( b ) The lack of explanatory force of the laws There 's a fair amount of to - ing and fro - ing from the courts , explains Mace , and I like to maintain my contact with the live action on court , as well as the monitored information in the press room . It pays to keep in touch with the atmosphere of the match . Nottinghamshire based Delahunty Associates has always provided a diverse service of sports reporting but now sees its role in tennis , in particular , developing . We are established in many other sports , including the Johnnie Walker Ryder Cup , the RAC Rally , the Silk Cut Derby at Hickstead , the Benson and Hedges Snooker Masters at Wembley , the Volvo European PGA Tour and the British Grand Prix , explains Delahunty , and although we have been in tennis since 1985 when Stella Artois first commissioned us , I still look at tennis as a growth area . We maximise sponsor benefits in all media so that they can get their name all over the country . The Symposium considered how the Church can communicate more effectively to young people today for the benefit of their safety and emotional health . Many churches are responding . Those involved with ACET are now helping provide home care for one in four of all those dying with AIDS in the UK and up to 4,000 school pupils a month are now receiving education on the subject . Both programmes are the largest of their kind in the country . ACET is currently offering speakers to inform , motivate , train and support . Over the next six months this small group of professionals and volunteers provided practical care for 15 people living in or around the Borough of Ealing . To date ACET has provided professional nursing care or practical help to over 400 individuals across London , excluding hardship grants and equipment loans . In Ealing alone we have received over 30 referrals for Home Care . It has always been ACET 's policy to work with and complement statutory and other voluntary organizations . In Ealing , social workers , H.E.A.R.S ( Hounslow Ealing AIDS Response Service ) and the Ealing Home Support team have made referrals to ACET to provide for needs where a single agency cannot give all of the support required . ACET is committed to the unconditional care of all those who are ill with HIV/AIDS regardless of race , religion , lifestyle , sex , sexuality or any other factor . We provide professionally based practical home care to men , women and children who are ill at home with HIV/AIDS related illness . Since launching our UK service we have received over 1,200 requests for practical help . This makes us the largest independent provider of practical home care to people with AIDS in the UK . DONATION Thus , the first payment should be on or after the date on which the Deed of Covenant is signed . You cannot simply draw up a covenant ( or a Deposited Covenant Agreement ) to cover a donation you have already made in the hope that ACET can obtain tax advantage on the sum given . However , it can be possible for the documents to be signed after you have sent a payment by cheque provided that you arrange for us to hold the cheque and not pay it into the bank until we have received the signed Deed of Covenant . What happens if I have difficulty in continuing to make payments ? If this unlikely situation arises , you should discuss the problem with us . 6 . What if I wish to give a sum of capital or a sum in excess of my annual taxable income ? If you wish to give a capital sum to ACET ( e.g. from an inheritance your have received ) or an amount of money that exceeds your taxable for the tax year of the gift , ACET can still get tax relief on your gift if you enter into a Deposited Covenant arrangement . This is quite separate from Gift Aid and details can be supplied on request . Likewise , if you wished to make a single gift to ACET of less than 600 then assuming that you are a taxpayer you can enable ACET to get the benefit of tax relief by the same Deposited Covenant arrangement . AI has appealed to President Alberto Fujimori for a prompt investigation into a bomb attack on Dr Augusto Ziga opened a letter bomb which blew off his left hand and forearm . At the time , Dr. Ziga was working on the case of student Ernesto Castillo Pez , who disappeared after he was reportedly detained by police on 21 October 1990 in Lima . The case received wide publicity when a habeas corpus petition was upheld by two lower courts . However , the Supreme Court subsequently annulled the habeas corpus on grounds of procedural irregularites . Dr. Ziga was warned that the police might seek reprisals against him , but although he informed the authorities of this , novo specific measures of protection were apparently offered to him. UN Commission on Human Rights After two years of taking no action in response to reports of grave and widespread violations in Iraq , the Commission on Human Rights has appointed a Special Rapporteur to investigate the human rights situation there ; another special Rapporteur has been appointed to examine violations committed by Iraqi forces in occupied Kuwait . The Commission also took a stronger stand in respect of two other countries on its agenda : Cuba will not come under special scrutiny by a representative of the UN Secretary - General and the Expert on Equatorial Guinea , a country which receives assistance under the UN Advisory Services Program , has been requested to study the human rights situation there . Another significant development to emerge from the latest session of the Commission , held in March 1991 , was its decision to establish a Working Group on arbitrary detention . This will be the first UN mechanism with a clear mandate to examine cases of detained prisoners of conscience anywhere in the world . As in previous years the response to the prisoners of Conscience programmes shown on the BBC in November/December 1990 has been tremendous and effective , and we are still answering 10 enquiries a week about prisoners . In addition we are still receiving enquiries about prisoners featured in the first two series in 1988 and 1989 , and we have recently received a copy of a letter from Alattin Sahin , the Turkish prisoner of conscience in the 1988 , which someone has received on his release . The programmes , which this year featured 19 prisoners of conscience or disappearances , received 15,000 phone calls and letters . All those who have written to the prisoners will be pleased to know that Henrick Gjoka from Albania , Reverend Lawford Imunde from Kenya and Ernesto Diaz Rodriguez from Cuba have been released . Hong Song - dam from South Korea has had his prison sentence reduced while Khalid el Kid from Sudan has been moved to Kober Prison , Khartoum , Sudan . Hong Song - dam from South Korea has had his prison sentence reduced while Khalid el Kid from Sudan has been moved to Kober Prison , Khartoum , Sudan . If you have had your letters to Dr Nguyen Dan Que from Vietnam returned , could you please send them to Dr Que 's brother , Dr Nguyen Quoc - Quan , . From the letters we have been receiving this year it appears that the Jehovah 's Witness from Greece Andreas Christodoulou has been passing some of the cards on to his colleagues who are also imprisoned Jehovah 's witnesses , who want to correspond with people in the U.K. Fortunately we have someone in the office who has been able to translate their letters . Please continue to write until all the prisoners of conscience in the series are free , or until there have been satisfactory investigations into those who have disappeared . Artists for Rochdale Both in their 70s , they continue to serve life sentences imposed in connection with an abortive coup in that year which was blamed on the Communist Party of Indonesia ( PKI ) . Although both were linked to the PKI , there is no evidence that either of them had knowledge of the events leading to the coup . Their cases were featured in a British Section Christmas card campaign in 1990 and they received 1,704 cards as a result of the appeal . In early 1991 AI received a letter directly from the two men . They had copied out the names and addresses of everyone who wrote to them and enclosed the list with a message of thanks and good wishes , asking that it be sent on . Although both were linked to the PKI , there is no evidence that either of them had knowledge of the events leading to the coup . Their cases were featured in a British Section Christmas card campaign in 1990 and they received 1,704 cards as a result of the appeal . In early 1991 AI received a letter directly from the two men . They had copied out the names and addresses of everyone who wrote to them and enclosed the list with a message of thanks and good wishes , asking that it be sent on . Also in Indonesia , Agil Riyanto bin Darmowiyoto , a law student , continues to serve a 15 - year sentence imposed for subversion in 1987 . Chang Ui - gyun continues to serve an eight - year sentence for espionage . The authorities denied that his arrest in 1987 was solely because he had met pro - North Korean people in Japan and claimed that he had acted on North Korean orders to collect documents on South Korean opposition groups , and to infiltrate dissent groups in order to create social unrest . They also stated that he had received funds from North Korea . AI had reviewed these accusations , but had found them unsubstantiated . Father Thadeus Nguyen Van Ly , a Roman Catholic priest in Viet Nam , was arrested in May 1983 after trying to organize an unauthorized pilgrimage . Tens of thousands of Amnesty members and supporters in over 100 countries will be writing letters to governments about these particular cases . Out of the list we have selected the following five cases for appeals by members of the British Section . Please write courteous letters to the heads of the governments indicated and let us know of any replies that you receive . MOROCCO MOHAMED SRIFI The plight of an Argentinian clerk , Perico Rodriguez , imprisoned and tortured because of his criticisms of the military government , was brought to Amnesty 's attention by an English couple who had previously befriended Rodriguez two years earlier when they were hitch - hiking across Argentina . Each Amnesty member participating in letter - writing actions and each local group involved in adopting or investigating a prisoner case is a researcher of potential new information : as part of their campaign to free Sudanese POC Bashir Abdelrahim , members of the Leamington and Kenilworth group wrote to the Prison Commander at Shalla Prison , where Bashir was held , in the remote Western Sudan . No reply was received but the group later heard that Bashir had been released . Time passed . Then earlier this year the group received a reply from another prisoner at Shalla who had been given their letter to Bashir by mistake . In his note he asked for medical help some vitamins , eye - drops , as I ca n't go out and for some money . It seemed that the men pooled their money to help survive . Her mother tried to persuade the woman who had received the letters to let her talk with this guard ; a man who was actually in touch with her husband . Perhaps he could tell how he was , or where ? She could see him through the shutters a big man , a Berber , a kind - looking man with bright blue eyes and tattoos . The old woman 's son was one of the many prisoners who have subsequently died in the prison . A year later a second note was among another smuggled group of notes that arrived for the relatives . I received the materials that you sent . In 1977 another letter came , then a long silence until 1981 , then a letter in 1984 . Sadly , the notes referred to money and medicines that had been sent by the family but not received in the prison . It is extraordinary to consider that nowadays groups manage a contribution of 600 per annum ! The next year , 19675 , however , fundraising was already improving Kensington Group arranged a film show at the Kensington Public Library and raised 81.15.0d . There are some aspects of group work which never change the satisfaction felt on receiving a letter such as this , for example : suddenly I became free by some secret action , and now I am so happy I found your letter concerning my person . I am thankful and happy that there was a strange and foreign soul caring about the destiny of a political prisoner in East Germany when we passed the border last night , I just cried . Membership of Equity , then , is no guarantee of employment it simply gives the member a chance to be considered for the work that is available . No new actor should expect more . There are those who think that all drama students who graduate from drama school should be given an Equity card when they receive their diploma ; to me , this is naive . The present situation in 1990 is that would - be members can become provisional members by the following means ; by being offered an engagement by any company or management which operates under the Quota system by agreement with Equity and the Theatre Managers ' Association . That is , the employer will have places for a very small number of newcomers to the profession who are not yet union members . The article now left the way open for the full expression of the teaching of Pius XI that , though the family had priority of nature and therefore of rights over civil society , education belonged preeminently to the Church , by reason of a double title in the supernatural order , conferred exclusively upon her by God himself ; absolutely superior therefore to any other title in the natural order ( 1929 : 56 ) . The double title consisted of the church 's mission to teach under infallible guidance and her supernatural motherhood by which the church educates souls in the divine life of grace ( 1929 : 7 ) . As the church owned and managed the majority of the schools its faithful attended , and had a role in the management of the bulk of the remainder , the Roman catholic laity were left mainly on the receiving end of the educational policy thus legitimated . More was to follow . There had been no mention of the individual 's property rights in the 1922 constitution . The threat to choice and to the remaining independent brewers demands a strong and continuing Campaign that will fight for drinkers ' rights and challenge the might of the brewing giants . Membership of the Campaign will pitch you into the heart of the battle to preserve British beer . For just 9 a year you will receive What 's Brewing every month and will get generous discounts on CAMRA and Alma Books publications . You will be able to attend branch and regional meetings , the national AGM and take part in CAMRA activities . It is good fun , too , for branches organise regular beer festivals and brewery visits . The Quadrant , Sutton , Surrey SM2 5AS . Please include a daytime telephone number . Authors of the first 100 replies received will be invited as guests to the forum on 1 October at the Savoy , London . Conservative pressure group calls for HIV - staff ban PROPOSALS from a right - wing pressure group to ban HIV - infected staff from working with food have been criticised by personnel chiefs in the industry . Adriano Paganini became head chef at the Park Room after training in Italy and France , with spells at the three - Michelin starred Antica Osteria del Ponte in Milan , and under Paul Bocuse in France . Paganini specialises in cucina Mediterranea a fresh , health - conscious cuisine that features olive oil and herb - scented sauces instead of butter and cream ; and which favours fish and vegetable dishes over red meats . Tony May of San Domenico , New York , Mauro Vincenti of Rex in Los Angeles , and Pasquale Lavorato of Neuer Kaferkasten of Neu Isenburg , Germany , also received awards from the Italian institute . Langan 's Bistro in Paston Place , Brighton , has won the Perrier Best Restaurant of the Year Award . Judges praised Langan 's Bistro for a high standard of cooking , a wide selection of fresh vegetables , and its puddings . Formed in 1984 , Working Title achieved their breakthrough with MY BEAUTIFUL LAUNDRETTE , one of the most important films in the British cinema renaissance of the mid - Eighties . But Bevan and Radclyffe quickly proved that Laundrette was not a one hit wonder by going on to produce WISH YOU WERE HERE , which made Emily Lloyd a Hollywood hot property , followed by the powerful and moving A WORLD APART . Chris Menges ' directorial debut which received critical acclaim and festival awards throughout the world . One of the strengths of the company has been their ability to produce films with a wide range of styles and subject , without losing their commitment to brave and adventurous film - making . Their list of successes includes PERSONAL SERVICES ( a Zenith production ) , CARAVAGGIO ( produced by Sarah Radclyffe for the BFI ) SAMMY AND ROSIE GET LAID , FOR QUEEN AND COUNTRY , PAPERHOUSE and FOOLS OF FORTUNE . What better way to reward yourself for your original gardening idea . Send your entries ( being sure to include your name and address ) to Readers ' Original Gardening Tips , BBC Gardeners ' World Magazine , 2026 Brunswick Place , London N1 6DJ . All entrants will receive a 50p voucher redeemable against any future purchase of Guinness Original , so everyone can enjoy the distinctive and satisfying taste of this special beer . Competition rules Entrants to the competition agree to abide by the rules which appeared in our March issue and are available on request , if you enclose a stamped addressed envelope . This , being in the nature of a special project , I did . It would have been an education to have been in the House when the Minister spoke . But I received another note from Mellowes ; it said I was not to leave the office ; I was not to answer the phone ; above all I was not to speak to the press . I drafted a statement for the trade union , detailing the nature of their support for me and hinting at a readiness to take further action were the matter not resolved in days. I called Pike and read it to him. She had read , Art forms are made by the people of Luctia from the preserved arms and legs of the people of Vascar . They are exported in large quantities to Coria . The President accepted his scrap of twisted limb with a gracious smile and said , on Susan 's advice , I am delighted to receive this gift which I see as a symbol of the cultural and commercial interdependence of the planets . I am confident that we shall move forward from this Council to greater co - operation between the planets and thus to mutual gain. A nurse switched on the television in the lounge . We wandered round the Irish priest Not daring to approach How would we be received ? And then a bitter wind blew the kites And one got stuck , blue on green , against The visitor told me things about her which I did n't believe , but still I nodded my head as if to confirm what she had said . For my part , I told her that I was sure Aisha had a lover and we began searching for proof . We broke into the single , locked cupboard , and although we only found some new clothes and shoes with jewellery stuffed up inside the toes we assured each other that Aisha received money from her lover and liked leaving me in the house with the children because it made it easier to cheat on her husband . Only the walls heard this delirious talk , but I was suddenly seized by a guilty fear , and became convinced that the two children were taking it in and that it was ringing in Aisha 's ears at work , and I rushed to pack my suitcase before she came back . The visitor left , forgetting to take her sewing machine , and I left with her , knowing full well that I would never see Aisha again and that news of my forcing the lock on her cupboard would reach my family and the whole village well amplified , so that I 'd end up accused of stealing all of Aisha 's possessions . That logger even believes you can hear it popping as the pockets burst . However , the TTJ also report that if you want the real cause of bird 's eye features , do n't ask a scientist . When they put it to an expert they received the bewildering reply : Bird 's eye figure is formed as a result of local suppressions in divisions of cambial tissue that cause indentation to develop . This retardation effect continues for several growing seasons and produces an indented conical depression . Toying with the BTG Finding Help at Home September 1991 Age Concern England receives many requests for information about finding help at home . You may be an older person living on your own or in someone else 's home , or a relative or friend helping to look after an elderly person . You may be looking for light domestic help one or two hours per week , or 24 - hour a day care. In this factsheet we suggest possible sources of help for services or improvements to you home ; suggest ways of finding companions or live - in help ; and list some benefits which may assist you in paying for help . Organisations mentioned in the factsheet are listed in the final section . To obtain Age Concern England factsheets mentioned here , send a 9 6 sae to the Information and Policy Department , Age Concern England , Astral House , 1268 London Road , London SW16 4ER , stating which factsheet ( s ) you would like to receive . Please note : As Scottish law and service provision differ from those in England and Wales , Scottish readers should contact Age Concern Scotland at 54A Fountainbridge , Edinburgh EH3 9PT ( Tel : 031228 5656 ) . CONTENTS This scheme is explained in more detail later in this factsheet . In the budget on 19 March 1991 the Chancellor announced that there would be extra Government grant to enable the community charge bills originally set by councils to be reduced by 140 for every individual ( or in the case of Wandsworth to reduce the bill to 0 ) . People do not have to pay any of their charge until they receive this revised bill . In addition to the 140 reduction , some people will also qualify for a community charge reduction and/or community charge benefit as explained later . The 140 lowering of bills will be made before any community charge reduction or benefit . Penalties for non - registration and non - payment If you do not provide the information requested for registration , this could lead to a fine of 50 in the first instance , and then 200 if you still do not comply . If people do not pay the community charge they will receive a reminder . If they still do not pay , the council can apply to the magistrates court for a summons to be served . There are different ways of enforcing payments such as a direct deduction from wages or income support , or by seizing a person 's possessions . Your income and savings are not taken into account for the reduction scheme . Do you need to claim ? The reductions will normally be worked out automatically before you receive your bill and you will not need to make a claim , but some people who did not previously pay rates , and who are pensioners or disabled people , can apply to the council for extra help as explained below . Reductions and community charge benefit The reductions scheme is not based on your savings and income and is separate from the community charge benefit system . This extra help will apply to people such as elderly people who live with family and friends . For those who qualify for this extra help the reduction will be equal to the community charge minus 52 . This means that normally people in this position will receive a bill for just 52 . To receive this help you will need to make an application to the council . Applications will be accepted as long as they are made by 1st October 1991 but your council can chose to set a later date . Savings of between 3,000 and 16,000 will reduce your rebate . For every 250 ( or part of 250 ) over 3,000 you will be assumed to have an extra 1.00 per week income . For example , if you have 4,200 savings you will be assumed to have an extra 5.00 per week income , even if you are not actually receiving any interest from your savings . If the council thinks that you have given away or used up savings in order to qualify for , or increase the amount of your benefit they can treat you as still having those savings . This might happen if you give money away to members of your family or if you buy expensive items in order to reduce your savings . Most income is counted in full when your entitlement to a rebate is calculated . This includes the state pension , any occupational or personal pension and invalidity benefit . Some income is ignored , such as Attendance Allowance , Mobility Allowance , payments from the Social Fund , or any actual income you receive from your savings . There are other sources of income which are partly or fully ignored . For more information see factsheet 16 . Last year 's leaflet is out of date , please order copies of the new one from Distribution Services . Your allocation of leaflets is 250 , and of Icebreaker posters is 20 . Thanks to those who responded to our request for information last month we would still be very interested to receive any information about your own Coldwatch activities and your use of the Coldwatch pack and leaflet . Please contact Jane Titley , PR Promotions with details . LOCAL AUTHORITY INFLUENCED COMPANIES under the Local Government and Housing Act 1989 The aim is to recruit new donors to support the work of the Age Concern Movement . The letters are clearly labelled as coming from Age Concern England . If anyone receives any enquiries or complaints , please refer these to the Fundraising department ( Bob Hough or Helen North ) , if at all possible . The mailing will be sent to a small segment in late October , the bulk in early November and to another segment at the end of January . The majority will receive the Operation Enterprise pack which has been used for a number of years and is known to the movement . If anyone receives any enquiries or complaints , please refer these to the Fundraising department ( Bob Hough or Helen North ) , if at all possible . The mailing will be sent to a small segment in late October , the bulk in early November and to another segment at the end of January . The majority will receive the Operation Enterprise pack which has been used for a number of years and is known to the movement . If anyone has not seen this before and would like a copy , please contact us . We will also be testing new material , in the hope of improving response . The club is free to join and provides a club newsletter three times a year as well as a range of information leaflets on lung disease . Those who join are able to share experiences and keep up to date with the latest information on lung conditions , treatments and the services available . Since its launch in April , the Breathe Easy club has received thousands of letters and calls from people with lung problems . Already over 2,500 people have joined . But there are many more thousands who could benefit from the club . Once the right focus has been identified this will be applied to a range of Appeal materials from posters to T - Shirts . National Appeal As before we continue to receive a good flow of donations from the work of the Presidents Committee and their approaches to company contacts . Employee fundraising appears to be an increasingly popular option and whilst it involves a lot more work than a straight donation it has the ability to generate longer term grass roots support amongst employees . Unigate and Allied Lyons have now joined Tarmac and Cadbury 's in this respect . You will see that there are two parts to it one in which the items have been sorted according to the geographical location ( ie by county name , alphabetically ) ; the other by service category . Some weeks ago we sent a draft of a similar digest to a few Age Concern groups in order that we gain an appreciation of such a service and whether we should develop it further . The majority of the responses indicated that they would like to receive these digests on a quarterly basis . In November the first of these digests for the months July , August and September , will be available . An order form is enclosed to be completed if you wish to subscribe to this service indicating the regularity with which you would wish to receive it . However , when these figures are broken down , it can be seen that certain groups , such as single women over 75 , are less likely to have an occupational pension , and , if they do , the average amount is less . It is only a limited number of pensioners who at present enjoy substantial occupational pensions . Nearly 60 % of pensioners receive at least 75 % of their income from state benefits , particularly the basic pension . For many older people , income is so low that they have to claim additional means - tested benefits such as income support , housing benefit and community charge ( poll tax ) benefit . Income support makes a person 's income up to a level set by the Government . Health Service Managers have been invited to express interest in joining the third wave of NHS Trusts , scheduled to come into operation on 1 April 1993 . The deadline for expressions of interest was 16 September 1991 . A DoH Press Release reported that a total of 113 applications to join the second wave of Trusts had been received . This second wave will come into operation on 1 April 1992 . DoH Press Release H91/369 , 5 August 1991 . At the end of August the first arbitration case was decided upon . The arbitrator stated that the elderly couple in question had been sold an unsuitable product and had not been given adequate risk warnings . However , in making his award , the arbitrator subtracted those moneys ( plus interest ) already received by the couple , who were awarded 9,000 against their current building society debt of 18,000 . At the time of writing it appears that the broker in this case has gone into liquidation without making the required payment , and the couple must now turn to the Investors ' Compensation Scheme , which can pay compensation in cases where ( a ) the broker has gone into liquidation , and ( b ) the original investment was taken up about 28 August 1988 . A number of the 150 people who have contacted Age Concern England about the debt they face took up their scheme before this date and will not be able to obtain compensation even if they are granted an award through arbitration or private legal action . Both available from Association of Metropolitan Authorities , 35 Great Smith Street , London SW1P 3BJ . The annual report of the Social Fund Commissioner for 199091 on the standards of reviews has also been published . 9,775 applications for review were received , an increase of 24 % on 198990 . The aim to clear applications within six weeks was achieved from August to December 1990 but the backlog then rose to eight weeks as applications increased . Twenty - five per cent of decisions reviewed were changed , 57 % were referred back to the local office and in 18 % of cases the original decision was confirmed . How , then , do we now celebrate Provincial 's success as the 1990s begin ? It is a fascinating story of a turnaround , of the value of sectorisation and of the quality of the managers who took up the challenge of Other Provincial Services , . As a loss maker , Provincial received the bulk of its income from grants from the PTEs , and from the government in the form of the Public Service Obligation ( PSO ) . Not surprisingly , the Department of Transport , and in consequence the British Railways Board , maintained a policy of aiming to reduce the PSO so as to reduce the demands on the taxpayer . Nationalised industries were first set annual cash limits under a Labour administration , but the concept was in line with Conservative Government policy to cut direct taxation and release cash so that people ( voters ) had a greater choice with what to do with their money . The gap left by the withdrawal of the worst examples has been filled with Class 312s , and ex - London Midland 310s . Now almost thirty years old , and arguably BR 's best - ever buys , the Mark 1 based Class 309 Clacton units , continued their relentless treks across the Essex countryside , now with new seating , a new livery , and with the extension of wires to Ipswich and Norwich , the chance to break out of their traditional operational straitjacket . Euston - Northampton services , now recognised in their own right , jumped the queue in 1989 to receive new Class 321s with first - class facility . It also became clear that the 319/321 design would be built for some time yet . Scotland 's only new acquisitions during the decade were twenty - one Class 318s , three - car versions of the Class 317 , to service the newly electrified Glasgow - Ayr/Largs routes , although 1989 also witnessed the first withdrawals proper ( apart from accident victims or asbestos units ) of the original Pressed Steel 1959 Blue Train ' Class 303s , whose unrefurbished examples are due for early replacement by 100mph Class 321 - type Class 320s . 5 . To consider and , if thought fit , to pass Special Resolutions and to debate motions . Members , branches , action groups , etc who intend to propose motions for debate , are asked to make sure that these are received at HQ in St Albans by first post on FRIDAY , FEBRUARY 7 , 1992 . Nominations Candidates for election to the National Executive should note that nominations should also be received at HQ by FRIDAY , FEBRUARY 7 , 1992 . Members , branches , action groups , etc who intend to propose motions for debate , are asked to make sure that these are received at HQ in St Albans by first post on FRIDAY , FEBRUARY 7 , 1992 . Nominations Candidates for election to the National Executive should note that nominations should also be received at HQ by FRIDAY , FEBRUARY 7 , 1992 . Each nomination must be proposed and seconded by two members of the Campaign and be accompanied by a signed declaration from the candidate that he or she is willing to stand . Iain W. Dobson Company Secretary The reason for this is that there are now two ways of getting your council 's blessing to proceed with the work you have in mind . The Full Plans method is the old system that has existed for many years , whereby detailed plans of your proposal are submitted in duplicate , along with an application form . The plans are examined by the council for compliance with the Building Regulations , and if everything is in order you will receive an Approval Notice in due course , which you can then file away with your deeds . The Building Notice procedure is a comparatively new system and does not require the submission of any detailed plans . With this method a simple form ( Notice ) is deposited with your council , which gives brief details of the work you want to do . Others freed included William Masiku , detained since 1980 , Brown Mmpinganjira , detained since 1986 , Margaret Marango Banda , detained since 1988 , and Blaise Machira , also detained since 1988 . The releases mark the first improvement in the human rights situation in Malawi for several years . however , other prominent prisoners of conscience remain behind bars . For example , Goodluck Mhango , a veterinary surgeon arrested in September 1987 , has been rejected for release by a committee established to review the cases of political detainees . Amnesty International has welcomed the releases , but is urging the government to release all remaining prisoners of conscience immediately and unconditionally . Medical care was virtually non - existent , food and water often withheld , and torture rife . The authorities were not granting full access to detainees by independent bodies , such as the International committee of the Red Cross , and relatives were not being informed of detainees ' whereabouts . As a result , the fate of many victims remained unknown . Tunisia Dozens of people are reported to have been tortured while held incommunicado in prolonged garde vue detention by the Tunisian police since January 1991 . Recent information from former detainees , lawyers and human rights activists indicates that suspected political opponents of the government , including boys under 18 , have been detained in garde vue well beyond the maximum 10 - day period and without obtaining further authorization after four days as required by Tunisian law. AI is concerned that the Tunisian Government , by its failure to investigate allegations of torture brought to its notice , appears to be condoning the use of torture . AI welcomed the formation by the Tunisian Government of an official human rights council on 9 April 1991 , although the organization remained concerned at continuing reports of torture and ill - treatment of political detainees in garde vue detention . Bahrain On 9 May AI published Bahrain : Violations of human rights . In many of these countries the new respect for human rights was embodied in the repeal or revision of laws used to imprison prisoners of conscience . But there are still prisoners of conscience in Europe , and in every other region of the world . 39 of the prisoners featured in the letter writing campaign have been released ; about 50 remain in prison . None of these people should ever have been prisoners of conscience . Our task today is to increase the international pressure on behalf of the thousands of prisoners of conscience all over the world , to make tomorrow the day their freedom is restored . Our task today is to increase the international pressure on behalf of the thousands of prisoners of conscience all over the world , to make tomorrow the day their freedom is restored . Africa Francisco Bonifacio Mba Nguema remains in prison in Equatorial Guinea . He is serving a 20 - year sentence imposed in 1988 by a military court which found him guilty of attempting to overthrow the government . Hew was convicted on the basis of confessions he had made under torture and because he had read The Dogs of War , a novel about a coup in an imaginary country widely thought to be based on Equatorial Guinea . Hew was convicted on the basis of confessions he had made under torture and because he had read The Dogs of War , a novel about a coup in an imaginary country widely thought to be based on Equatorial Guinea . In Kenya Harris Okong'o Arara continues to serve a five - year sentence imposed in 1988 under a law which makes it a criminal offence simply to possess literature critical of the government . Mulugetta Mosissa , a former civil servant , remains in detention without trial in Ethiopia . He was arrested in 1980 , with hundreds of other members of the Oromo ethnic group who were suspected of links with an Oromo guerilla group . Although many of these detainees were released in 1989 , including Mulugetta 's wife and son , he is one of 50 still held . Luis Miguel Sols Pajarito was 25 when he disappeared in Guatemala on 3 May 1990 . He was a leader of the National Council for the Displaced . Despite assurances from government officials that an investigation is in progress , his whereabouts remain unknown . Elizardo Snchez Santa Cruz , President of the Cuban Commission of Human Rights and National Reconciliation ( CCDHRN ) , who was sentenced to two years ' imprisonment in 1989 for spreading false news with the aim of endangering the prestige or standing of the Cuban state , is still serving his sentence in Agica Prison : he is due for release in August 1991 . Asia AI has received no new information about six members of the Islamic Liberation Party imprisoned in Libya since 1973 for belonging to an illegal organization . Ali Muhammad al - Akrami , al - Ajili Muhammad Abdul Rahman al - Ashari , Ali Muhammad al - Qajji , Salih Omar al - Qasbi , Muhammad al - Saadiq al - Tarhouni and Abdul Qadir Muhammad al - Ya'qubi are believed to be in Abu Salim Prison in Tripoli , although AI received reports that Abdul Qadir Muhammad al - Ya'qubi had died at the end of 1988 . In Iran Marian Firouz , a writer and translator in her mid - 70s , has remained imprisoned since 1983 for her non - violent political activities . Ali Ardalan , a retired civil servant in his mid 70s arrested in June 1990 , remains in prison and there is growing concern over his ill - health . His crime was to sign an open letter to President Rafsanjani criticizing government failures to uphold rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran . The prosecution 's evidence consisted of statements allegedly extracted under torture , and confiscated literature . He denied all the charges against him except possession of the literature which he said was either on sale in public bookstores or did not advocate violence . Mohamed Abbad remains in prison with 17 of the original 31 . He was originally held in Safi Prison , where he developed diabetes in 1988 , but was then transferred to Marrakech where his family lives , and so could visit him regularly and provide him with the food necessary for his diabetic diet . On 26 March 1991 he was returned to Safi Prison and in protest he began a hunger - strike which resulted in his falling into a coma , due to his illness , a few days later . Such developments , along with the continuing work of the International Committee of the Red Cross within the country , are welcome in themselves and also give some evidence that the Sri Lankan Government is responsive to criticism from outside the country . Unfortunately , even these modest advances apply only to the south of Sri Lanka , the primary focus of Amnesty 's campaign last autumn . While the situation in the south remains a major concern , greater violations of human rights are now occurring in the North and Eastern provinces of the island , where government security forces are engaged in a full - scale civil war with elements of the Tamil - minority population . The main opposition group in this region is the armed Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) whose political aim is a separate Tamil homeland ( Eeelam ) in North - East Sri Lanka . The conflict has continued , with varying degrees of intensity , for over 10 years . Fry was a connoisseur of Renaissance art , but also he defended Post - Impressionism ( a term he invented ) , was a painter , and published a monograph on Czanne . In 1933 he wrote as follows in a lecture at Cambridge University : An enormous amount of work has been done and perhaps still more remains to be done in arranging works of art in exact sequence of time . It is here that the Germans have done so much pioneer work , and indeed the whole tendency of their art historical studies has been to regard works of art almost entirely from a chronological point of view , as coefficients of a time sequence , without reference to their aesthetic significance . The title of the lecture in which these words appeared was Art - history as an Academic Study , but those were early days for the subject in the British Isles ; only in London was there undergraduate teaching , at the Courtauld Institute which opened in 1933 . He was solid , scientific , conscious in all his creating , learning his art from masters who were still in the youth of artistic development , his whole work shows a progress towards an ideal which the trammels of Gothic tradition never left him free to attain without a struggle . By the very energy spent in its realisation , his accomplishment is all the more intense in its expression . He recognised the truest limits of the medium in which he worked , never allowed technical virtuosity to have the better of the central aim of significant composition , and established a balanced style which remains the most perfect model of the line - engraver 's art . The author is the English scholar Arthur Hind . His working life was spent in the British Museum , whose print collection was his special care. Kenneth Clark demonstrated this development of an evolving sensibility to nature in his lectures , Landscape into Art , published in 1949 . His introduction remarks , incidentally , that : anyone who expects this book to be a treatise on the history of landscape painting will be disappointed in spite of copious rewriting , lectures these pages remain . One may remove the words next slide please from the text , but not from the sequences of thought . The publication of lectures is a well - known form of literary suicide . Moreover , His role shifted easily from the alienated critic writing art columns for intellectual magazines to an impresario in the New York art - world judged by his commitment to a specific type of art and respected for its ultimate ( commercial and influential ) success . Greenberg 's articles are marked by a confident authority , as in the following passage . Looser paint - handling , combined with what remained an essentially Cubist sense of design , drawing , layout , was what artists as different as Gorky and Pollock had in common during the mid - 1940s . If the term Abstract Expressionist means anything verifiable , it means painterliness : loose , rapid handling , or the look of it ; masses that blot and fuse instead of shapes that stay distinct ; large , conspicuous rhythms ; broken color ; uneven saturations or densities of paint ; exhibited brush , knife , finger or rag marks in short a constellation of physical features like those defined by Wlflinn when he extracted his notion of the Malerische from Baroque art . As we can now see , the displacing of the linear and quasi - geometrical as the dominant mode in New York ( and Parisian ) abstract art after 1943 offers another instance of that cyclical alternation of non - painterly , or linear , and painterly which has marked the evolution of Western art since the sixteenth century . He wrote : Paolo Uccello would have been the most delightful and imaginative genius since Giotto that had adorned the art of painting , if he had devoted as much pains to figures and animals as he did to questions of perspective , for , although these are ingenious and good in their way , yet an immoderate devotion to them causes an infinite waste of time , fatigues nature , clogs the mind with difficulties , and frequently renders it sterile where it had previously been fertile and facile . But when Uccello died in his eighties , He left a daughter who could design , and a wife who used to say that Paolo would remain the night long in his study to work out the lines of his perspective , and that when she called him to come to rest , he replied , Oh what a sweet thing this perspective is ! Mathematical perspective of a Renaissance sort had not been used in European medieval art , where the size of a figure often derives from the person 's importance , God the father never being small . A perspective may be used which reverses the convergence of lines in the distance ; instead , lines of perspective converge in front of the viewer , an unexpected phenomenon for a twentieth - century spectator used to photographs . But now I want to win and win and win . , Salim , too , wants to win , and his affair with Yvette is a victory : All my energy and mind were devoted to that new end of winning the person . In possessing her , he is both taken out of , and placed in possession of , himself : She gave me the idea of my manliness I had grown to need . When the friendship begins to fail , he says : What she drew out of me remained extraordinary to me . The affair seems to him to belong to the town , to have no future , and they are parted when the town comes under fear and hazard . He finds himself considering the idea of flight , and the idea of defeat : 1 suppose that , thinking of my own harassment and Raymond 's defeat , I had begun to consider Yvette a defeated person as well , trapped in the town , as sick of herself and the wasting asset of her body as I was sick of myself and my anxieties . Just when his ship was coming in she might have set fire to it . He condemns her for trying this trick , which is followed by a terrible fall downstairs in the course of an attempt to end her pregnancy . She had known that his love for her would remain , and for her to have acted on that knowledge in resorting to the deception made her deed unforgivable . Those closest to him who should have been too frightened to behave as they did include his father , but they also include his sisters , who struck out for themselves in a fashion which has him siding with his father . Lilian , the older sister , errs by studying hard to become a money - minded businesswoman with a grudge and a smart flat , and by blackmailing her employer , also her lover , by means of an abortion . She is seen to suffer for what she did , and Mary , the other sister , likewise paid heavily : let down by an Indian student with whom she had been having a long affair . She set higher store by emotional security than her sister , and thought she would find it with a man soft - hearted and caring and pliant , far removed , as she thought , from father 's toughness and uncontrollability . Glasser thunders on : Both Lilian and Mary invested too much emotional capital in their opposition to father , whose influence naturally remained dominant , try as they might to escape ; and this imbalance distorted their view of relationships and of the world . This is a male view of the matter , in which women are attacked , and which had me admiring these ugly sisters . It is made clear that the boy was exposed to serious danger by his father 's irresponsibility and by his sisters ' departure : but his sisters had been exposed to this father too , and had had to defend themselves . It is as if the war , crisis , living hell or chaotic backwater can never be known and will never end . After a while you fly out . A leading exponent of these mysteries is the novelist and journalist V. S. Naipaul , whose foreign countries are , as we have already seen , areas of darkness , where coups and crises are glimpsed but may remain enigmatic . Another is Ryszard Kapuscinski , an expert in what he calls confusion , who has attended twenty - seven revolutions in the Third World . These revolutions , he believably reports , have been confusions . He has now told the same story straight or comparatively straight . On the pendulum of self - exposure that oscillates between aggressively exhibitionistic Mailerism and sequestered Salingerism , I 'd say that I occupy a midway position , explains Roth in The Facts in a prefatory letter to his alter ego of earlier books , the novelist Nathan Zuckerman , who is granted a letter of reply at the end of this one and a perusal of the intervening narrative . Roth also explains that he was educated to believe that the independent reality of the fiction is all there is of importance and that writers should remain in the shadows . As the world knows , Roth grew up in Newark , New Jersey , a second - generation American Jew , and he was to turn into a citizen of the world , a famous cosmopolitan author . In middle age he has experienced a breakdown , an identity crisis , which followed a long illness and an operation . Escape , he thinks , is Jewish . He knows that it is also dualistic . The dualistic ambience in literature has long been influential , but has remained controversial , and it is both influential and controversial in these annals of the House of Roth . Zuckerman 's proposal of marriage to Maria in The Counterlife is an indication of its importance , and of the importance of escape both for the tradition and for the unsatisfiable Roth . Because I 've decided to give up the artificial fiction of being myself for the genuine , satisfying falseness of being somebody else . Doyle , for instance , thinks to himself a Scottish thought : Would his grandparents ever have had sexual activity in the parlour ? Elsewhere , he put a teaspoonful - and - a - half of coffee granules into his mug and exactly the same into hers . The measure expresses a mean between saving and lashing - out , and it has remained a feature of my own Scots - Irish domestic economy which I would bet is widespread in northern parts . There is good Scots , too , in The Book of Sandy Stewart , which contrasts poignantly with the Book of Patrick Doyle . Stewart is a traveller , one of the people of the road among them , tinkers , pipers and folk - singers in whom an oral culture has survived to the present day . The piece needs to be taken at a good pace and in high spirits . The Merchant of Veniceby William Shakespeare Lorenzo with his Jessica await the return of Portia , remaining out in the still night rather than returning to the house . LORENZO Sweet soullet 's in , and there expect their coming . D.S. One of the great things about drama school is what you learn to reject as much as what you actually learn . When I visit drama schools now and I firmly believe the professional actor is someone who should remain in touch with students it 's a matter of trying to help future actors to gain a clearer focus on the profession they are joining . There are so many things that matter . Health and stamina , plus a constant awareness of building the voice . The dual division of ecclesiastical power has also been important because the religious orders have often been the vehicle for innovative theologies differing from the Roman line . Because such religious orders are themselves controlled from Rome , Roman discipline is conveyed via a route other than by the bishops . Even so , some orders still remain slightly independent from Rome , particularly the religious orders of solemn vows , whose existence preceded the reformation . Their numbers include the Augustinians and Dominicans , both of whom have been influential in Ireland and have produced theologians of liberal or left persuasion . Despite their dependency on Rome , the jesuits too have been important innovators on the contemporary scene in Ireland , particularly in the areas of education for ecumenism and industrial relations . Nevertheless the predominant catholic power lies with the hierarchy and secular clergy . Thus , while it is possible to identify liberal catholicism in Ireland from the late nineteenth century to the present , and though there has grown up a climate of liberal dissent and criticism of conservative catholicism , it is still possible to assert the prominence of conservative catholicism , particularly in its alliance with nationalism . The predominant political religious form was and remains , with some modifications and with increasing opposition , a centralizing and conservative catholicism . The protestant churches in Ireland also retained their island - wide organization after the political partition of the island . The church of Ireland still has one all - island synod , the presbyterians a single general assembly , the methodists one conference . We reiterate : the dominant beliefs of the alliances which we have termed historical blocs are not necessarily shared by all but are promoted successfully by dominant groups and have some grounding in the consciousness of the wider membership . Thus , Irish nationalism is conceived by most members in an abstract way , but it has concrete import for key groups . Equally , a particular type of catholic identity may not belong to all but remains politically dominant for similar reasons . The outcome of the dominance of both is that historically there have been critical mediations between religion and politics for catholic nationalists . As will be seen in the remaining chapters , a particular form of Irish catholicism known as monopoly catholicism has assisted in the concrete success of the mix of the beliefs with economic beliefs in capitalism , ownership of land , and inheritance , helping to bring the elements to an explicit formulation in the 1937 Irish constitution , which has ever since shown considerable resistance to reformulation . Intellectually , the problem is the British presence in Ireland . But emotionally , the non - people are hated or at least detested . Clare O'Halloran ( 1986 ) has shown how the social reality of Northern Ireland remained a continuing blind spot for Southern Irish nationalists particularly from the founding of the state to 1949 . We aim to show in Chapter 5 that this blindness was in part promoted by the religious elements in their beliefs . Secondly , there is the problem of the Northern catholic community , which tends to be taken as a monolithic nationalist community . It is adhered to by increasing numbers who have become disillusioned with British identity and have seen Paisley 's words about the traitorous nature of British governments become reality as protestant loyalist domination in Ulster has been continuously eroded . These are probably more likely to vote for Paisley 's democratic unionism and to come from either religious , fundamentalist backgrounds or populist working - class and lower middle - class backgrounds . The other tradition remains British identity and still would seem to dominate the values of the official unionists . It is likely that a good many protestant loyalists oscillate between the two and still have to come to their moment of decision , one that is likely to be forced on them by future events . The Monopoly of the Majority The republicanism of Irish socialist nationalists was of course logical in so far as they interpreted imperialism as an enemy of the indigenous population and as an expropriator of the people . But it was thereby alien to Ulster protestant socialists . A duality of class interests within republicanism has remained , with forms of bourgeois and rural peasant - owner republicanism existing side by side with socialist republicanism . This combination still exists in the provisional movement especially in the South despite the officially socialist policies of Sinn Fein , as well as in the Fianna Fil party . In parallel with the Republic , class politics has flourished even less on the protestant loyalist side , despite the periodic strength of protestant trade unionism ( Patterson 1980 ) . This combination still exists in the provisional movement especially in the South despite the officially socialist policies of Sinn Fein , as well as in the Fianna Fil party . In parallel with the Republic , class politics has flourished even less on the protestant loyalist side , despite the periodic strength of protestant trade unionism ( Patterson 1980 ) . There did exist the small Northern Ireland Labour Party which disappeared after the fall of Stormont ; but it had been based on industrial workers , particularly in the shipyards , and remained much smaller in size than its Southern counterpart . As Gibbon has noted , the cases of both Irish nationalism and Ulster unionism remain the two most spectacular class alliances in the political history of the British Isles ( 1975 : 3 ) . The cause in both cases appears to be the strength of catholic nationalist and protestant loyalist popular consciousness and the way in which the cultural and material interests of the subordinate classes appear to be represented by the alliances themselves and their institutions . In parallel with the Republic , class politics has flourished even less on the protestant loyalist side , despite the periodic strength of protestant trade unionism ( Patterson 1980 ) . There did exist the small Northern Ireland Labour Party which disappeared after the fall of Stormont ; but it had been based on industrial workers , particularly in the shipyards , and remained much smaller in size than its Southern counterpart . As Gibbon has noted , the cases of both Irish nationalism and Ulster unionism remain the two most spectacular class alliances in the political history of the British Isles ( 1975 : 3 ) . The cause in both cases appears to be the strength of catholic nationalist and protestant loyalist popular consciousness and the way in which the cultural and material interests of the subordinate classes appear to be represented by the alliances themselves and their institutions . By providing core beliefs , and by reinforcing their separateness for both alliances , religious beliefs and institutions equally suppress class divisions , become embroiled in cementing alliances , and help retain the overall divisional structure of Ireland as a whole . This is one of the special characteristics of catholicism , and is found to a much lesser extent in non - episcopal traditions . Failure to conform to directives of priests and bishops were seen to break the very fabric of communion and to allow sin to enter in . This remains particularly so today where an objectivist stance on morality prevails in a national or local culture anywhere in the catholic world . From within this perspective bishops and clergy lay down rules for the laity to follow in any given situation and the teaching of the church is seen as absolutely clear and devoid of problematic . Rules are enforced rather than principles declared . It is the specific effect this religious form has in Ireland which is under scrutiny . But the form as a whole should be recognized as inimical to protestants , especially when pursued in the arena of politics . This will be considered in the remaining chapters . The Protestant Element of Protestant Loyalist Beliefs The dominant religious element in protestant loyalist beliefs is a form of pan - protestantism . One has to remember that well into the nineteenth century British identity was predicated first of all of the English . It also tended primarily to be Anglican and only secondarily reformed . Even when non - Anglican protestants had become accepted as citizens in England and Ireland towards the end of the eighteenth century as they already were in Scotland and Wales , English and Irish catholics remained politically suspect . They remained so throughout the nineteenth century and were not normally trusted with public office . Also , Irish catholics were represented in the dominant culture as an inferior race , ridiculed , and considered incompetent and beastly ( Curtis , Jr. It also tended primarily to be Anglican and only secondarily reformed . Even when non - Anglican protestants had become accepted as citizens in England and Ireland towards the end of the eighteenth century as they already were in Scotland and Wales , English and Irish catholics remained politically suspect . They remained so throughout the nineteenth century and were not normally trusted with public office . Also , Irish catholics were represented in the dominant culture as an inferior race , ridiculed , and considered incompetent and beastly ( Curtis , Jr. 1968 ) . 1968 ) . The idea of defending a protestant heritage is not solely an Ulster phenomenon but rooted in the British tradition . Whereas in Britain , with the growth of suffrage , catholics could never be perceived as a political threat because of the smallness of their numbers , in Ireland , with the growth of the home rule movement and its accompanying nationalism , they could only be perceived as politically , religiously , and nationally subversive and suspicion of them remained . The issues of freedom of conscience and freedom from Roman hegemony lie at the centre of Northern Ireland fundamentalism and are meshed in with its evangelical tenets . They are at their clearest in the teachings of the appropriately named free presbyterians : In the Roman catholic account , Christ appoints Peter to lead the church he has founded . In the other , the church is founded but taken over early on by the Popes in Rome and by priests who use magic and ritual to gain control of God 's people , thus profaning his divine word . For the one version , the Reformation is the catastrophe by which half Christendom defects from the church , the church itself remaining intact and faithful to Peter . This version still predominates among Roman catholic laity in most countries . For the popular protestant version , one which is still shared probably by a majority of clergymen within the protestant denominations of the North , the church re - emerges after centuries of misguidance only with the Reformation . This version still predominates among Roman catholic laity in most countries . For the popular protestant version , one which is still shared probably by a majority of clergymen within the protestant denominations of the North , the church re - emerges after centuries of misguidance only with the Reformation . The protestant version has variants as to how pure this church is or whether it remains sinful , but the evangelical version which is the basic one in the North of Ireland opts absolutely for Jesus Saves ; the community , no longer medium of salvation , tends to take on a visible , earthly role , an occasion of grace and a support for religious this - worldly activity . Rome is seen to continue on its headlong path to misery and sin , a symbol of the rejection of Christ for the sake of human idols . However , the earthly role of the community , be it protestant or catholic , is not seen as secondary to the religious message , but as either in continuity with or against it . At this level , the power of the Roman catholic church bore directly on the institutions of government . Dil members would act on a decision of the hierarchy once that hierarchy had said the teaching of the church was at issue , providing of course that the area in question was a grey one , a new territory not previously covered by the generally accepted sacred - profane spheres . In such an unclear area , it was not to be left to Dil members to decide , irrespective of whether it still remained an appropriate public measure . Even if Dil members had thought otherwise , it must by now be clear that the ethos of the Irish Republic was still one in which it was impolitic to be in conflict with the church . Reasons for the Political Religious Synthesis : Second Reflections The change in the socio - moral context was hardly recognized , and the corresponding change in religious social ethics had remained unformulated . In the case of the Mother and Child scheme , it was rather through withdrawal from the scene that first the politicians and later the churchmen avoided further trouble . As will be elaborated now in further contexts , it appears that the underlying reality to such difficulties was , and remains a complex contradiction which the catholic nationalist alliance has still failed to solve . On the one hand there were the beliefs in the nature and extent of the clergy 's political religious power and how that power was to be exercised in the state . There was also the general assumption that the fact of a state populated by catholics must perforce imply a heightened degree of institutionalized catholic value in law. It should be added here that the high clergy hardly recognized that they had actually been exercising a political religious power of a specifically sectarian or monopolistic type . Hence when Irish clergymen stated that church and state were separate , they meant they themselves had no legislative or executive role in the state . But they did and still do remain the authoritative conscience of the nation . In addition , the clergy appear to have considerable difficulty in recognizing the transformation which theoretical positions on Christian belief and morality undergo as they are concretized in historical human relationships , doubtless also because of the strong essentialist bias in their perception of socio - ethical issues . Part of the overall argument of this book is that , as the Roman catholic church is principal validator or legitimator of the Southern state along with the concept of the national entity , what that state goes on to do in the field of social ethics cannot be separated out from the responsibilities of the church . As already stated , the clergy had sustained the catholic nationalist populace over centuries of oppression . Furthermore , the ranks of that clergy were drawn from the common people themselves . But a key element remained the considerable filial loyalty the catholic nationalists showed towards their clergy , bishops , and Popes . The authority of the clergy had been second to none during the years of persecution and this appears to have strengthened as a direct result of Roman centralization from the 1850s onwards . This respect for authority has appeared throughout the examples given , but it has also been shown to be a respect within certain limits . The high court decision , announced at the end of December in that year , found on behalf of SPUC and declared such counselling by the Dublin Well Woman Centre and the Open Line counselling service to be illegal and ordered them to cease their public information service on the issue by 12 January 1987 . As the ruling only applies to the institutions named , SPUC intends to get further banning orders made against other groups and named individuals as and when it becomes necessary ( Irish Times , 30 Dec. 1986 ) . It should be noted that contraceptives which can result in an abortion , often termed abortifacients and including devices such as the coil and spermicidal lubricants and jellies , remain illegal in Ireland . The Roman Catholic Hierarchy and the New Ireland Forum The next significant event of constitutional relevance was the important initiative taken by the nationalist parties in Ireland in 19834 , the New Ireland Forum . From 1899 , the intention of the clergy to assume and maintain absolute control of their schools led a number of them to refuse to appoint members of the Irish National Teachers ' Organization so as to avoid trade union interference . The result was that the union became subordinated for some time to the hierarchy and a breakaway union of protestant teachers was formed . Despite the curtailment of some of the clergy 's powers , friction between the teachers ' associations , particularly the INTO , and the Roman catholic clergy has remained until this day . Clergy control of the schools had indeed become a priority for the church leadership . The understanding reached between them and the catholic nationalist lay leadership resulted in schooling in the future state being allocated to the domain of the church , in exchange for the legitimation of that state by the church leadership . The present interrelationship between control of the schools and the two alliances varies in each part of Ireland , though one should also bear in mind the additional underpinning of the alliances both North and South by one of the traditional values of bourgeois capitalism , private and selective schooling . Throughout Ireland as a whole , there has generally been an anti - comprehensive ethos in the education system supportive of both class and sectarian divisions in schooling and which is now eroding only in part . In Northern Ireland , the catholic schools ' sector is provided for out of state funds , and remains under the governorship of the local clergy , now assisted by laity and members of the local educational and library boards . Many Roman catholic schools up to 1968 were financed for capital expenditure by the local church as part of the church 's determination not to lose control of them . The chairman of the board is usually the parish priest or his curate . All Children Together , or ACT , was formed in the early 1970s . It draws its membership from across the spectrum of religious and non - religious groupings , though they are generally middle - class and mostly committed Christians . They remain dedicated to the task of setting up a group of integrated schools as a sector of education complementary to the existing system . An appeal made to Rome in 1977 by the Roman catholic parents concerned with the Confirmation ban appeared to have been answered in their favour , as Bishop Philbin changed his pastoral policy and these children were allowed to go forward for confirmation in 19789 . A notable achievement of ACT has been the passing of the Education ( Northern Ireland ) Act of 1978 , permitting the establishment of multi - denominational schools where such is desired by adequate numbers of parents . Shadow of ladder yes , ladder no. Dali 's error . Why he remains a mere titillator . Magritte closer but still too clever . Subject too important for tricks . All Metamorphosis about Narcissus , he wrote . Ovid by the Black Sea , cut off from native speech , he wrote . Mind of Antaeus remains unchanged , he wrote . That is the horror . Mens tantum pristina mansit . See it installed in a public place and then bow out . Not finished till installed , he wrote . So long as it remains in this room , he wrote , it is not finished . Yet in a public place it will not take up any space . It will not elbow anything else out of the way . The plans in place . Strategy and tactics all there in the box . Yet doubts remain . Till realized difficult to know if idea is really valid . Will really yield what I want it to . The distance between them , he wrote , is not so much great as unbridgeable . Sex in the head , he wrote . Each remains in his or her half , dreaming of the other. Out of that what can come ? Nothing can come of nothing , he wrote . After all , since our last meeting , if one can call it a meeting , at the entrance to the sweet little National Gallery of Modern Art in Edinburgh , all those years ago , you have cut yourself off from your friends and well - wishers . I do not. Dear Harsnet , he wrote , I want simply to tell you that work on your notes connected with the Big Glass is at last under way and that I have remained scholarly and impartial throughout what has not been an easy task , in view of what you say about me and especially about my family , and which you must have known would give offense . However . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , just a brief note to let you know that work on the MSS you left with me is proceeding apace ( at long last ! ) and will soon be ready for publication . Hilda , he wrote , when I ventured to tell her all her troubles were her own fault : You are so cold . As though heat were an unquestioned good . You smile and remain unmoved , she said , just like father . And the others : You have such warmth ! So much to give ! So that they are and are not linked in their impossible non - consummation . And yet the drama lies in this , wrote Harsnet , that perhaps the Bride really wishes to remain only a bride , at the moment of her bridity , and the bachelors only bachelors , at the moment of their bachelorhood , dangling together like pegs on a line , boys together at eternal stag party , as the bride a virgin forever in her dream of giving herself up to something else , crossing the threshold to another existence . As we all of us want to escape ourselves and remain ourselves , want to leave ourselves behind and take ourselves with us , want the world transfigured and yet to remain ourselves in a transfigured world . The passage from the Virgin to the Bride a kind of death , he wrote , as is the passage from bachelor to husband . Rites of passage designed solely to make transition bearable , he wrote . On and on , he wrote . On and on . It is not a question of whether it is better or worse to remain a virgin or a bachelor , he wrote , but rather of bringing the terror to the surface . The terror and the desire , he wrote . Kafka , he wrote . First part over , second part starts . Must see it for myself in a public space . That was the plan from the start and it remains the plan . Goldberg in Guardian today , major new work , still to be unveiled , but those who have seen it , etc. Letter from Pizetti , what about MOMA next year , letter from Rosenblum , what about Washington after New York , letter from Karsten offering Hamburg . The Lamb , a picturesque village pub closed some years ago by Allied , was reopened in 1989 as a free house after an extensive remodelling which involved the complete gutting of the original unexceptional but characterful , partitioned interior . Now nothing remains whatsoever of the old fittings , features or proportions ; in their place is a vast , open - plan space with bright white walls , bistro furniture and cheery chintz . A similar treatment was recently meted out by Allied 's Tetley Walker subsidiary to what remains a fundamentally Georgian pub in an urban setting near Manchester the Church Inn at Lowton . Having applied cement render over the external brickwork , attached a hideous modern porch and added an extension in jarring and inappropriate modern materials , the brewery designers have gutted the interior . As at Buckland , all of the original divisions have been removed to make one long , characterless room , from which all trace of its former features has disappeared . A typical Georgian coaching inn with large carriage arch : The George and Dragon , High St , Cheadle , Cheshire ( Claire Hunt ) . Disfiguring plastic UPVC window units at Watney 's The Crown at Hiddiscoe in Norfolk ( Roger White ) . The Lamb , Buckland , Oxfordshire : its exterior charm remains ( left ) , but inside ( right ) little remains of the former interior . ( Rebecca Katkin ) . The Cheshire Cheese , Fleet Street , City of London . The back dating of all VAT not charged on packed lunches could lead to hefty bills for hoteliers . When VAT was introduced on hot takeaway food in 1987 , amendments to the Finance Act were made after Parliamentary consultation . Packed lunches remained zero - rated . The arbitrary change to existing law was made by Customs Excise Commissioners . They decided that packed lunches should be standard - rated from 1 July . THORN EMI Software , the computer services division of the electronics and entertainment group , has been bought out by its staff and management in an 82m deal and has taken a new name . From two of its existing operations Software Sciences , which produces the CHAMPS hotel management system and Datasolve , which manages other companies ' data facilities the new company has taken the name Data Sciences . The existing management , headed by chairman and chief executive Mike Smith , and all 1,950 staff , will remain intact . With turnover of 117m last year , the company accounted for only about 5 % of Thorn EMI sales , but Data Sciences is number two in the UK computer services league . CHAMPS will be one of the vertical - market products developed further by the independent company and an announcement is expected in the autumn . The essence of pasta is its simplicity Cooke says : Egg pasta is certainly preferred by many chefs not only because of its excellent colour and flavour , but because it offers them the possibility of upgrading their pasta menus , thus increasing their profits . ItalBrokers managing director Carlo Gambuzzi adds : Egg pasta is more enjoyable to the palate than other pastas and remains better al dente . In fact , in the mature Italian dried pasta market it is the only sector showing a substantial increase . Two brands of dried pasta are marketed by ItalBrokers Ferrari and Dallari , both of which are made with flour and eggs only . It 's not the only moutarde l'ancienne . Both in Britain and France large food companies and tiny cottage industries produce their own interpretations . In some , the outer husks remain almost whole . In others they are crushed and flaky . They may contain any of the basic seed varieties or a combination of all three . Constable Perkins was torn between keeping an eye on the scene of the crime and perhaps making a brilliant arrest or calling up reinforcements . But common sense , coupled with the prospect of the time and paperwork involved in interviewing the hundred or so people who 'd been through the Cookery and Refreshment Tent during the past few hours finally defeated his hope for personal glory through brilliant deduction . I shall have to report this to my superiors , he finally said , when only Peggy remained in the tent . Mr Catlett was deputized to keep an eye on everything while Perkins went up to the vicarage to make his 'phone call . Voices were raised outside as he progressed through the crowd , but he told everyone to move on and go home , instructions which , of course , were ignored . He was interested in the work of Norman MacLaren , the Surrealists , Godard . He insisted that there were good reasons for such experimentation , from which film - makers anywhere could benefit . At the same time , he remained committed to a popular cinema , a cinema of the slums and the villages . Ghatak did not see any contradiction between these two approaches . On the contrary , he seemed to think that popular art and literature were themselves full of devices which experimentalists were trying to recapture , as if intellectual montage or dream time were implicit in folk fables , riddles and jokes . Sit down for a minute . What 's the problem ? I remained standing . You know perfectly well what the problem is . Why have you taken the Bernini lecture away from me ? What do you mean by a funny little store place exactly ! I 've got the key , come and see . I think the exact location of this store room should remain a secret . Anyway , we arrived there . It belongs to the Customs and Excise mob , she told me . There are many imported tree species that are equally suitable , filling all the wildlife gardener 's requirements as to ultimate height and spread , usefulness in habitat terms and , above all , beauty of leaf , flower and berry . Once planted , and whether 10 or 50ft high , a tree becomes a focal point around which to build a complete plant community . Under natural conditions a tree growing in a hedgerow , copse or forest progresses through various stages of settlement to a climatic climax which , once attained , remains the same year after year with only minor variations . Contrived planting plan This process , which can take several decades in open country , may be contrived in only a few years in a garden by reversing the natural scheme of things . When the rods ( stems ) were first taken down they were scraped and painted with sulphur mixed with paraffin and soft soap . The crevices where the spurs were cut back each year were particularly attractive hiding places for mealy bugs . However , like the newly decorated glasshouse toad , the mealy bugs , being white , found it difficult to remain unseen . Harry says that a drop of methylated spirit dotted onto their backs from a camel hair brush caused them to turn pink and expire immediately . Years ago , before it was made illegal , pure nicotine was used for fumigating glasshouses . Removing weed once young frogs have departed , a compromise between man and wildlife Frogs love to bask on the surface of dense aquatic vegetation A pool needs tending to remain this lovely Wonderful worm factories There could , I have to admit , be something dramatically wrong with me . They must go in right away if they are to bloom for Christmas . In the mild south , gardeners can get away with plunging them in their containers buried in peat in the garden , but up here they 'll need to be kept safe from hard frost in a cold frame . They will remain there for up to ten weeks , before being brought into a warm greenhouse so we can force them into flower . Bulb planting , outdoors can also start in September , and continue successfully into October . Our lawns always need attention in autumn . Although biological methods of pest control such as Bacillus thuringiensis ( for caterpillars ) are now available to committed organic gardeners , there are few of us who never need to resort to the use of chemicals . Pesticides are either selective ( affecting specific insects only ) or non - selective . Some kill on contact and are then rendered ineffective , whereas systemic ( translocated ) chemicals are absorbed into the plant 's system and remain active for much longer , which could delay the harvest of fruit and vegetables . Many gardeners prefer to apply systemic chemicals to ornamentals , restricting edible plants to spot treatment with contract pesticides . Check that the chemical will in fact control the pest and can be used on the affected plant . Bright ideas The brief selection of flowering plants listed here should help brighten the darker months . Several will remain in bloom for more than one month . October Anemone japonica , Arbutus unedo , asters , autumn crocus , chrysanthemums , helenium , rudbeckia , schizostylis . Off with their heads Wait until the seed - heads are fully ripe . Colour may be an indication of maturity , but some seeds will probably remain green and it is better to gently shake or tap seed - heads to see if the contents are dropping . At this stage cut off the complete head and invert it in a paper bag , hanging these in an airy place for a few days until the seeds are quite dry . Sort and clean the seeds , removing stems , casings and chaff manually , by sieving or blowing away the debris . However , it is vital to check that the speed is adequate before making this turn . A snap decision to turn has been the cause of many serious stalling and spinning accidents , often when , in fact , there was ample room for a landing ahead . During the turn - off , there is time for a reassessment of the height remaining relative to trees and buildings , and a decision has to be made either to continue turning to make a low circuit , or to turn back into wind after using up a little more height ( this is known as an S - turn ) . If , by then , it is obvious that there is plenty of room to turn back into wind and land , this is the sensible thing to do . If the decision is made to continue with a circuit , use a well - banked turn and monitor the airspeed every few seconds . In an emergency Don't panic . It 's important that you remain calm . Remove any glue or solvents and make sure that your child gets plenty of fresh air . If your child is drowsy or unconscious , lie the child on his or her side . Its status or ( as importantly ) its lack of value creates complex systems of meaning which are rarely articulated ; for the police world has similar strictures to that which Benedict ( 1967 ) described in her attempts to understand the rigidities of Japanese culture : men who have accepted a system of values by which to live , cannot without courting in - efficiency and chaos keep for long a fenced - off portion of their lives where they think and behave according to a contrary set of values . Anthropological modes of enquiry are therefore programmed to steer us through the assumptions of police society , so that contradictions no longer remain incomprehensible . The cultural baggage which any social group , tribe , or institution such as the police acquires over time can thus be translated to reveal just what sustains it , and furthermore reveal what the society itself may not even have understood . Where there does exist a genuine public expression of concern about the way the police operate this cannot just be dismissed as a matter of misunderstanding or be written off as the foolish ramblings of that police folk devil the loony left , who would dismantle the system for their own political ends . Its frenzied rejection was very different to that of the many projects listed in the Police Foundation or Home Office Registers of Research mentioned above , most of which are simply ignored and never ever receive any review . I believe the denial of the PSI report and the furore it caused occurred precisely because it managed to get beneath the surface of police culture to explore the deep structures of belief and to comment adversely about their influence on police activities . The invisibility in the written record , which Shapland and Hobbs ( 1989 ) observed , and the unrecorded information which Chatterton told the conference remained hidden in the heads of the constables are the result of cultural values , which are then brought to bear to deny validity to these agendas . It is worth noting the language in the Federation rebuttal of the PSI report , for it illustrates how the culture is programmed to sneer at the graphic literary phrase and dismiss the use of anecdotal material as unscientific : while participant observation is considered to be a world away from research based on safe academic principles ( my emphasis ) . Police culture is omnipotent is structuring such views of critical research . This total reverence to the group binds ideas of silence , loyalty , and reticence together to create a positive category for belief and action and , in turn , links silence to other concepts of respect for the order of the institution . In consequence , even the publication of an academic seminar paper carried out without formal approval could form a breach in the regulated structures of police existence and be subject to disciplinary control . In such a world , the easy resolution of the ethical dilemma remains problematic , for as Anne Akeroyd ( 1984 : 134 ) recognizes there is not , nor ever likely to be any definitive agreement about the nature of either the problems or solutions facing the social scientist and the question of ethics . I have never completely resolved my own dilemma , for I do not think it has a simple resolution . Unlike the natural sciences , which deal largely in results , the social sciences are rightly concerned for practice , perhaps because results are rarely possible in an exact mathematical sense . The way the writer resolved them is not adequately addressed the issues are raised , but no explanation is given of how they were resolved in practice . Of course there is no perfect solution . I had the easy choice of remaining silent , or the more difficult one of addressing the problem at some length in various publications ; which is how I resolved the practical difficulties . This ethnography is therefore an attempt to meet the dilemma , for the problem of revelation and betrayal continues to surface and can only be resolved , at best , by overcoming these subjective feelings and pursuing compromises ( Barnes 1981 : 2 ) . Indeed , I believe , along with Akeroyd ( 1984 : 154 ) that : Obviously concerned that his analysis of the negative influence of discipline on the efficiency of systems of communication might offend or incite displeasure , he avoided confrontation ; but he need not have worried . For it received the neglect that a great deal of insider research achieves and was channelled ( unopened ) to me , accompanied by a two - line memo from a senior officer which suggested , I understand you are doing some research ; you may find this useful . In the following three years the thesis remained on my desk , unrequested by anyone else . Any suggestions for improvements in communications or any critical findings it may have contained were negated by institutional neglect and the silence which Arendt ( 1958 ) argues is a primary tool of authority operated to effect ! The police , of course , can never really be geared easily to incorporate structural challenge to their existing concepts of order and control , for they are set up to maintain the symbols and practice which has sustained the status quo . Research in the police , Irving further asserts , is a matter of pragmatics , eliminating philosophical enquiry into systems of belief , or how the knowledge of an ideology is transformed into action . In the end , only the action is viable , so that all these essays tend to match the inside ethnography and are nullified by neglect or have any contentious matter treated as privileged information , for as Templeton ( 1980 : 904 ) argues the police fear that if you have a better understanding of society , you are in a better position to change it the very exercise they are reluctant to engage in . Those who do go public are disloyal and there are thinly veiled attempts to dismiss the value of any revelation they make , for they are expected to remain silent and uncritical . When Ronald Gregory , the ex - chief constable of West Yorkshire , said little or nothing new about the Yorkshire Ripper case in a series of newspaper articles , he was castigated in Police Review ( 1 July 1983 ) and they republished a 1979 photograph of him when his loyalty was unquestioned . John Alderson , the ex - chief constable of Devon and Cornwall has suffered even more from his subsequent public persona , because of a move into academia , some critical publications , and a flirtation with the political life . Since this condemnation of research opportunity , few studies have penetrated deeply beneath the sensitive skin of police culture , and even though Chatterton in his notes to my thesis argued there has been a considerable amount of participant police research , I would question whether many of these inquiries achieved the finer grain and detail ' of the insider 's account , for they can never really know or tell if they have been excluded from the inner workings of police practice or prevented from gaining access to the hidden realities contained inside the heads of the constables . Because of the litism which such an organization of control wields , it is not surprising there is difficulty in incorporating the outside researcher , or in accepting his critical findings . And certainly that other main arm of executive control the army seems little better at this than the police , for the number of participant accounts of their deep structures remains negligible , supporting McCabe 's ( 1980 ) contention that we should be asking of all of these costly institutions , who is to be controlled by whom and for what reasons ? Meanwhile , as Reiner ( 1985 ) suggests , the politicization of the police has proceeded at a pace , and can be illustrated by their growing willingness to respond to political dissent as a form of crime or deviancy . This trend is further displayed in their growing tendency to agree to be used as a pseudo - military arm of government in its socio - economic and industrial/political disputes with whole sections of society . WPC Dick 's salutary essay ( 1985 ) changed little and generated few ripples on the ACPO pond , while one of the most powerfully critical books on policing in recent years ( Jones 1980 ) seems to have had little effect on the structures of the organization , except , perhaps , to help draw its author then a chief inspector into the ACPO ranks . Mervyn Jones ( ibid . ) , in this book on organizational behaviors , presented some glaringly uncomfortable findings . Critical of the way that status is attributed by the institution , his thesis was that even as the service proclaims beat patrol work to be the basis of all good policework , it penalizes and stigmatizes those who remain there . The young officer , he concluded , must escape at the first opportunity or risk being classified as an unambitious no hoper at an early career stage . A keenly stated desire to move into some area of specialization is a necessity , and , as a result , uniform patrol work becomes synonymous with failure and punishment . Men get sent back from specialist posts to uniform duties as a punishment and the strength of this metaphorical move downwards or backwards ( you can never move up or forwards into uniform ) is not lost on young officers . Few prior to Jones had cared to admit this seditious point except in the columns of the Police Review , where disgruntled beat officers ( often anonymously ) indicate the paradox of being the revered and reviled base on which all the hierarchy is built . Jones 's book remained untouched on the shelves of Northumbria 's modest library in its first two years , even though it had good reviews ; and the influence of his research has been all but negligible . For even though some attempt to give status to the community or home beat officer has been made following Lord Scarman 's ( 1981 ) report on the Brixton riots which gave something of a slap on the wrist to the service , the deference accorded to specialist posting or to detective work remains untouched . In effect Jones 's book revealed an unwelcome truth which no one really wanted to hear and which the service was able easily to diffuse and ignore . Few prior to Jones had cared to admit this seditious point except in the columns of the Police Review , where disgruntled beat officers ( often anonymously ) indicate the paradox of being the revered and reviled base on which all the hierarchy is built . Jones 's book remained untouched on the shelves of Northumbria 's modest library in its first two years , even though it had good reviews ; and the influence of his research has been all but negligible . For even though some attempt to give status to the community or home beat officer has been made following Lord Scarman 's ( 1981 ) report on the Brixton riots which gave something of a slap on the wrist to the service , the deference accorded to specialist posting or to detective work remains untouched . In effect Jones 's book revealed an unwelcome truth which no one really wanted to hear and which the service was able easily to diffuse and ignore . Indeed when I was at the police college in 1987 and Jones was on the Senior Command Course prior to taking up a position as assistant chief constable , I took a straw poll among my immediate colleagues to see what influence such books achieve . Any need to analyse the ways in which the multi - variant police world forms a coherent and self - sustaining whole is material for the social scientist and not the practitioners , for they already live the system as a matter of course . The police , therefore , have little to gain in promoting any exploration of their modes of thought , for analysis can only hold the possibility that the whole intricate system , to paraphrase Lvi - Strauss ( 1967 ) , will be revealed as an immense disorder which is organised in the form of a grammar . In consequence , police ethnography remains largely unwritten simply because it is unlikely the organization will be keen to reveal the ways this immense disorder is constructed , for it is not in their nature to allow other individuals to create their classifications for them . Indeed , institutional ideology sets out to strait - jacket minds and bodies and overcome individual thought ( Foucault 1970 ) . Mary Douglas ( 1987 : 92 ) , in her analysis of How Institutions Think , pursues Foucault 's argument a stage further to show that : Favret - Saada 's unique analysis ( ibid . 128 ) of the bizarre subjective position she found herself in is a masterful assessment of the difficulties which arise when the ethnographer seeks to gain knowledge of a social group which depends for its existence on misknowledge or silence : For anyone who wants to understand the meaning of such a discourse , there is no other solution but to practise it oneself , to become one 's own informant and to try and make explicit what one finds unstatable in oneself . for it is difficult to see how the native could have any interest in the project of unveiling what can go on existing only if it remains veiled . ( ibid . 22 ) In succumbing to the temptation of subjectivism ( ibid . 23 ) , she recognizes that it becomes impossible to put any distance between oneself and the native , or more importantly between oneself and oneself in such a situation . I joined the uniform branch on foot patrol in the city centre division of Newcastle upon Tyne City Police . Immediately I was instructed that I had had the good fortune to be posted to the division where real polising is done There were only three divisions in the city east , west , and central and each of us in our own division knew we were the lite ; for just as the men in the west were certain they were best , so the men from the east remained convinced of their own superiority . And together we were emphatically co - operative that neighbouring forces were populated by lesser mortals . The predominance these spatial constructs have for the ordinary constable is essential to an understanding of the police mind . Like other symbolic non - verbal devices , the multi - vocal nuances of our uniform were used in a variety of other ways as boundary markers to maintain our cultural identity and define our institutional specificities . Just as the white - coated doctors in hospitals symbolize the clean and purifying nature of the healer , so the dark uniform of the police symbolizes not just the force identity , but also the presence of the avenger , who purifies through retribution rather than by cure . It is the marker of force and hence continues to sustain the continuing paradox of police force police service which remains unresolved , on which I will say more later in relation to the role of women police officers . The dark uniform we wore had a military cap with polished brim , and in our fashioned tunics of soft serge and shiny boots we presented an avenging image , clothed in the symbolic colour of death and darkness . Black is a light absorbent , non - reflective colour and most suitable for controllers who operate with a degree of social anonymity , upholding the rule of law and the abstractions of the legal system . In such inversions of social regard we can again see how movement will tend to confound the police preference for and reliance on a rigidly maintained classificatory world . The changing values attributed to our own private delicts such as divorce , slander , adultery , debt , libel , blasphemy , obedience to church , and the like , have turned some earlier crimes into matters now governed by other social mores . With the public appropriation of certain categories of property , however , the police have been on more certain ground , for the status attributed to the capture of the thief has remained fairly constant , at least since the police were created as a public body . The detective therefore has a legitimate target in the thief ( again the metaphor is based in militarism ) ; and this is currently reinforced by the politics of materialism . The statistical expansion of recorded crimes and a success largely determined by detection rates support the inevitable institutional contention that more control is a necessity , and has been a corner - stone in police ideology for the whole of my service . In effect this was a time when new worlds and new social structures were being forged ; and in many ways we were closer to the world of the underground than that of the moral majority , for we were walking the same ground and like many in the alternative society were ( somewhat unsystematically ) following an essential and perennial theme of history that of man 's journey as hero . In this search for a new spiritual awareness , they like us were finding new possibilities to achieve a revived sense of what it is to be truly human in the transformational experience . This is basically the same anthropological journey pursued by Lvi - Strauss ( 1973 ) in Tristes Tropiques , which remains a suitable precursor for most of the current reflexive ethnography . In this account , Lvi - Strauss uses the hero 's journey to self - analysis in the field as a means of achieving or engendering knowledge ( see also Caplan 1988 ) ; emphasizing that it is the journey to self - awareness itself , and not the arrival , which is the most important aspect of the rite de passage . The forces produced in the individual on such occasions , in what Jung ( 1964 ) calls a journey to individuation , manifest themselves in a number of very persuasive ways and in this case led to some radical reassessments of the existing moral , philosophic , political , and aesthetic order . When policemen label one of their colleagues with the term academic it is always a derogatory term of reference , while college man is another derisory phrase used to define that tiny percentage who gain accelerated promotion through one of the special course or graduate entry schemes generated through the police staff college . Whitaker ( 1979 : 229 ) records how these college men are described sardonically at police station level , as plastic men who know all about how to hold a knife and fork , but nothing about how to catch villains . During a sojourn in Northumbria one of these academic high - flyers remained implacably not one of us , and I heard him summed up in the following terms : bloody man is in the fast - lane ; comes off at junction 7 for a year or so here , and then he 'll be off and away at junction 8 , on to his chief 's job somewhere else and look at him ! He 's one of them educated bastards who would n't know his arse from his elbow on a Friday night in the Bigg Market When deciding how wide to make your stance , look at yourself in a full length mirror to see what kind of a target you present for the opponent . Narrow your stance and pull your rear hip back to try and reduce this profile , but notice also how this makes you gradually more and more susceptible to a foot sweep . so , your rear hand has to be drawn further and further back from where it should be in order to remain immediately effective . I know of some competitors who fight from a fully sideways - facing straddle stance . This stance has a very small target profile indeed , though it is wide open to the foot sweep and also reduces the competitor 's choice of technique to the back fist or the side kick . Carry the hand far enough forwards for immediate use as a reverse punch . As before , the rear guard hand must never cross the body 's centre - line . Even during flurries of techniques , both hands remain on their respective sides of the centre - line . Arm movement Economy of arm movement is important since the more you flail them about , the longer it takes to cock them for an effective punch . Many karateka get this wrong and make use only of the arm action . A back fist will out - range a reverse punch performed by an opponent of equal height but it is not often scored because many referees do not consider it powerful enough . Nevertheless it remains an excellent opening strike because , even more than the snap punch , it cocks the hips for a powerful reverse punch . However , all the time your shoulder leads , your centre - line is not facing the opponent , so you are vulnerable to a strong counter - attack . Lean in behind the strike in order to get the maximum range , and raise your other hand as a guard . Training To conclude this section it is necessary to point out a few things about the squad training sessions . Firstly , karateka are not allowed to bring their own coaches with them to training sessions because experience has shown that the presence of other coaches breaks up the training atmosphere , and causes people to separate to far corners instead of remaining together . The second point is that you may be asked to take a drug test at any squad session . If you refuse , you will be treated as though you had failed the test , and you will face a lifetime ban . Shall we But James had mentally worded his speech a dozen times and would not be forestalled . You cannot pretend not to know our purpose , he began , so loudly that the laird 's head went back . We are all here as free men not tenants , and not plaintiffs or slaves but free people who are determined to remain so . Now this Act will bind six thousand of us I am not speaking in my own interest , I am well past the age but this Act will empty the glens of the young active men and how can they marry if they are in barracks and camps in England , or in France if you send them there you say you will not He was wandering now , his voice had dropped as he struggled to keep his thread and a restlessness at the back of the gathering broke out in shouts of Speak up ! It took a further eight years before classes got under way , and then only in medicine , and it was not till well into the 1850s that it became really established . It prospered and expanded under the principalship of Sir William Dawson ; by the time he had completed 38 years as Principal ( 18551893 ) the student body had risen from 100 to over 1000 , and Dawson had had the satisfaction of seeing great strides made in both the building programme and the various curricula not least in his own scientific fields . As well as academic achievements , McGill was noted for originating two major sports : ice hockey , in 1875 , largely from the rules written by J.G.A . Creighton ; and a species of rugby which was played by the citizens and soldiers ( for Montreal had remained a garrison town ) as well as the students . A McGill team introduced it to Harvard University in 1874 , which marked the formal birth of football . Montrealers are not inclined to overlook their influence on Harvard ! If Soren Kierkegaard vitiated the easy - going philosophical idealism of his day with his heavily personalised challenges to it ; if von Rochau brought in the concept of Realpolitik to Bismarck 's Germany ; and if Karl Barth ushered in Crisis Theology in Switzerland ; it is at least arguable that Irving Layton fathered Crisis Poetry in Canada : poetry that demanded a decision , a response ; that cut through the emollient patter and posed a rough demand on the reader or hearer . In order to get that response he was prepared to dispense with the niceties of convention and the formulae of polite language : from the gut , to the gut . It was exactly what Leonard expected of a poet , and he and Layton have remained firm friends ever since . ( Moreover , he was , like Lorca , another L and that could not be merely coincidental ! ) Indeed , the relationship has been more than mere friendship , but one of familial depth . Ondaatje perceived this and described the book as being far nastier and more frightening than Flowers For Hitler ; but the choice of words is unjust : there is nothing nasty or frightening about honest observation . Such value - judgments surely arise out of the critics ' disappointment at finding negative aspects in an otherwise positive projection , an all - to - human aspiration for avoiding reality which Leonard refuses to do , to his great cost . Manzano has drawn attention to a real difference when he says ( of both these first books ) , In general Cohen is lyrical in his writings when he refers to himself , and anarchistic when he confronts the outside world , a comment which becomes more fully justified as time goes by , though Leonard 's anarchism remained personal and mainly verbal . He is wont to talk of the new vision that Lorca 's poetry gave to him ; here is my landscape , he exclaimed repeatedly . But that other landscape , quieter perhaps , but like an underground stream , unconscious and very persistent , never failed to obtrude itself on him : It is strange that even now prayer is my natural language , he said , in Lines From My Grandfather 's Journal ( The Spice - Box Of Earth , p10 ) which powerfully reflect his own self - questionings ; the tyranny was asserting itself . Descartes believed firmly that universals were formed in the mind and that ideas possessed objective and formal reality ; that is , that it was an irreducible feature of ideas that they were able to be about a class of objects . Descartes is true to his radical dualism : everything that is a mark of mind is withdrawn into the mind , leaving the external world in atomistic darkness . But mind remains truly special . The materialist Hobbes , by contrast , denies that universality is really found even in the mind : This word universal is never the name of anything existent in nature , nor of any idea or phantasm found in the mind my italics , but always the name of some word or name ; so that when a living creature , a stone , a spirit , or any other thing , is said to be universal , it is not to be understood that any man , stone etc. , ever was or can be universal , but only that the words , living creature , stone , etc. , are universal names , that is , names common to many things ; and the conceptions answering them in the mind are the images and phantasms of several living creatures or other things . It reduces language to an uninterpreted formal system . All we know about As , for example , is that they have relation to R to Bs , relation R ' to Cs , relation R ' to Ds , etc ; and similarly for our understanding of Bs , Cs and Ds , and the variety of Rs . What any of these things is like in itself , even the qualitative nature of the spatial medium of the relations , remains unknown . It is not surprising that reductive treatment of consciousness should have this effect . In consciousness alone is it possible to confront at least some empirical properties and apprehend them directly , and if consciousness is analysed in terms of some purely non - mental notion this grasp is lost ; just as , in the analysis of thought , if the irreducible generality of thought is analysed away , our ability to think and refer is wished away with it . ( This implies of course that consciousness in animals is a hypothesis for which there can be no evidence at all unless we resort to anthropomorphism , which we usually do . ) Most psychologists accept that cognitive processes , and therefore mind although this is a term not widely used in the brain sciences - encompass both conscious and unconscious activities . Clearly , conscious processes are central to an individual 's own experience , but most of us remain neutral as to whether they are central to cognitive processes given that many , if not most , of these are not conscious . It also follows from this that understanding consciousness would not be sufficient for understanding mental processes . So current cognitive models of language , memory , perception and so forth are also basically neutral to the question of consciousness . This exchange of energy explains how we perceive the world . This is now so widely accepted that it seems less like a theory , or even a theoretical framework , than a piece of common sense ; and in one form or another it encompasses the views of the majority of Anglo - American philosophers and neuroscientists about the basis of consciousness or , at the very least , of perception . Although some philosophers and psychologists would emphasize the role of action in controlling perception ( see chapter 2 ) and some talk of top down constraints on the interpretation of the perceived , the causal role of incident energy remains fundamental and the materialist version of the CTP essentially unchallenged . The neurophysiological version of the CTP , with which we are concerned here , holds that perception is the result of the constant interaction between the material world and the nervous system . In particular , perceptual awareness , and so consciousness itself , is identified with certain events taking place in the higher reaches of the central nervous system where a chain of events , collectively described as sensory processing , and originating from the object that is perceived , reaches a terminus . Basically it grew out of the idea that what the West represented , and the English middle class best of all , was something to emulate , look up to , admire all the rest was just a bit rude and best if it politely disappeared . This then was the paradox Neela grew up with and had to learn to grow out of . So , in England a whole part of her personality remained buried . And she had so perfected this technique of politely disappearing , that she had to live almost half her life before she came to realize that she had almost disappeared to her own self ! That self now needed to be discovered but where ? But a feeling remained . I tried to shudder it away . But it remained . I was out on Shaftesbury Avenue , facing Eros , the heart of Piccadilly , in the guts of Soho , the cunt of London . Or so I had been told . Workplace observations notwithstanding , for Rosenberg , one judgement echoed : New York , shoddy and dirty . Did she fault the landlords or tenants for shoddiness and dirt ? It seems obvious she must have known it was the fermer but he wished she had said so , after all this remained his city . Rosenberg worked hard to raise the money to have them give the American lecture tour , and he was beginning to be suspicious of Aveling , but Eleanor was devoted to him and deaf to all his antics . In her loneliness Eleanor found no comfort in the geography of New York 's lower east side . Men only The women will not , after all , take part in this year 's Compaq Grand Slam Cup . We 've simply run out of time in trying to reach an agreement with all concerned said tournament director , Alex Meyer - Wolden , who nevertheless remains hopeful that he will be able to stage a mixed event in 1992 . Any disappointment he may feel over the delay has been more than compensated for by the news that tickets for this year 's event are already selling fast . The two German players , Boris Becker and Michael Stich ( an unseeded semi - finalist at the French Open ) have already qualified to take part and , even more important , both have indicated that they will play . Arantxa Sanchez - Vicario positively demolished her opponents with a ruthlessness reminiscent of Navratilova 's great rival of the 1980 's , Chris Evert . The 19 year old Spaniard has always had the weapons but , so often in the past , has used them sparingly in her pursuit of greatness . Now , there is an added urgency to her shots and she remains an unlikely threat to both grass court opponents and , ( following her victory in the 1990 French Open and her re - appearance in the final again this year ) , clay court specialists . Sanchez - Vicario gambled on power , played for the lines and left her opponents , particularly the vastly experienced but hopelessly out of sorts Pam Shriver and the Puerto Rican , Gigi Fernandez , floundering . Shriver 's recent long term absence from the tour , following shoulder surgery , and her lack of match practice were shown up by an opponent who was playing the women 's game of today , powerful and merciless . It truly is a most remarkable week . The field of players , and the facilities they enjoy , are far superior to some tournaments on the world tour offering much more prize money . The atmosphere remains that of a small - town challenger event , relaxed , friendly and informal , the perfect place to escape to after the tension and crowds of the French Open . Jokes pour forth from the PA system , and so do hits from the 50 's and 60 's . It just is n't like that anywhere else . Add these amounts together and then divide the total by 7 . This will give you your average daily calorie intake . If your weight remains constant you must be using up all your calories , but if you are gaining weight then some of the calories you consume are being stored as fat . If you are losing weight , then you are not consuming sufficient calories daily . Once you know your daily calorie intake it is easy to adjust it so that you gain or lose weight . Stand upright on one leg , keeping the other leg straight out in front . Bend your supporting leg until the thigh is parallel to the floor and then push until the leg is straight again . The other leg must remain straight out all the time , and must not touch the floor . Complete all reps on one leg and then change over . You may hold the wall to help your balance . Congratulations . The correct volume for question one was 0.31026m3 , and yes three different volumes were possible for question two , though the answer , 0.34047m3 stands for question three . I hope we can all remain partners , friends and challengers in puzzle working . Ploughing small The June issue of Woodworker published a letter entitled Ploughing small which was answered by Bob Grant . Some designs fit neatly into circles and would be suitable for , say , small turned boxes , coasters or shallow platters . Opportunities sometimes arise , however , for decorating objects with square or rectangular faces , or where certain considerations of function restrict the extent of possible ornament . If decoration is to remain valid it must be subordinate to the over - riding proportions and the requirements of use of the object in question ; yet still look good . Using the grain In some types of wood the grain markings are indistinct , while in others they are well - defined . Q I have been , for 70 years , the proud owner of a spinning wheel , stamped with the name Foster . It has been in our family since 1850 . I have done certain repairs over the years , but much is still original , and though the marquetry is lifting it remains a beauty . The main parts are of mahogany , but the spindles are lighter wood , possibly ash or yew ? Could you tell me anything about Foster ; where he lived and the dates he worked ? It 's so time - consuming that most professional carvers avoid it like the plague . Five years after the fire , his work now nearing its end , he is at the centre of a specialist team of restorers replacing the recarving swags and pendants which had adorned the King 's Bedchamber and adjoining rooms since the time of Charles II and which now lie boxed or in pieces on shelves and benches at the South East corner of the palace . With infinite delicacy forget - me - nots and rosebuds , croci and oak leaves are chiselled out of native lime ( grown in the grounds of the palace itself ) and slotted into ancient floral compositions which , but for a discarded cigarette in the grace and favour flats above , could perhaps have remained undisturbed for the next 300 years . For all the damage , though , the fire has brought unexpected benefits . For one thing it has prompted a full - scale review of all the carving at Hampton Court and given the restorers the opportunity to reverse years of general neglect . Independent Living Fund If you are very severely disabled , you may be able to get a grant from the Independent Living Fund . This is a discretionary trust fund which was set up to give financial help to people who need to pay for personal care or domestic assistance in order to remain living independently in their own homes . Whether you can get help or not will depend on your needs and your income and savings , and whether there is anybody else who can provide the help that you need . People aged over 16 and receiving higher Attendance Allowance are eligible to apply . Driving standards on the whole improved during the eighties and certainly average speeds increased , in some cases dramatically . The overnight maintenance work on HSTs in particular deserves the award of many medals . Though frequently finding some initial reason to put you , the customer , down , restaurant - car stewards then generally look after you well , and enjoying good food at speed remains one of the joys of railway travel . It is just that it could have been more meaningful and less unpleasant had it felt a touch more like a pilgrimage than a harsh , faceless drive for productivity . Even the lack of a catchy slogan at the decade 's end ( The age of the train 's replacement We 're getting there only lasted briefly ) contributes to this lack of social purpose . One memory will certainly be of the running of far more steam trains than seemed possible in the seventies , not all of them successful The GWR 150 specials , the Blackmore Vales , Cambrian Coasts , Cumbrian Mountains and regulars for some seasons into Scarborough and over the West Highland . While ordinary motive power generally became more standardised , and again as told later in these pages the difference between locomotive - hauled and multiple - unit stock less marked , the variety still remains impressive and just as many notebooks and cameras record the passage of trains at the end as at the beginning of the eighties . Liveries have of course proliferated ; not since pre - 1923 days have so many different colour schemes been seen , the only snag being that often two or more liveries are included in the same train where for example the PTE 's dedicated stock gets diverted . Most of the semaphores of 1980 have gone , virtually no large gantries remaining in total use . So the Southern lost its lines west of Salisbury to the Western , the Western gave up its lines in the West Midlands to the London Midland , the Eastern surrendered its access to Manchester , and the London Midland gave up to the Eastern and North Eastern its Yorkshire lines . Massive structures remained , many attitudes and management at the beginning of the decade were very similar to those of long ago. The regional general manager remained effectively the managing director of a large company . His chief officers formed a board which had a very considerable measure of authority to determine its own ways ( witness , for example , the Western Region 's adventure with diesel - hydraulic locomotives when the remainder of British Railways was following the diesel - electric path , or the Eastern Region 's policy of civil engineering for speed ) . An innovation in organisation sectorisation resulted in the regions losing their business roles and becoming purely the providers of services and facilities . But some positive things happened in 1982 like the opening of Milton Keynes Central at a cost of 4.5million ; Watton - at - Stone between Stevenage and Hertford North ; and of Watford Stadium on the Watford Junction - Croxley Green branch on 4 December . And it was in 1982 that David Kirby was appointed director of the new London South East sector . But he remained general manager of the Southern Region , almost as it were being his own superior . He was ( in retrospect ) surprisingly luke warm about the potential of cross - London links show me the market although he was no doubt pleased to accept in this first year in office an offer from the GLC to fund the third - rail electrification over 8½ ; miles between Dalston and North Woolwich . 1983 . And technology was now offering a key to this problem also . Modern cook - chill processes , using liquid nitrogen , chill partly cooked food very rapidly to just above freezing point at which temperature it will keep perfectly for several days. Heating in a simple convection oven is all that remains to do on board ; and this system , coupled with a range of basically similar ( modular ) trolleys formed the basis of Cuisine 2000 begun experimentally between Euston and Manchester in August 1985 . Modular catering cars retained an orthodox grill for that perennial favourite , the Great British Breakfast , which in 1987 accounted for 630,000 out of the total of 1.1 million main meals served . Preparation of the food on shore now offered private contractors a foothold in the core of the business , and this in turn led in 1987 to the highly symbolic step of privatising the railway sandwich . The yard was a product of piecemeal development over many years and found an important role in the air - braked wagonload network ( Speedlink ) from the 1970s onwards . It was a convenient gathering point for all non - trainload traffic to and from South Wales , and also became the gateway to south - west England with feeder services to Bristol , Exeter , Plymouth and so on . Moreover it was not an under - used white elephant in the manner of Kingmoor yard in Carlisle ; traffic levels remained comparatively healthy right up to the end . In their quest to reduce costs , however , the Railfreight managers were keen to explore every way of streamlining their operations , and in the case of Severn Tunnel Junction it was found that total closure would bring substantial savings for relatively little inconvenience . Most of the work previously carried out at Severn Tunnel Junction was transferred to Gloucester , Cardiff Tidal and East Usk ( Newport ) yards , with Stoke Gifford ( Bristol ) playing a minor role . Not that the eighties were without their problems : quite apart from the industrial recession of the early years , which affected all Railfreight 's bulk traffics to some degree or other , there was the historic miners ' strike of 19845 , taking heavy toll of steel as well as coal carryings . Happily the coal traffic was revived to the point where pre - strike tonnages were exceeded , although the number of individual collieries served was vastly reduced . The merry - go - round system which allows loading and discharge to take place while an entire train remains in motion has continued to form the mainstay of Railfreight Coal 's operations , and it is difficult to imagine a more efficient alternative . Railborne steel traffic suffered in proportion to the cutbacks in the steel industry itself , with complete withdrawal from one or two locations such as Consett in County Durham . Interestingly , though , Railfreight also derived some benefit from the contraction of British Steel 's steel - making activities . But standing out above all are the scores commissioned from Stravinsky by Balanchine , such as Apollo , Orpheus and Card Game . During the third phase of his enterprise Diaghilev realised the need to keep up with the tastes of his wealthy audiences always anxious to be in fashion and commissioned works from members of the group known as Les Six . These were Milhaud , Poulenc and Auric whose music greatly influenced many later composers such as William Walton and Constant Lambert , many of their works remain in constant use today as witness MacMillan 's moving interpretation of Poulenc 's Gloria . When choreographers decide to commission music , they should first give the composer an outline of the plot , roughly suggesting the sequence of the action , the likely entrances and exits for the characters and the dances or brief scenes in which they are involved . Secondly , some description should be given of the characters , their moods , emotions and particular role in each part of the action . There are few , if any , suggestions of how individual movements can be linked together to achieve some expressive or rhythmic quality suitable to the style of dance required by the plot , theme and/or music . if choreographers wish to make their design more interesting they should attempt to give each step and pose some distinctive quality or unusual place in the design , which may or may not break the old conventions . As Fokine said : There can never be revolution in dance , only evolution , because the human body remains as it always has been , a living apparatus which can only move in certain well - defined ways . Choreographers should remember that the descriptions in any dictionary of steps only indicate the beginning , passing through and end of a single item . There is no linkage , no indication of how to amalgamate one step with another and no indication of either rhythm or quality to make the movement come alive . In every enchanement each step an/or pose must be given its appropriate value by way of beginning , climax and end so that its place is justified by its importance to the whole sentence . This does not mean that today 's choreographers need follow the conventions laid down by the Renaissance scholars who were more interested in the physical ability and behaviour of courtiers . They were not creative artists but they were and still remain for the most part arbiters of technique and the niceties of perfect performance . The originality of so much of Ashton 's and MacMillan 's choreography fur classical ballets lies in the way they follow the basic principles and rules in order to create an infinite variety of enchanements from the traditional vocabulary of steps , and yet discard the conventions . Birthday Offering Ashton 's technical virtuosity ( The Royal Ballet ) He must balance the movements one against the other to give proportion and emphasis as well as dimension . Each gesture in a sequence must be carefully timed so that it is of proper value to the whole . Once the sailor has climbed the rigging , which is usually an energetic process , he looks out , remaining stationary except for a slight sway as the boat sails out of harbour . Lise 's dance when she sweeps the floor before helping Mother Simone to spin is an excellent example of how the subtle timing of gesture can be and is helped by the appropriate choice of music . 4 All go together ( The Royal Ballet ) Ashton , too , has made vivid use of occupational gesture from time to time as , for example , when his Swiss Miss milks her cow with the help of the three boys in Faade . One of his finest examples of occupational gesture as the foundation of a ballet remains Les Patineurs . Here he creates the many happy and not so happy incidents that can occur on a skating rink where even a professional can miss a trick . Jerome Robbins has a knack of using occupational gesture in many of his works and most particularly in The Concert , where the well - observed behaviour of the many different concert - goers arouses much laughter . believe that beer drinkers deserve a better deal ? If so , then read on you 're not alone ! Traditional beer and pubs have been under threat for decades and remain so today . CAMRA the Campaign for Real Ale exists to combat these threats . It has been called Europe 's most successful consumer movement . We set ourselves the 30,000 target for our 21st birthday March 1992 , John said . Now we intend to carry on recruiting , towards 40,000 members , and beyond . Real ale sales are growing , and there is increased interest in Britain 's brewing heritage , but the threat to traditional pubs remains as severe as ever . More than ever before the beer drinker and pubgoer needs a watchdog to protect their interests . Membership reaches all - time high Even the family room may not be strictly legal . Everything is open to interpretation , usually by the police , and the poor , hard - pressed licensee and his customers are so confused that the usual solution is to avoid the problem and not let children into the pub at all . While we must support family rooms in those pubs which have the space and can provide suitable amusement for the little angels , this cannot remain the only answer to the problem . Family rooms are useful to let the less well - behaved and noisier children run riot but they are frequently cold and characterless and , no matter how good the facilities may be , you often feel excluded from the main atmosphere of the pub . I WOULD rather take my children into the main bar or lounge of a pub and expect them to sit sensibly and reasonably quietly so that we can all relax , drink , talk and eat in a proper pub atmosphere . The East End was also the place where India Pale Ale was invented . Docklands historians say it was first shipped out to thirsty expats in the Far East from Hodgson 's brewery in Bow in 1734 . Hodgson 's brewery , whose tap room in the Bow Road bore the name Bombay Grab , remained pre - eminent in the India beer trade until at least the 1820s . But the Hodgsons seem to have over - extended themselves and lost their monopoly on exporting beer to India , which was subsequently picked up by such upstarts as Bass . The brewery itself eventually became , some time around 1847 , Smith Garrett and Company . In 1875 Mann Crossman and Paulin opened its own purpose - built pale ale brewery in Burton - on - Trent , costing 77,000 , to beat brewers such as Bass and Allsopp at their own brew . Eventually , however , in 1896 , Mann 's sold its Burton brewery . Mann 's remained famous for stouts and brown ales , and many other brewers sold its bottled brown ale , first introduced in 1899 . The brewery used horse - drawn drays for beer deliveries in and around the East End , and during the Second World War it was hit hard when a German land mine damaged the brewery stables , killing and injuring many of the horses . BUT even in 1963 the brewery still had 25 heavy horses delivering beer in London . The Bendcrete competition structure used at the British Open at Olympia last year had been set up in all its over - hanging glory next to the existing facilities . However , the capitals ' sports - climbers were dismayed to discover that because of an agreement between Bendcrete and the Sobell to share profits from any organised competitions , a special sports licence was required for insurance purposes : a licence which the sports centre lacked . The opening ceremony , set for last May , was cancelled , and local activists had to remain on the original walls while gazing up in wonder at the spectacular treat they were being denied . The irony being , of course , that climbing on the new wall would be considerably safer than soloing on the existing facilities . Dateline Ultar The wedge is retracted when the device is placed and then released . When fallen on , the wedge is retained in the groove and forced against the nut and up the incline . But , the width of the crack prevents this and the nut remains solid . The wires are soldered into the nut and the device appears well engineered . One benefit of this over similar units is that the groove retains the semi - circular wedge , so it is hard to separate this moveable part from the nut . More important , and very surprising , we are told that he did not repent of his crime . So his rallying himself to enter the police station as a man and confess was not the acceptance of suffering which Sonya and Porfiry both but separately urged him towards . Or rather , it was not yet that acceptance , something in Raskolnikov remained obdurate . Prison finds him longing to feel contrite , to feel he deserves his punishment , but only able to believe he has committed a simple blunder which might have happened to anybody . Then , as the notebooks put it , Sonya and love broke him. Members of the family are sleeping in three different places . Even the father 's funeral feast explodes in chaos the classic Dostoevsky skandal . And yet , while God doing everything for Sonya remains shielded by her faith , the green shawl keeps cropping up through the novel for all to see . She puts it on to follow Raskolnikov on his final journey to the police station , and through his mind flashes the thought that this is the shawl Marmeladov referred to in the pub as the family one . Actually Marmeladov said Which we all use . In the North , protestant loyalists accuse catholic nationalists of not accepting the rights of the majority in the statelet to govern as it sees fit . In both cases , democracy is invoked . But it is the theory of democracy as the right of the majority to rule which is seen as central , rather than democracy as the preservation of minority rights . In the North , the belief comes via the British parliamentary tradition of the two - party system and its accompanying electoral process of first pass the post . For protestant loyalists , the majority means themselves . The lawyer is a deceptive sophist half smothered in ipso factos . The artsman is an antique fossil and at best will make a fine filing clerk . And would we trust the doctor to rule ? I am reminded of a short verse written in Roman times when even then they a new the nature of doctors . It goes : This opening I need to weigh again , Or sense may suffer from a hasty pen . Does Thought create , and work , and rule the hour ? 'TWERE best : In the beginning was the Power . Yet , while the pen is urged with willing fingers , From RICHARD DOWDEN in Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN army is failing to halt northern rebels advancing rapidly southwards to the capital and its vital lifeline road . Some observers are predicting the imminent collapse of the military regime which has ruled Ethiopia for 15 years . The rebels , the Tigrayan People 's Liberation Front ( TPLF ) , are threatening to cut off Dese , a key garrison town protecting part of the road linking Addis Ababa with the port of Assab . They have advanced down the Asmara road in the past four weeks and are now reported to be operating south of Dese . The unusually confrontational rhetoric suggests that Mao was perhaps less than correct when , 40 years ago yesterday , he announced to Tiananmen : The Chinese people have stood up we have friends all over the world . HONG KONG More than 3,000 people marked the 40th anniversary of Communist rule in China yesterday by rallying to protest against the suppression of the pro - democracy movement in Peking , AP reports . Szeto Wah , a Hong Kong legislator , told the crowd : A republic ruled by the people has not yet been realised . The three - hour rally was organised by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement of China . Cambodia puts in more troops If no accord is reached by Friday , the directive will die anyway , under a time limit rule. Botswana goes to the polls on Saturday , when seven parties will contest 34 seats in the country 's single chamber . President Quett Masire is expected to be nominated again as the presidential candidate of the Botswana Democratic Party , which has ruled since independence in 1966 . Finally , a special celebration takes place on Friday , when the famous Parisian cabaret , The Moulin Rouge , celebrates its 100th birthday . Genscher cheered as 4,000 refugees leave for the West For a man whom Rebecca West , a contemporary Balkan observer , called repulsive and treacherous for deserting his Serbian son - in - law , King Alexander , in the First World War , it is a sepia - tinted view of history . Nicholas was known as the uncle of Europe for his success in marrying his beautiful but penniless daughters into the grander royal houses of Russia , Serbia and Italy . This furthered his long - term ambition to rule a large south Slav kingdom when the Ottoman Empire finally collapsed . One daughter , a grand duchess of Russia , even gained a footnote in history by introducing an unknown monk , Rasputin , to the Russian Tsarina Alexandra . In his minute , inaccessible capital , which today has only 15,000 inhabitants , Nicholas erected a miniature European court and an exquisitely furnished Victorian palace . For several years the market playing was limited but early in 1988 , finance officers began taking options out on a massive scheme . The council 's Labour leadership , who have been in control since 1986 , have argued that they had no control over the transactions as the day to day running of the finance department is in the hands of expert financial staff . Publicly the banks have suggested that there could be dire consequences for the City should the deals be ruled illegal . They feel that as innocent parties they are being cheated . However , insiders reckon that the councils will get away with it if Hammersmith loses . The mayor alleged libel . Libel in France is a crime , but , as with all crimes , there is a partie civile the person damaged who is compensated . The case was heard as a minor offence before a low - level court , the tribunal correctionel in Tours , at which three judges ruled that , although the article exculpated the mayor , the advertisement did smear him , and the newspaper was ordered to pay him Fr10,000 ( 1,000 approx ) . In Britain , massive libel awards have abolished free speech where criticism of , or reporting about , rich people is concerned , because a rich man can bankrupt anyone by suing for libel , win or lose . In France , honour is satisfied by a low - level court case taking half an hour . From JOHN LICHFIELD in Washington THE GREAT modern , moral questions of the right to life and the right to death will dominate what may be a landmark session of the US Supreme Court which begins this week . With the political dust not yet settled from a controversial abortion ruling in July , the nine Supreme Court justices must rule in the next nine months on three other attempts by US states to regulate abortion as well as the right of parents to terminate the life of a brain - dead daughter . The cases should provide evidence on the conservative course of a court heavily influenced by appointments made during the Reagan years . But its decisions also have implications for an international debate on the frontiers of medical science , morality , government action and individual privacy . The elections , which involved well over a quarter of the electorate , were seen both as a dress rehearsal for the North - Rhine Westphalian Land elections in May next year and as a test of the political mood in the country . The CDU , led by the relatively popular health minister , Norbert Blum , suffered more heavy losses , dropping by 4.7 per cent to hit 37.5 per cent , its worst result in municipal elections for 33 years . The Social Democrats who have ruled the Land for many years , although in opposition in Bonn , emerged strengthened by the CDU 's defeat , although their own share of the vote only grew by 0.4 per cent to reach 42.9 per cent . Many of the CDU votes went instead to the ultra right - wing Republicans who polled over seven per cent in the bigger cities with problems of unemployment , the housing shortage and a high percentage of foreign immigrants . The Republicans also picked up an estimated 14,000 votes from the Social Democrats and yet more from people who have not bothered to vote before . She has been through a marriage , a divorce , and a serious love affair ; learnt Russian , written regularly for a local paper and taught a young child disabled by a stroke to read again . But Elaine no longer has a close relationship to give her the support she needs . Without it , she has become a virtual prisoner in her own home ; she is ruled by the clock and the hours worked by her local authority helpers . Unable to go away for weekends or holidays , she never goes out at night to dinner parties , discos or evening classes . Her life has become intolerable , she says , ever since she became a social services project . I am doing this in the interest of the great majority of our people , she said . A group of Marcos loyalists yesterday filed a petition to the Supreme Court seeking to reverse an earlier ruling that upheld Mrs Aquino 's decision to bar Marcos 's return . Mrs Aquino has said she will bow to its decision but is confident it will again rule in her favour . Whatever the outcome , Marcos 's death has opened old wounds . Marcos loyalists now poke fun at the Aquino administration 's boast that it has built a new stability , arguing it is pretty fragile if it wo n't allow a dead man home for burial . The ministry demanded more than 400 changes altogether which Professor Ienaga described as tantamount to censorship and a violation of the constituional right to freedom of expression . Judge Kazuo Kato declared that having received the trust of the people , the state has the authority to determine the content of a child 's education . Consequently , he ruled , the Education Ministry had been perfectly within its rights to ban the book . On only one point did the judge concede that the ministry had acted outrageously in suppressing the description of how Imperial troops crushed a volunteer army more than 100 years ago. In compensation , he awarded Professor Ienaga 100,000 yen ( 435 ) . Meanwhile , American troops ( 12,000 of them at present ) remain to protect the waterway and American lives . General Noriega became head of intelligence under General Torrijos , and strengthened his links with the CIA by providing information about Cuba and left - wing movements in Central America . He has ruled Panama since General Torrijos 's mysterious death in a plane crash in 1981 . Until two years ago he was , despite his flirtations with the Soviet Union , seen as an ally in President Reagan 's obsessional war against the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua . His involvement with the drug barons of Colombia was known , but - like his thuggish way with political opponents considered to be of secondary importance . Charge of rape on mentally handicapped girl dropped By CHRISTIAN WOLMAR A CHARGE of rape on a mentally handicapped girl was dropped yesterday after a judge ruled she could not give evidence against her alleged attacker . The girl , now 16 , was 14 at the time of the alleged incident . A medical report estimated she had a mental age of seven years and nine months . The girl , now 16 , was 14 at the time of the alleged incident . A medical report estimated she had a mental age of seven years and nine months . The charge of rape against Michael Richardson , a homeless , former fairground worker , was dropped after Judge Blofeld ruled in Norwich Crown Court that the girl could not be sworn in to give evidence . Richardson , 37 , who met the the girl while she was walking her dog beside the river near her home in King 's Lynn , Norfolk , was given a 16 - month sentence for having sex with a girl under 16 , the legal age of consent . Judge Blofeld said : I am unhappy that an incident that requires a court hearing cannot have one . At first blush , that sentiment looks both unimpeachably democratic and commendably green . In reality , it underestimates the not - in - my - backyard factor ( who is going to say : Yes , please build your new town here ? ) and the temptation for county and district councils to avoid hard decisions which might benefit the county or region as a whole , at the certain cost of arousing fierce local opposition . Had that principle ruled post - war planning , there would have been no new towns . Some strategic direction is essential , as successive governments have recognised . Equally , had county councils shown greater vision , more smaller settlements would have been built , and there would have been less urban sprawl , less despoliation of county towns , and fewer hideous spec - building estates on the fringes of attractive old villages . It takes as fact that employers , judges and Tory legislators can do no wrong , and so it is hardly surprising that it finds nothing to be said in favour of trade unions . I do not recognise in your description of an employer frivolously testing his rights to its limits the port employers or British Rail , which both this summer deliberately set out to overturn a majority strike ballot by manipulating the legal process . Nor do I recognise the judges who can discriminate between frivolous and genuine employers in the Appeal Court ruling that dock strikes might have been illegal for the past 40 years . Least of all do I recognise the fairness and balance of the current Tory legislation which you claim . More to the point , however , the public does not recognise this either . Leader acquitted By MARC CHAMPION MASERU ( UPI ) The chief magistrate in Lesotho ruled that the killing last December of a student by Lesotho 's ruler , Major General Metsing Lekhanya , was justifiable homicide . General Lekhanya said he shot the man in an attempt to rescue a woman in distress . Sri Lanka deaths Mrs Thatcher has made it clear that Britain remains as adamantly opposed as ever to sanctions and has no intention of joining in new measures against South Africa . The latest argument deployed in Whitehall yesterday was not only that sanctions hurt the worst - off sections of the South African community the ones they are designed to help but that financial measures against South Africa might induce the country to default on its international commitments . Mrs Thatcher has emphasised that to avoid the troubles which have afflicted other African countries , a majority - ruled South Africa must be based on a sound economy . The British line has been that there is a huge difference between the image of Britain accepted in South Africa and the reality . Officials said that President de Klerk was severely shaken by his meetings with Mrs Thatcher and Sir Geoffrey Howe , then Foreign Secretary . Why ever did this easy - on - the - ear but over - long piece get the 1986 Jules Leger Prize for Canadian Chamber Music ? Silly question . Eclecticism rules these days , and traditional patterns may be thrown together with all the flair for ill - assortment of current Top - Shop fashions . Which brings us to the next item , the String Quartet No 1 by Srul Irving Glick ( born 1934 ) . The exotic folklore - ism towards which Colgrass 's piece had eventually groped its way was here unleashed in all its succulence and schmaltz . The scramble for aristocratic advancement in this mixed constituency of prosperous urban merchants , ambitious Jat farmers and the inevitable hordes of illiterate villagers reflects a striking fact of political life in the royal Indian state of Rajasthan . For all their cruel , corrupt and reckless vices , the Maharajahs were worshipped as gods by tens of thousands of their subjects . They may have lost their feudal rights and their privy purses , but in many of these formerly - gilded princedoms there remains a powerful bond between ex - rulers and ex - ruled . Several former Maharajahs or their relatives have entered Parliament as elected MPs . In princely strongholds such as Jaipur , Udaipur , Jodhpur and Bharatpur , politicians of both ruling and opposition parties have been busily courting aristocratic support this year . Campbell , serving a minimum of 20 years for six murders during the so - called Glasgow ice cream war , last month accepted 250 damages after discovering his hospital bed in Petershead Prison , north - east Scotland , was infested with lice . In pursuit of the action Campbell had caught about 80 of the creatures on a piece of sticky tape and then forwarded them to a zoologist . Yesterday , the Court ruled that Campbell , 36 , sustained injuries as a result of the unlawful actions of prison officers . He suffered a ruptured bowel . His earlier successful damages claim arose when he was in the prison 's hospital wing convalescing after abdominal surgery at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary as a result of the beating . I 'm not surprised they were . Mr Rampton suggested if Lord Aldington had not known what would happen to the Yugoslavs , he was the only person in his corps who did not. Mr Rampton read out a military report which said that parts of Austria under the Tito forces , to whom the Yugoslavs were to be repatriated , were being ruled by terror . Lord Aldington said : If you 're suggesting I knew they were behaving badly , then I did . But I did n't think it would extend to massacring . We hope the Government will agree to an amicable settlement but it will mean a big climbdown for them because we 're not going to give way on the principle , Mr Neil said . Our understanding is that if it does go to court , the hearing will be next year . Peter Preston , editor of The Guardian , said his newspaper 's main aim was to get the European court to rule that it was wrong for the Government to use injunctions to prevent publication of such material , on the questions of principle and cost . As soon as an injunction was sought , newspapers faced large legal bills , he said . The Guardian and The Observer published details of the contents of the book in April 1986 and The Sunday Times published the first of a series of extracts in July 1987 . There would be nothing particularly remarkable about this scene in most African countries , where open air markets are an age - old tradition . But Rock Santeiro , which takes its name from a steamy Brazilian TV soap opera that delighted viewers throughout Portugal 's former African colonies , sits on a rubbish dump on the northern edge of Luanda , the capital of Angola . And in Angola , ruled since independence in 1975 by the Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , such free markets are illegal , officially anyway . Many visitors to Luanda leave with the image of a dead city , where large glass windows in state - run shops reveal mostly empty shelves , where sewage too often runs through the streets there 's a cholera epidemic now where the state has had to hire a private firm which imported Filipino lorry drivers to clean up a decade 's worth of rubbish . ( They have not yet succeeded . ) By SIMON DENISON Jens Soering , the West German awaiting extradition from the UK to face a murder trial in the US , is to challenge his continuing detention in a British prison at a High Court hearing this month . In July the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg ruled that Britain could not extradite Mr Soering to answer a capital charge of murder because he might face death row . Hearing delayed By SIMON DENISON Bankers have no debt - swap claim By CHRISTIAN WOLMAR FIVE BANKS , which could lose over 100m if money market transactions by the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham are ruled unlawful , should not be allowed to appear at the hearing into their legality , the High Court was told yesterday . Anthony Scrivener QC , for Hammersmith and Fulham , was presenting the council 's case on the fifth day of a hearing in which the district auditor is seeking to have the transactions declared ultra vires , or beyond the local authority 's legal powers . Mr Scrivener said : This court has no power to order repayment of ultra vires expenditure , and he commented on the presence of bank representatives , saying : I have difficulty with them being here . By PAUL WILSON THE RESULT of the Spanish Grand Prix will not be nullified , even if an appeal by Nigel Mansell on his exclusion from it is successful , the president of FISA , the sport 's ruling body , said yesterday . Jean - Marie Balestre confirmed the British driver 's ban from the Jerez race for a recognised , proven and established offence and ruled that his appeal could not affect this year 's world championship . Mansell has appealed against a one - race ban imposed by FISA for reversing in the pits during the Portuguese Grand Prix in Estoril on 24 September . Balestre said Mansell had admitted and apologised for reversing . Balestre criticised the media , Mansell and Ferrari and the International Automobile Federation 's appeals tribunal for spreading confusion about the case . He said the media had been impulsive in reporting the incident and that Mansell and Ferrari had appealed to two different bodies the national motorsports tribunal in Portugal and FIA 's international tribunal . He said that the FIA tribunal had no right to rule on the case until a hearing in Portugal and should not have heard representation from Mansell and Ferrari at a hearing in Paris last Thursday . The Portuguese hearing would go ahead on 18 October even though Ferrari had asked for it to be postponed , he said . Any ruling in Mansell 's favour could only affect the size of his 50,000 ( 31,500 ) fine , Balestre added . Deborah Fitzsimmons , 30 , was injured at Hexham General Hospital eight years ago. She and a student nurse were lifting a six - foot patient out of bed . Mr Justice Brooke ruled that Northumberland health authority should have specified that three staff were necessary . This has got massive implications because back injuries are the most common suffered by nurses , Nupe , the union supporting the case , said . Soviet threat to 3bn pounds anti - tank missile projects 6bn pounds deals valid if illegal By CHRISTIAN WOLMAR TRANSACTIONS on the money market worth 6bn undertaken by Hammersmith and Fulham Council may have to be honoured , even if ruled unlawful , it was suggested in the High Court yesterday . John Chadwick , QC , counsel for four of the banks which stand to lose millions of pounds should the deals be ruled void , said enforceability depends on how they might be judged unlawful . If the court found the west London council had no powers to undertake them whatsoever , then the banks private rights ' to enforce the deals would go . By CHRISTIAN WOLMAR TRANSACTIONS on the money market worth 6bn undertaken by Hammersmith and Fulham Council may have to be honoured , even if ruled unlawful , it was suggested in the High Court yesterday . John Chadwick , QC , counsel for four of the banks which stand to lose millions of pounds should the deals be ruled void , said enforceability depends on how they might be judged unlawful . If the court found the west London council had no powers to undertake them whatsoever , then the banks private rights ' to enforce the deals would go . However , if it were merely the scale of the transactions that was unlawful or that payments had been made out of the wrong fund , it may be the council could be forced to honour the contracts . Using the analogy of company law , Mr Chadwick said there were many examples where contracts had been entered into that were ultra vires from the company 's point of view but enforceable by third parties . That was the position of the banks in this case . He was opening the case for the banks on the sixth day of the application by the district auditor to have the transactions ruled ultra vires beyond the council 's legal powers . Five banks : Midland ; Security Pacific National ; Chemical Bank ; Mitsubishi Finance International and Barclays have been joined as respondents and Mr Chadwick represents all but Barclays . He pointed out that when the council was barred from making further payments on the transactions , it had made a profit . Ferrari and Mansell have appealed to the International Automobile Federation ( FIA ) , an umbrella organisation which includes FISA , against the race ban . The Italian team gave evidence to an FIA tribunal in Paris last Thursday . The FIA tribunal postponed any decision , but Balestre said it had no right to rule on the case until after the Portuguese hearing and should not have heard representation . It 's strange for Balestre to criticise a tribunal he created , Liistro said . Balestre is president of FISA and FIA . Such previously unimaginable impertinences must not only be done by the book : they must be seen to be too . What is at stake in this novelty could scarcely be greater . Should this well - behaved and well - intentioned parliament fail , then its failure will merely be infinitely depressing vindication of the theory that Russia and a fortiori the Soviet Union can only be ruled by a rod of iron . All Soviet history points that way . A parliament possessing real power is alien to the country 's every tradition . CAPE TOWN Two South African riot police officers were acquitted yesterday of assault charges brought by a fellow policeman who said their unit had acted like wild dogs during protests around Cape Town , Reuter reports . A court found Major Charles Brazelle and Lt David Roos not guilty of ordering their squads to use excessive violence against anti - apartheid protesters during riots before parliamentary elections last month . But the court ruled it was clear that members of Lt Roos 's patrol had beaten members of the public , and added it was astonishing that they had escaped punishment . Lt Gregory Rockman , the Coloured ( mixed - race ) officer who brought the charges , said the verdict was ridiculous and provided patrols with a licence for beating . Jordan embarks on an electoral road to uncertainty : In November Jordanians will vote in the country 's first parliamentary elections in 22 years . Lord Justice Butler - Sloss said the award , 1m cash and a London maisonette valued at 295,000 , was not excessively generous . Risto Gojkovic , 45 , said to be worth 4m , had argued that his wife should receive the maisonette and 532,000 . But Lord Justice Butler Sloss , sitting with Lord Justices Woolf and Russell , ruled that Mrs Gojkovic had earned her share . Mrs Gojkovic , of Sloane Terrace , Belgravia , London , and her husband , of Eardley Crescent , Earls Court , west London , arrived separately in Britain from Yugoslavia in 1966 , the court heard . Mr Gojkovic , who was then 23 , worked his way up from kitchen porter , assistant cook , casino worker , and painter and decorator . In order to enslave the English people , we might argue , it is only necessary to enslave them at election time : once in four years Is enough . Governments are well aware that a cycle of economic activity can be very advantageous provided it can be synchronized with the electoral cycle , so that booms occur at election times and recessions at non - election times . Indeed one characteristic of British democracy is that the country is normally ruled by the party that lies second or third in the opinion polls ( if we take averages over all months since polls began , giving each month equal weight ) . The British system of popular government is thus a system of unpopular government a consequence of this electoral cycle . The media implications must be obvious . Since many of the evangelicals shared Billy Graham 's opinions and valued his methods and saw the good which he did , his article stirred wrath among them and fear about the Bishop of Durham becoming the Archbishop of York . For this purpose Archbishop Fisher acted in his capacity as the Queen , s commissioner . He ruled the objection out of order . He said that the only questions under discussion were whether Ramsey was Ramsey and whether he had been legally elected . Since no one could imagine that in these circumstances or in any other circumstances anyone could successfully impersonate Ramsey , the ritual was a piece of legal nothing which allowed a Protestant agitator the chance of publicity which might help his own cause but must also help Ramsey . The Grenada story is delicious on another account . It exposes on a minuscule scale a widely misunderstood but tiresome fact which Australia , Canada and other nations spawned by Britain have learned and taught on a larger scale . It is the fact that when people and territory previously ruled by the Crown in Parliament become a separate and independent state , we do not , because we cannot , endow it with a statehood like our own . Britain is a prescriptive monarchy . The sovereign power inherent in the British Crown , as exercised through Council and through Parliament , derives not from a treaty or document or compact , but from prescription , from the fact that it has been so from time immemorial that it is immanent in the nation itself . Or is it as Head of the Commonwealth ? If so , there are no responsible ministers by whom she can be advised , because the Commonwealth as such has no government and no ministers , and she must be speaking therefore without responsible advice . The difficulty is magnified when the sovereign is conceived as addressing the Commonwealth comprising some countries which she rules on the advice of the respective ministers and other countries over which she does not reign at all . This is not merely a curious conundrum . It is a situation which poses an insoluble problem for the Monarch , since there is by definition no common organ of consent and consequently no responsible ministerial advice on which she can constitutionally act . It was a genuine , albeit unbalanced , coalition between separate political elements , in particular between the Conservatives and their allies , the National Labour party and the Simonite Liberal Nationals , and the Liberal party , led by Sir Herbert Samuel . The third National Government followed upon the resignation of the Liberal ministers and of the free trader , Snowden , in September 1932 , after which it became little more than a Conservative government , with the adhesion of a few ex - Labour and Liberal politicians , all owing their seats to an electoral pact with the Conservatives . It was this government which ruled Britain until May 1940 , when yet another coalition , led by Churchill a genuine all - party coalition governed Britain until 1945 , when there was a return to party politics and alternating governments . The first National Government was not intended to be a coalition government in the normal sense of the term . It was something very rarely seen in Britain , or in other democracies : an emergency government or , in Hoare 's words , an emergency Committee of public Safety , formed for a specific purpose , and intended to last for a specific period of time . The strategy of MEG will be more straightforward a blunt refusal to countenance goldmining in this part of the country . They feel their vehement opposition to gold prospecting on Croagh Patrick , the mountain of pilgrimage south of Westport , has already proved their capabilities : last May the Minister for Energy , Mr Bobby Molloy , yielded to pressure by refusing to renew Burmin 's prospecting licence there . At the same time , he ruled that the national parks in Kerry and Connemara would be no - go areas for mining . The irony is that this victory may contain the seeds of eventual defeat . The writer Michael Viney left Dublin 13 years ago to live a life of peace and self - sufficiency in a remote house , from whose windows he can now glimpse the drilling rig ( see Scenes from a Provincial Life , page 53 ) . Then , realizing the cost and risk of setting up an American operation only for his own films , he backtracked and arranged for US to handle his company 's big - budget pictures . He then opened discussions with Universal , a company in which he had taken a 25 per cent stake back in 1935 , whereby Rank 's smaller films would be packaged with the pictures of an independent US production company , and sold in a block to exhibitors . But this sophisticated attempt to deal with exhibitor resistance to British films was ruled illegal by the US Justice Department in 1946 and had to be replaced by a less ambitious system , in which Rank 's films were sold on their merits . While continuing negotiation with the Americans , Rank also bought cinema circuits in Canada , New Zealand , Australia , Egypt and South Africa . Many set the odds on Rank achieving his ambitions very low indeed , seemingly believing that , as Eric Ambler was later to remark , a policy of selling British cars to America with their steering wheels on the right would have had the same chance of success . After a period as head of MGM UK , Korda reconstituted London films , bought and modernized studios at Shepperton , took over a controlling interest in the British Lion distribution company and purchased the Rialto Cinema in Leicester Square as his showcase . But the larger films he made showed how out - of - touch he was with audience tastes . An Ideal Husband ( 1947 ) , a film version of Oscar Wilde 's play , is a lavish but stagey production set in 1895 , when Britain ruled the world and held the purse , showing the dilemma facing a government minister whose murky past catches up with him. There followed such extravagant follies as Bonnie Prince Charlie ( 1948 ) and an Anna Karenina ( 1947 ) in which Vivien Leigh vainly tried to bring some of the same magic to the role as Greta Garbo had 12 years earlier . Some compensation for these flops was provided by Carol Reed 's The Fallen Idol ( 1947 ) , an adaptation of Graham Green 's short story about a young boy 's loss of innocence , and Anthony Asquith 's The Winslow Boy ( 1948 ) , an adapted stage - play about the struggles of a naval cadet 's father to prove his son 's innocence of theft . These gains could be balanced out and even reversed in the remaining states . Kerala has only 20 MPs , 17 of them Congress . But now the state is ruled by a non - Congress coalition and Mr Gandhi 's men are divided . All elections in Kerala are notoriously close calls in the last poll for the State Assembly , the winning left coalition scored just 0.79 per cent more than its Congress - led rival . Congress was banking on at least 12 seats here , but most observers think they will be lucky to get 10 . She did not expect to be Prime Minister into the next millenium . MPs were no doubt grateful for that ruling . There might have been considerable constitutional difficulties if it had turned out that , for the last 10 years , Britain had been ruled by a Martian , or a robot , or a vampire . The Tories gazed at her in a new light . Many now realised , for the first time , that she may not be with them for that much longer . By Financial Staff FORMER Guinness chairman Ernest Saunders yesterday won another round in his battle to secure legal aid to fight the multi - million pound civil action brought against him by the company . Two High Court judges ruled that a Department of Social Security assessment officer had taken an erroneous view of the regulations which govern the means test for legal aid . Lord Justice Watkins , sitting with Mr Justice Garland , also rejected criticism made by Mr Justice Henry at an earlier hearing that Mr Saunders had set up a trust fund to render himself less likely to face litigation and reduce his ability to pay legal costs . The court , the judge said , had more material before it than did Mr Justice Henry . About 150 Damaras and Hereros watched a dozen young village girls dancing in skirts and T - shirts bearing the colours of Namibia 's United Democratic Front , a broad alliance of eight political parties . Chief Jeremiah Gaobaeb , resplendent in a blue kaftan with gold thread , took the megaphone to launch a fierce attack on Swapo . I thought they were the only party that could rule Namibia . The Damaras were shocked awake . Swapo thought they could still depend on the Damara vote . IRA two refused appeal . Two Belfast men serving sentences of 17 and 20 years for plotting an IRA bomb campaign in Britain were yesterday refused leave to appeal . The Appeal Court ruled there was nothing unsafe or unsatisfactory in the convictions of Liam McCotter and Patrick McLaughlin . Egg collector fined . A car worker was yesterday ordered to pay almost 10,000 in fines and costs for having the world 's largest known illegal collection of birds ' eggs . Mr Bush admitted the assassination was a direct setback to the effort to bring peace to Lebanon . Speaking on Capitol Hill , the Assistant Secretary of State for the Near East , Mr John Kelly , said that he hoped attempts to bring peace to divided Lebanon would continue . France expressed horror at the assassination and appealed for unity to assure peace in the country it once ruled . I wish to express the shock of the French Government in the face of this horrible assassination and convey its condolences to all Lebanese people , the junior Foreign Minister , Ms Edwige Avice , said in a statement to Parliament . The assassination has thrown Arab leaders and diplomats into despair and shattered the most hopeful and broadly supported joint Arab effort to resolve the conflict at the core of 14 years of civil war in Lebanon . They also demanded a second poll in the East Delhi constituency , where they alleged massive poll - rigging and booth - capturing by Congress . The charges and the violence were far from one - sided . In Congress - ruled Gujarat , on the west coast , the state Health Minister , Mr Vallabhbhai was attacked at a meeting on Tuesday and died yesterday in hospital . In Haryana , the worst affected constituency , Bhiwani , saw pitched battles between Congress and opposition supporters which left three dead and scores injured . The opposition candidate , Mr Dharam Vir , was charged yesterday with the murder of a Congress worker . The journalists , BBC producer Mr Don Brind , Media Show producer Mr Alexander Graham , LBC producer Ms Victoria Leonard , former National Union of Journalists joint president Ms Scarlett MccGwire , Fred Emery , and Mr John Pilger , with Mr Thomas Nash , assistant to the NUJ general secretary , claimed the ban was unlawful , perverse and in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights . The judges awarded the Home Office costs , but granted leave to appeal to the House of Lords . Lord Donaldson ruled that Mr Hurd , in deciding whether to issue a directive , and in deciding its terms , was free to take account of the terms of the European Convention , but was under no obligation to do so . The terms of the convention were irrelevant to the appeal 's dismissal . The journalists had argued that Mr Hurd , by breaching article 10 of the convention guaranteeing freedom of expression , had acted beyond his powers . To the contrary , there is a growing , glum chance that events will pass him and the European Community by , for the speed of change in Eastern Europe an East German head of state deposed on Wednesday , a Czechoslovak Prime Minister gone yesterday has a bewildering momentum that quite outdistances the ability of any Council of Ministers to react . Yet we are all prey to this speed of change . Consider the coalition politicians who rule the economic core of the Community , West Germany . They have an election to fight , next year . The emotions unleashed as the Wall is dismantled are incalculable . Deals have already been struck to dispose of 641million worth of businesses to American and UK buyers and any decision by shareholders to block them would be a fatal blow to the recapitalisation of the SeaCo group . Mr Sherwood has offered to raise 1.1billion from the sell - offs , and would use at least half the proceeds to buy back stock from shareholders at 70 a share . Attempts by Temple to have the plan and purchases of SeaCo shares by the group 's subsidiaries ruled illegal have so far failed in the Bermudan courts . By increasing its offer , Temple has taken the fight directly to SeaCo 's shareholders . It also put pressure on Mr Sherwood to call the company 's long - delayed annual meeting to consider the bid by saying it would demand an extraordinary meeting in an attempt to vote in a new board of directors . - Reuter . . Journalists expelled . European mercenaries ruling the Comoros Islands expelled 11 foreign correspondents after seizing their notebooks , film and cassette tapes and accusing them of inciting anti - government demonstrations , said one of the reporters . - Reuter . . Flooding relief . Ellis , a member of the Wales B squad , has scored eight tries this season , his fly - half colleague 13 . In addition to the bans on Fairbank and M'Barki , there were eight - match suspensions for Neil Geary ( Warrington ) , Phil Southward ( Runcorn ) , Frank Simpson ( Huddersfield ) , Mick Hughes ( Dewsbury ) , Richard Mead ( Halifax ) and Derek Bridgeman ( Sheffield ) . Alan McMullan ( Workington ) was suspended for four matches , and Graham King ( Hunslet ) for two , but Mike Fletcher ( Hull KR ) was ruled not guilty when the committee accepted his explanation that his alleged trip last weekend on the S Helens forward Paul Forber was accidental . Martin Thorpe . CALLS for an independent , unbiased Ombudsfan to investigate supporters ' complaints were amplified this week by the outcome of the case involving an Everton supporter , Dave Clarkson . Ackroyd notices that the Eliot who had once called poetry a mug 's game was eventually , in his play The Elder Statesman , to use the same expression for forgery . Ackroyd warns us not to jump to a conflation here , but he is intrigued by the coincidence , and it might almost serve as an emblem of his concern throughout the biography with the connection between poetry and feigning , and with the potency of parody . The biography suggests that Eliot was never to lose the divided sense of his youth that human life is futile and meaningless that man is a finite piece of reasonable misery , in the words of William Drummond of Hawthornden , a good poet who was also a great plagiarist , and a great seeker of shelter in books but that an eternal order might be felt for , or invented . That order was eventually discovered in the teachings of Christianity . When he turned to God it was to someone other : he was surrendering to something outside oneself . The weather was overcast but the chances were the rain would hold off . It had better , I thought to myself . The shelter provided by my broom cupboard suddenly seemed extremely attractive . I 've been very lucky , I realized . I could n't really have been more lucky . She insisted on having wine with the meal , and as I had n't had a drink in a long time , it made me feel rather tipsy . Jenny , you 're mad . You go to all the trouble of finding me a bed in a night shelter and you then get me so drunk they 'll refuse point - blank to let me in ! Have you ever been an alcoholic or anything like that ? No , you do n't understand . Cinemas , cinemas everywhere . I bet none of them are showing anything as daft as this , I mused to myself . The shelter that Jenny had found for me was in Camden Town , not too far away , so in order not to arrive there before it got going for the evening , I dawdled a little , window - shopping . Up on Tottenham Court Road there were all the gadget shops , all displaying their various ranges of radios , record players , compact - disc players and videos all of which seemed to be housed in bewilderingly similar sleek black boxes . All is conformity now , I thought to myself . Nothing like that . I was just wondering , that 's all . Who else showed up at the shelter ? Oh , it was a good mix last night we all had a nice chat . Tea or coffee ? I mean , I would have gone to London to look for you too , but it 's sometimes easier just to telephone , How do you mean ? I rang that night shelter you were at this morning and the girl I spoke to told me you were on your way . I got some phone numbers out of the Salvation Army yesterday . They seemed really nice , you know , I do n't know why you 're so much against them . Choosing colourful combinations , p106 Guide to hedges Hedges create living walls for shelter and privacy in the garden As a means of enclosing your garden and defining its boundaries , a hedge is a durable , less expensive and often more aesthetically satisfying alternative to fencing . It will , however , occupy more space and , depending on the species , may take several years to establish . It will , however , occupy more space and , depending on the species , may take several years to establish . It will also need clipping or pruning to shape at least once a year , especially in the case of formal hedges . Within the garden , hedges are valuable for marking off special areas , providing shelter for delicate plants and hiding utility areas or eyesores . Dwarf hedges are a traditional means of edging beds , especially in herb and kitchen gardens . As a design element , hedges can lead or intervene as well as define , diverting attention from an obvious path or keeping secret areas from immediate view . Hedges can also provide effective weather protection . Exposure to winds is a problem in many gardens , resulting in scorched and damaged young foliage , collapsed stems , uneven growth and rapid drying of soil and leaves . Strategically sited wind - breaks reduce the impact of strong winds and provide more vulnerable plants with essential shelter for a distance many times the height of the wind - break. The main wind - break should protect the side of the garden most exposed to prevailing winds , with individual or grouped shrubs positioned to limit the impact of other seasonal winds and create sheltered corners for delicate plants . Planning a hedge Preventative sprays of systemic insecticides , and winter washes to kill aphid eggs , are often preferable to spraying establishing colonies which might contain predators . Slugs and snails Soft - bodied , voracious molluscs that often shelter by day beneath leaves and plant debris , and feed at night . Catch on damp evenings ; under grapefruit skins or large leaves ; deter by ringing vulnerable plants with grit or soot . Metaldehyde or methiocarb pellets can harm pets or wildlife ; organic gardeners should poison with selective aluminium sulphate preparations . Each district to be balloted to produce its squad for the six thousand , and if the ballot brings up your name , he paused again and saw the hundreds of eyes fixed on his , then you must go off to the Army , or else pay 10 to hire a substitute . So there is the Duke 's special message for the people of Strathtay . It will have to be answered , so we had better talk about it in the shelter of our homes , and in the morning we can send and tell him what we think . There was silence at that , an air of waiting for more . But presently the crowd loosened into smaller groups and a good many people went off into the village or set off for outlying farms . Soon she was in the moors . The rain fell steadily ; wet bracken brushed her bare legs . She stopped in the shelter of a stone wall , drank a cup of coffee , consulted the map and decided to aim for a twenty - five mile circuit which would bring her out , eventually , at the foot of the steep hill near the village . She rose to her feet and walked on ; every so often she checked her pedometer , as she clocked up five , ten , fifteen miles . It was still raining hours later when Sara returned to the cottage . People who are members of religious communities who do not have any income of their own , and who depend upon their religious community for their livelihood . 4 . People staying in some short - stay hostels or night shelters . 5 . Homeless people with no fixed abode . The splendid open aspect in all directions probably accounts for the building of Britain 's highest Iron Age hill fort whose ramparts encircled the plateau . Outlines of hut circles , still visible , suggest there was a permanent Brigante settlement here , supposedly one of the last strongholds against the Romans . The summit itself is crowned by a trig pillar , a huge cairn , and a walled shelter along with the remains of a celebratory tower built in 1838 to commemorate Victoria 's Coronation , but wrecked by revelling locals after the opening there were problems with vandals even in those days ! Ingleborough 's steep sides always manage to give the impression that the top of the hill has been sliced off ; when it 's cloaked in a mist cap , you can almost imagine a cone - shaped summit . Maybe it was wishful thinking that made Thomas Jeffrey show the hill on his 18th Century map with a height of 5,280 feet the second highest mountain in Britain , its neighbour Whernside supposedly being highest . Could we climb that fast , even allowing for the more modest grading of most of it ? And what if we were caught in the exit chimneys in a storm like the one the day before , stranded without head torches ? The 20 foot roof above our heads provided perfect shelter for all eventualities , so we decided to share our last scraps of food in another bivouac after fixing the ropes on the first two pitches above the terrace . I slept . I lay out , warm in the cloudy air , oblivious to the rain and hail which lashed the mountain and left its edges white . Making money out of the use of bothies ! The MBA do a superlative job maintaining these simple buildings , and set out a clear set of guidelines for their useage . Something has obviously got to be done to make sure that these simple shelters , which are there to offer overnight shelter for anyone in need of it , are not used for holiday centres and the like . It would also appear that many of the people who abuse the code of these shelters are not members of the MBA , so contribute nothing to their maintenance . If the current trend continues , the landowners to whom the bothies belong , could decide that enough is enough and withdraw their permission for usage . JONATHAN CRAYMER The spate of Rottweiler horror stories in the press last year resulted in dozens of owners turfing their dogs out . Horrified by this trend , Steve Norman , a joiner from Berkshire , turned his home into a shelter for unwanted Rotties . He 's not popular with some of the neighbours but Steve could n't sit back while the animals suffered . Devil dogs , the headlines screamed ; killers , murdering beasts . The event raised 1m , most of which was set aside for investment in a trust fund . Some was taken in briefcases to Peking . Some was used for food and shelter , including the red and blue tents which sprang up across Tiananmen Square at the end of May . After the 21 May rally , demonstrations became relatively commonplace and on a scale which would have been unthinkable a month earlier . On 23 May , tens of thousands of school students rallied at Xinhua , subscribing 72,000 names to a petition and collecting about 35,000 . Fawley power station , which supplies electricity to the National Grid , operated at reduced capacity to avoid sucking up the oil in its water cooling system . By last night , six oil - soaked birds had been found and taken to an RSPCA shelter at Fareham , Hampshire . Mike Ward , the shelter 's manager , said birds covered in oil became waterlogged and were unable to fly , but the biggest danger was that they could be poisoned . Esso said a veterinary surgeon was also standing by . Grotesque and tragic images of the embryo overshadow debate : The pro - life lobby is to launch its biggest campaign to limit abortion . Almost entirely surrounded by a circle of water that formed part of the original fortifications , and still linked to its neighbours and the port of Zeebrugge about eight miles away by canals , Bruges ' attraction is that its medieval architecture is remarkably intact . Cobbled streets with gabled houses are criss - crossed by a network of tree - lined waterways linked by more than 50 arched bridges ( which is how the city got is name ) . A trip in a motorised open punt , with stripy red and white umbrellas at hand as shelter from the Belgian drizzle , is an enjoyable way to find your bearings , and at 2 for half an hour , offers a quick fix of what exactly hooks all these tourists . As the boat chugs under the low arched bridges , the driver catalogues in Dutch , French , German and English the exhibits in this living museum . There is St John 's Hospital , the first in Europe , built in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries , although founded much earlier , and still in use until the 1970s ; the Beguinage , a religious foundation for women that dates back to the twelfth century , now a convent ; the thirteenth - to fifteenth - century Church of our Lady , with a 350ft tower ; the Stadhuis , a magnificent Gothic town hall dating from 1376 - 1420 . Onuca will have 260 military observers , 115 helicopter and aircrew , 50 naval personnel , 14 medical staff , about 104 UN administrative staff and 82 locally - recruited civilians . It will have headquarters in Honduras , with a liaison office in each of the five Central American capitals and 31 verification centres . In practice , its mission will be to make sure the Contras in Honduras do not infiltrate Nicaragua , and to keep the Farabundo Marti Liberation Front ( FMLN ) guerrillas in El Salvador from seeking shelter in Honduras . The US representative to the UN , Thomas Pickering , has stressed that Onuca should deal with the FMLN as well as the US - supported Contras . Washington seems content to let the United Nations disband the Contras , but Mr Pickering and other US officials have been linking it to the disbanding of the FMLN , without explicitly making it a condition for Washington 's cooperation . He was probably visiting one of the forward units at the village perimeter . Mick informed me that the Brigade Major had gone to pay No. 4 Commando a visit , so I decided to make my own way there and keep out of the Brigade Major 's path as much as possible . No. 4 Commando positions were being heavily mortared when I arrived , and Jock , my friend of many years ago , took me off to find some shelter in a dug - out , giving at least some protection from the flying shrapnel . A short distance through the woods the Brigade Major was keeping his head down. Jock laughingly informed me that when he had arrived in the area there had been a short quiet spell . The voice sounded faint and was soon drowned out by the rush and moan of the shells passing over . At least the German infantry wo n't be attacking us from across the field in front of our positions , as long as this barrage keeps up. Wounded were being carried through the trees to the shelter of the farm buildings , the medics stopping from time to time to rest , then continued quickly on their way . After about an hour the shelling stopped and was followed by sporadic mortar and machine gun fire , the latter cutting up the ground along the front of the orchard facing the enemy positions . Two medics arrived on the scene carrying a wounded Commando on a stretcher . The train pulled into Fort William . A strong wind was blowing across the platform in the direction of the loch , accompanied by a cold , driving rain . I pulled up my coat collar and sprinted along the platform and into the shelter of the waiting room . The fire was warm as I sat down to contemplate whether to stay overnight with my relatives just outside Fort William , or start walking to Achnacarry some ten miles or so away . Hello , Piper Millin . One of the worst features is the number or enfants trouvs orphans or children abandoned by their parents , who are found in the streets . The ghastly emaciation of these children is horrible . I saw yesterday ' in Markstadt a shelter which has beds for 100 of these children ; 42 children had died in the last 24 hours , but these places had been filled up. I saw the corpses of eight , photographed some of them . More than 50 per cent of these enfants trovs perish in spite of the care that is given them . Inland there are attractive narrow rivers for gentle canoeing . The area is steeped in history . The first people to reach this remote peninsula were the Old Stone Age people who sought shelter in caves such as Hoyle 's Mouth near Tenby and Priory Farm Cave at Monkton . Through the ages these western seaways have been used as a highway by settlers and saints , pilgrims and pirates and traders and travellers . Early settlers built large burial chambers and the solitary standing stones are memorials to the people who , it is believed , transported Bluestones from the Presely Hills to Stonehenge 4000 years ago. She committed herself to the view that there was no such thing as society , only individuals and families , an extraordinary reaction against the outlook of the past forty years . On the political left , a popular approach was to adopt the terminology of the long - dead Italian Marxist , Antonio Gramsci , to argue that Thatcherism was more than a governmental system , more even than an ideological banner . It was truly a hegemony that extended the market ethic beneath the shelter of an increasingly powerful state apparatus , at the cost of both social cohesion and personal liberty . It penetrated the very substructure of national culture , with the message of traditional capitalism proclaimed in an unusually explicit and aggressive form . Between the ideologues and monetarists of the New Right , and the revisionist Marxists of the New Left , defenders of what they took to be the post - 1945 social order floundered unhappily . At three o'clock he drove the four miles to Rose Brady 's house . The lane into the house was narrow and winding with too many gates so he parked the car on the wide grass margin beside the platform for the creamery cans . The car could not be seen from the house because of the shelter of trees . He walked slowly down the lane , enjoying the feel of the pressed brown suit he so seldom wore , this new excitement midst the humdrum of his life . It was as if he were going to the edge again of something fresh and new . The modern trend of using crimps for holding hooks lengths in position has produced a number of worrying implications . The real danger of these rigs was hammered home recently during a small Open match which saw me ducking for shelter. I had just left the shelter of my brolly as a pout started to rattle my rod tip when a 5 oz sinker ripped a hole through my brolly . The trace from a chap 20 yards up the beach had snapped in half as full power was applied to a pendulum cast . For a few seconds I was left shell shocked but I was quickly brought to my senses after seeing the broken rig . Some codling from the north promenade end of Maryport at night , best over high water . Grasslot Beach also gave some fish during calmer conditions . During south westerlies nice codling taken in the shelter of Maryport Pier . Not much from Siddick or Flimby either high or low water . Harrington rocks best at low water for odd big fish . The other part was a straw barn . Reliable portable threshing machines were a later development and were used much more in the south than in the north . The machine could either stand on the threshing floor of an orthodox flail - threshing barn , which provided shelter from the weather , or it could be taken to the ricks in the fields . The first practice probably encouraged the retention of many old and large flail - threshing barns which might otherwise have fallen into disuse , inviting demolition . Indeed , apparently traditional flail - threshing barns continued to be built throughout the nineteenth century because of their ability to house the threshing machine as well as the crops . The lower storey includes a very generous stair and entrance hall , extending to two storeys in height at its centre within a peripheral first - floor gallery , a double garage , utility room and a large kitchen being accommodated in the western half of the former storage shed . The dining room occupies the south - east roundel , the lounge the north - west roundel , a study the north - east roundel and the south - east roundel accommodates a fifth bedroom . After several months ' work , during which time they lived in a caravan parked on the site , the owners , Mr and Mrs Bates were able to move into the future garage area of the building in August 1984 and to continue work on the upper - floor accommodation under the shelter of the reslated roof . The quickly erected boarded external finish of the former storage shed and the predominantly dry construction of the internal wall linings made this a practical policy once reconstruction , during the spring and summer months , of the decayed lower - storey brickwork was complete and had produced a habitable shell . The complete interior of the house could not be occupied until the final months of 1985 and the owners stayed for only one further year before the challenge of converting a local barn tempted them away ! Once you start taking people from poor families you might well be tempted to concentrate just on them , and in the end you wo n't be taking anyone from the streets at all . Bad as it is to be poor in Indian it 's worse to be as destitute as the street - children . The first thing to do is to give them food and shelter , medicine , and chance to take a bath , some clothing . Time enough to think of rehabilitation later on . If someone has been living on the streets for a number of years he ca n't switch over to an organized life in a couple of days it is too sudden . The Ministry of Defence 's legal department therefore has a powerful incentive to abolish commoners ' rights at Greenham as quickly and comprehensively as possible . But officials deny that this is their aim . They say they are prepared to extinguish only those rights of common attached to local property and covering things like grazing cattle and collecting firewood which apply to land on which hangars , missile shelters , nuclear bomb stores and other military installations have already been built . They would leave rights over the base 's grassland in existence , provided they were not exercised . If agreement cannot be reached on this compromise before next week 's deadline , the ministry will use the Defence Act of 1854 to abolish all rights of common . It is built of glowing limestone , known as Coral Rag , a stone made of the fossilized remains of coral and other shells . Restrop was built at the very height of the great Elizabethan age , when the craft of building began to turn into an art . It was no longer necessary , when building a moderate sized house , to be completely practical and simply to provide shelter people had more money and thus concentrated more on pleasing their eye . Restrop is of as perfect and pure a style as Elizabethan houses of this size ever reached . It is built on the shape of the letter E , not necessarily as a compliment to Queen Elizabeth but for the satisfactory symmetry it afforded to the most important east - facing front which the world and his wife could view as they passed by . He is right , though his play does not leave his audiences with much of a zest for battle . Via dolorosa ONLY a handful of artists have been sufficiently disturbed by the violence of war to capture it in their paintings : Goya certainly , Henry Moore in his air - raid shelter sketches , Picasso in his Guernica perhaps , and , a step down , Paul Nash and Wyndham Lewis . For the remainder , most of the pictures culled by M.R.D . Foot from the vast treasure trove of the Imperial War Museum in a handsome selection , ART AND WAR* , are no more than intelligent , technically competent commentaries on particular aspects of war in this century . A few , largely born of the experience of the first world war , transcend illustration and illuminate , like flares , the nature of war in all its brutality . Other groups merit special treatment . Census - takers have already trudged across Alaskan snow to count the Aleuts and Eskimos who quit their winter villages when the spring comes . On March 20th their colleagues fanned out across cities to shelters , soup kitchens and street corners in order , for the first time , to try to count the homeless . Most people will be asked 14 questions about their age , sex , race , marital status and the kind of home they live in . One in six will get a longer form asking 59 questions about such things as housing loans , commuting patterns and job history . In response nearly 3,000 of her followers , members of the Church Universal and Triumphant , have packed their possessions and fled to 33,000 acres of church - owned land in Montana 's Paradise Valley . There they are busily ferreting away food , medical supplies and weapons with which to build a new world after the current one is reduced to a moist cinder . The church 's property is honeycombed with underground shelters . Forecasting doom is a habit of Mrs Prophet 's . She earlier proclaimed that last October would be the end of life on earth . After 1991 people will be able to deposit 1,800 a year over five years in a special account in any bank or building society . If none of the capital is withdrawn within the five years , then all the interest is tax free . TESSAs are similar to personal - equity plans ( PEPs ) , which also shelter savings from tax , but they should appeal to less sophisticated savers . That should help TESSAs to increase , rather than merely divert , saving . Mr King reckons that the net increase could be big : if 4m take out a TESSA , private saving could rise by about 30 % . Each year about 15m dogs and cats are destroyed in America . Professional breeders blame irresponsible pet - owners . But the Humane Society of the United States says that nearly 40 % of the animals that wind up in shelters are pure - breds or their mongrel offspring . Pure - bred dogs are flooding into pet shops from puppy mills in the mid - west , where a farm with 50 bitches can produce upwards of 1,000 puppies a year . Even expensive and exotic breeds such as the loose - skinned Japanese shar peis which sell for 1,000 are often seen in shelters . But the Humane Society of the United States says that nearly 40 % of the animals that wind up in shelters are pure - breds or their mongrel offspring . Pure - bred dogs are flooding into pet shops from puppy mills in the mid - west , where a farm with 50 bitches can produce upwards of 1,000 puppies a year . Even expensive and exotic breeds such as the loose - skinned Japanese shar peis which sell for 1,000 are often seen in shelters . The reluctance of pet - owners to be educated has led to an outburst of sterilisation schemes . San Mateo county , south of San Francisco , is polishing the wording of a sterilisation ordinance passed in November . The most striking Iraqi achievement so far has been the saving of its air force , a feat that owes more to engineering than combat . According to the Americans , a handful of dogfights during the first week produced a lopsided result : nearly a score of the most modern Iraqi French - and Soviet - built fighters shot down in the air for the loss , possibly , of a single American fighter . Most of Iraq 's 800 or so aircraft have spent the war on or under the ground in well - protected shelters and hiding places . The Americans put the first - week total of Iraqi aircraft destroyed , on both air and ground , at 41 ; the British estimate is gloomier . Allied spokesmen make light of the fact that so many enemy aircraft remain intact . On January 21st , however , the Iraqis said they were placing prisoners of war near scientific and economic targets , liable to air attack . That is explicitly contrary to Article 23 of the third convention , whereby the presence of a prisoner may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations . He is to be afforded shelter from bombardment to the same extent as the local civilian population . President George Bush announced immediately that using prisoners as shields was a war crime , for which Saddam Hussein would be held accountable . America 's war aims may now be expanded to include Mr Hussein 's capture and trial . In Claude Berri 's latest film , Uranus , he knocks back a whole bottle of wine without pausing for breath ; although he insists that it was merely coloured water , his fans believe otherwise . Mr Depardieu also delights in adding lurid colour to his teenage days on the streets of Chteauroux . He sought shelter at night with prostitutes , and earned money in various unlawful ways . When his home town made him an honoured citizen some years ago , he reminded friends that they used to fling me in jail . He has dismissed as dirtying , disgusting and unfair charges in Time and the Washington Post that he took part in a gang rape at the age of nine . Peter Monroe , president of the RTC 's supervisory board , said in a recent interview that he has got a pretty clear message from Congress that he is not running a social service . Mr Monroe said the agency would do nothing about reports that investors in Texas and Arizona were buying apartments owned by failed thrifts before the 90 - day period was up. The rules do permit the RTC to give away worthless properties to housing groups to use as shelters for the homeless . A few have been turned over to groups in Arkansas , Florida and Texas . By the time the agency finishes its massive job , it could have a lot more worthless property on its hands . Now he recalled how , on the second night after his mother had left home , he had climbed out of bed in the late evening and slipped unnoticed from the house to run over a mile to Bournemouth Central Railway Station to catch a train to nearby Christchurch , where his mother had gone to live with her sister . It was a cold night in late autumn and the rain had lashed down unremittingly . By the time he had reached the shelter of the station he was soaked to the skin . He had paid three pence at the booking office for his ticket and , after waiting ten minutes or so on the cold and draughty platform for the next London - bound train , he had arrived at Christchurch some ten minutes later to run through torrential rain toward the group of cottages which flanked the open park in the town centre . He was not certain which cottage his aunt rented during the winter . Shut up ! Walk ! They stepped out across the moorland and the wind caught them , strong and cold , once they were out of the shelter of the wall . Tug looked sideways , towards the valley on the right , and recognized where they were . They were walking on to the long ridge they had been able to see from the cottage window . There was more noise than usual coming through from the landlady 's kitchen . Then they began singing . Dot remembered how sometimes there used to be singing down in the shelters in the dark . But this singing was different , not quiet holy hymns but loud and impassioned . They must be having a party in there . Clinging piggy - back to her mother 's back , Dot felt the curtain of bunchy black net on the side of Gloria 's hat flick at her face . She felt the two paper carriers swinging where Gloria had put them over her wrists . Dot 's eyes were growing used to the dark just like they had to in the shelter when the warden 's lamp went out . Now Dot could see the shapes of trees beside the track , of fences , of a white gate . There were no tanks , no Fifth Columnists disguised as Sisters of Charity . The grown - ups were wrong as usual . The war had come back , just like she knew it would . Yet she was n't afraid and did n't even bother to open her eyes to find out if she would have to get up and run with Gloria for the shelters . She could n't remember where she was , nor why , yet for some reason which she did n't understand , she felt they were safe here . A Morning in the Country She had the countrywoman 's natural , in - built knowledge , also its little boasts : Our relations will be eating their peas next Sunday . I learned a lot from her , and when she and Wilson came to tea with me and we walked round my garden , she gave me a lot of good advice , evidently amazed at the poverty of my crops These are not your Brussels ? I had an old air - raid shelter , partly dug into the ground because of the slope : there was a load of stones on top , waiting to turn the shelter into an apple store disguised as a rockery , and when Mrs Wilson saw this she stood for a long time looking at the hump in the ground and the pile of stones . At last she turned to me . How I should love to do that rockery for you ! she said sadly . Soon after my mother had died , I had noticed a gap in the familiar contours of the furniture in the room leading out of the sitting - room it was where the shop had once been , entered then via the yard gate and a large open porch . The table ! The round mahogany table , friend of my childhood , under whose shelter I had lain and read ; whose clawed brass feet I had cleaned every Saturday morning when young , and then later , admiring them all the time never having seen any other claws as fine or as lifelike as these . My father ( my poor father ! ) was trying to look unconcerned . There 's a chap he 's been coming round for years going on and on at me about buying the table . Simon 's fresh , clear complexion was sallow . There were dark rings under his eyes as if he had n't slept . He seemed agitated , restlessly pacing about , looking out into the crowds , then drawing back into the shelter of the arcade . But when he saw Marie , he adjusted his face and came out to meet her , smiling . His voice , too , was as sincere , as unwavering and self - assured as ever . Sod off , Mr Sykes exploded , you bat - faced old creep . Yeah ! came a chorus of voices and suddenly Jeremiah Scrape was manhandled down to the river and thrown in , notebook and all . When he struggled out he espied a happy couple engaged in skinny - dipping in the shelter of an overhanging sycamore and went on his way muttering something like without the benefit of suitable drawers . This way for the skirmishing ! Mr Ridgeway called . We could see all your bloomers , he said accusingly . After a struggle with the wind we managed to get the meadow looking neat and tidy , tables were loaded on to a dumper and the villagers made for home with their booty . Suddenly there was a flash of lightning and a roll of thunder and the heavens burst sending us scuttling into the woods for shelter , but it was n't long before the rain got through and drenched us with miniature Niagaras that came cascading down from the broad leaves . We might as well go home as stand here , Otley said . Run for the tower , Elinor said . BRIAN KELLY Living rough is desolate enough , without having to face the possibility of being separated from your only friend . St Mungo 's shelter for the homeless offers a new alternative It was , without question , the coldest morning of the on - coming winter ; bracing if you were heading for home or office , but verging on bitter if your bedroom was an alley or a doorway . Chilly as it was , it was nothing compared to the day little Rizla came kicking into a snowy world of white . Pedigree unknown , she was born at the height of last February 's blizzards in The Bullring centre of London 's homeless community . Rizla 's better off now . She romps around St Mungo 's shelter in City Road , N1 , as if she owns the place . When I returned after nipping outside , she trotted to the stairs , eyed me carefully and yapped , but not at all convincingly . I stretched out a hand , and she was putty the licking , wagging kind . Shawn Stussy SPORTSWEAR DESIGNER Ten years ago I was in the library getting knowledge . This is one of the few places to take shelter from the streets that was safe to go . I knew that knowledge was the way to turn situations around . KRS - One EDUCATED RAPPER But it was in late 1957 , when the nuclear race was at its most reckless , before the test suspension , that the nuclear disarmament campaign finally germinated . It was helped by the obvious inadequacy , indeed fatuity , of the governments ' plans to protect their populations by civil defence . Atomic shelters had been on sale in the U.S. ( at a cost of 1,995 in 1951 ) since the first Russian atomic bomb . Weekly shelter drill became a routine in American schools ( Bring a woolly toy advised one leaflet ) . In 1954 a campaign to build fall - out shelters for big American cities was announced though nobody was sure how to do it . It was helped by the obvious inadequacy , indeed fatuity , of the governments ' plans to protect their populations by civil defence . Atomic shelters had been on sale in the U.S. ( at a cost of 1,995 in 1951 ) since the first Russian atomic bomb . Weekly shelter drill became a routine in American schools ( Bring a woolly toy advised one leaflet ) . In 1954 a campaign to build fall - out shelters for big American cities was announced though nobody was sure how to do it . The director of Civil Defence , Mr Val Petersen , suggested concrete pipes sunk alongside main roads , into which the populace should crawl in case of an attack . Atomic shelters had been on sale in the U.S. ( at a cost of 1,995 in 1951 ) since the first Russian atomic bomb . Weekly shelter drill became a routine in American schools ( Bring a woolly toy advised one leaflet ) . In 1954 a campaign to build fall - out shelters for big American cities was announced though nobody was sure how to do it . The director of Civil Defence , Mr Val Petersen , suggested concrete pipes sunk alongside main roads , into which the populace should crawl in case of an attack . But his official estimates of the effects of a 2,500 - megaton attack were 36 million deaths on the first day and 72 million by the 60th day , without reckoning on the effects of a breakdown of organized services . While CND concentrated on the aim of British nuclear disarmament , the American Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy Sane for short campaigned for general disarmament . Though this was a less controversial aim it had less emotional kick . Launched in 1957 , it claimed 25,000 supporters by 1958 and by 1960 pacifist members had sailed into the Pacific testing grounds , boarded nuclear submarines or missile bases or simply refused to take shelter during bomb drills . But during the Fifties the impact of the Disarmers on American public opinion was very marginal according to David Riesman , the Harvard sage . Americans envy the ease with which Englishmen discuss alternatives to nuclear war . An inspiring achievement , Yes , we all will go together when we go . There ; ll be nobody left behind to grieve , carolled Lehrer , looking on the bright side , Kahn , on the other hand , advocated massive investment in deep shelters so that at least the lucky half or should it be the unlucky half ? would be left behind to grieve , and to prove that war need not yet be quite abandoned as mankind 's most addictive sport . On Thermonuclear War , as Kahn 's lectures were called , was to be published the following year with much effect on military - political thinking . The optimism of 1959 which runs through them is quite breathtaking at this distance in time : Some experts insist on talking as if the only choices were immediate surrender , immediate preventive war or eventual world annihilation , Kahn declared . Accompanied by growls and booms of distant thunder , which rattled the panes , it filled the night . For some reason he found himself wondering whether it would penetrate to the forest floor , or would the ground - cover of pine needles remain dry and fragrant ? And would the swans find shelter from the storm , or ride it out like three - masted sailing ships ? And how would the downpour sound inside Vic 's shed ? Mungo imagined the strange magician conducting the thunder as though it were a mechanical orchestra . She was sitting apart from those who had once been her friends , her eyes downcast and her cheeks blazing . Nobody wanted to share a desk with the only girl in the class with nits in her head . Wally Watmough was the loud - mouthed fat boy who had once beaten Frankie almost senseless in a fist - fight behind the old air - raid shelter in a corner of the boys ' playground . The quarrel had started over something as petty as who could spit furthest after eating half a ginger biscuit . Then Wally Watmough had called Frankie 's mam a gypsy - woman and his dad a little black man , and the smaller boy , enraged , had attacked him without thought for the consequences . I am going to put my hands above the slenderly tapering flame of the candle for a moment . It is the only source of warmth in the room . I think now of the way the shaggy but emaciated - looking , dull - eyed sheep who wander so wearily about the paths and tracks of the Forest of Dean find their way into the brick bus shelters on nights such as this . They huddle sensibly together in heaps of dirty wool while the pitiless wind shifts and howls between the shivering trees or flaps with daemonic aggression at the corrugated sheets of the sheds , outhouses and garages along the village road . I could do with their company at this moment . I can sit in the warm and sip their hot froth of a brew for maybe the best part of an hour with any luck . Certainly , it will help me to think more clearly . I want to get the now constantly recurring image or memory of the scraggy sheep huddled together at night in the bus shelter off the top of my mind : it is disconcerting to be writing about one thing and yet be presented while doing so with quite another set of pictures . Coffee will help blessedly hot liquid to scald or drown those shaggy beasts in the brick shelter so many miles away from here in the place I once called Home . I sat in the coffee bar for a long time . Certainly , it will help me to think more clearly . I want to get the now constantly recurring image or memory of the scraggy sheep huddled together at night in the bus shelter off the top of my mind : it is disconcerting to be writing about one thing and yet be presented while doing so with quite another set of pictures . Coffee will help blessedly hot liquid to scald or drown those shaggy beasts in the brick shelter so many miles away from here in the place I once called Home . I sat in the coffee bar for a long time . Indeed , I sat there in the muggy warmth until the balding , bull - necked scruff of a proprietor or manager started to put the chairs upside down on the swabbed tables a peculiar custom which is surely unhygienic enough to be banned by law. Why do faces loom up in this way ? How is it that eyes or mouths or the most fleeting expression , the merest muscular twitch , rise unbidden to an otherwise fully occupied mind ? Sheep in a shelter , a pig on a bench , a woman on the well - stones , two men swinging their legs : why are they so persistent , why are they linked together ? These must be what are called hypnogogic images , the strangely potent montages which come at a mind already lapsed into a sort of sleep . I cannot yet rest . Let us relax , then . Let us blow smoke at each other , you and I. A long way from here the amiable and taggled sheep are still curling together in the roadside bus shelter and the wind still moves through the unclad trees . In about an hour , I suppose , it will be dawn there , too . A faint glow of orange pushing through the stalky horizon . He had never understood the old joke . But Sandra was thinking of sheep . A picture came to her of the shaggy wanderers huddling together in the bus shelter at the top of the road where she had been born and bred . It 's a cold old night for the animals , she said , exactly duplicating one of her step - father 's regular phrases . The other three looked at her as though she had spoken in an old and now unknown language . The simplest and safest response was to agree with him , and then find a way of doing what you wanted later . That was why she had two bank accounts and an occasional bruise on her face . Across the emptying room another hurt mind had been at the same moment of time glanced by unwanted evocations of shabby Forest sheep nudging together in a brick shelter on a high road through the trees . Looking at each other , wordlessly grappling , two people from the same small segment of the country had unknowingly provoked in each other ill - formed shapes of what used to be home , and as yet unrecognized images of what used to be themselves . The slow dance was quickening , swirling them back and back through the darkening woods and stabbing gorse of memory to the sheep trying to escape the cold night and , beyond that , to the ways in which each of them , Forest girl and Forest boy , had first joined body with another . Far away across the varied greens and browns the wood - jagged horizon gave way to the faint blue hump of the Malvern Hills . In the opposite direction , firmer in outline , more clearly separated from the cling of the sky , the darker mountains of Wales set the boundary of his vision . Sitting safe in the big tree , hidden within the protective myriad of bough , branch and leaf , he was submerged in a greenish half - light filtered through layer upon layer of natural growth , and he was looking out from the dimming or dappling shelter of his high cave into the dazzle of a rare summer brightness beyond . The boy was not then aware , of course , of how frequently an idling or unanchored mind can be disturbed by the accidental experience of receiving luminous images from out of clear , sharp light when it is itself cast in any sort of shadow . It is physiologically unsettling to gaze out from a dark patch into a brighter one . Pig on a bench . Start counting . Sheep in the shelter , count them . One two three four five six not yet seven eight nine no no ten eleven twelve wait thirteen fourteen no ! fifteen not yet ! sixteen wait , wait , wait seventeen wait ! seventeen seventeen eighteen no use nineteen the stuff was Co - ming ! twent I must have shouted out at that precise moment where exultation turns to disgust , the moment of spilling , of defilement . A shout loud enough to wake the child . Among the Great and Good , scarcely a voice could be heard supporting a proposal which the BBC 's founding father , Lord Reith , had said would prove as beneficial as dog - racing , smallpox or the bubonic plague . The Tory party leadership , including Churchill ( who thought commercial television a tuppenny Punch and Judy show ) , Lord Salisbury , Sir Anthony Eden and R. A. Butler , were unenthusiastic . The leaders of the Trades Union Congress , governors of the BBC , the Archbishops of York and Canterbury , to say nothing of grand figures like the former foreign secretary , Lord Halifax , the former chancellor and home secretary who gave his name to the wartime Anderson shelter , Lord Waverley , and the sainted Lady Violet Bonham Carter were all against . Henry Fairlie observed : The debate on commercial television remains one of the clearest examples of the Establishment in action in defence of one of its dearest illusions , namely , that it knows best what is good for other people . He does n't have to look after a family . If the worst comes to the worst in the war , he 'll leave us all in the mess and put a bullet through his head . A woman in an air - raid shelter in Schweinfurt , April 1944 If people had imagined in 1933 that things would have come to such a pitch , they 'd never have voted for Hitler . An anonymous German , March 1945 The view that the war might have been over today was said to be common among women in country localities . And the report included one directly negative remark . From the darkness of an air - raid shelter , a woman 's voice was heard , saying : If only they 'd have got him. The difficulties of reaching an unequivocal evaluation of the impact of the bomb - plot on attitudes towards Hitler can be seen , too , from a consideration of letters of ordinary soldiers from the Front , where evidence can be found both of a revival , if temporary , of faith in Hitler , and of extreme anti - Hitler feelings expressed despite the censorship . The report of the censor for August 1944 , based on an examination of 45,000 letters , ran : Learning the needs of horses is the first step in discovering their emotions , and understanding their behaviour . Horses , like people , have a number of essential needs , both physical and psychological . Their physical needs are for food , water , shelter from extreme weather , a safe environment , sensory stimulation , light , exercise , and freedom from injury , pain , or parasites . Essential psychological needs are for companionship of other horses , affection , self - esteem , respect and acceptance by the herd , mental stimulation , and sufficient space . Domesticated horses , again like , people , can be conditioned to have other needs too , and can learn to like or want something which would be of no interest to a wild horse . Troughs should not be placed in the very corner of paddocks or yards . They should be placed where horses can have free access to them without the fear of being trapped and hurt by a more aggressive horse higher in the pecking order . It is essential to provide shelter for horses to protect them from the extremes of heat , cold , wind , or rain . ( It is also preferable to rug them in cold or wet weather , but they need to be under daily supervision in case the rug slips . ) A desirable size for a shelter shed is about four by four metres , and closed on three sides . It is essential to provide shelter for horses to protect them from the extremes of heat , cold , wind , or rain . ( It is also preferable to rug them in cold or wet weather , but they need to be under daily supervision in case the rug slips . ) A desirable size for a shelter shed is about four by four metres , and closed on three sides . Its back should be towards the most prevailing winds probably the west , so the shed is open on its east side . Shelter trees are also desirable , especially in the summer . In hilly country , horses always like to spend some of each day on the tops of the hills : they need to satisfy their desire for the space and freedom that a hilltop provides . So , if they are paddocked lower on a hillside , they frequently wear a track with restless pacing along the highest fence rather than along any other. For this reason , if shelter sheds are placed in a paddock , they may have to be placed at the top of the hill and preferably near the gate . Horses tend not to use badly sited shelter sheds , no matter how hot or cold it is . When horses are put together in paddocks , they need to be carefully chosen for their mutual compatibility . So , if they are paddocked lower on a hillside , they frequently wear a track with restless pacing along the highest fence rather than along any other. For this reason , if shelter sheds are placed in a paddock , they may have to be placed at the top of the hill and preferably near the gate . Horses tend not to use badly sited shelter sheds , no matter how hot or cold it is . When horses are put together in paddocks , they need to be carefully chosen for their mutual compatibility . In fact , it is desirable that they should meet and get to know each other for a day or two over a safe fence ( possibly a mesh that a horse ca n't kick a leg through ) before they are put in with each other. In a small group there is less stress to the horses , especially those lower in the hierarchy , and it is also safer and more pleasant for the people handling and feeding them . Obviously stallions and colts over ten months old need special arrangements , and brood mares and foals should have a paddock of their own ; but sometimes other horses can be very aggressive . Occasionally a gelding , or even a mare , may be so aggressive that there is a real possibility of it seriously injuring another horse , especially if there are shelter sheds another horse can be trapped in , although for some horses even the corner of the paddock is enough . As we have already mentioned , for this reason , shelter sheds and troughs are never placed in the very corners of paddocks or yards . It is normal not only for stallions to seek mares , but for a mare when she comes into season to seek a stallion . Obviously stallions and colts over ten months old need special arrangements , and brood mares and foals should have a paddock of their own ; but sometimes other horses can be very aggressive . Occasionally a gelding , or even a mare , may be so aggressive that there is a real possibility of it seriously injuring another horse , especially if there are shelter sheds another horse can be trapped in , although for some horses even the corner of the paddock is enough . As we have already mentioned , for this reason , shelter sheds and troughs are never placed in the very corners of paddocks or yards . It is normal not only for stallions to seek mares , but for a mare when she comes into season to seek a stallion . Some mares will actually stand and paw at a paddock fence because they want to get to a stallion that is a couple of paddocks away consequently they are likely to cut a leg or rip off a shoe if the bottom wire of the fence is too close to the ground . However , the horse in captivity usually cannot help itself in anxiety provoking situations : it is dependent upon people for its reduction in anxiety ; it relies upon people for its needs . If the need is not satisfied it can have the most injurious results . The need for food , water , and shelter is clear , but the horse 's other needs are less obvious . Horses need to be able to see different things happening around them , hear different sounds , and smell different smells , and so on : they need variety and stimulation . Lack of mental or sensory stimulation , in reality enforced boredom , is frequently imposed upon Thoroughbred race - horses , showhorses , and stallions , with devastating results . Distressed by the cold it eventually leaves its mother 's side and finds the warmth and comfort of the dry stable . Incredibly , it may not be until several hours later that mum follows her baby inside ! Probably these seemingly unintelligent mares were unable to find shelter in such weather when they were young , and now as older horses they put up with such conditions out of habit a habit that is not conducive to the best health of the horse . Horses learn new things easily when they are young ; it is actually easier for them to learn new things than it is for older horses . There are two reasons for this . Although they will gallop around trying to get rid of the bot - fly , they seem to quickly discover that the bot will not follow them into the dense shade of a shelter shed or stable . Foals who have learnt to evade bot - flies in such a way , will continue to do so as adult horses if they have access to shelter. Older horses who do n't try and run away from bot - flies , usually have not had the use of shelter sheds when they were young , so have formed the habit of no longer attempting to evade these injurious insects . As we have seen , the establishment of a habit can create a situation where a horse refuses to think irrespective of how intelligent a horse may be , and even if solving the problem is in the horse 's own interests . This became even more apparent to us when we tried to devise an intelligence test for horses . The approach to Athlone station was very fine , along a wide bridge over the Shannon . Finally I arrived at Ballinasloe , to find the station a long way from the town . It was a well - manned Victorian station , with dark waiting rooms , a parcels office and a quaint Neo - Gothic shelter with an ecclesiastical window at each end . Outside , in a field , a lively group of boys and girls were piling branches in a heap for their Halloween bonfire . Taxi ? said a voice in my ear . Later that same day , I awoke from a restoring sleep to find rain pouring down outside , the lake nearly invisible . At the back window , the oaks and the steep brown hill looked wonderfully romantic in the deluge . However , I did n't envy the line of white sheep hurrying down the mountain to seek shelter against Mrs Knelle 's stone wall . That afternoon we watched television , which was full of the anglers strike at Lough Corrib . The government has denied that there will be fish - farm cages on Lough Corrib , said the announcer . Soon we were at the village of Louth , which Gerry pronounced Lowth . Noticing a tiny oratory - style church standing alone in a muddy field , I went over to have a look , leaving Gerry in the car . Heifers ran out of my way , taking shelter behind a piece of wall and peering after me . St Mochta 's House , a plaque on the church announced . Built in one night to give shelter to the saint , who died in AD 534 . Heifers ran out of my way , taking shelter behind a piece of wall and peering after me . St Mochta 's House , a plaque on the church announced . Built in one night to give shelter to the saint , who died in AD 534 . Rebuilt in twelfth century . Puzzled , I returned to my musical driver . We retraced our steps to the car , and Gerry next drove me to a field near Dundalk where he said he could show me an altar used in the Penal Days . We squelched across the field , finally reaching the altar , a single slate slab mounted on stones , on the side of a bank overlooking a tangle of briars . A modern shelter had been raised over it , and the ground about the stone had been paved . Here the faithful had once met , safe ( I hope ) from prying Protestant eyes . That 's a pool table , Matthews cried . It is , therefore , the arc of a great circle , the plane of which passes through the centre of the sphere . Geodesic shells have a repetivity of edges that is suitable for industrialisation or prefabrication of parts to form a lattice that is rigid and lightweight while offering equitable distribution of loading . It can be used at both small and large scale , in the construction of aircraft and in the architecture of their vast shelters , hangars , stadia and the like . The principles can be applied to ellipsoids , sausage forms , barrel vaults and rings such as the torus . Buckminster Fuller has made a life - time study of geodesic domes . The embrace can be taken to extremes . It can be a clasp that grips and devours and from which there is no escape . Or it can be an offer of shelter , of friendship , a port in a storm . Similarity groups tend to be more unified than proximity groups , and they can be set in competition . The alternation of stretching and squeezing can be rhythmic . I did n't argue , but many died from exhaustion every year through not understanding the strengths of weakness . It was better to stop every day 's travel early so as to have good energy for raising a tent , digging an igloo , building a platform up a tree . Dropping down exhausted without shelter could bring new meaning to the expression dead tired , . Food , Doone read out . Fishing , hunting , trapping . I squelched across tiny burns running in black channels of peat , and stood looking down from the hillside on to the grey roofs of Scaup Farm . The hollow barking of a dog came from one of the stone sheds , but there was no sign of life around the buildings . Scaup must be just about the loneliest farm in England , tucked down in the shelter of the hills with Kielder Forest 's dark mass blocking its southward view and the narrowing valley of the burn filling half the sky to the north . The East Kielder Burn divides here into Scaup Burn and White Kielder Burn . I dropped down the hill to ford White Kielder upstream of the ruined farmstead of Kielder Head , where a line of stunted alders , shaggy with lichen , leaned over their leafless reflections in the peat - brown water . Mohammad Issa , another refugee , was quoted by Dhaka newspapers on Wednesday as saying that the troops also opened fire on another congregation at Sademsa . Reports of the massacre could not be verified , as Burma remains a closed country since the military junta in Rangoon intensified its campaigns against the Arakanese Muslims who are known as Rohingyas , who have fled in their thousands into south - east Bangladesh . To date more than 200,000 refugees have taken shelter in Bangladesh , putting further strain on its economy as well as on its relations with Burma . The latest massacre coincided with the ending of a four - day visit to Burma by Mr Jan K Eliasson , Secretary General of the United Nations , who is seeking a solution to the refugee problem . The spectre of drought looms over Bangladesh 's northern districts , with farmers and agriculture officials giving warning that thousands of acres of rice paddy in about eight north and western districts the granary of the country will be ruined . Eat Navajo tacos and green - pepper steak . Liquor cannot be sold on the reservation , but you may take your own . Four - wheel drive Jeep tours take you through the canyons , past Hopi villages , Navajo homes with their hogan shelters and trading posts , and along winding trails . Magpies and bluebirds dart through the ponderosa pines Just before dusk , go to a canyon rim overlook called Donkey Point and cook a steak on the hot rock . This was an island situation where the distance from suppliers and markets added considerably to the overall cost of farming . Despite being on the same latitude as Stockholm and Churchill ( Canada ) it was a renowned stock - rearing area . Lack of shelter meant that all cattle had to be housed for 7 to 8 months . The soil type varied but much of it was peat based. Farms were mainly in the 1040 hectare range although there were some larger units . In England , a Scots Magistrate at Bow Street ordered that bagpipes were a noisy instrument and unsuitable to be played in Regent Street . Back in sunny Glasgow , under a placard bearing the words Dinny Doot Him , Harry Hayward Dinney , ex - pugilist , wrestler , self - styled Birdman of Argyle Street , was arrested for touting his Genuine Nightingale Warblers without a licence . There was talk of building an air - raid shelter for 250,000 people under Hampden Park , and while plans were being made to dig down beneath the city , in another park , Bellahouston , work was far advanced on the tremendous Empire Exhibition and a tower that would rise 300 feet above Bellahouston Hill , 470 feet above sea - level . Tait 's Tower was to be the symbol of the progress that peace and tomorrow must surely bring . ANDY pulled back the spring - loaded handle of the machine and released it with a thump . Similarly , residential care has been preferred at some times more than others , so until the eighteenth century in the Netherlands and Flanders the foster family was seen as the best place for orphans , foundlings , and abandoned children and has long been extensively used to care for needy children in Scotland ( Packman , 1975 ; Pinchbeck and Hewitt , 1973 ; Pyck et al . , 1985 ) . In the United Kingdom , of course , there is also a well - established system of private boarding schools which shelter twice as many children as welfare establishments and absorb much middle - class need ( Lambert et al . , 1975 ) . Child care in the United Kingdom was , as indicated , more closely associated with the Poor Law , the system of care and financial relief for poor families . He also commented on Pinus rigida , pitch or Virginian pine , reaching great height in its native country , and there were many at Woburn , twenty feet high , though not of many years standing and keep pace with the other kinds of Pines and Firs in the same plantation . When Kalm visited Miller , they discussed cultivation of trees , particularly conifers , and he was told that at Woburn larches had been planted some in good soil , some in meagre and the latter looked very lively , while the former looked quite drooping , as though they were obliged reluctantly to force themselves to grow . There was correspondence with Woburn over the construction of a shelter for orange trees , to be added to an existing wall , with a moveable roof erected every autumn . The glass for this could , Miller suggested , be of inferior quality for the top , but the front should be glaz 'd with new Castle Glass . Miller was conscious of economy and recognised that from an aesthetic viewpoint the Duke must be gratified , but felt that good use could be made of cheaper material elsewhere . Having guaranteed his homeland 's future , Old Joseph , Tuekakas , was buried in the Wallowa . His favourite horse was shot and draped over the grave and a dreamer bell was suspended over the chief 's body , to ring in the wind until a white man stole it in 1874 . Joseph rode away at the head of his people , seeking shelter from the winter snows , recalling of his father : I buried him in that beautiful valley of winding waters . I love that land more than all the rest of the world . Some warriors desperately engaged the leading soldiers . Others fled among the riverside willows , and then circled around the soldiers ' rear . The women and children rushed for the shelter of the riverbank . Rainbow , whose Wyakin served him only after sunrise , fell in the first attack when his rifle jammed . Five Wounds , in his grief , was killed making a lone charge . The Boston Truce Five inches of snow fell through the night . A woman of the band later recalled how the besieged Nez Perce dug shelter - pits for the helpless ones and rifle - pits for the warriors : We digged the trenches with camas hooks and butcher knives . With pans we threw out the dirt Sending the messengers back where they belonged , Joseph consulted Looking Glass and White Bird . They both refused to surrender to a man of two faces , but Joseph said , Many of our people are out on the hills , naked and freezing . The women are suffering with cold , the children crying with the chilling dampness of the shelter pits . For myself I do not care. It is for them I am going to surrender . A royal wedding took place on 26th . April 1923 , which had greater significance than was realised then the Duke of York married lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon , who later became King George VI and Queen Elizabeth now the Queen Mother . Also in 1923 , the Urban District Council of Chiswick purchased from the Duke of Devonshire , one hundred and thirty acres of riverside meadowland , for public use and it was adapted with embankment , tree lined promenade , shelters and a bandstand . These Dukes Meadows are particularly recalled on the occasion of the annual University Boat Race . Because reparations had not been received from Germany , French and Belgian troops re - occupied the Ruhr area of Germany in January 1923 . No such assurance was received , but the German troops advanced very rapidly , cawing some concern to Russia , so Stalin decided that he would prefer the German troops to stop halfway across Poland and he sent his troops into that poor country from the east . In addition ; Stalin realised that Russia was vulnerable from attack through Finland , so between the end of November 1939 and the spring of 1940 , Russian troops fought the Finish and achieved control of the Baltic States . Back in Britain , men were called to arms ; everyone was issued with a gas mask ; sandbags were provided to protect specified buildings and to provide some shelter against the expected air attacks , and provision of Air Raid Shelters was hastened . Concern for the safety of young children resulted in a massive scheme to evacuate children from the vulnerable cities to safe homes in more isolated country areas . Those endeavours were proved to be somewhat premature as no real bombing of cities occurred until the following year , and many of the children had returned home only to have to be again evacuated when the bombing did start . As a result , some long - lost annual plants once characteristic of the area are starting to return . In Denmark , the authorities encourage and finance the re - establishment of fringing plant communities and marshes alongside rivers which were once canalised . The plants provide shelter for animals , trap silt and draw nutrients from the water . Bacteria in mud and in the root mass naturally denitrify the water . The NCC proposes that farmers should now leave uncultivated strips of land alongside watercourses as soaks , acting as wildlife habitat and fitting in well with MAFF plans for set - aside of land to help curb over - production of food . The pupils join up in small groups to make a tentative exploration of their environment . Each one may be made responsible for a specific task . For example , seeking out water and food , looking for suitable places to make a shelter , gathering wood , or identifying sources of danger ( p. 93 ) . Typically of experienced teachers recognising the potential weakness of the whole venture ( it will in fact only succeed if the pupils are determined to make it succeed not something one can often rely on ! ) , precautions were adopted such as warning them beforehand to mark out the route they take , and ( the final card up teacher 's sleeve as pupils start to get killed all over the place ) to come in as narrator saying , Suddenly , for no apparent reason , the danger passed and the members returned to safety ! The basic problem is that the givens are not clear enough . But the location 's convenience for those Oxbridge dons who formed the nucleus of the original community had weighed down the scales against possible danger of discovery ; and this judgment was vindicated , because we were never bombed . This was as well , for even a single light raid would have reduced the flimsy huts to matchwood . For our part , we appeared to take for granted the Germans ' total ignorance of our presence , for we had no air - raid drill , nor did we have a single air - raid shelter , slit - trench , sandbag blast - wall , nor even so much as a steel helmet only a large poster which read : KEEP COOL AND CARRY ON On the day after my arrival at Bletchley , I heard a Scottish voice and , being a little homesick , I sought out the owner . Lastly , windblown sand has accumulated up to a height of 150 metres , where rock - cored hills with gentle slopes lie close to beach or eroding dune areas which furnish a steady supply of sand . Many areas of this terrain with gneiss rock outcrops amongst the windblown sand occur from about 10 or 15 metres elevation . The gneisses have little influence on the soils apart from creating local shelter , where the windblown sand can accumulate . This land type occurs on Pabbay , Boreray and Berneray ( Sound of Harris ) and on the islands from Eriskay to Mingulay , and the soils mainly comprise calcareous regosols . Till - covered plain Various societies , at various times in history , have formally and officially treated the world with reverence . Often these people believed that each of the components of nature the forest , the rivers , the sky was occupied and guarded by a jealous god , and they behaved as if that were the case . Other societies , at other times , have simply regarded the elements of nature as commodities : sources of food , fuel , shelter , transport , and wealth . They have acted on the principle of out of sight , out of mind . This latter attitude is not unique to modern times , or to western people . But they are extremely important components of the tropical scene ; rich in species and serving as nesting sites and nurseries for birds and fish . Others anemones , winkles , starfish are affixed in or move into sheltered places , under rocks , and remain cool and reasonably moist and protected from pounding . Seaweeds such as the brown kelp produce mucus - like materials to hold moisture , and in any case can survive desiccation ; and many animals , including shore crabs , shelter among their damp fronds . So the shore - line creatures adopt several different strategies for survival ; and animals from very different phyla notably coelenterates , molluscs , crustaceans , and echinoderms have found ( various ) ways of coping with the intertidal zones . And although the number of species in the intertidal zone is not necessarily enormous , individuals of those specialists that have evolved to cope are often present in very large numbers . Mangroves are trees that grow right at the edge of the sea , held and nourished through characteristic prop roots that grip the soft mud . They are not a specific kind of tree , but a way of being a tree ; several unrelated species ( black mangroves , white mangroves , etc ) are involved . In Florida , the Caribbean , Queensland , and South East Asia they may be extremely extensive , and are important not only for the huge variety of life within them crabs , spiders , molluscs but also for the many creatures that visit them for food ( herons , egrets ) and which breed in the shelter they provide . In particular , mangroves are the nurseries for huge numbers of tropical fish , which as adults live in the open sea . If mangroves are destroyed ( as they often are , to create beaches and hotels as in Miami ) then marine ecosystems a thousand miles away may suffer . SIX Trent had been correct in guessing their destination to be on the north fork of the Belpan River . Once into the shelter of the mangrove - bound estuary , he had taken the men off the Zodiac , ordering them below after stacking the dinghy 's cargo along Golden Girl 's side decks . With the wind dead on their stern , he had changed the genoa for a much bigger and lighter cut . Main boomed out to port , genoa to starboard , they ghosted up the smooth waters of the river like a giant white butterfly as the first grey touch of dawn lightened the sky . His men would be watching the road rather than the river , plucking politicians into their net as Miguelito had boasted easily as plucking ripe advocados . Trent pushed off from the bank , swimming with his bound hands in an adaptation of sidestroke that was clumsy and inefficient . Once out of the shelter of the bank he found the wind had strengthened . That , too , would make his escape more difficult . On the other hand , once clear of the river mouth , he could sail a clear reach for Key Canaka . Already they were close to the middle of the cloud funnel . Ten minutes , fifteen at the most , and the wind would be on them , tearing them from the saddle . Ten , fifteen minutes to gain the shelter of the forest though even there they would be in danger of being pulped into nothingness by trees ripped from the rain - softened earth . NINE The front of the hurricane tore at the lower flanks of the mountains , rending great trees from the rain forest and tossing them aside as if they were little more than sticks . Mariana pointed Trent to the left . Another five minutes and they were at the edge of the meadow . Trent braked and swung the BMW back into the shelter of the pine trees . Kicking down the foot - rest , he dismounted and stretched a little of the stiffness out of his shoulders . He unslung the gun case from across his chest , unzipping it as he gave Mariana a grin . The villa location , largely hidden in undergrowth , is marked with a stone tablet erected by the Club . Throughout the 1950 's , the battle for members and greater income , was fought relentlessly and an appeal went out in 1954 for donations and gifts . In came a typewriter , crested glasses , course shelters and so on , such gifts being regularly made throughout the decade . In 1953 Mrs. J.P. ( Phoebe ) Bradley became the first lady to serve on the Club Committee , an event doubly unique , for although not a bondholder she was elected by their Committee to represent them for a four - year term . The scope of their kinship networks is smaller , but just as significant because they provide help in times of hardship . It is usually to relatives that the peasant migrating to the city turns for help in the new and frightening environment . It is kin , often , who provide shelter during the first days in the town and who help the migrant build his/her own home . It is they , too , who lend him/her money for the journey and help him/her look for a job in the urban environment . The migration process frequently involves a chain of relatives from rural village to urban neighbourhood . The rapidly increasing urban population has placed an impossible strain on the provision of housing . The housing deficit in Mexico is about 4 million units , which means that about 30 per cent of the population is in need of housing ( Hurtado 1986 ) . Since the standard housing of towns and cities has been unable to provide shelter , urban populations have been compelled to take the situation into their own hands and put up their own homes . These squatter settlements have sprung up in great abundance , generally in undesirable and inaccessible areas , which are unsuitable for standard building . The settlements are often found on steep slopes , such as those in Rio de Janeiro , which ever the hills behind the luxury tourist attractions of Ipanima and Copacabana beaches . The Peruvian military reacted with force during the Pamplona invasion in May 1971 , when they tried to evict the tens of thousands who had participated in this huge squatter invasion in Lima , with the result that there were several injuries and one death ( Collier 1975 ) . Other governments have viewed the spontaneous housing settlements as wretched areas , which not only house society 's drop - outs , but are also breeding grounds for crime and radical political activity The Brazilian government has tried to eradicate the squatter settlements for these reasons , which is especially the case in Rio de Janeiro , because of the added factor that it is an international tourist centre and the favelas are so visible on the steep hillsides behind the luxury hotels and beaches . Some of the favelas have been knocked down , but there still remains the problem of shelter for their inhabitants . As a result , when shacks disappear , others appear in other parts of the city . The government has attempted some favela removal programs , but these have not been very successful , mainly because the new housing schemes are too expensive . Gerry 's study in Dakar , Senegal , reveals similar links between apparently independent petty producers and large enterprises , as exist between the garbage pickers and the paper industry ( Gerry 1979 ) . CONCLUSION Motivated by a desire for a better life , rural populations have migrated to urban areas and the resulting expansion of cities has meant problems of shelter and employment . For many , the movement is one of horizontal mobility rather than vertical . Some of the discussion of the informal sector and the Turner thesis suggest that , for a minority , there may be small improvements in housing or occupation , but the majority remain part of the mass of the urban poor . Leapor 's Essay on Friendship ends with a surprisingly modest claim : our chief Task is seldom to offend , / And Life 's great Blessing a well - chosen Friend ML , 1 , 80 . It seems that one of the great pains of Leapor 's life was the lack of such friendship . Her relationship with Freemantle seems to have provided her with shelter from an often upsetting social life in Brackley . The Visit presents an unusual picture of Mira who is simply defeated by the scolding Dame and the gossips and physiognomists of Brackley : O ARTEMISIA ! dear to me , He made it clear that it was for Sir Rufus to determine , and for you to comply . However , I expect that he will do as you wish . At the cab rank they went to the shelter , where drivers could while away the night hours in warmth and obtain food . Bragg went over to the counter , where a man was pouring cups of strong tea . Police , he said . We will never get rid of this case . Let 's see if the cabbies have something for us . They crossed to the shelter and went inside . Have you discovered anything for me ? he asked the man behind the counter . You 're the copper what called yesterday , are n't you ? Bragg took the envelope and read the scrawl on the back . He says that he had some grub here , around half - past four on Wednesday morning . As he went out of the shelter , he saw two people with a barrow , a man and a woman , he says . They were pushing it east , towards the City . By the time he got to his cab , they had gone as far as Holborn Circus . And she had been pretty on that slab , all the influences of birth and upbringing cancelled out . He would have been delighted with a daughter who looked like that . Whatever her situation , she had still been a human being , entitled to warmth and shelter and protection . She had n't become a whore because she wanted to ; it was because the money of perverted old men had offered her an easy way out of poverty those same old men who would clamour for the investigation to be dropped.Well , he was not going to play games.In strictness , the coroner was independent of the police.As his officer it was Bragg 's duty to investigate , regardless of any other cases . So long as he had the support of Sir Rufus Stone , he could thumb his nose at Cotton . He soon became a familiar hazard with his dog Kim , the village terror , and his car in which he would career at fully twenty miles an hour down the narrow lanes . The villagers all thought he was a rum one a very rum one , remembered one of his neighbours . It was not until the famous Hertfordshire Blizzard of 1915 , when Shaw went out and worked with the menfolk sawing up trees that lay blocking the roads , and the Zeppelin Raid the following year ( which he incorporated into his play Heartbreak House ) , when he offered his cellar as a shelter , that the villagers grew friendly with him. Only one of his plays , the charming comedietta for two voices in three conversations called Village Wooing , which featured the local postmistress , took its inspiration from Ayot . But many of his comedies , romances and extravaganzas after The Doctor 's Dilemma were partly written there . In May of 1948 , the Zamzams crossed the Palestine border into Lebanon at Naqqoura where the Palestinian writer Kalafani was to describe the misery of the refugees and rented a house in Tyre for 12 Palestinian pounds a month . We moved to Baas camp from there , she said . We had only tents for shelter and we tried to make concrete blocks . Then we came to Rashidiyeh . I thought I would go home when I left but it has been a long time . Lebanon had already suffered for the Palestinians ' presence . From 1968 , the PLO sent raiding parties into Israel from southern Lebanon and the Israelis responded by launching their own revenge raids , often against Lebanese villages . The motive was simple and comparatively cost - free : if the Lebanese villagers allowed armed Palestinians to take shelter among their homes , then they would be made to pay for it in blood . The only way to avoid Israeli attack was to eject the Palestinians from their villages . This , of course , the Lebanese could not do . Water is a relatively good shield against cosmic rays . For solar flares , a system of early warning satellites around the Sun could detect the first sign of trouble . Sensors on the craft bound for Mars would detect light from a flare and the crew could take shelter in a shielded room before the slower protons arrive . The report from the National Academy of Sciences will highlight microgravity , radiation and psychological fitness as the three main thrusts of an invigorated biology programme . Whether it comes about depends as much on politicians as on scientists . In fine weather spinning was done out of doors . Spinsters and knitters in the sun , as Shakespeare wrote . Wordsworth also gives a description of a family spinning in the sunshine in The Brothers , but the Lake District has a higher than average rainfall and in wet and windy weather spinners no doubt sought shelter where it was available . There is considerable confusion about the use of the distaff , sometimes referred to as a Rock , probably because of the old terms Distaff and Spear sides of the family . Writers often mistakenly use such terms as women spinning with their distaff . I had planned to take a train there ; to head south and see more of South America . Yet I milled around the edge of the crowd at the demonstration feeling completely detached . It began to pour and I took shelter in a basement caf . I wrote a few postcards I had more faith in Bolivia 's postal service than Peru 's and wondered what I was doing here . I had worked hard while I was on Amantani , reconstructing the bones of my experiences without the satisfaction of cradling them in apposite language . He more than filled the gap left by Alex ; his presence animated her with a mysterious excitement . The sweet precocity of this infant romance delighted every adult who observed it , which in turn encouraged Richard in his chivalry and Victoria in coy connivance . I should like to marry Tory when I grow up , he told Marie decisively during a rainy afternoon which drove the children in to the chilly shelter of the Aberknowe kitchen . Will you mind very much ? You can come and live with us afterwards if you like . That dratted child never seemed to hurry , but slipped along like a cloud shadow , faster than you 'd expect . At last there was the hut , crouched near its grove of hives . And squatting in what little shelter there was beside the door , just where she 'd expected him , Farquhar Neas . It was no part of her plan to rush in on them . She picked her way gently down to the door , nodded pleasantly to Farquhar and bent under the lintel , to find her husband sitting by the tiny fireplace , watching Marion turn a hare on a spit over it . There were new sources of inspiration . Where the palace , the temple , and the cathedral had inspired their Victorian predecessors , British station - builders of the inter - war years chose more democratic models the cinema ( Surbiton ) , the bank ( Exmouth ) , and , with unintended irony , the garage ( West Monkseaton ) . They in their turn were to give way after tunenlightenedhe Second World War to the models of the bus - shelter , the airport , and the office - block , the ultimate in bankruptcy of imagination . The railway industry had a propaganda purpose in the streamlining of outlines and in the new doctrine of modernism in these years . Streamlining implied speed and , in increasingly acute competition with road transport , the railways ' commitment to superior speed needed to be stressed constantly . But their spirit had entirely vanished by the Second World War . New large city stations were built at Toledo ( 1950 ) and New Orleans ( 1954 ) , but in a totally undistinguished style . Otherwise bus shelters were provided when small stations were knocked or burned down. Just such a brave new station was the romantically named Route 128 at Boston . By the time that the Educational Facilities Laboratories and the National Endowment for the Arts were producing their two excellent booklets on the reuse of railroad stations in 1974 and 1975 , only one per cent of all inter - city travel was by train . It retained many of the traditional features of stations , including a clock - tower more than 100 ft. high , and large circulation areas adorned with tiles with Maori motifs , and frescos depicting New Zealand scenes . This inaugurated a new wave of station - building . At a time when new stations elsewhere meant bus shelters , fine new stations which retained at least some of the spirit of the old were provided at Taita , Palmerston North , and Rotorua , among others . Nevertheless , small rural stations have been closing throughout New Zealand , often to the accompaniment of vigorous opposition from New Zealand farmers . Despite their rearguard action , however , freight handling has been concentrated at larger stations , destroying the role of the small station in the community . Dogs in general , Rottweilers in particular , are loyal and reliable ; dare I say , much more reliable than human beings ! We have taken from the Rottweiler , companionship and help in many fields : hunting , protecting our homes and family , pulling carts , acting as guide dogs for the blind , search and rescue , herding cattle and so on . In return , we give our companion shelter and food . It is an unwritten agreement and if we renege on it , let us not be surprised if our dog loses his respect for us , for we are not worthy of being called Master . In modern times , the demands we make have changed in some ways . Hotels and houses nestle among the vegetation . Although this area is built up , nature bursts out all around . Coconut palms bow towards the sea , banana trees afford shelter at bus stops and vividly coloured croton hedges separate the patch of one clapboard chattel house from the next . There is no visible grinding poverty and no antagonism towards tourists . Other runners waved , but there was no more reaction from pedestrians to the eccentric prospect we must present than there is in Britain . Look carefully at the pavement as there are many details that tell a story . Coal hole covers were made in different patterns and embossed with the name of the foundry ; outside older houses , the bootscrapers can often still be seen . Many categories of street furniture can now be listed pillar boxes , telephone kiosks , drinking fountains and bus shelters . Though the traditional pillar boxes oval , round or octagonal appear at the moment safe , the wall - mounted variety are under threat . Due to public outcry , well over 1,000 ( out of perhaps 50,000 ) red telephone boxes have been listed , but this of course is only a tiny fraction . A red telephone box on a village green is part of the country scene , as quintessential in its way as the village pond or pub . A red telephone box in such circumstances may not be special in itself , but special to the area . Great care was taken in the early years of this century to design bus shelters that were in keeping with country villages . They are not only worth preserving in themselves ; a watchful eye needs to be kept to ensure that some other piece of street furniture say one of the new all - glass telephone boxes is not crudely juxtaposed beside them . An active local society needs to be in constant contact with not only the local authority but all the public utilities . Donkeys saluted our passing with those howls of anguish that had made maiden ladies establish animal sanctuaries in Cairo between the wars . Tiny children , barefoot and dirty , tried to generate enough courage to touch us for a few fils . The caves gave shelter to a new generation of troglodytes European nomads , Australian girls ending their Grand Tours by going native , those few English women who had felt the lure of the desert so intently that they now nursed fair - haired , olive - skinned babies and hung their washing - lines from one eroded pinnacle to another . Another day I went into the Siq when the sun was setting and the air was already chill . Smoke from charcoal fires swirled from these windowless dwellings . The raids on the British cities were another matter . I cycled to school one morning through streets littered with glass , and past a little Nonconformist chapel , in which everything had been destroyed except the far wall with its multi - coloured and scrolled message God is Love . I stood one night outside the air - raid shelter which we shared with neighbours , looking towards a great glow in the sky . Bristol was burning , and these were not the lights of Oxford with a message of unattainable ambition . Cardiff High School lost most of its windows , but Latin grammar went on . This change of emphasis from cash to produce is probably the most difficult mental hurdle . Immediate cash profit has far too long been the overriding aim : it has warped the genuine economy and forced farmers to consider every move in the context of How soon will it pay ? Cash profits are necessary ; but the nearer a community can come to providing its own basic requirements of food , shelter , and energy , the less cash is needed for the luxuries . Within the pattern of large - scale commercial farming , the independent smallholder can still provide more than his share of surplus food for the urban population , yet keep as top priority the conservation of his main capital the soil . The acceptance of discipline is probably the greatest step towards freedom a man can take , and nowhere is this so true as in smallholding . You should therefore devise a clear plan with priorities , and introduce your livestock bit by bit as your fencing permits . By far the strongest and most permanent field divisions are stone walls . Once built they will last forever , the materials for repairs are always on site , and they provide shelter from wind and weather . Few can afford the time and cost of building a new stone wall today , but the principles of dry stone walling , clearly outlined in Rainsford - Hannay 's book Dry Stone Walling , are straightforward and you can easily acquire enough skill to do effective repairs . Well - laid hedges of thorn , hazel , holly , or beech ( or more generally a mixture of several species ) form very effective barriers , and provide shelter for livestock and a habitat for wild life . Once built they will last forever , the materials for repairs are always on site , and they provide shelter from wind and weather . Few can afford the time and cost of building a new stone wall today , but the principles of dry stone walling , clearly outlined in Rainsford - Hannay 's book Dry Stone Walling , are straightforward and you can easily acquire enough skill to do effective repairs . Well - laid hedges of thorn , hazel , holly , or beech ( or more generally a mixture of several species ) form very effective barriers , and provide shelter for livestock and a habitat for wild life . They require regular trimming to keep the growth thick at the butt ( how often one sees huge , bushy hedges with little greenery and gaping holes near the ground ) and should be allowed to grow up for relaying every ten to fifteen years . Hedge - laying is a highly skilled craft , and even at moderate charges your hedge will seem expensive . They require regular trimming to keep the growth thick at the butt ( how often one sees huge , bushy hedges with little greenery and gaping holes near the ground ) and should be allowed to grow up for relaying every ten to fifteen years . Hedge - laying is a highly skilled craft , and even at moderate charges your hedge will seem expensive . But when you consider the ecological and aesthetic benefits as well as the shelter and livestock control , a good hedge is good value for money . But there are snags : the buds and leaves of hazel and thorn are tasty when grass is scarce , particularly to inquisitive cattle . A single strand of taut barbed wire , 2½ ; feet high and 4 feet from the hedge is essential to prevent damage and eventual gaps . If this could be proved beyond doubt , direct drilling would fit in well with the organic philosophy . The drills are too expensive for a smallholding , and even in the hands of a contractor , the technique ( including spraying ) is not cheaper than conventional tillage . Perennial weeds such as couch or coltsfoot are more difficult to control , and slugs , which shelter and multiply in the deep , hard - sided slits , can become a serious pest . Winter cereals are slow to establish , and must be sown earlier : this is apparently because there is a tendency for stubble or killed turf to be pushed down into the slits with the seed where it can create anaerobic conditions leading to the formation of toxic substances such as acetic acid . But one might be forgiven for doubting if this is the most likely cause of the toxic side - effects of direct drilling ! One line , buried near the article 's conclusion , caused a great deal of stress within The Smiths ' ranks . Recent reports of The Smiths damaging the prospective careers of smaller outfits with actions aimed in pure spite at Rough Trade , hardly inspire confidence . A strange and , to those unaware of the Easterhouse situation , ambiguous line which saw Morrissey running for the shelter of his lawyer , Alexis Grower . So , one fine morning the magazine 's publisher and feature writer received a notice informing them that Steven Morrissey and Johnny Marr were proceeding with an action for defamation of character . It seemed bizarre that a band plagued by such huge problems on an international scale should wish to waste their time attempting to sue a small time and , to be frank , penniless magazine . It leads only to the Charles Inglis Clark mountain hut , a prestigious private hut owned by the Scottish Mountaineering Club and hence frequented by respectable rock - climbing doctors , lawyers and accountants . The hut is in a most peculiar situation , perched perfectly as the map would imply , to receive the maximum effect of the avalanche loading slopes behind it . Not only that , but one imagines such huts to be found in the very heart of the wilderness , where one cannot ascend a peak and walk out in a single day , and must take shelter for the night . Hardly the case here . A resident at the C.I.C . hut could easily do a spot of rock - climbing , nip into Fort William to indulge in some leisurely shopping for tartan gonks and still be back in time for a sing - song round the primus stove . Try coping with a party of underprivileged schoolchildren from a housing estate in Manchester with a near - hysterical social worker , a ghetto blaster and some crisp bags to sniff glue , two glum shaven - headed squaddies with flatulence , and a computer programmer from Maidstone who wants to tell you about why his promotion fell through , and then with one eye twitching , accuses you of having stolen his processed cheese . Used properly , bothies are places of great convenience and delight , but do remember a couple of important points . Don't assume you will find shelter in a bothy and walk into the wilderness without an alternative . Sometimes bothies are locked , particularly during the stalking season , and very often you open the door to find there are 75 people crammed into a shack built to accommodate 15 . If you do manage to find a place in one , you must tidy it up when you 're ready to leave and remember to take your litter with you . One wild evening , when the wind was howling and rain lashing down , I took Peter Brewer , a Somerset bank manager up to the loch , much against his better judgment . Look , could n't we just go along to the pub and have a quiet drink and talk about fishing instead ? he pleaded . We assembled our rods in the shelter of the old boathouse on the south shore and I strode purposefully to the loch , almost as a matter of principal . I estimated that perhaps fifteen minutes ' fishing would salve my honour , and not expecting to catch anything , I let the wind flag my flies out over the water . The tail fly , a size 14 Silver Butcher grazed the surface and immediately the water erupted . The subject still occupied Charles 's mind later that night . Beside him , Dimity slept peacefully , but the rector could not rest . There was no doubt about it , he was failing as a husband if he could not provide such basic things as warmth and shelter for his wife . The poor rector tossed unhappily . Something must be done . Young people queue for Laker airline tickets in London , 1978 . To get a ticket on Laker 's Skytrain in the summer of 1978 ( 59 one way , available only on day of flight ) you had to join a queue 2,000 people long . Sometimes the wait to reach the ticket office in London 's Victoria Station took five days so the queuers built themselves shelters of cardboard , plastic sacks and string , turning the queue into a shanty town wittily christened Lakerville by its occupants . But the reward was the cheapest transatlantic air ticket available . Sir Freddie Laker was the entrepreneurial fox who cheekily jumped into the airlines ' broiler house and mightily ruffled their wings . After crossing Blindbeck Bridge , which spans a tributary of Barbon Beck , the main stream draining the valley , a large open space alongside the road invites a halt . Looking up the hillside to the north from this point , the splendid cairn of Josse Pike can be seen prominently . The cairn was erected in the 1870s by the local gamekeeper and named after him : it stands twelve feet high with an interior providing shelter , and occupies a vantage point from which Josse could survey the whole of his domain . From the open space , the road continues straight as an arrow with Barbon Beck now alongside , the narrow strip of tarmac crossing a watershed and descending to Gawthrop after four lonely miles without habitations ; Dent Town is then reached one mile further on . There is little surface evidence of limestone in Barbondale . If the car is there and unattended , the driver will probably be inside . The area around Chapel - le - Dale is scenically attractive and prolific in surprises : it is a wonderland deserving a separate expedition and a leisurely exploration . A line of farmhouses shelters below the steep eastern slopes of Whernside , distant from the main road and rarely disturbed by tourists and sightseers . Linked by lanes and quiet roads , there is a pleasant circular walk free of traffic ( cars are not welcome ) and without danger from bulls , dogs and irate farmers . Starting and finishing at the Hill Inn , the walk passes through a district liberally pockmarked with caves and potholes of which Bruntscar and Gatekirk Cave are especially worth a halt to inspect the outsides . Yet despite all this , El Cid is probably Spain 's greatest hero . He is famed for his just behaviour , nobility and magnanimity . He was so respected by his natural enemies , the Moors , that when he was exiled by his Christian overlords , they were more than willing to give him shelter and employment . Indeed , it was the Moors who gave him the title by which he is best known , a contraction of the Arabic sid - y , meaning my lord . He was born in 1043 at Bivar , a village to the north of Burgos in northern Spain . He looked with half - closed eyes eastward into the wind . The wind will be even worse , he said . Stay and shelter here . I have tea and bread . When will the wind stop ? The sky in the east was brown with dust , and the sun veiled . Within minutes the brown patch of sky enveloped me , as a violent storm swept across the dunes . Rather than turn back and shelter with Idris , I kept moving . Half a day saved now would mean reaching Joan and Kano that much earlier . Although I was tempted to think that such a short time would make no difference , I knew that when I got near to Kano , if I got that far , every minute would count . Then he saw them . They came into full view ; his daughter in the arms of what appeared a working man. It was an actual roar he let out and it was mingled with Jessie 's scream as he tore her from the shelter of the coalhouses and the young man 's arms . His voice filled the yard as he yelled , You dirty little hussy , you ! And when he thrust at her , still yelling , Get up into that house , there ! and almost pushed her onto her back , the young fellow sprang forward and grabbed her ; then , with one arm around her and the other fist doubled , forefinger pointing out straight at the man , he cried at him , You lay another hand on her like that , mister , an ' that 'll be the last thing you do . And she could n't sleep on the floor of the factory with the mice skittering round , and the black beetles everywhere . A great desire to stand and cry descended on her . The next minute she was running out of the yard and into the street again and into the shelter of the doorway leading into the hat shop . There was a bell here , too , that communicated with the Misses Cardings ' rooms above . She was pressing it for dear life now as if she was in a panic , and she kept her finger on it until , through the glass door , she saw the flicker of a candle weaving its way down through the shop . He was very proud of the new trees , you would think they were his . Only God can make a tree , he said , but we can give him a hand now and then . Besides you need the wind shelter , the birds need the tree shelter , the pests need the birds and the soil needs the pests . We all need each other. Everything depends on something . Tree saplings ( over 1 metre in height ) are absent from 80 % , by area , of the 5,400 hectares of broadleaved woodland in the Snowdonia National Park , virtually all of which is LFA . They are absent from 90 % , by area , of the more open Snowdonia woods which are even more amenable to sheep grazing . Most of the woodland is located on hill farms and unrestricted access by sheep is encouraged to provide winter shelter and year - round grazing . 85 % of the woodland area is dominated by mature trees , indicating that grazing has been heavy enough for a long time to Prevent sapling recruitment . The pattern repeats itself throughout the Welsh uplands and appears to be the norm in the UK uplands generally . Prior approval from ADAS ( with advice from NCC if a conservation assessment is considered necessary ) outside National Parks and SSSIs in the remainder of the LFAs should be reintroduced for all drainage schemes and all proposals should be environmentally acceptable . 7 . Capital grants specifically for temporary fencing of farm broadleaved woodland ( or of native Caledonian pine in Scotland ) should be raised to 70 % in the LFA in order to encourage the long - term retention of valued winter livestock shelter ( and landscape/nature conservation interest ) . See recommendation 15 . 8 . The Agriculture Departments should encourage the protection and rehabilitation ( thinning , regeneration or replanting , removal of aliens ) of existing on - farm broadleaved woods with grants which would cover up to 70 % of scheme costs including fencing . All proposals should be subject to a conservation assessment by ADAS ( with NCC advice as necessary ) and subject to existing prior approval arrangements in National Parks ( and statutory consultation of SSSIs ) . Proposals to rehabilitate existing broadleaved woods ( which are a source of livestock shelter ) on farms should only be grant aided if the scheme aims to retain the essential broadleaved character of the woodland with appropriate native tree species . The Agricultural Departments should adopt a more flexible and progressive attitude to this Article because they are well aware of the plight of upland broadleaved woods in the LFA ( and of their livestock shelter value ) . 15 . All proposals should be subject to a conservation assessment by ADAS ( with NCC advice as necessary ) and subject to existing prior approval arrangements in National Parks ( and statutory consultation of SSSIs ) . Proposals to rehabilitate existing broadleaved woods ( which are a source of livestock shelter ) on farms should only be grant aided if the scheme aims to retain the essential broadleaved character of the woodland with appropriate native tree species . The Agricultural Departments should adopt a more flexible and progressive attitude to this Article because they are well aware of the plight of upland broadleaved woods in the LFA ( and of their livestock shelter value ) . 15 . Article 22 should be used by the Agriculture Departments to set up farm pilot schemes showing how a wide range of objectives of the broadened farm development plan can be achieved , including nature and landscape objectives . It was decided to enlist the help of East Hampshire District Council in an attempt to assess how best to tackle the problem . BUS SHELTER PLAN ROPLEY residents could soon benefit from a new bus shelter on the A31 at Darvill Road . Following a request at the annual parish meeting , councillors have agreed to look into the cost of providing a shelter to be sited on an existing area of hard standing . Another matter raised by the public highlighted the problem of double parking outside the coffee room by the church . Albert Square with a traditional Pantograph car passing Ribble buses . 3 . Ash Street with the shelter , now demolished , and a North Station car . This Page : 1 . Glasgow car 1297 passing the unique Pharos lighthouse . Talbot Square now became a focal point on the tramway system , where the new town routes met the busy Promenade track , newly relaid and extended to the Gynn . In 1902 , a direct line was laid up Clifton Street for the Marton cars to avoid the bottleneck on Talbot Road . The two tram routes departed from opposite sides of the central loading island in the Square , where for many years there was an ornamental drinking fountain and later a stone shelter and underground toilets . In 1911 the Circular Tour was introduced to boost the finances of the Marton route , and toastrack cars became a regular sight in the Square , loading at the island before crossing the Promenade , and returning along Abingdon Street . The imposing dome of the Winter Gardens dominated the street , and the track in the foreground became a siding for theatre specials . A Standard car turns into Church Street outside the Opera House in 1962 , while higher up the street the old Hippodrome is transformed into the ABC . This Page : 1 . Devonshire Square , with its traditional tramway shelter and a tram to match . The shelter was demolished and traffic lights installed after the trams departed in 1962 . 2 . This Page : 1 . Devonshire Square , with its traditional tramway shelter and a tram to match . The shelter was demolished and traffic lights installed after the trams departed in 1962 . 2 . Marton Depot on Whitegate Drive with two Standard trams returning from a summer day 's special duties on the Promenade . 3 . A wartime guise for the Pantographs was this cream pre - War livery . Notice 174 's headlamp mask and the air - raid shelter under the Bispham cliffs . 4 . 173 , in its final condition , waits at the North Station loading barrier opposite the Odeon . Streamliners of the Thirties Tel : Glan Conwy . Glasgow , Strathclyde MAP D The city 's Central Station incorporates a large viaduct section over Argyll Street , which is locally nicknamed the Highlandman 's Umbrella , because it provided useful shelter for the homeless and unemployed in the city . Glasgow , Strathclyde MAP D The Museum of Transport in Albert Drive has an interesting collection of trams and steam locomotives , among other forms of transport . With its incredible wealth about 6 million estimated annual income has been suggested and ownership of about nine thousand manors came inevitable corruption as the Templars took advantage of the privileges granted to them by the Pope . At last , early in the 14th century , the Pope dissolved the order at the behest of King Philippe of France . Much of their property , including that at Temple Moor , was given to the Knights Hospitallers , who continued to provide shelter for travellers across that barren land . Why did Philippe demand that the Pope dissolve the order ? The generally accepted reason was that the French coffers were nearly empty and he wanted to replenish them from the vast treasures of the Knights Templars . Nor was he much impressed at the Liskeard inns of the times , or at least one : a tavern of despair frowned amid congenial desolation . It is best , perhaps , not to speculate whether the hostelry still exists in which he discovered a low - spirited little man sitting at an empty bar and hiding himself , as it were , from all mortal inspection behind the full sheet of a dirty provincial newspaper . Doleful was our petition to this secluded publican for shelter and food , and doubly doleful was his answer to our appeal . It could only get worse for poor Mr Collins as room and meal materialised , but at least he acknowledged of the Cornish in general that they had , no propensity to jeer at strangers . But perhaps the most kindly and satisfying compliment to the Cornish was paid by one of the earliest tourists , John Taylor , in 1649 During the Second World War , when cattle food supplies were necessarily restricted so that the supposedly early maturing breeds were deprived of some of their rations , it was the Devon and the related Sussex which came to the fore and proved that , even under difficult conditions , they were able to produce good beef quickly . They managed to finish on grass quite happily and their marbled , lean , tender beef caught the eye of the butchers , as it has for centuries . In the 1960s the breed was exported to Canada and is thriving at altitudes of 1,400m on the eastern slopes of the Rockies with bitter winter temperatures and no more shelter than brush . They also thrive in Kenya on a farm at 1,800m above sea level , in a wet savannah climate where they are being used to improve native cattle . There are breed societies in the UK ( 1884 ; herdbook 1851 ) , Australia , Brazil , New Zealand , South Africa and the USA . The very fast , shallow water , often no more than a foot deep , is the place to fish for summer chub . Here they have sought out the well - oxygenated water where the streamer weed grows thick and the natural food breeds in profusion . The chub flit in and out of the weed like silent ghosts , grubbing for food , seeking shelter from the bright sun , and sometimes just playing around for the sheer hell of it . I tackle up with a through - action carbon rod , 11ft long , a fixed - spool reel carrying 5lb b.s . line to which a size 2 hook is tied direct . No float is used , nor any weight , for the big slugs are heavy enough to cast the full width of most rivers , and to hold bottom in most weedy swims . The cottage is essentially of the seventeenth century , but was restored in 1800 and greatly enlarged during the second half of the nineteenth century That , needless to say , was at best half the story , since Tom Poole 's house had immediately become for Coleridge a spacious and comfortable refuge whenever Lime Street grew oppressive . A gate set up by Tom Poole at the bottom of the Lime Street orchard led directly into his own garden , a small secluded area which lay at some distance behind Poole 's house in Castle Street and which contained , beneath the shelter of a lime - tree , a jasmine - covered arbour . ( A modern bungalow now occupies the site . ) From this garden Coleridge could either walk on through Poole 's orchard and a fine meadow to the home of his new friends , John and Anna Cruikshank , or he could negotiate Poole 's tanyard and its Tartarean tan - pits to reach the Castle Street house itself . It was also in the closing weeks of the year that long explorations of the Somerset landscape by Coleridge and the Wordsworths began to have far reaching creative consequences . During one excursion which probably occurred at this time Tom Poole took his friends to Walford 's Gibbet on the Quantock slopes between Holford and Stowey , and there recounted John Walford 's tragic history . Walford , a charcoal - burner who had spent his solitary life in a woodland shelter built of poles and turf , was remembered by Tom Poole as a man remarkable for good temper and generosity , but one who also possessed ardent feelings and strong passions . He was deeply in love with an Over Stowey woman called Ann Rice , but was forced into marriage to a half - mad girl who had visited him at his shelter and who bore him two illegitimate children . They married in June 1789 , and a month later , in despair and rage , he murdered her as they walked in the darkness to the Castle of Comfort Inn . Our connection for the prison camp did not leave until 11 o'clock and the Feldwebel was wondering what to do for the next two hours when the air raid siren blew . It sounded the same as the English siren except that it was slower . We went down into the station shelter and I experienced the familiar claustrophobic sensation of waiting for something to happen . The shelter was clean and well built . Civilians sat on benches joking and playing cards and rocking screaming babies to sleep . But this was not so ; no one landing there had ever been able to get out and the nearest airport was 600 miles away . The pilots and crew had , in some instances , been able to trek overland to safety but the aircraft , valued at many millions , would remain there imprisoned forever . Late that afternoon we made a perfect three - point landing at the RCAF airstrip in Whitehorse , capital of the Yukon Territory , where I found shelter for the night in a bare but adequate room at the Whitehorse Hotel . Not far away a turgid and fast moving river rushed southward in narrow gorges . Beached there were old weather - worn skeletons of the side - wheeler paddle boats formerly used for passenger service between Whitehorse and Dawson City . Even before I got to understand guilt , I used to walk about the house muttering , You 're a subject for guilt , boy , a subject for guilt . That is , of course , when I was n't actually casting an eye at the rope and pulley high over the hall or taking a glance at the shotgun . I wrapped guilt around me like a thick overcoat , wallowed in it and even took shelter in it . In almost anything that happened I could find guilt and apply it to myself . A ticking off at school , or a beating left me encrusted with guilt . Apart from the increased pressures on fuelwood , rubbish disposal is disfiguring the landscape , especially along the trail from Lukla , through Namche Bazar , to the Everest Base Camp . Climbing expeditions into the peaks themselves have also left behind piles of rubbish , and Cullen ( 1986 ) points out that the problem is compounded by the fact that in such a high Alpine environment decomposition rates are very slow so that discarded materials may persist for several years if not decades . Moreover , expeditions tend to congregate in a few favoured areas which provide rapid access to peaks as well as adequate water supplies and shelter from natural hazards like avalanches . Add to this the rapid growth in the numbers of expeditions , climbers and trekkers which has occurred in recent years and it is not surprising that the problem has reached massive proportions despite the availability of new access sites from Tibet which was opened to climbers in 1980 . Obviously , the harsh terrain and the inhospitable weather conditions mean that rubbish disposal is a subordinate concern , in relation to climbing goals and survival , of climbers in the mountain peaks , the major problem areas are the base camps . Southworth et al. ( 1989 ) have enhanced the MASSVAC model with the addition of a colour graphics module which they call MVOPL . This module has been developed using IBM 's Graphics Kernel System and provides a number of display screens . The most interesting are those which portray population flows as scaled ribbons on the network diagram , and evacuation shelter capacities as bar diagrams . The diagrams are updated periodically during the course of the simulation . In dry parts of the world , such as Australia , forest and bush fires are an important natural hazard and some attention has been given to the ways in which GIS might help examine their potential impacts . As we neared Arran the clouds became denser , and in turn cast deep shadows over the Firth and the Arran coast , or were lit up with a glow of intensely bright sunlight ; while the glory of Arran , its mountain - peaks , were lost amid the clouds that enshrouded them . On landing I sought for the cottage occupied by the Duke of Hamilton 's piper , in which some friends had found most comfortable quarters the season before . I found it preoccupied by a little company of artists , either professional or amateur , who made use of the rainy day by camping in the coach - house to sketch from its shelter a fine group of trees , with some good foreground rock and bracken , all within a stone - throw of the cottage . The piper 's little girl was mounted on horseback , and dispatched to Brodick in quest of a lodging , and returned with the news that there was a spare room at the Boat - house . The Boat - house became my roosting - place while under the shadow of the mighty mountain of the wind , Goat Fell . None the less , Springhall is unwilling to conclude that young people were repressed by adults . He asks rhetorically if there has been a deliberate conspiracy to keep adolescents in an inferior social and economic position . In answering he correctly reminds us that young people are often of necessity in a subservient position as a result of their dependence on parents for food , clothing , and shelter ; teachers for schooling ; employers for employment ; skilled workers for instruction in apprenticed trades ; and on youth workers for leisure activities . On this basis he maintains that these adults should not be seen as agents of social control repressing the young as reductionist social history might suggest but as agents of socialization preparing them for their future roles as citizens in a society to which most adolescents gave unthinking and willing allegiance . No one disputes that agents of socialization were hard at work on working - class adolescents . The sounds made him go a little faster , but progress was slow and difficult and he was near the point of exhaustion . He would have to rest . A snow - covered hedge loomed up ahead of him and he made for the shelter of it . As he reached it , the ground fell away from under him and he rolled down into a deep ditch . There was water at the bottom covered by a thin skin of ice and he splashed into it face first . Then we could destroy lines of communication : wreck telegraph wires , blow up bridges and railway lines . They would have to send troops down from Castlebar to seek out and destroy us . Then we would have to go on the run , move from place to place , rely on the people to feed and shelter us . It would mean havin ' to place our lives in their hands . A guerrilla unit can only operate in a district where the people are staunch and know how to keep their mouths shut . Before the war began , listening to reminiscences of those who had experienced the last war and sensing their dread , I imagined that once a war had started , no one would ever be happy again . The reality surprised me at first , and then like everyone else , I took it for granted . The rationing of food and of clothes , the air raid warnings which sent us into shelters , the trains which ran late and were always overcrowded , these things became an accepted part of life . Far from the atmosphere of doom and gloom which I had imagined , there was far more camaraderie and cheerfulness than is shown nowadays . It is a sad reflection on life that it takes danger and suffering to bring people closer together . It was time for him to leave as well . The house had fallen ; in the grounds were ten Russians for every Frenchman . Another undignified scramble , over the wall into the pheasantry and the shelter of the trees . Here the last of the French had regrouped to make a final stand before the inevitable retreat . From trees and undergrowth they fired at the victors again and again , as they swarmed over the wall in twos and threes , then in dozens and scores , and finally in hundreds . The loss of his favourite local was quite enough punishment to this patriot so Found in the coal yard went on to the documents . The Christian Church was quite united in Fulham . The Fathers of the Church of the Servites served in the shelters with the Rector of All Saints , the Baptist Pastor and our Rev Kenneth Oliver . Rev Kenneth was determined , now that we were not able to leave the hospital grounds after darkness fell , to see that our minds were not imprisoned . He had a list of all the local acting talent . The worst problem was to try to explain quarantine regulations to the black - clothed mothers who would not go away from the main gates and wailed bitterly Oh ! mio bambino ! mio bambino ! till Mr Rideout had to have Dr Hill 's attendance lest he too became a patient . We engaged out - station nurses to be in attendance at the hotels by day and night , by day to supervise feeds and help the mothers get food from any shop they could . By night to comfort them in the shelters during raids . Then Fulham got one of her worst raids of the war . I suspect the enemy was really after the railway this time . Come along grandma I said . We must take cover . I led her to a small shelter in the Palace side of the Park . Good gracious , that was close I said , as I heard a God - Almighty thud . Many fire engines rushed about . For some this makes hospitalization inevitable . When someone is ill with AIDS they are often in pain . Exhaustion is a permanent feature preventing the completion of even the most simple task . Friends and family often reject them , leaving them free to face this chronic condition alone . Without ACET 's practical support at home they could spend long periods of time in hospital unnecessarily . The law relating to covenants is quite complex but basically a covenant is a legally - binding document by which you transfer some of your income to a charity for a stated period . ACET is a charity , registered with the Charity Commission under Registration Number 299293 . As far as you are concerned , a covenant can be exceedingly simple . There is a simple covenant form attached to this leaflet which is quite sufficient . All you have to do is to fill in the details , including your name and address and the amount you wish to give , and sign and date the document in front of a witness . ACET is a charity , registered with the Charity Commission under Registration Number 299293 . As far as you are concerned , a covenant can be exceedingly simple . There is a simple covenant form attached to this leaflet which is quite sufficient . All you have to do is to fill in the details , including your name and address and the amount you wish to give , and sign and date the document in front of a witness . You will also be asked to sign a Certificate of Deduction of Tax once a year confirming that you are a UK taxpayer . Also make sure that the Banker 's Order terminates with the final covenant payment . Can I increase my covenant payment ? The simple answer is No. The amount of the annual covenant payment is specified in the Deed , and this is the sum that is payable each year . If you wish to increase your support , you can simply write a cheque for the additional amount you wish to give . Pupils are encouraged to consider how they might feel if they were carrying the virus and how they might care for people with HIV/AIDS , especially those with unfamiliar lifestyles . Over the last year , 24,000 pupils attended ACET class presentations , as against 14,500 in 1989/90 . The aim of our schools programme is quite simple ; to reduce the number of new infections and to encourage positive attitudes towards those with AIDS . An educator only has to prevent one new HIV infection a year to save the NHS his or her entire salary in future AIDS treatment costs alone . Our programme has been extended to parts of Scotland and Northern Ireland making it the largest of its kind in the UK . AS THINGS ARE : DESCRIPTION THE OBJECT OF ATTENTION The description of an object is not a simple task . An art object is especially difficult for the critic , as there are many ways in which its description can be approached . Let us take a sculpture , depicting a girl 's nude figure , of bronze , sixty - three inches high , called The Dance Step , by the Italian sculptor Giacomo Manz . A fragment from an altarpiece cannot be appraised in just the same way as an independent portrait ; and a craftsman 's skill is esteemed more accurately when the materials used are rightly identified . PERCEPTION How a spectator views an object is also not a simple matter , despite this century 's increased knowledge of the psychology of perception . A difficulty is that psychology has narrow terms of reference which can give only a few useful results , for example on the question of illusion . A classic example of exposition , though not uncontroversial , is E. H. Gombrich 's Art of Illusion . This subtle scheme has advantages over simpler divisions . Picasso 's Guernica is OK for some but I do n't like it , as a young boy put it . The first stage starts with a simple liking , I love blue , My favourite colour is yellow . In the next stages there is pleasure to be found in identifying subjects , and in discovering that pictures can convey messages expressively . The idea that art is part of a tradition is a further step . It is possible to think that this plebeian has been lent some part of Naipaul 's aristocratic fastidiousness , some part of his hostility , while also suffering the consequences of an exposure to these qualities , and to recall that both Ahmed and the author of An Area of Darkness are preoccupied with the hanks of human shit that litter certain landscapes . Ahmed 's revenge is too bad to be condemned by the writer , who condemns his taste in furniture , and who condemns Jane . The tragedies of miscegenation have never been simple ever since Othello did what he had to do to Desdemona . But it seems clear that this one bears the marks of defeat and despair , and of a reprisal directed at the liberal England which has let the violator down. Naipaul 's Caribbean country has been looted and exploited in the past , and it is still being looted and exploited . The conversation in Zuckerman Unbound between the novelist and his mother , in which he tenderly instructs her in how to field the intrusions that arise from the Carnovsky outrage , reads authentically , autobiographically , enough , while showing a good Jewish son . The Zuckerman books help one to imagine how Roth has faced the reproach that he has derided his family and sold their secrets . But perhaps it is not too simple to suggest that we are also conscious of Zuckerman as a deflection of the wrath over Roth which works by making Zuckerman responsible for the outrage . We are conscious of what Zuckerman does for Roth : when he helps a man to gather his spilt heart pills , it is Roth helping himself by assigning a small mercy . In The Facts , the tough guy with his shiksas , the supposedly self - hating Diaspora Jew , can be tenderised a word Roth likes , for all the awkwardness it imparts to the operations to which it refers into a sort of uxorious submission where his parents are concerned . It is possible for such sentiments of approval of this past to coexist with abhorrence for most current acts of violence . But the political significance of this culture is that where opinion counts and where the catholic nationalist remnant actually experiences the coercive power of protestant loyalists and the British army in the Northern statelet , there violence has all the more support . When it does , it tends to be a reaction to perceived injustice , such as internment without trial , or the conviction of a son by a sole judge in a trial held in total secrecy and on the evidence of unseen witnesses , or a simple case of one 's house being badly mauled by careless soldiers searching for arms . This reactive violence is thus justified by its subjects and the justification subsists in consciousness along with their Roman catholic profession of faith and identity . The provisional IRA 's commitment to violence against the British and against the protestant loyalist alliance , which the provisionals rhetorically and conveniently subsume under the term the British , is frequently assumed to be based on either Marxist or nationalist principles and in both cases to be secularist or areligious . Many Roman catholic schools up to 1968 were financed for capital expenditure by the local church as part of the church 's determination not to lose control of them . The chairman of the board is usually the parish priest or his curate . With the exception of a small group of public schools , there is the apparently simple distinction between state schools and Roman catholic schools which occurs in Britain . However , it would be nive to think that control of the state sector , its general ethos , and the teaching of religious education was non - denominational . These schools are protestant , though nothing else is perhaps to lie expected when protestant loyalist teachers teach protestant loyalist children . Similarly for the protestant community : the school plant is owned by the church , or appropriate church body . The main owner of such schools is usually and indirectly the Church of Ireland , and current expenditure and salaries are provided by the state , with the board of governors presided over by the local minister . The secondary sector in the Republic is hardly so simple in structure . For present purposes , three items in particular merit comment . Firstly , it was not until the 1930s that a substantial sector of education arose which was not directly under church control . Left to its own devices , real ale stays in a drinkable condition for about a week . When the pub landlord or cellarman considers that the beer is ready to serve it is said to have dropped bright with the sediment of yeast in the belly of the cask , and to have matured sufficiently a long plastic tube is connected to the tap and the beer is ready to be pulled to the bar . The most familiar method of serving real ale is the beer engine , a simple suction pump operated by a tall handpump on the bar . When the handle is pulled the engine delivers a half pint of beer to the bar . Some pubs , mainly in the Midlands and the North , use electric pumps to draw the beer to the bar . When the handle is pulled the engine delivers a half pint of beer to the bar . Some pubs , mainly in the Midlands and the North , use electric pumps to draw the beer to the bar . Electric pumps , either of the simple free flow type or the metered pump which delivers exact half pints , are a perfectly acceptable method of serving cask beer but they can be confused with the pressurised founts used to dispense keg beers . In the North a nozzle called a sparkler is often attached to the spout on the bar to give beer the creamy head preferred there . In Scotland beer is usually served in a quite different fashion . To cater for the expanding coaching trade , many inns erected large carriage entrance on the street front and stables at the rear to facilitate the changing and housing of horses . Those coaching inns which already existed were frequently refronted or even remodelled in the latest Georgian style . At the other end of the scale , many rural or urban homes were adapted to serve as simple beerhouses , with little internal alteration . By 1830 the pub had become comparatively sophisticated , responding to the changing demands and the technological advances of the industrial revolution . Shop - taverns , serving the passing trade as well as the locals , had become common in many towns , whilst many pubs had been partitioned into two distinct areas the bar room and the tap room . Shop - taverns , serving the passing trade as well as the locals , had become common in many towns , whilst many pubs had been partitioned into two distinct areas the bar room and the tap room . Modern serving equipment including beer machines and even slop trays had appeared . And the bar on which they stood had evolved from a simple counter or hatch to something approaching the form we know today : in his Encyclopaedia of Cottage , Farm and Villa Architecture of 1833 J C Loudon described the ideal bar ( the place from which all orders are issued ) as being of some size , with commanding views of the front entrance hall and back entrance . By the end of the Regency period the pub was becoming a far more attractive proposition for the government , too . Wellington 's Beerhouse Act of 1830 represented the most blatant attempt to eradicate the gin shop by promoting beer and pubs as a healthier alternative , abolishing the duty on beer and taking beerhouse licenses out of the control of the licensing justices . Ideally we would like to go back to a site a few months after installation , for a meeting with senior management to show them how they can take advantage of the system , Chudley says . The marketing manager can learn how to take advantage of the growing database and the finance manager can see how to use the special accounting systems . Operator training is fairly simple , but managers need more to get the most out of the system , Nick Chudley READ THE MANUAL FIRST THERE'S a saying in the computer industry : If in doubt , press a few keys ; if that does n't work , ask a colleague ; if in deep trouble , consult the manual . See a computer dealer for more advice and insist on seeing a demonstration before you buy . Whether you go it alone , ask the computer shop expert or persuade a friend who knows about computers to help you , it is essential to set up a regular data back - up system . STOCKTAKING made simple The Psion Organiser : is it a fancy calculator , or a battery - powered log book ? One City caterer has found a novel use for it in the larder . As the goods are drawn out of the larders , the statistics are adjusted downwards , and Brown can quickly check how much he needs to re - order . Having this kind of information conveniently available is exactly what Catering Allied needed . Hunter says Caterdata was chosen largely because it is user - friendly , simple to use in terms of the number of keystrokes people need to make , and quick to learn . However , it is one thing to scan a computer screen in the catering office : it 's quite another to do stocktaking typically this involves carrying a notebook around the various larders and coldrooms . Catering Allied came up with a novel solution : copy the stock file on to one of the two 128k data packs which fit into the back of a Psion Organiser , update that file on the hoof ; and copy the updated file back to the desktop computer . John Bray , senior brand manager for Nestl Foodservice , which supplies both dried and frozen pasta , is keen to dispel any thought that one type of pasta is better or worse than another . But he emphasises that chilled and frozen pastas are different from dried pastas and need different sauces . Dried pasta is the best possible for straight and simple shapes , he says . It has a firmer texture and goes well with the heavier sauces . If you want al dente spaghetti , you really need dried spaghetti , made with good quality durum wheat and no egg . How many customers realise that the food cost of one portion of pasta with olive oil and sun - dried tomatoes is only about 25p ? It was not unusual in more buoyant times to see dishes like this on menus at 5 - plus . But times have changed and chefs may not be able to get away with overcharging for simple dishes using relatively inexpensive ingredients for much longer or perhaps they will . And what about drink ? Generations of British people have been happily walking into pubs for years and drinking alcohol that they could buy for a fraction of the price in a supermarket or off - licence . A dozen times at least . The wife of an earl is a countess , and if that earl dies his wife becomes the Dowager Lady Blank . It 's really quite simple . But , sweety pie , I am what 's it you keep saying ? a bear of very little brain . But a very nice little bear all the same . Mrs Clancy 's was a marble cake frosted white and decorated with chocolate curls and chocolate creams . Mrs Yardley 's was a plain sponge , but had been lacily covered with swirls and dollops and curlicues of golden buttercream icing dotted with candied violets . Mrs Feather 's cake was a simple white confection , quite plain in comparison with the others . But then , Mrs Feather had never needed anything to brighten up her baking she was a superb cook . Mrs Venables ' cake was as she had said a perfect coffee gteau , smoothly frosted in caramel , with three cherries on the top . I 'm glad he 's gone . I 'm just waiting to see who I have to thank for it . She looked around the tent , her pale eyes filled with simple curiosity , and then looked back at Peggy . Who do you think I should thank , Mrs Mitchell ? Peggy shook her head , unable to speak . They were step - brothers , Sir Henry and our Mr Merrivale , with only a year or two 's difference in their ages . Brought up together , most likely , said Ethel . It was revenge , revenge pure and simple . Young Mr Merrivale came here to get it . I do think he 's noble ! Who is not a refugee ? Within moments , he is talking about Brecht 's THREEPENNY OPERA pointing out how Brecht invented an abstract London , not in order to escape from the reality of the city , but to create a generalized framework which could be relevant to audiences in many different places . So , his Bengal is also an invented framework , a device , and yet a device which , he hopes , will enable him to show more of the truth than simple realism could . Finally , Ghatak tried to find a way between popular melodrama and the avant - garde . He returns again to the ways in which melodrama is rooted in Indian popular culture . The first - years , after a first term filled with the medieval period and a second with the Renaissance , were now going to learn about the Baroque . The titles of my lectures had not changed since the early sixties : Bernini , Borromini , Carlo Fontana , Sculpture I and Sculpture II . This undemanding life - cycle had never been disrupted and I read the new lecture list partly just out of habit and partly for the simple pleasure of seeing my name in print . This time , however , there was a change . The titles of my lectures were all the same , but my name appeared beneath only four out of the five of them . But if they are not spotted early in their training , they can be a real menace to themselves and to their instructors . These are the students who really do freeze on the controls and , with the stick held firmly forward , the instructor has to be quick and strong to prevent an accident . The cure is largely a matter of acclimatisation and a simple but thorough explanation of why the aircraft stalls and what causes the sensation . From then on the stall training must be continued , with a little done on every flight . The student must understand that nobody likes the reduced g sensation at first , but that individuals differ in their reactions to it . If you are one of those patients who are at greater risk from flu , you should try to avoid catching it . A flu vaccination can help to protect you from flu . One simple injection , normally given in the autumn , can help to protect you right through the cold months when flu is most prevalent . Who can give me a flu vaccination ? Your doctor will normally be able to vaccinate you with a flu vaccine . PROTECT YOURSELF AGAINST SKIN CANCER . MAKING A NEW START . A simple guide to keeping your heart young and enjoying it . A NEW START TODAY , A NEW YOU TOMORROW . A fatal heart attack happens in Britain every three minutes . 3 . Join the move to skimmed or semi - skimmed milk , and low - fat products . This table shows you just how effective simple measures can be . HOW TO SPOT HIDDEN FATS . It 's easy to see the fat on a lamb chop and easy to cut it off . The correct equipment is equally important when you are adapting your property , make sure that the bath or shaver , and w.c . that you install are suitable for you to use . This is particularly relevant if you have limited movement in your hips , shoulders or problems with your hands . A simple grab rail placed in the correct place can make a considerable difference to how you cope , especially with the bath or toilet . Remember rails in bathrooms could be plastic coated or bonded to prevent conduction . If you are replacing existing fitments to redecorate or improve your bathroom it is advisable to consider what equipment suits you best , particularly if you are less mobile , have a disability or are elderly . With benefit of the hindsight - ometer , it can be argued that my own movement into a structural limbo contained aspects of the unconscious journey towards a new self - knowledge , when the old values were able to be adjusted if not discarded ; so that it was possible to break through the constraints imposed by the inculcated patterns of police culture , albeit in something of an unprogrammatic and fragmented manner . Through the daily use of our special knowledge of the counter - culture , we were forced to acknowledge and come to grips with many of the complex social factors surrounding some drug use , which a legal framework could never adequately encompass . We now had to grapple with problems of ethics , with questions of morality and of personal philosophy , as we tried to draw a simple police code of practice together to frame those new deviancies created in the 1960s by the Acts of Parliament relating to drug use . Furthermore , the reading I did for the lectures I was called to give as a drugs expert generated queries about such ambiguous areas as victimless crimes and interference in private acts , and altogether raised more questions than were solved . This acquisition of special knowledge meant that when I was called to give evidence to the Advisory Council on Drug Abuse ( chaired by Baroness Wooton ) on the use of cannabis , I was perhaps more inclined to dwell on the symbolic dangers attributed to its use than on any alleged physical harm , simply because I was now aware that any reality in relation to cannabis use was more complex than could be contained in some easy binary of social value medical debilitation . If you step too far to the side , the opponent will see what you are doing and twist to face you . Line , like stance , is therefore a fluid thing ; it is a method of positioning and repositioning yourself so that you are always trying to reduce the opponent 's opportunities . Although this may sound simple , you should practise with a partner to work out your positioning . Using your centre - line If you do n't turn your body to face your opponent directly you will succeed only in placing both of you at a disadvantage . It is kept very warm a real relief from the biting cold outside and suffuses a strong feeling of tranquillity . There are no easy chairs , save for a single wooden rocking chair ; no cushions , save for three ornamental ones in a corner . The essential projection is of simple wooden furniture , plain walls , some carpeting on the polished floorboards . For a man given to painting there is a surprising lack of colour , of objets d'art . Everywhere is white . SUPT . SAYERS Hello Hello hardly what you 'd call grief with a large G. I smell a con . I smell it as surely as I smell a knocked off car , a crooked log book . One previous owner ? SAYERS Hello Hello hardly what you 'd call grief with a large G. I smell a con . I smell it as surely as I smell a knocked off car , a crooked log book . One previous owner ? Who 's that Julius Caesar ? Used to speed the germination of seeds and potatoes , said the inspector , and as a cleaning solvent . And it 's odourless , chimed in Constable Bewman helpfully . So there was no need to have anything highly scented or smelling strongly on the table , said Henry at once . I hope you never take it into your head to commit a murder , sir , said the Inspector . You do seem to have an eye for essentials . To date , 10 million smokers have succeeded in kicking the habit . For most , the first few days were the worst . After that , the compensations make it all worth while ; you can taste food again , you have more vitality , you smell better , you feel like a winner which is what you are . If that 's not a new start to a better life , what is ? FOR MORE INFORMATION : On the one hand he can support his understanding of the institutional expectations by simply repeating those inculcated practices he has learned as a neophyte from the stories of the great days of policing , which are interminably repeated at the charge room desk or taken on at Nellie 's knee . Alternatively he can use his understanding of the way the metaphors and structures of significance are used to sustain the institution , and thus reveal the system to be the product of a specific mode of thought , which is only one possibility among many . He must be aware , however , that any antagonistic or critical assessment will not only be unwelcome , but coming from an insider will smell of blasphemy . Anything other than an uncritical acceptance is a direct challenge to the idea of the rule of law which has sustained the police since their inception and which argues that the replication of a known system of order is the best means of containing those who need to be controlled . Alternative readings or critical analysis of this entrenched reverence for a rule of law ( which at times may well be out of step with a wider interpretation of ambiguous social behaviour ) smacks of subversion simply because it denies the primacy of the institutional framework . Let 's drink a bottle of champagne Well , I kinda knew you 'd say that , but had forgotten the unique thrill of the way only you can say things . I do n't know why we drink so much and come up smelling of roses . I do n't know why we drink so much . I do n't know why we drink . Jay unpinned the batik , unscrewed the lock and pushed the window up. Now all Madame Butterfly had to do was climb down a piece of wood twice her height and fly free . Bright little creature it took her just three minutes to work this out as her antennae fluttered in the sudden sweet smelling breeze . Jay watched her go , dip down , dip up , over the edge of the guttering . Two weeks later it snowed , Jay thought of the butterfly as the thick white flakes tumbled around . They had passed through the blackest part of the valley now and it was a relief to see a light or two at Weem , and across the invisible river at Aberfeldy . The McCullochs turned into their cottage with a brief good - night and Cameron , James , and Allan let themselves into the tall , silent house along the road . It smelled of wine dregs , damp soot , and whitewash . A day 's work still to do before the Sabbath and they would have sore heads in the morning . But at least their wits would have cleared again in time for Sunday 's meetings and the next milestone in the struggle . Three sides of a square surrounded them with high walls and rows of windows . Cameron and Menzies stepped down , staggered , and were supported into the inn . In a brown - panelled room smelling of tobacco they sat on opposite sides of a cold hearth full of cinders , swallowing hot wine and water under the blue eyes of Sergeant Collier , who was looking at them with intent curiosity like a man staring at a two - headed dog in a freak show . If only they had saved us . They should have held solid at the bridge . Hi - dum - do He hated the dirt ; he wanted to touch nothing ; he lay on his side , trying not to let his ribs come against the inside of his shirt or his hand touch the blanket . He breathed through his mouth to try and not smell the fungus smell from his crutch . Fiery itches tormented him in his arse , below his armpits and inside his thighs where the fleas had bitten most . A big - wig came to examine him. When the officer said , You will be charged with sedition , over and above the mobbing , but in certain circumstances that might not be pressed , Cameron distressed himself by making a small , indefinite sound which could well have been taken for agreement . A quick , bewildering passage through cold air , strange faces turning to look , a flapping of black gowns topped by frosty wigs . Dark corridors smelling of snuff and dead flowers . The court - room , high , with ceiling timbers like branches in a forest . At the far end , a judge in a high - backed chair , looking at him once over little gold - rimmed spectacles , then disregarding him. Their life was founded on love and mutual respect : father for mother , and parents for children , to which other members of the family were regularly invited . Nathan 's illness apart , theirs was a home life of high - minded living , fun and goodness ; one which rang with Masha 's high spirits , an acceptable foil for her husband 's Edwardian style and manner , a real baleboste . One of Leonard 's few memories of his father ( in addition to his monocle , his spats and his hair smelling of Vitalis ) is that of his reading , both privately and aloud , to him and his sister precious moments that fired the young boy 's imagination and set him , although no one realised it at the time , in the direction of his life 's work . ( One of his father 's particular delights was found in the Reader 's Digest , perhaps an indication of his limited energies . ) Leonard 's overriding impression was of a stout man , reticent and somewhat withdrawn , at least introspective , who enjoyed a good laugh ; a proud member of the Royal Canadian Legion and its military traditions . And so the months passed quickly , filled with the sights , sounds , smells and tastes all of them clamorous and variegated and , not least , the girls with which he filled his mind and his hours . Even as Breavman 's lectures in The Favourite Game did n't count , so the academic exercises dwindled and faded away . His distaste for such work may be seen from the fact that Breavman refers to the ( infrequently visited ) lecture rooms of Columbia by saying to Krantz : Nothing smells more like a slaughterhouse than a graduate seminar . People sitting around tables in small classrooms , their hands bloody with commas Leonard stayed like Breavman at the International Student 's House , from whose lofty heights he could see across New York relieved that it was n't his city , in the day wandering all over New York to stare and taste at will . And when we gained the hill top The Cross shivered A strong wind , smelling of incense and radiation , And disease and French perfume and hidden wars , Blew over from the distant Thames . I let my gaze wander to the open grassy strip at the side of the block , which was almost completely empty of life , and then on to the red buses and cars hurrying along the main road . Fixing my eyes on them , I could n't help cursing Aisha , wishing she was dead , swearing by the Prophet Muhammad that I would have my revenge because it was she who was stopping me walking those streets and riding in those red buses to find work and a flat or a room of my own . When Aisha returned from work , coming through the door weighed down with plastic carrier bags , her coat smelling of perfume mixed with cigarette smoke , I gave a shiver of anger : I wanted to carry shopping bags like that and wear a coat like hers ! Since everything seemed out of my reach I was reduced to making friends with the pigeons who were everywhere , and whose gentle murmurings I 'd grown accustomed to hearing . I put the remains of our dinner on the window ledge to attract them , and when one of them alighted near me I called to it , Taste this couscous , steamed and mixed with oil , English pigeon , and tell me if it 's nice . In her loneliness Eleanor found no comfort in the geography of New York 's lower east side . The nearby Tompkins Square Park was dangerous , and walks by herself , Rosenberg told her , were out of the question . Moments alone were limited to climbing his tenement stairs , smelling different cooking smells on each landing . When she reached the apartment she tried to write , but sounds of crying children and raised voices came through the ceiling and walls . She chain - smoked and stopped eating . Sterling Roncraft have launched what they call Ronseal Solvent Free Varnish . All they are giving away about the composition is that it is a water based polymer . The benefits of this finish quoted by the makers are , that it does n't smell strongly during application and drying , and brushes are cleaned are cleaned up with water when the job is finished . Perhaps a more important advantage of Solvent Free Varnish is that it is touch dry in 20 minutes , and ready for a further coat in two hours . A considerable time advantage over polyurethane finishes , against which it is match . And she still called me her leettle doggie . We went camping in Seville , Spain and because I liked to walk about they chained me to their table . Looking around , I saw this man with a beard , who smelled nice and friendly , so I thought I 'd go and say hello . Unfortunately , I completely forgot I was attached to the table all the lunch things fell off , the wine spilt and the glasses shattered . The man spoke gently and patted my head . Thus he caught the police station and the whole city during those few fictional july days when everything except the Epilogue happens . And he caught his hero too since a man is ( among a million other things but art concentrates attention ) the yellows he sees and tastes , and the evil rancid oil he smells . Also , and perhaps to a greater extent , a man is what he has smelt : later in the novel Raskolnikov gives the police - station smell as the reason for the suspicious circumstance of his fainting , which is neither the whole truth nor a straight lie but the blending of the guilty man with the Poison of the city . Crime and Punishment 's Petersburg does not produce the murderer with the inevitability shown by the abstract city in the novel immediately preceding it , where the underground man was bound to appear in our midst . The draft letter to Katkov merely claims that crimes like this fictional one can be found in the newspapers , and that the fictional murderer has come under the influence of certain half - baked ideas which happen to be in the air at the time . He said the Conservatives had to win a reputation for being a listening party , showing a willingness , where necessary , to reappraise . The party had to show that it was good not just at winning battles , but at winning arguments and friends . Sir Geoffrey said that at Labour 's Brighton conference last week , hope had been nurtured that the Thatcher generation of voters , like youngsters offered a sickly - smelling cigarette at a party , will experiment as their elders did with the notion that Labour knows best . We must be sure that they are alive to the evidence here , no less than in the East , that socialism does not work . The Conservative Conference : Parents to pay for crimes of children A few French Commandos were making their way across the farmyard in the direction of a large barn where it appeared that someone was attempting to prepare breakfast . I joined the others with great anticipation , of , possibly , hot coffee , French bread , maybe fried eggs awaited us in the barn . I could certainly smell coffee brewing . All thoughts of tiredness had now gone as I prepared myself for breakfast and quickened my pace towards the barn . Suddenly , as we were about fifty yards from that lovely smell of coffee , there was an almighty roar as the barn blew up , scattering burning straw and all kinds of debris all over the farm area . Before waiting for an answer she takes me by the hand and leads me on to the dance floor . We join all the other dancers jumping up and down , round and round the dance floor , stopping momentarily as I place my rifle in a corner near the band , then on again keeping time to the music . As the girl dances close to me I can smell her perfume and all that has gone before is completely forgotten ; the slit trenches , the mosquitoes , the wounded and my dead comrades . As we dance I find myself staring at the French girl she has a very pretty face with long , dark hair on to her shoulders , slim build and about 5 2 in height . I stop staring at her as she repeats several times , You are Scottish ? By Journey of the Magi , however , we have birth and death but not copulation . The reader is faced with a renunciation both of the sexuality bound up with primitive rites and , for the moment at least , of modern sexuality . Vickery overemphasizes vegetation references by relating the temperate valley smelling of vegetation with its running stream to a particular scene in The Golden Bough , and by insisting that the water - mill is that in which Tammuz was ground and thus functions as a reminder that death is the price of rebirth . General hints at fertility ceremonies may be present , demonstrating another continuity in theme between this and earlier poetry ; but it is important to see that , though its death and rebirth are also related , Christianity is presented by Eliot as an escape from Frazerian cycles of fertility ( in the way that the Buddhist Shantih shantih shantih hinted at such an escape ) , not as its mere continuation . Ariel Poems , like Coriolan , look back to the world of Eliot 's childhood and youth , whether to his reading of Mayne Reid 's novels or to his sailing off the coast of New England . Wine glasses will look effective arranged down a long dinner table , alternating single large blooms with groups of tiny flowers . Arrange jugs of flowers in order of size , choosing harmonising blooms such as violets , ranunculus and stocks Make it smell sweet When you plan a display , include scented flowers , either shop - bought or home - grown , so that your arrangement smells as good as it looks . Simple to grow scented climbers include many lilies , petunias , lily - of - the - valley , tobacco plants , pinks and carnations , honey - scented buddleia , narcissus , sweet peas , freesias and summer jasmine . Arrange jugs of flowers in order of size , choosing harmonising blooms such as violets , ranunculus and stocks Make it smell sweet When you plan a display , include scented flowers , either shop - bought or home - grown , so that your arrangement smells as good as it looks . Simple to grow scented climbers include many lilies , petunias , lily - of - the - valley , tobacco plants , pinks and carnations , honey - scented buddleia , narcissus , sweet peas , freesias and summer jasmine . Add honeysuckle ( not all the varieties smell so check before buying that it is fragrant ) and climbing roses . MAKE A RIPE CHOICE A good melon should feel heavy for its size , so hold two or three and go for the heaviest . A ripe melon will smell sweet , and yield slightly at the stalk end . If the skin is very soft , the melon is over - ripe . Watermelons should sound hollow when tapped and have a bright , firm flesh with no woodiness . I like Mrs Seaton . She 's fat and she used to cuddle me and Annie . She smells nice too like flowers and soap . And when she whacked the rugs me and Annie used to sneeze on account of the dust . Peter takes the arrow away from me . Then I imagine she turns round and I lean over and kiss her on the mouth . I shut my eyes and hold my lace to hers for a long time . I can smell Marie the way her hair used to smell . We kiss for a long time , then I straighten up. Marie , I say , looking down at her . There 's rows of benches in front of it and I sit down for a bit to look at the tree . There 's a woman sitting on the bench in front of me and she 's eating chips from a bag . I can smell them from where I 'm sitting . I wish I 'd bought some chips I 'm still pretty hungry . There 's a bloke behind me with a big suitcase , reading a newspaper . I go back down the platform , back to where the shops are . One or two of them are still open , and it 's still pretty bright with all their lights and that . There 's a hamburger bar open , and it smells real good . I 'd really like a hamburger , but I 'm broke . I hope it do n't take me too long to get home I could do with summat to eat . It 's even bigger than the buses that go past . There 's a man cooking chestnuts on the corner and I stop and warm my hands over the fire and look at the Christmas tree . The chestnuts smell real good all hot and nutty . I 'd really like some , but I ain't got no money , so I just make do with warming my hands . Everything looks real pretty Corked wine has a powerful pong , rather like musty , mouldy walnuts , and current estimates hold that two out of every 100 bottles are affected . A common cause , according to recent research , is the chlorine solution sometimes used to bleach and sterilise corks . It is thought that this reacts with the woody tissue of the veins to produce trichlorophenol or TCP and that residual moulds feed on this , producing a corked - smelling compound . Australia and New Zealand have a special problem with corked corks , even though they buy the best quality , because the moulds flourish in the warm , damp conditions of the sea voyage from Europe . We 've been seeing more corked wines in Europe , too . Sometimes I think we 'll never see each other again . He pressed his face into her hair . It smelled fresh and newly washed , and curiously stamped with her youth , her beauty , her frail mortality . A moist breath of autumn and ripeness came to them through the open window . There was a brittleness in the sound of wind through the trees that spoke of fall and ruin . She read it over many times , letting her tears fall unchecked on the page . She hoped Vincent would understand , would draw consolation from the knowledge that her life had not been empty , because her love would live on , wanning with its humanity a cold and , possibly , hostile universe . Arty was sitting up in bed , his hair shining from a liberal application of something that looked and smelled like perfumed vaseline and came from a jar labelled Easi - Gro . Over his pyjamas he had put on a new Fair Isle pullover which had been his mother 's Christmas present . He was busily pruning his nails with a pair of scissors and trying to make up his mind about the proper degree of flippancy to adopt for his conversation with Madeleine , when the romance of his afternoon was suddenly eclipsed by the strident voice of his father , grating like a rusty wheel on a dry axle . In time , spraying on the same scent habitually can make us completely insensitive to it . By varying your perfume choice with the frequency you change your smalls , you never build up that resistance ( and thereby avoid the risk of all but suffocating colleagues in a crowded lift with too much Shalimar while you still ca n't smell a thing ) . Also , hormonal changes during the month can alter the chemistry of a perfume on our skin , so what smells great today may be decidedly iffy by next Thursday . Of course , nowadays , fashions in fragrance do mirror those in clothes ; it 's no coincidence may of the world 's best - sellers have been created by top designers . The next big thing , you 'll be interested to hear ( and so will your gran ) , are nostalgic perfumes : anything by Caron or Mary Chess , Guerlain 's early fragrances , and look out , too , for a revival of Schiaparelli 's show - stopping Shocking , in a bottle designed by painter Salvador Dali . SWEET SMELL OF SUCCESS The character of a scent develops slowly on the skin as it notes come into play . Tune into the harmony of your developing fragrance : Top Notes are the first scent you 'll smell , but these are volatile and do n't last . Next come the Middle Notes , which permeate as the personality of the fragrance develops , interacting with your skin 's natural chemicals . A few minutes later , the Base Notes come through , and you 're left with the final , true fragrance created by the Master perfumer , Guy Robert , creator of scents for Dior and Herms . An old fragrance that 's past its prime will become oily , strong - smelling , and may look darker in colour . Beware of over - doing it . After a while , you ca n't smell your own scent but everyone else certainly can ! Tuck empty scent bottles into your wardrobe and drawers , leaving the tops off so that your clothes can soak up the subtle aroma left in the bottles . MEMORIES , MEMORIES Jane Ireland , London N7 Moths can be a real pest but they needn't be a permanent one . Vapona make Moth Killer ' which tends to be sweeter - smelling than moth balls . It costs 1.35 and is available from major department stores including John Lewis of Oxford Street . You hang it in the wardrobe and although you may not find the smell unpleasant , the moth certainly will ! PHOTOS of Lee Krasner and Jackson Pollock taken together somehow indicate how much theirs was a marriage of two painters . It 's on their clothes . You can smell the paint . Lee Krasner 's first love was a Russian painter called Igor Pantuhoff . She lived with him for 11 years . About two years ago Autobacs cleaned up its oily - rag image . Car owners needing their wheel or battery changed are now greeted by men clad in bright orange uniforms and natty caps . At each outlet there is swanky retail space , used to sell every imaginable kind of car accessory , from compact - disc players and car televisions to designer car seats , sporty steering wheels and even perfume to make leather seats smell sweeter . This makes sense in Japan where ( because of stellar house prices ) most young single professionals still live at home with their parents and have cash to spend , and where people do not make a habit of throwing bricks through car windows and stealing things . Consequently , for lack of a better alternative , the car has become the favoured means of personal expression , or as an Autobacs Seven director , Kenzo Kido , puts it , the equivalent of life space . Now two of them have been convicted and sentenced to nearly 40 years in prison . And the form of drug they had indeed been taking a legal drug , as it happens , called alcohol is under attack from the surgeon - general . They had been drinking Cisco , a fruity , wine - based fluid that smells and tastes like a mixture of cough syrup and bathtub gin . Its appeal , however , lies not in its fragrant bouquet but in its potency : some teenagers call it liquid crack . Though packaged to look like a low - alcohol spritzer all soft lines and pastel colours a 12 - ounce bottle of Cisco is as intoxicating as five shots of 100 - proof liquor . The second will seek to allow people to subscribe to pension funds in countries other than the one in which they live . At present , a multinational company cannot run just one fund for all its staff ; an employee moving from Britain to Spain has to join a different fund . Other countries will smell British self - interest in these directives , and not just because Sir Leon Brittan is the commissioner who dreamed them up. Freeing the pensions market will benefit firms with knowledge of international markets and fund management notably , firms in London . Since outside the public sector , or some industry - wide schemes only Britain offers portable pensions , carried by employees from job to job , British pension funds can expect to win recruits from other countries . He called to Eleanor to come into the kitchen . He could tell his wife afterwards that another woman had been in there . Maybe she would even smell a whiff of perfume . He wished he could instruct Eleanor to leave a hair grip , but she did n't use any . Perhaps it would be worth buying a few feminine trifles to leave lying around ? He got the porter to buy him aftershave , but they did n't sell his musky expensive brand in Perth so he had to make do with a cheaper one from the tourist shop . It came in a tartan cardboard box and was labelled Highland Pea . Still , it did n't smell as bad as it sounded . It had a certain peaty resonance . Nigel donned his navy silk pyjamas and paisley dressing gown on the great day and prayed that nobody would be sick over him. Don't worry , you 'll be seeing her again soon , said a nurse . Not if he dies , he wo n't , Dot thought and felt better to realize that at least she was n't frightened by that . Next day , Dot was made to lie on a high hard bed in a glittery room without windows and they pressed a black rubber bowl over her face which smelled like the inside of her gas - mask . But instead of protecting her from attack , this mask forced the gas at her , rushing it up into her face with a sinister hissing . As she began to choke she kicked and struggled for breath before tumbling down into nowhere . I hear it falling in your heart . The bell - laden streets were haunted by the fume of roasting chestnuts . Now whenever I smell roasted chestnuts in Shijo - dori in Kyoto , or in Zrich Hauptbahnhof , I remember that aching void in my life . But after all you came back one day , and it all started again . You were unchanged . It was stuffy in here . Why does n't she ever open any windows ? thought Marie . The room smelled of old woman . Marie could think of nothing else to say . Let 's go out , she said , suddenly . I thought he 'd come into this somewhere ! You know what I used to say about him at school ? I used to say , if he farted , it 'd smell like roses ! And he laughed , uneasily . There was an explosion close to his head . In jail , probably , said Gazzer . His scalp crawled with tension . Simon was so close that he could smell his aftershave and the leather of his coat . But you 've got brains , though . Gazzer could not disguise the grovelling tones of this clumsy attempt at flattery . She could see partly into the little room at the end of the main tunnel . On the floor there were some charred branches . She could smell the wood - smoke : someone had been trying to light a fire . Pressed against the wall so she could n't be seen , Marie edged her way , very quietly , towards the pill - box . There was a smile on her face . This was a remarkable achievement in an industry which was notorious for its local variation , the disunity of its workforce and the general weakness of its trade union organization . Secondly , the outcome of the dispute was seen as a victory for the workers in their attempt to prevent wages being reduced further . Even before the Court of Investigation confirmed the workers ' stand , the trade unions had smelled the scent of victory . On the eve of the agreement to call off the dispute the Yorkshire Factory Times commented that the wage retreat had at last been stopped . Presumptious as this was , the feeling was abroad that government policy , as well as the employers ' stand , had been defeated : Where ? Too late you 've missed it . I can smell aniseed balls , the Mayor exclaimed . It 's a long time since I had any of those . That 's the sweet cicely , I said , pointing out the clumps of lacy white florets and feathery leaves . She was seated in her chair like a cold stone statue , her face turned upward and away as an indication of her contempt . He took great care not to touch her or allow his grubby clothes to come into contact with her beautiful skirt and creamy - white blouse . After wiping the back of his hand across his mouth he stood on tip - toe and stretched up to brush her powdered sweet - smelling cheek with his lips . She accepted the kiss with icy disdain , and his misery was complete . Then the two dogs strained at their chains and snapped their teeth at him as he crossed to the door and quietly left the room . By the time she reached the shorter flight of stairs on the half - landing , Frankie had retreated all the way to his room and closed the door behind him , leaving only the smallest gap through which he peered with one eye . She was still smiling . When he could smell her perfume and hear the soft rustle of her skirt , he closed the door fully and held his breath . He heard the bolt slide from the attic door , then her tread on the stairs and the muffle of voices as she reached the upper room . He listened for some time before judging it safe to tiptoe downstairs . You should find the weight will drop quite acceptably . Any good weight loss regime should not lead to extreme hunger ; it should be so easy that you can stick with the diet until all the weight is off . The final events that lead our dieter to break the diet are quite concrete , namely , walking into a caf , seeing and smelling the pastries , and seeing other people happily enjoying them . If you realize that you are especially susceptible at some particular time it is foolish to place yourself directly in temptation 's way . If you think you could well get out of control you can avoid triggering stimuli as much as possible . The fact that nobody noticed him , let alone the flowers , did not give him ease of conscience , but that was what he sought . Pointless , quite , to return and replace the plucked stems . In the end , Gaily followed the clergyman , the coffin , and the small bunch of women , black as crows , into the dust - smelling church . It was the least he could do . As he passed through the doorway , he heard his bus go grinding by the church and away up the hill . I see they 've caught up with him in Huddersfield , Ma said , that prisoner . Gaily went out , smiling to himself . The street was just moist with rain , sweet - smelling . Then he remembered George Aspinall and the change of plan , and that he had not decided what to do . He turned the corner miserably , bumping into Elsie with their fish and chips . Aunt Harriet would have been cross , normally , for the seat of the swing made green press - marks on her skirt , but the visitor had spoken up for her , taken whatever blame there was and Aunt Harriet had led Eleanor away to wash her hands before tea , telling her how very , very lucky she was , and how she must always be grateful to the Minister and remember this occasion in future years . And in the bathroom , she had been allowed to use one of the tiny , individual soap shells especially provided for the guests , and to keep it afterwards . It had smelled like this soap today , a light , entirely distinctive smell , a little like what flower ? Any flower ? Eleanor had known so many flowers as a child , each by its botanical and by its common name . Gaily looked up instinctively . That had to be answered , after all . Trains these days , he said slowly , do not smell . It 's years since you went on a train , you have n't any idea . Trains are n't what they were , there 's been a revolution in trains . That is the last time I shall put myself at a loss or disadvantage for her , she decided , unable as she was to thank me . And , if she has a sister who is going out of her mind , I have had a mother eighty - nine years old and senile , I cannot be said to deserve any further burdens nor to have failed in carrying out my duty . She turned from the window , back into the room that still smelled faintly of Isabel Lavender 's black coat and black feathered hat . And a sudden lightness of heart took her . There were no longer any cries from upstairs . Leila does n't know . She sniffed . I can smell food . Try that door . Now , not a word , remember ? Do it in the dark , then , she said . I 'll fix the light after . You 'll kill yourself ! he whispered , his face so close to her , smelling the tawny sheen of her skin . One day . Maybe . Good meadow hay consists of the same grasses and clovers as a good pasture . It should be free of weeds or seeds that are poisonous or can damage a horse 's mouth , such as barley grass . Good hay should also smell good , have retained its green colour , and be free of dust and mould . Hay that has lost its colour has a lower nutritional value and is less palatable . If hay has been rained on it may be completely useless . ( iv ) The Flehman posture is probably the most curious expression that horses make . The horse puts its head high in the air , muzzle uppermost , and curls back the upper lip and sniffs long and noisily through its squashed nostrils . Colts and stallions are likely to make this face after smelling urine , but other horses occasionally do it too . ( v ) And lastly , the face of rising anger , which should be recognised by everyone . Although the vast majority of horses tolerate or even like people , occasionally there is one who does n't . Many horses may do one thing , but others will do something quite different to express the same emotion . Consequently , the same gesture in horses may indicate different emotions , and it is the context or situation in which the gesture is used that more fully reveals its meaning . Hence , dilating the nostrils may indicate anxiety , but may also indicate great interest in another horse , or , more simply , the nostrils may be dilated so that the horse can smell and learn something more of its environment . In the same way , the ears , which we had been led to believe revealed the horse 's emotions , are not really good indicators of a horse 's feelings on their own . The ears are more like an extension of the eye , pointing where the action is , often flicking forwards , backwards , and even sideways , gathering sounds and information for the horse . We measure different degrees in the quality of eyesight and try and correct deficiencies with spectacles . We measure different abilities in hearing and prescribe hearing aids for those that are lacking . But there is no scale for measuring our efficiency to smell . We seem to feel that it is a sense we can manage without . So why worry about a horse 's ability to smell ? We seem to feel that it is a sense we can manage without . So why worry about a horse 's ability to smell ? Horses have a particularly acute ability to smell , and are sensitive to scents and aromas that no person could ever normally detect . Many horse owners know that their horse can smell dry oats or grain , which for us have no odour , from at least several feet away . The grain will be out of sight , and certainly in some unexpected place . So why worry about a horse 's ability to smell ? Horses have a particularly acute ability to smell , and are sensitive to scents and aromas that no person could ever normally detect . Many horse owners know that their horse can smell dry oats or grain , which for us have no odour , from at least several feet away . The grain will be out of sight , and certainly in some unexpected place . The grain may be in a pocket , hidden inside a box , or out of sight above the horse on a bird table . Yet the horse , never having discovered food in such a place before , will stop short in its tracks and say , quite clearly , I want it ! The horse 's sense of smell is acute , and it is dependent upon it for adequate communication with other horses . A mare checks her foal by smelling it ; and horses check the acceptability of each other by nostril to nostril sniffing ; they even check us over too . When people meet in a social situation , they assess each other visually . They often know from this visual appraisal almost immediately if another person interests them or not. We do not have a very good sense of smell , and as a result we are often tactless when handling animals . A jealous horse may resent hands that smell of its rival ; a greedy horse may be upset by empty hands that smell of food ; and an aggressive stallion may be made dangerous by hands that smell of other stallions or a mare in oestrus . One also wonders whether it is wise to smoke or to smell of perfume when handling horses . Some years ago there was a vet , who besides always smelling of methylated spirits , would always conscientiously swab a horse 's neck with meths before giving an injection . Then , hey presto ! A jealous horse may resent hands that smell of its rival ; a greedy horse may be upset by empty hands that smell of food ; and an aggressive stallion may be made dangerous by hands that smell of other stallions or a mare in oestrus . One also wonders whether it is wise to smoke or to smell of perfume when handling horses . Some years ago there was a vet , who besides always smelling of methylated spirits , would always conscientiously swab a horse 's neck with meths before giving an injection . Then , hey presto ! The horse would instantly change from placid and tractable to anxious and difficult ! I lay unmoving . My face was on dead leaves and dried grass and pieces of twig . I could smell the musty earth . Earth - digested , come to dust . Someone , I thought dimly , was waiting to see if I moved : and if I moved there would be a third thud and my heart would stop . Shall I ever know what it is to have had my fill ? Shall I ever know quiet again ? peace ? The sweet - smelling earth ? Beloved The German Commandant had dreamt of a mute Jewish whore and when he was issued one for the duration his cup overflowed . Just outside the door , under the window , was a yellow painted bench on which the old woman sat , her feet concealed by a froth of nasturtiums . How do my nasturtiums look ? They smell very good ! Indeed they do ! And they look beautiful . By the time she had fed them with the filthy stuff , she was covered in oil and stuck all over with cotton fly . Like a baby who 's been rolled in warm lotions and talcum powder . Only she did n't smell half so sweet . Joy Prentice was flagging visibly . Her arms had dropped to her sides and her head drooped . Laughing sort of . Her face is all twisted up like a snarl . She leans down to me real close and I can smell it the gin . And I can see her teeth she 's laughing . Rose shrank back on the bed . This was a real lady The girls were suddenly self - conscious , smoothing down their tattered skirts and tucking their dirty feet out of sight . One or two hid their hands under their aprons . Sam became aware for the first time how bad he smelled . Miss Harker seemed to walk in a cloud of fragrance even the air round her was somehow airier and lighter than anywhere else in the musty room . Thacker looked her up and down , then dropped his eyes to the floor . There 's also the rugged remoteness of Dartmoor or the North Cornwall coast for those wanting real isolation . This kind of specialist service has , solicitor James Whelan believes , made the difference between success and failure for himself and his wife in finding an ideal base in Devon to come back to from Dubai , where they lived since 1985 . We would probably have been fleeced by some estate agents who would have smelled our lack of knowledge of the market a mile off . But during our holiday visit we found exactly what we wanted , helped by the way Jonathan used his imagination about what we might like , even though we had n't specified it . West Country Living : Where waves wash away city tension Lynne Edmunds finds that the trek to a more leisurely crowd - free lifestyle is far from being an over - 60s monopoly But though diesels made sense on paper , some staff were not convinced and a few even changed jobs to escape employers who imposed diesel cars on them . So what has changed ? For a start , some brands of diesel now have additives to make them smell sweeter . Also , manufacturers have upgraded the specification of diesel cars as well as making greater use of turbo - chargers to improve performance . In addition the Budget made the tax on diesel supplied by firms for employees ' private motoring lower than the tax on petrol . Legend has it that Rhodes , largest of the Dodecanese islands set in the blue Aegean Sea , was home to the sun god Helios and little wonder given this island 's mild climate and long sun - drenched summer days. Enchanting towns and villages , ancient temples , and elaborate mosques , all bear witness to a turbulent past when Rhodes was governed by Romans , Arabs , Turks and Crusaders . But apart from historical sites , visitors come to enjoy the island 's long sandy beaches and inland scenery of olive - clad hillsides and sweet - smelling pine forests . Modern resorts offer every amenity for shopping during the day , and a choice of clubs , discos and casinos at night . And the local tavernas are the best places to sample the delicious Greek cuisine or to simply sit back with a glass of ouzo and watch the world go by . Much more golf was being played and a 72 record entry was achieved for the Captain 's Prize . Bill Pedler won some impressive professional competitions in the South of England and Dorothy Campbell , the Ladies ' Champion of Great Britain , France and Canada played an Exhibition at Henley to the great delight of the members . The social highlight was again a robust Artisans ' Dinner ( 5s . 0d . ) , this time at the White Hart ( decorated with imitation golf balls ) and where the non - playing Mayor ( Coun . S.J. Holton ) , made amusing puns about tea - smelling caddies . Could this be the J. Holton who played after the Caddies ' Match in 1912 ? But now 20 years old , the Club was experiencing changes of a sadder kind . She was menopausal and had begun hot flashes 18mths previously and took Dixarit . She expressed being a sensitive person who needed company ( she always had the radio on ) , she was n't thirsty and she liked the heating on but had to have windows open . Pulsatilla LM1 produced a response within 3 days when her mouth felt as if it was coated with glue and then she suddenly found she could smell again ! She was much better in herself and the sinus problem having effectively gone by Puls LM3 she was left with hot flushes and no further improvement . A single dose of Puls 200 produced a night free of flushes but this did n't hold and repetition of the Puls 200 after 2 days had no effect nor did increasing to Puls 1M or returning to Puls LM4 . This highly artificial ideal can be seen , then , both as an aspect of the relations of men and women , and of the relations between classes . Jonathan Swift 's misogynistic satires often work simply by showing the difference between the physical woman and the dazzling effect created by make - up and dress . What Swift finds is , of course , the problem : Who sees , will spew ; who smells , be poison 'd Swift , 2 , 583 . For Swift , there is a connection between cosmetics and prostitution ; the carefully assembled exterior often conceals both physical horror and moral contamination . Mary Leapor attempts to see beyond artificial appearance to what she believes is a more authentic femininity . Maggie realized that Susan meant the metallic smell . It had gone . All she could smell now was the clean salty tang of the sea . And the rain 's stopped at last , Maggie stated . The earlier deluge had eventually given way to more normal rain , and now finally that too had passed . He 'd probably asked for the best sherry available , she rightly guessed . Very nice indeed , she acknowledged , which clearly delighted him. Something smells good , Maggie commented as Mr Sanderson poured out whisky for himself , Nevil and Jimmy . Steak - and - kidney pudding , a speciality of mine , Mrs Sanderson replied . Then , with a sudden frown , I hope you like steak - and - kidney pudding ? In 1912 Nina Hamnett , a modern and talented young artist from England , briefly visited Paris , where she met Epstein and his wife . Ever since the visit she had longed to be part of the artistic excitement of the city . In February 1914 she scraped together the money for the trip and took lodgings in Montparnasse in a foul - smelling room on the Boulevard Raspail . On her first night she went to eat at Rosalie 's , the cheap restaurant Epstein had recommended . As she sat alone in the smoky little room eating her dinner , in walked a handsome man , with curly black hair and brown eyes , wearing a black hat and corduroy suit . I remember a December night : I heard the church clock strike nine as I went down into the garden it was warm enough to walk . There were a few last roses glimmering the lights from the French windows . No other flowers were in the garden , yet I seemed to smell the strong scent of nicotiana . Nicotiana do not bloom in December but I smelled them , and with them another smell , a cigar , but James had not smoked cigars nor was there anyone near who did . The scent came with me as I walked , and I sensed a companionship . There were a few last roses glimmering the lights from the French windows . No other flowers were in the garden , yet I seemed to smell the strong scent of nicotiana . Nicotiana do not bloom in December but I smelled them , and with them another smell , a cigar , but James had not smoked cigars nor was there anyone near who did . The scent came with me as I walked , and I sensed a companionship . Rumer Godden is a writer , playwright and poet . When Hopper and Fonda arrived Hopper looking rough and hippyish with his long hair and wild beard and stetson hat some other youths who did not know what he was about began crowding in on him , saying , I can smell him. Can you smell him ? Another said , Yeah , I smell him. It 's his hair . Have you ever seen hair as long as that ? One old sailor kept a custom from his nautical days. Last thing at night he always had his tot of rum , and it used to smell the room out . I can smell that rum now . He and his wife were a very , very thrifty , simple - living couple , and right at the end of their long lives quite close . But before that , unfortunately , their domestic life was n't very happy and there was a period in their lives when they both lived in the same house but did n't speak to one another . ) She sits in silence for a few minutes , simply to breathe in the company of others , then goes and brings me my soup , followed by potatoes , onion and a fried egg . At half past seven it 's curtains . I drift off to sleep smelling the sweet smell of the straw mattress , but I 'm woken by driving rain . There are no dogs here ; the only sound is the weather . All morning it pours . Time had slipped , the flat was in the past , not a particular human past , but some old ownerless past like that of a hitherto undiscovered cavern whose silence resisted the puny human sounds of the intruders . The sound of clothes tumbling onto the floor was a startling phenomenon , difficult to interpret . The rooms , painted green , were dark and damp and smelled of alien growths . Ludens tiptoed into the kitchen and was amazed to see two mugs on the table with remnants of tea in them . He then looked about , expecting to see a cage with a dead bird , the body of a starved cat in a basket . This embarrassed Roland , since Fergus transcended any such terminology ; he was indeed blond , and he was indeed sexually very successful , and that was an end to it . He came to no more meals , and Roland feared Fergus thought this was a function of his , Roland 's , resentment . When he got home that evening he could smell that Val was in a mood . The basement was full of the sharp warmth of frying onions , which meant she was cooking something complicated . When she was not in a mood , when she was apathetic , she opened tins or boiled eggs , or at most dressed an avocado . The Ash factory was a hot place of metal cabinets and glass cells containing the clatter of typewriters , gloomily lit by neon tubes . Micro - readers glowed green in its gloom . It smelled occasionally sulphurous , when the photocopiers short - circuited . It was even beset by wailings and odd shrieks . The whole of the lower regions of the British Museum reeks of tom - cat . Why not ? replied the tailor . Since there is no use for my craft in this wild place , and since I have not chosen prudently . Then the animals came closer with their warm , milky breaths that smelled sweetly of hay and the summer , and their mild comforting gaze that was not human , and the dog lay with his heavy head on the tailor 's foot , and the brindled cat sat on the arm of his chair . You must go out of this house , said the little grey man , and call to the West Wind , and show her your key , when she comes , and let her carry you where she will , without struggle or alarm . If you fight or question she will toss you on the thorns and it will go ill with you before you come out of there . Then it began , the stuff she hated , the stuff she had been forced to stand by and watch all her life . Lorna Lewis might not have made a picture since a flopperoo called It Happened in Monte Carlo three years ago , but she was still Hollywood royalty . As she advanced into this room full of teenagers , pretending not to smell the rich aroma of Acapulco Gold , gracefully rippling the caftan of pink flowered silk which she considered appropriately hip casual wear , the kids all stopped what they were doing and collected admiringly around her . Somebody put on Herb Alpert instead of The Doors . The guitar player strummed along respectfully . No big deal , nothing heavy , nothing depraved Don't talk to me like that , Jocasta . There were people taking drugs at that party , I could smell it . That was patchouli oil , Mom , ca n't you tell the difference ? God , you 're so nave , I ca n't believe it . Caustic soda Hypochlorites : More readily known as common bleach sodium hypochlorite is a highly effective , cheap and widely available bactericide . It is also highly corrosive , pungent smelling , food tainting and toxic , although , being highly volatile , residual toxicity is low . In its concentrated form it is hazardous to handle especially as many commercial formulations are stabilised with caustic soda . In dilute form it is unstable with a storage life of approximately 24 hours . Up in my father 's room , Dr Meredith was making some notes and Mrs Mortimer weeping bitterly . She was still wearing her apron which , evidently , she had been using to wipe away her tears ; as a result there were grease marks all over her face , giving her the appearance of a participant in a minstrel show . I had expected the room to smell of death , but on account of Mrs Mortimer or else her apron the room was dominated by the smell of roasting . Dr Meredith rose and said : My condolences , Stevens . He suffered a severe stroke . Then I had slept and awoken as the bus stopped amongst a scatter of mud huts . Somebody told me we were halfway to Maun and gave me some water which I was too thirsty to sterilise . Sitting up in the cold morning light we could have been sprayed by a fine grey snow as we slept dust from the Kalahari which I can still smell in my clothes . The Okavango river flows across the desert to form a huge swampland , a watery jungle where animals roam ; a fascinating , dangerous place . With a friend we visited the local hospital and saw victims of crocodile , hippo , and lion attacks , and a man blinded by a spitting cobra . My feet had ceased diplomatic relations with the rest of me . Our penguins held fishing rods and wore hats and coats of thick fur : they were humans nay , Russians . I expect we were about three miles out to sea by now , though I could not smell any salt , hear any gulls or see any boats . The over - swaddled Russians had built curved walls of ice around themselves and drilled small holes through to the sea , over which they crouched with their fishing tackle , perfectly still . Some of them had faces : red - raw and wrinkled , with tiny eyes and pursed lips . We travelled , of course , by train and behind a steam - engine , and ate very sticky cakes in a caf in the High Street . Most of my friends stayed in colleges , but I stayed with an aunt in Victoria Road and was very much warmer in consequence . Several three - hour papers were answered in large , cold halls smelling of kippers : the open fires were large , decorative and ineffective . All I can now remember of questions and answers is writing a three - hour essay on Security , and I cannot think that it was very good . In December I was interviewed on a dark evening at Trinity by a group of Fellows , one of whom wore enormous boots and all of them seemed amused by my belief that there were no good books on eighteenth - century English history . There you will meet a tall , rugged stranger taking his car engine to bits with no hope of reassembling it . It is raining and he is hostile but beauty always moves the goal - posts ; no sooner has he said , Go away . You smell , than his antipathy turns to obsession . The only problem with the plot of Strange Place to Meet is that in order to win Gerard Depardieu you need to look like Catherine Deneuve , palely gorgeous in a sable coat . You see a woman like her in the street and you imagine she is very much at ease with life , Catherine told me recently . It does n't look too bad . He waited for five minutes then went in after them . The place smelled of fresh paint and new carpets . The woman walked across the foyer towards him. I think we 'll stay here tonight , she said . No. He tasted his brandy . You smell . What do I smell off ? The usual things . The vehicles must be varied in appearance , the destination told to the driver in code as he leaves the depot by you or me . We must have dummy runs to confuse the intelligence systems of the professional robbers . And I hire every member of the staff I can smell a wrong 'un a hundred yards away We infiltrate informants into the underworld to organize our own counter - espionage apparatus In certain countries on the Continent we use tougher methods Ventilation is very important , therefore in any place where this is absent such as around floor joists and in roof spaces suspect the worst . Wet rot is obvious if the timbers are wet , but they may have dried out so watch for stain marks and test the ends of joists , beams and trusses with a screwdriver to see if they are soft or brittle . Dry rot smells fusty and has white cobweb - pattern marks . If tested with a screwdriver the wood will break away ( remember to disinfect the screwdriver and your hands afterwards ) . Pay particular attention to the ends of joists in contact with brickwork , check under staircases , in cellars and in all built - in cupboards or dead spaces . A gift shop , a snack bar and a petrol station is not exactly a model , thriving Highland community , and the disquieting feeling that these places now exist only to empty the contents of your wallet if you so much as slow down is not a pleasant one . Nobody expects Brigadoon with tartan - skirted villagers singing softly as they fill your arms with sweet heather and invite you in to their fireside . But we could all do with a few less stuffed velvet Loch Ness monsters and dismal cafeterias that smell of incontinence . However , Bridge of Orchy station is a very convenient starting point , and after crossing beneath the railway line a prominent path leads you up the hill in the direction of a gully that divides Beinn Dorain from its sister Munro , Beinn an Dothaidh . It goes without saying , unless you 're a reader with severe learning difficulties , that this is a corker of a hill to do if you do n't have a car . Some crates were as big as vacation cottages , because a hierarchy of crate status had suddenly come into being . The richer the people , the bigger the crates they erected . Crates belonging to millionaires were impressive : beamed and lined with sailcloth , they had solid , elegant walls made of the most expensive grades of tropical wood , with the rings and knots cut and polished like antiques . The passage takes off thereafter in ecstatic inventory . At the start of the book there are false notes , those of a Hemingway war correspondent : Every knock at the door could mean the end for me . Perhaps it has stopped their descent . I cannot make out . The remaining passengers there were not many of them had in the meanwhile managed to make their way , by scrambling from the outside of one car to the next , to the safety of the solid wooden landing stage . They stood there in a frightened cluster . I am going to make the climb downwards , the Finn called to them . the commitments A richly realistic , pointedly perceptive portrait of the passions and pitfalls of the local band scene . Wonderfully humorous , bursting with life and packed with enough solid soul music to make the blood dance in your veins . Mike Davies . THE COMMITMENTS is Alan Parker 's new film and represents a change of direction for him which has been phenomenally successful . Tony Deep ( associate producer , FAMILY PRIDE ) and members of both the production team and the cast will be present to discuss the series . Central Television 's first series of CHANCER ( 1990 ) was an irresistible item on the television schedule for many millions of viewers . A very strong leading rogue character played with great guile by Clive Owen emerged out of a solid plot supported by the matchless acting skills of Leslie Phillips . The face pace of CHANCER was another leading ingredient moving the story along briskly in the best of popular drama traditions . Having saved the sports car company and turned himself in at the end of series one , Clive Owen led off the second series in 1991 completing the last days of a prison sentence and abandoning the city slicker lifestyle for a battle to save a bankrupt stately home . Lucy was shy as hell , and Jay was sure and easy . O my beloved ! They talked about everything but , mouths moving and laughing with no sound : Jay saw them now as if on film , now from inside her thrilling flesh , looking at Lucy , making her laugh , feeling the thick cream linen napkin , the solid edge of the table . And Lucy knew they were there to be lovers , Jay knew like her heartbeat that they would make love . In their room the lights were honey - pale , and Lucy turned away to undress . Lucy spoke of her life , Jay wanted to hold her and hug the hurt away . Dew sat prettily on the roses , and they walked more slowly , Lucy looking at roses , Jay wishing she had a camera , knowing that , whatever else , now she was happy . There was a conservatory too , a solid Victorian steam - palace of dark leaves and shaggy trunks towering like film scenery above them . They parted , and Jay watched Lucy through the fronds , utterly thrilled . Hey presto ! a magic mauve flower at her feet , a reason to go to Lucy , touch her arm , say come here I want to show you something . She began to shed the brilliant borrowed chameleon plumage , she wanted to let Lucy in . She started on her flesh . Jay was a solid woman , dressed in dark loose comfortable clothes that hid a multitude of sins . All at once she had to notch her belt tighter , found she had hipbones , cheekbones , found her breasts were round and firm. She bought scarlet jeans and loud shirts , shoes with rainbows on the toe . CHAPTER TWELVE That spring was magic . A rare sneak preview of summer in the city , ice - cream regency houses linked with solid tree silhouettes against a sky as blue as blue . Trees in the park misted over with young green , bright spring yellow flowers crowding front gardens ; embassy lawns starred with daisies ; snowdrop beds , municipal grass studded with crocuses . Jay drove as if inspired , drinking it all in . And then it was mammoth time and nothing she could do about it . Yes , Dragonfly Moonchild she had been and loved the summer - child in her . Jay shivered in the solid sunshine and forced memories of the winter after that summer . It had all crystallised at a party . She should not have gone to that party . She sipped brandy , held it on her tongue , set herself alight . She knew her animal , all at once , no question : not cutesy , not brave , not magnificent . Just solid and misunderstood . Welcome home , mammoth , home to a real fire . What brings you here ? said Aurora again , breathily , as if it mattered , flicking out the light and sitting again with practised gaucherie . While not seeking to cave your opponent 's ribs in , do strike hard enough to leave the refereeing panel in no doubt at all that contact has been made on the scoring area . Be careful during team matches if you are heavier than your opponent , because what seems like a light tap to you may prove a sledgehammer to him , and may result in a penalty . Having said that , if you weigh only 60 kg ( 132 lb ) and yet still manage to sit your 90 kg ( 198 lb ) opponent down with a solid thump to his mid - section , then the refereeing panel may well applaud your fervour with a full point . Obviously , you cannot rely on a hard landing in the case of face punches , so other means must be employed . Even in the case of front arm jabs , the distance travelled should be maximised and the action demonstrated as a thrust rather than a snap . Your lower leg should be at the same height as the knee as the latter points to the target . Lean away from the flexed knee and keep your guard close to your body , but avoid hunching your shoulders . Power the lower leg into the target , aiming for a light smack if attacking the head , or a more solid thump if going for the ribs . Roundhouse kick ( a ) Pull back the spent reverse punch , using this action to help bring your kicking knee across the front of your body ( b ) Lean away and power the kick into the target Anderson seemed to be the only person at home ; he sold them jugs of ale , small beer for the children ; James 's credit was good for a stone jar of whisky and one of the Duke 's men was detailed to carry it on his back in a wicker frame . They might have become becalmed there as their heads ballooned with the drink but the Duke told his piper to rouse their feet with a steady march , Murdo Mackenzie of Torridon , and they headed off downstream towards Grandtully past the standing stone , the quiet watcher , while damp black shadow massed in the river - channel as though the night came from there . on the far bank Cameron had outstripped them , his army moving steadily down the strath , winning signatures at the house of Cluny , at Clochfoldich and Pitnacree , by the solid slow avalanche of their numbers , massing quietly round each house , hammering three times on each door . By this time every gentleman knew what was expected of him : Cameron never dismounted , he leaned from the saddle and passed the paper down to the angry , helpless proprietor and took it back signed . The west windows of Hope Steuart 's place at Ballechin flared with sunset , as though fires blazed inside it . Young McCulloch was on his own where was Jean ? Clusters of dark clothes marked out contingents from up Keltney and beyond . A solid snake of people still wound back along the north shore of the loch . A waft of singing sounded from the church , like a great collective musical groan , with an overtone of keening the final psalm . People presently came flowing out of the door and spread between the gravestones . We are meeting again tomorrow , at Fortingall . Drawing in the Glenlyon folk , and your neighbours here , we hope . Once all this country is solid against the Act , and all across the Lowlands , then the government must think again . Do governments do that ? And anyway suppose the war hots up , and they 're desperate for men ? In a brown - panelled room smelling of tobacco they sat on opposite sides of a cold hearth full of cinders , swallowing hot wine and water under the blue eyes of Sergeant Collier , who was looking at them with intent curiosity like a man staring at a two - headed dog in a freak show . If only they had saved us . They should have held solid at the bridge . If they had , the troopers would have had their heads off . But they were armed ! Purdy , she judged , would try to rile her . But she suspected he was all front . Roy looked much more solid the kind of man who would sit silently through what she had to say , listen to Purdy 's probing , then corner her with a single , well - informed comment . So she must be flashy for Purdy , devastatingly accurate for Roy . She smiled . There is another branch of graphics , however , in which an image is produced by the use of line rather than mass . In its most basic form the technique involves merely an outline , or when it is filled in , a silhouette ; but of course it can be much more elaborate than that . Linear representation of solid form has always been a valid artistic technique , especially in drawing ( as distinct from painting ) , and it can be used in marquetry work also provided the nature of the material ( ie . wood ) is not ignored . You have to remember that wood is really quite a coarse material ( compared to fine metals , for instance ) and it is also stronger along the grain than across it . This means that with wood veneer you cannot achieve very fine lines in a design but with care and good planning some quite delicate effects can be obtained ( fig. 3 ) . All the other brass fittings , supplied by Chas . Greville at Farnham Surrey , are to the highest standard . The case is of highly figured solid English walnut , and Macassar ebony . Finish is by french polish applied with a hand rubber and then covered with a protective coating of carnauba wax polish . All the small mouldings were shaped by an overhead router either against a fence or with a pin ( for the so - called great arch ) . Whereas it is simple to make a robust chair , combining these three characteristics and yet producing a chair which has individual character can be a real challenge . I would imagine that most chairs made by craftsmen are of the spindled variety , from the Windsor to the Shaker and many shades in between . Although no one will doubt their possibilities for elegance and robustness , sitting on a solid wood seat can test the limits of comfort after quite a short time and woven seats are little better . In addition , these styles do not fit well with walnut dining room tables and candlelit evenings . When such dinners can last for hours , a well - upholstered seat is essential . Frequently , such furniture now displays longitudinal splits in the boards . The earlier and well - known technique of framing up a loose panel appears to have been sacrificed to the whimsy of fashion . In more modern furniture where a composite board of inherent stability , such as plywood , has been used the use of end and side lippings of solid wood is both sage and justifiable in concealing raw edges . But , where as you suggest , custom designed pieces which adopt this practice when using sold wood there is the likelihood of failure whatever the species or moisture content . I can only volunteer that this is done by designers who have an imperfect understanding of the nature and properties of wood , or who are literally prepared to risk it . Irate with frustration through constantly having to pick up my pencils after bending over , I really thought I 'd cracked it when I bought a posh mechanical pencil , with a clip . Imagine my rage when I leaned too hard against a workpiece and bent the pencil . What I needed was a solid holder that would n't let pencils bend or break , and a retainer that would expand and contract a million times . The solution is two 5/8in - thick pieces of hardwood to fit in a breast pocket ; mine is 4x4in . Clamp them together , making sure they are vertical . Classic Cabinets For woodworkers inspired by furniture and cabinetmaking , the September issue of Woodworker will be filled with potential projects , ideas and techniques . Michael Burley charts the progression of his collector 's cabinet , explaining how to make the piece with veneers , MDF and solid timber . Adrian Jones , who studied for a number of years at Parnham House , has made a similar cabinet , and in the September issue he displays that piece and talks bout his work as a successful furniture - maker . Any readers attempting to furnish a home should find ample material in the September issue . GBG heralds key of the door birthday by Jeff Evans Hot on the heels of the 1991 sell - out , the 1992 edition of the Good Beer Guide goes on sale at the end of this month as a prelude to CAMRA 's 21st birthday year . The Guide has long been seen as CAMRA 's flagship , mixing solid campaigning points with entertaining features , the latest information from the brewing world and Britain 's best pub guide . This year 's edition , once again generously sponsored by British Coal , is no exception . The breweries section continues to expand , such is the growth in demand for real ale , and there are many new brews to whet the appetite . We learn that climbing is about tenuous niches in the horizontal rather than scaling a sheer cliff , as the journalese has it . It 's about oases of control where there should be none . It should come as no surprise then , that some of those who see bolting as fundamentally reducing the experience I 've outlined above , and which is our common heritage , should cast around for some solid arguments to counter its spread . Hence the great cry has gone up : Leave the environment alone ! What are a few bolts beside the environmental devastation caused by a large quarry ? Despite their bare feet , our young guides strolled nonchalantly across these sections , apparently unconcerned that a single slip could send them plummeting down the mountainside . Nearer the top , all the soil and loose stones had been completely eroded away , leaving a huge dome of smooth grey rock . It was steep and exposed but solid , and the final push for the summit involved some exhilarating scrambling . As we sat on the top , recovering from the steep walk and admiring the view down into the valley and out to the plains beyond , the boys produced a rather crushed packet of cigarettes and all four of them puffed away merrily . We wondered about the pen money , but said nothing . It is well worth visiting just as a tourist or to do the five - hour walk along the bottom of the gorge . But there are many routes at VS to E1 , which are approached by one abseil from the rim . This is the mental adjustment that has to be made at Verdon you start your route with several hundred metres already below you , but once you rationalise this it 's just a steep , very solid crag ! Most climbers park at the Belvedere de la Carelle , a viewing point on the loop road that follows the rim of the gorge and ends at the little village of La Palud . A steep slab at right angles to the viewing balcony gives several routes at about VS and is a poseur 's paradise as you have a continuous battery of video cameras pointing at you . It is not good practice simply to leave the cable poking out of the wall , and many wall light fittings will not have space in their backing plate to make the connections . SECURING LIGHT SWITCHES For flush - mounted switches , you will have to make a hole in a solid wall to take a metal mounting box most light switches fit into a 16mm plaster depth wall box , so you do n't have to cut away any of the brick or block . Secure the box to the masonry behind with wallplugs and screws do n't rely on filler to hold it in place . For hollow walls , you can get special plastic boxes with wings which open up behind the plasterboard to hold the box in place . The owners of this modern kitchen preferred a wood appearance and so they rang the changes . In selected independent stores you will find a range of replacement doors and drawer replacement doors and drawer fronts in some 40 sizes . You have a choice of pine which can be varnished , stained or painted or there is a very attractive solid cherry . Prices range from around 5 for a door in pine , to 7.50 in cherry . Conversion is simple . Use an end mill for boring the holes . And as an aid to drilling , make a simple template from a length of batten . As solid cherry doors are pre - varnished , protect the surface of the door when using cramps 4 When boring the holes , take great care not to go too deep or you 'll come through the face of the door ! INSULATION BOARD REDUCES NOISE THROUGH WALLS A new product from Heraklith is available to improve the sound insulation properties of various types of walls . Heraklith Sound Insulation boards , for example , will improve the airbourne sound insulation index of a solid 250mm brick wall by 13dB ( 10dB means a reduction in sound level of 50 % ) . The boards , 25 or 35mm thick , are a laminate of layers of Heraklith - M - Original magnesite - bound wood incorporating a flexible foam core . It is the careful balance between the dynamic rigidity of the core and the weight of the surface layer which prevents significant resonance incursions . As soon as you pick it up you know it is going to work well , and it does ! This is basically an industrial tool built for professional use , and the build quality is superb . It is comfortable to hold , feels solid , and is obviously well assembled around a die - cast aluminium frame . Before you can start using the tool , a 13amp plug must be fitted to the rubber - covered lead . This is 2.65m ( 8ft 8in ) long so you are not forever dragging an extension lead socket around the workplace . Unless you already have a non - return valve fitted ( and only the very newest installations will have this built - in ) a double - check and drain valve is needed to comply with the law. We have arranged a special offer with C.K. Tools this month : their swivel - action valve is made from rust - proof solid brass . It comes complete with all fittings for usual tap - threads , and all you will need is a wrench to tighten it in position to comply with the law incidentally , a fine of up to 400 can be imposed for non - compliance with the law ! The C.K. It can be used under hardboard to cover floors ( where it improves noise insulation and cuts heat loss ) , or in sheet or tile form to improve the appearance of ceilings . It is easy to cut and handle and can be decorated with paper or textured paint . All the association 's leaflets make extensive use of mdf , a fibreboard that handles like solid wood , and is stable and smooth on both sides . Mdf 's smooth surface enables it to accept all types of finishes , from veneers and laminates , to paints and varnishes . The absence of knots also means there is little wastage . It is widely available and is now much simpler to fit . There is also a second generation of plastic cladding materials which have none of these drawbacks and which are also extremely easy to handle and install . These have a solid cellular core of unplasticised polyvinyl chloride ( upvc ) enclosed in a smooth , durable outer skin , and they can be sawn and drilled just like timber . They are rigid , completely impermeable to water and almost maintenance - free , simply requiring occasional washing to remove surface grime . Another major advantage over the thinner types of cladding is that they provide additional insulation to exterior walls ( which can be augmented by fixing them over an extra layer of insulation ) . The IEE has tried to negotiate with Thomson , offering help with writing and publishing his biography in time for the fiftieth anniversary of Blumlein 's death in June 1992 . But Thomson has rejected the IEE 's offers and it now looks certain that the anniversary will be missed . Some members want the IEE now to use more muscle , with threats of expulsion from the Institution , if Thomson does not at least provide a catalogue of the material he has collected and give rock solid guarantees on its long term security , after his death . Barry Fox Preparing to test an underwater optical fibre cable joint on the 600kV DC test set at the new high voltage laboratory at Southampton University . Flame leaps from the hand , the rain is listless , Yet drinks the thirst from our lips , solid as echo , Passion to breed a form in shimmer of rain - blur ; But Eros drowned , drowned , heavy , half dead with tears This is one of those English expressions so weathered that their emotional batteries are irretrievably flat but , from the lips of someone who spoke English with the cool precision of a fluent foreigner , the phrase was terribly affecting . He probably intended it as an exact classical allusion . In a solid South Bank Show ( LWT ) on Jimi Hendrix , Eric Clapton swore while describing his feelings when the guitarist died . Such are the times in which we live that the decision to leave his expletives unbleeped prompted tabloid news stories but , really , the programme was quite intensely moral . Any child watching will have learned that even geniuses need to practice ( Jimi riffed even while cooking breakfast ) but that talent can be undone by sex and drugs . Companies wishing to enter the waste disposal business at this level must demonstrate to the local Waste Disposal Authority ( usually a county council , but in some cities and in Wales a more local authority ) that they can meet various criteria , although the authority may be over - ruled on appeal to the Secretary of State for the Environment . Her Majesty 's Inspectorate of Pollution is now the custodian of national standards on emissions from such plants , of which Britain currently has three . Rechem can take solid and liquid wastes contaminated with PCBs at its plant at Pontypool ( 30,000 tonnes a year ) , and liquid wastes ( 20,000 tonnes a year ) at its plant at Fawley , near Southampton . Cleanaway can take liquid PCBs at its Ellesmere Port establishment , where it is building another plant which will take capacity there to 48,000 tonnes annually . Ocean Environmental Management has applied for a 30,000 - tonne plant at Seal Sands , Teesside , and is appealing against the local authority 's refusal to allow it . SPD still fails to ride the wave : Setbacks for Chancellor Kohl and his team have not convinced voters the Social Democrats would do any better , writes John Eisenhammer By JOHN EISENHAMMER MUCH TO their chagrin , the woes of Chancellor Kohl 's centre - right coalition have yet to produce a solid wave of support for the Social Democrats . Successive state elections have seen the governing parties pummelled by a dismayed electorate . But the SPD , instead of exuding the sort of assurance suggesting that the general election in December next year belongs to it , struggles to hide its edginess . Tennis : A Kiwi 's promise bears fruit From Our Correspondent in Tokyo CLAUDINE TOLEAFOA , a little - known 19 - year - old from New Zealand , scored the kind of victory upon which solid careers are built , at the Federation Cup in Tokyo yesterday . Toleafoa had been a promising junior when she joined the circuit full time , just over a year ago. But a world ranking of 222 shows there is still a lot of room for improvement . By STEPHEN WALSH A PAIR of tramps in the cellar of an abandoned hotel lengthily airing their psychological underwear until evicted by a ( superficially ) heartless boilerman : we seem to have been here before . But there is not much Pinter , and definitely no Beckett , about this solid piece of middle - class music theatre by the Canadian composer Quenten Doolittle , which began its short British tour by the Banff Music Theatre at the Chapter Arts Centre , Cardiff . Doolittle has based himself on what seems a pellucidly consequential and intelligently written play by Rex Deverell ( also the librettist ) ; and though the piece is offered as best suited to alternative audiences , it cuts an oddly respectable figure in the modestly louche surroundings of Chapter . Two reasons strike me for this . Mason was ahead but Biggs for a while looked the stronger man and employed his superior technique to suggest that Mason might be running into trouble . He took four of six rounds and yet without ever making his supporters believe that a decisive victory was on the cards . Despite being out - jabbed , the British champion kept boring forward and when he got inside , taking punches in order to do so , he landed some solid right hooks to the head and the body . There was never much conviction in the way Biggs fought , his attitude more that of a man boxing from memory rather than one attempting to resurrect a shattered career , and Mason was never persuaded that genuine peril might result from exchanges in the middle of the ring . The manner of Biggs 's defeat was to say the least surprising and on this evidence Mason has still a long way to go before he can think of himself as a genuine contender for the world championship . Ex - Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr worked perfectly with Johnson , adding both inspired flights of fancy and substance to the rhythms . Drums and bass were as solid as they come and the keyboards filled in any gaps . While concert performance cannot reproduce all the subtleties of a recording , the band was drilled to precision and communicated the necessary edge with solid strength . After a two - handed version of Beat ( en ) Generation ( Marr and Johnson ) its natural swagger becoming almost music - hall syncopation they dipped into the four - album back catalogue with aplomb . Out Of The Blue was fractured in the extreme , Heartland became a loose - limbed skank , and Marr more than proved his worth on Violence of Truth . Ten soldiers were killed , including the coup leader , Major Moises Giroldi Vega . The list of dead and detained suggested that the conspiracy against the general ran wider than initially thought . But at the same time it showed that there remained a solid contingent of the defence force loyal to General Noriega , who is wanted in the US on drug - trafficking charges . The Defence Force 's account raised doubts about the circumstances of the deaths of some of the rebels . Only officers and NCOs were among those listed as killed , whereas dozens of lower ranking soldiers were involved in the fighting . They do n't show it when they are hurt or tired and Gary could n't believe how little Biggs had got left . If this explained Mason 's reluctance to pressure Biggs in the middle rounds , thereby allowing the American to pepper him with jabs , it cannot obscure the possibility that the British heavyweight will always experience difficulty if required to take on a long contest . But he withstood some solid blows and finally saw off Biggs with a right to the temple as the bell sounded to end the seventh round . The memory of it revitalised a bonny smile but he was aware that there had been some anxiety in his corner . Rugby Union : Lions run the new revolution : Steve Bale on the death of an inferiority complex Lord Aldington does not fit this pattern at all . He has been enormously successful , but in a quiet world . One of the youngest brigadiers in the British Army ; deputy chairman of the Conservative Party ; chairman of a major insurance company ; Warden of Winchester College these are all solid achievements , but it is safe to guess that until this trial started most people had never heard of him. When he gives evidence , sitting for the most part on two cushions , he leans forwards attentively like a headmaster , and with something of the same terrifying effect . What a curious and deep shaft into English society is opened by the reflection that when reputations and perhaps a million pounds in costs alone are at stake , we revert to the patterns of upper - class education . Over the past few years the bourgeoisie has taken probably 10bn of completely untaxed , totally unearned capital profit from selling their houses . These gains , usually lavished on travel abroad , foreign cars and luxuries , are the single biggest cause of our balance of payments deficit . Moreover the hitherto unstoppable rise in property value has formed an apparently solid base for the credit spiral which so bedevils government economic policy . Politically , her pro - home bias was perfectly sensible . Entrepreneurs , by their nature , are relatively thin on the ground and an ungrateful lot not given to remembering those who helped them on the first , shaky steps on the ladder . The Dutch administration had long seen the need for consular representation in Jedda , the port of Mecca , where the security , health and transport of large numbers of Indonesian pilgrims could be supervised by the Batavian authorities . In 1923 Van Der Meulen applied for the post of consul there and was selected for a three - year training in Arabic and Islam by the great Leiden Arabist , Snouck Hurgronje . His studies in Leiden proved congenial to him and he developed a love for Arabia and Islam , which he felt provided a solid background for his Calvinist faith . His arrival in Jedda in 1926 coincided with the expulsion of the Hashemites from the Hijaz and their replacement by the strict Wahhabis under King Ibn Saud . He thus witnessed the birth of Saudi Arabia and could observe its growth and development at a crucial period in its history . Curiously , Palin made a point in the commentary about how he was n't pretending that he was on his own or that there were not gruff acolytes kneeling at his feet as he spoke . Director Roger Mills even retained a quip from Alan Whicker ( whom the presenter consulted ) about a Bernard Levin series in which the pretence of solitude was attempted . This was fine , but solid evidence will have to be provided that the scene in which Palin woke up on the Orient Express to the knock of brioches at the door was the real thing . I expect the crew had tiptoed down very gently from the bunk above while he slept . On the subject of rest , you twitched a bit when Palin was referring to feeling weary as early as the second day . This victory may set Stretch up with a world - title elimination fight with Britain 's other leading light middleweight , Chris Pyatt . Pyatt , fighting on the same bill , was in equally devastating form ending the challenge of Wayne Harris of Guyana in the third round . Despite conceding large advantages of height and reach , Pyatt went to work on Harris 's body with solid shots to the solar plexus . Pyatt has outstanding hand speed and he demonstrated it to full effect against an opponent who was clearly out of his depth . Pyatt crashed in combinations at will in the third and a punishing left to the jaw broke the Guyanan 's resistance , and referee Richard Davies rightly intervened . Where East Germans conquer fear : A hunger strike and crowded services in the Gethsemane Church in East Berlin focus opposition to the rigidities of Communist orthodoxy By ANDREW BROWN IN A LITTER of sleeping bags on the floor of the Gethsemane Church in East Berlin , Irene Schwidurski , who had not taken any solid food for four days , was trying to explain her reasons to a Western journalist , with the help of a pocket dictionary . She was , she explained , absolutely opposed to Gewalt - power . No , he objected , surely she meant violence : she was committed to non - violence . A high quality wax for waterproofing and protecting cotton without affecting its colour . come in solid or spray forms . The solid wax gives heavier protection . Price : 6.3 oz/180g tin 2.37 ; 7.04fl . oz/125ml aerosol 2.45 ; 4.4fl oz/200ml 2.50 . Granger 's Mapdry Asquith made a speech of forty minutes which Benson described to himself as robust but dull , and which reads dully . He spoke a message which the country has heard before that taxation is too heavy , that unemployment ( 1½ ; million ) is too high , that we spend far too much on armaments and must get disarmament in Europe , that we must stick to Free Trade Frank Salter , who was the Liberal candidate for Cambridge borough , made a genial solid speech of thanks . Then Ramsey rose to second the vote of thanks . The local newspaper called his speech breezy . The congregation of St Nicholas consisted of a few poor people from the neighbourhood and otherwise of less poor people from various parts of the city or from Birkenhead across the Mersey . Its congregation quite flourished . John How was a solid good preacher but not a magnet to multitudes . He was formidable , laconic , self - disciplined , earnest but not humourless , and it was said of him that he did everything with a kind of good - natured fury . Most of the time he left his two curates to get on with their thing . Currently , major record companies ' AR departments are a lot more efficient than musicians realize . If you are regularly attracting a big audience at your gigs , then you have probably been seen by AR personnel , whether you live in Camden , Cardiff or Carlisle . If you have worked hard to develop a solid gigging career and no one is offering you a deal , the time may have come to approach record companies directly . sending tapes to the AR departments is almost a total waste of time . Instead , you need to wise up about how the industry works and which people in recording companies are the most influential when it comes to signing and selling musicians , work . He had learned everything that dragons need , but he had not understood any of it . He built his dragons a garden , the most beautiful garden in the world , and although he surrounded it with an iron wall which he believed they would not cross , he made the wall beautiful for them , lavish with filigree work and sweet with hanging plants . He built them a pagoda of solid jade and embellished it with precious gems not realising that to grow up a dragon must accumulate its own hoard , must steal it from Emperors and princes . He had a pond dug for them , so pretty and sweet , surrounded by bullrushes with a delicate arched bridge and floating with water lilies Not realising that a real dragon needs a whole ocean to sport in , needs the spume of the white capped waves , needs the great storms and clanging icebergs , needs the coral islands of the southern seas , needs the dark rains and winds and currents to make its blood flow green and its whiskers curl ferociously . The scholar fed his pet dragons on the choicest tit - bits , bringing them rump steaks of the purest virgins and a daily supply of swallows ' flesh not realising that such things , for true dragons , are treats , are after - dinner delicacies and no more a fit diet than endless chocolates would be for you . Thus Maggie was comforted . And that night , from these gifts , Maggie had resurrected Fenna . Using the solid material of history and science she had recreated , restored , raised up Fenna in her imagination and he had never gone away . For ten years he had been her constant companion . Now , arriving in the safety of her own room , Maggie undressed , folding her clothes and putting them away with an unusual neatness for a fifteen year - old . Conditions on most death rows are appalling . In Alabama 's West Jefferson Prison inmates are kept in tiny cells , with the bare minimum of furniture . There is no outside view of any sort and the only time they leave the cell is for weekend visits from relatives , bi - daily showers or for 45 minutes ' daily exercise . It is not surprising that many inmates want to give up their appeals . The hardest two hours of my life were spent trying to persuade David Nelson to take up his appeals . Our American friend 's cousin in London is an art student . Her college library has interesting books , as well as the latest art magazines . Her course teacher has given her a reading list , and the library staff are good at helping students with all sorts of interests . As part of the course , she has to choose a subject of her own about which to write a paper ; one of her difficulties is to know how to form her own views , not just copy already received opinions . She is looking for critical views against which to pitch her own ; it seems that she may have chosen the wrong sort of topic , since on a holiday in Italy she had been stunned by the newly renovated Michelangelo ceiling in the Sistine Chapel in Rome , and although there were plenty of books about it , many of them went into extravagant detail . Things are not so simple , as some art historians write well about the present , with a generosity of feeling and approach enriching to contemporary culture . They are capable of assessing modern art in its own terms , partly from experience gained through judging work of other periods within quite different terms . Meyer Schapiro , who had a specialist concern with Romanesque art , was an open - minded historian of this sort . He wrote enthusiastically about the later work of Arshile Gorky : Gorky 's atmosphere , veiling the hard opaque wall of the canvas , evokes a nocturnal void or the vague , unstable image - space of the day - dreaming mind . And he remembered the painter : Indeed , there are some who feel that there should be no border , thinking back nostalgically to days when there was only one domain of art . In some writing today , too , it is possible to find the words critic and historian being used interchangeably . Art is after all the subject of attention for both critic and historian , even though the functions and methods of the two sorts of writer have drawn apart . Fifty years ago they were in closer touch . It was in 1936 that the first American edition of Lionello Venturi 's History of Art Criticism was published , containing material which could equally have found a place in a book about art history . A guide to art reference books published in 1969 had 2,500 entries , some of which referred to series ; for example , there was a single entry for the series of monographs on individual artists , called Klassiker der Kunst , also published in French as Classiques d'Art , in which there are thirty - eight books . This guide was extensively revised over nine years , and was republished in 1980 as a Guide to the Literature of Art History , intended for persons doing serious research in the field of art history . Another sort of writing about art is what artists themselves have written , either about their own work or about other artists . This may be by way of theory , or on more matter - of - fact lines about technique or such questions as composition . Some writing by artists takes the form of instruction ; in every period manuals on how to do it , whether drawing , making sculpture or other technical tasks are found , though their incidence is irregular , and such treatises are often the work of minor artists , rather than the great ; Leonardo is an exception . Moreover , other cultures , such as those of Africa , have had to wait until even more recent times for recognition . It is literature within the last three centuries , then , that provides the main choices for a reader . The advice offered here is that a reader should ignore what category of writing a book or article may come under , since helpful art criticism may be found in all sorts of sources . There is no need to be intimidated by the formality of a staid institution 's catalogue , or to neglect popular magazines ; as for writing in various academic disciplines , there ought to be no barrier to learning about an interesting topic . The reader 's question of a book or an article should be what function the writing is able or unable to perform ? Academies of art , whether in the West or in the Orient , have had lists of priorities in themes of art , in which there are many similarities . For example , in twelfth - century China , a catalogue of the Imperial collection had ten headings : Taoist and Buddhist subjects , human affairs , palaces and other buildings , foreign tribes , dragons and fishes , landscapes , animals , flowers and birds , ink bamboos , and finally vegetables and fruit . This sort of listing is worth knowing by a reader , who may occasionally notice that it underlies the degree of attention being paid to a theme by a critic . THE SURVEY WITH A THEORY The last type of survey to be considered has a basis in theory . A first broad division between types of exhibitions needs to be made . There are shows which could be grouped under the heading of historical exhibitions ; there are mixed exhibitions and group exhibitions of works by living artists ; and there are exhibitions in dealers ' galleries , notably solo shows . The catalogues which accompany these events have rather different characters , for although there are entries for the exhibited works in each sort of catalogue , and usually an introduction , historical catalogues often have additional essays . Catalogues of major shows have also become bigger and more expensive in recent years , usually through the help of national , industrial or commercial sponsorship . A characteristic historical exhibition may be called something like The Age of Rembrandt , or Shock of Recognition ; the landscape of English Romanticism and the Dutch seventeenth - century school ; both of these are actual titles . It celebrates creativity amid doubt and despondency creativity as energy but also as a duty , work to be done by man as it is the sun 's task to shine . I have pointed out to him that his picture echoes the medieval and Renaissance formula for St John on Patmos writing the Book of Revelation and for the evangelists writing the Gospels , itself derived from Greco - Roman author portraits . This was not his intention but iconographical echoes of this sort do not surprise him. The writer goes on to make further points about the picture 's elements . These examples of catalogues containing helpful art criticism could be contrasted with many others which are limited to lists of exhibitions , details of the artist 's career , and entries for the works displayed . An example is the catalogue of paintings by Nol Coward , which was prefaced by a memoir of the playwright , describing his interest in painting . In marketing a sale of rather little - known works , too , there may be some explanatory text . It would be wrong to dismiss this sort of criticism as mere sales talk , particularly in grand auctioneers ' catalogues , though there is little danger of such publications being reticent . Part of the charm of a sale is that the financial result is in itself a sort of critical judgement , reflecting even if not defining the taste and mood of the moment . But an auction is mainly a bullish market ; vendors are trying to improve their prices , and few except dealers are selling on the market 's way down , in order to rebuy . In marketing a sale of rather little - known works , too , there may be some explanatory text . It would be wrong to dismiss this sort of criticism as mere sales talk , particularly in grand auctioneers ' catalogues , though there is little danger of such publications being reticent . Part of the charm of a sale is that the financial result is in itself a sort of critical judgement , reflecting even if not defining the taste and mood of the moment . But an auction is mainly a bullish market ; vendors are trying to improve their prices , and few except dealers are selling on the market 's way down , in order to rebuy . This bearish tactic does not work as well as in a stock market , for art works are widely dispersed , and decisions to buy or sell may be thoroughly unpredictable . Some of the work for a museum catalogue may have already been done before the acquisition of a picture . It may , for example , have been part of a private collection which itself was catalogued , especially if the collector in question was rich . In this respect , the scholarly standard of a private collection 's catalogue will be very high , and the sort of information which a reader can expect will be the same . The collection will not , however , be accessible as public collections are . In an art museum works can be studied at leisure , and will receive attention from scholars and experts of many kinds . The quotation is from an article of 1954 , at a time when Picasso 's reputation was very high . Heron was anxious to point out Braque 's qualities , so he trailed his coat openly . To suggest , as I do , that Georges Braque is the greatest living painter is to remind a contemporary audience , fed to satiety on brilliant innovation , frenzied novelty and every sort of spontaneous expression , that , after all , permanence , grandeur , deliberation , lucidity and calm are paramount virtues of the art of painting The rival genius of Picasso has proved to the world that our age may be epitomized by works which ( show ) his unfailing sense of visual drama , his protean invention and his power of investing his creations with a hallucinatory poetry . Heron shows in his article a deep sympathy with Braque 's work , which , incidentally , was a sort of painting he himself was seeking to practise at the time . Tom Taylor , mentor and leader , had died before the group had its first exhibition , but remains classed with his friends . They subsequently developed individual styles and separate interests , as is true of most groups of artists , but their initial appearance was defined by a programme . Another sort of title for a group is exemplified by Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider ) . Forty - three works by fourteen painters were shown in 1911 at the First Exhibition by the Editorial Board of The Blue Rider , the publication concerned being an almanac which appeared in 1912 with a drawing of a horseman by Kandinsky on the cover . The second exhibition included thirty - one artists . MIXED EXHIBITIONS Mixed exhibitions are ideal for spotting talent ahead of the market , as well as being a significant source of income for many artists . The most common sort of mixed exhibition is the exhibiting society , whose history is entwined with the development of art in Europe since the eighteenth century . The shows put on in Paris at the Salon , and in London at the Royal Academy , were a means of creating sales for artists at a turning point in the history of patronage ; as there developed a middle - class market for literature , so there developed a comparable market for art . Denis Diderot gained lasting fame as the energetic editor of the French Encyclopaedia , but he is also rightly celebrated as an art critic . A cynic will remember that research into the opinion - forming powers of newspapers has tended to conclude that readers expect to have their existing views confirmed . If so , the power of critics may be no more than the listings services offered in the papers or on posters , while real power can be found in the organisation of the art market . A different sort of exhibition which has had some success in attracting attention , and thus newspaper coverage , is the prize competition . Here the critic is absolved from making judgements of his own by the need to report what a jury has decided about prizes . The critic 's standing is thereby reduced , and the description or evaluation of the prize works is less than likely to be uninfluenced by their new position . The arguments put forward can be interesting in themselves , but their drift is often towards making the context of the art shown more understandable . Art politics or cultural history are favourite themes for such reviewers , apart from the spectrum of cognate disciplines which may be the specialities of writers who are only occasionally concerned with art . Thematic articles are likely to be found in two sorts of periodicals , general magazines and academic journals , either interdisciplinary or of specialist disciplines . Valuable interpretive ideas may be found in journals of psychology , aesthetics , philosophy , history , religion , sociology , anthropology , even medicine and biology , although these may not be matched up with descriptions and evaluations of art . Such articles may not start with art ; as Rudolf Arnheim said about his book , Art and Visual Perception , he applied principles of visual perception to examples taken from the arts . Articles of synthesis between art and other subjects may include important art criticism . Literary theory is at present in demand as a point of reference for writing on the visual arts . Articles on this sort of theme may appear in art periodicals , but are just as likely to be found in other journals , on literature , say , or history . What is most likely to be useful in such material is the chance that inferences can be drawn by the reader , seeing a similarity in a problem elsewhere with a question in the visual arts . AS THINGS ARE : DESCRIPTION This usefully explores some of the resolvable questions , in particular those of crucial interest to students of landscape and the human figure . One aspect of illusion is perspective , much valued in the Western tradition . Three sorts of perspective are identified by Leonardo da Vinci in his treatise on painting , as follows : The first deals with the reasons of the ( apparent ) diminution of objects as they recede from the eye , and is known as Perspective of Diminution : the second contains the way colours vary as they recede from the eye : the third and last explains how objects should appear less distinct in proportion as they are more remote . And the names are as follows : Linear perspective , the perspective of colour , the perspective of disappearance . Paolo Uccello would have been the most delightful and imaginative genius since Giotto that had adorned the art of painting , if he had devoted as much pains to figures and animals as he did to questions of perspective , for , although these are ingenious and good in their way , yet an immoderate devotion to them causes an infinite waste of time , fatigues nature , clogs the mind with difficulties , and frequently renders it sterile where it had previously been fertile and facile . But when Uccello died in his eighties , He left a daughter who could design , and a wife who used to say that Paolo would remain the night long in his study to work out the lines of his perspective , and that when she called him to come to rest , he replied , Oh what a sweet thing this perspective is ! Mathematical perspective of a Renaissance sort had not been used in European medieval art , where the size of a figure often derives from the person 's importance , God the father never being small . A perspective may be used which reverses the convergence of lines in the distance ; instead , lines of perspective converge in front of the viewer , an unexpected phenomenon for a twentieth - century spectator used to photographs . Again , in Chinese art perspective is different from its treatment in the West . A perspective may be used which reverses the convergence of lines in the distance ; instead , lines of perspective converge in front of the viewer , an unexpected phenomenon for a twentieth - century spectator used to photographs . Again , in Chinese art perspective is different from its treatment in the West . There is one sort of Chinese perspective , seen as in the West from a level viewpoint , but this is only one of three treatments of space representation . It can be identified with p'ing yuan , when one is able to see from the near parts to the furthest parts . In this , as in Western perspective , the horizon line is somewhere below the middle of the picture . Yet such a comment may need to be made , nevertheless , to point out the quality of a picture . The critic who pays little notice to perspective or other means of representing the natural world will deprive a reader of help in enjoying the exceptional beauty of the natural appearance of Impressionist pictures , whose qualities are inspired by scientific understanding of light and its effects . In a different sort of context , what appears to be an abstract design , devoid of reference to the natural world , may in fact be a stylisation of a person , an animal or an imagined figure . The totems of American Indians , the carvings of Inouk , ancient bronze ritual vessels from China , and many more examples can be found through the world and the centuries . Most African sculpture is not in this category , as characteristically the masks and ritual objects of Africa are more evidently human or animal in appearance . Are they able to look without too dominant a preconception coming from the Western tradition ? There are amusing archaeological records in the nineteenth century of the inability of even trained artists to record what they saw ; Assyrian figure sculptures , for example , were recorded as having unmistakably classical Greek features by an artist in the employ of the archaeologist Sir Henry Layard . A different sort of description is an artist 's copy of a work . Copying was a well - paid occupation in nineteenth - century France , since private collectors and travellers were happy to have copies of pictures in famous collections like the Louvre . Copying was also part of an artist 's training , practised by Delacroix and Gricault , Czanne and Renoir . At the age of sixty - eight Ingres made copies of masterpieces . Accurate copies might be made , but there is in addition a category of interpretive copy , where the artist copies those elements which most appeal to him. This sort of copy is at the same time description and interpretation , the salient points being brought out by the copyist , who gains greater understanding of a masterpiece by his work . It is not altogether satisfactory to call a print by an artist on the same theme as one of his paintings a description . After all , it is an original work in itself . It was a Romantic notion that there were resonances in the natural world and art ; and it was Schiller who argued that music , the visual arts and poetry always become similar in their action on the mind . THE AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE Describing the object is not the only sort of description that a reader can expect from a critic . The critic may be willing to share an experience with the reader , sometimes only of the circumstances in which a work was seen , as might be included in a personality article ; but on other occasions the critic may give a fuller account of a personal response to a work of art . This then becomes not a description of the object itself , but of the critical appreciation or dislike that the work gives rise to . Michael J. Parsons describes his work in How We Understand Art . He can introduce us to some American girls and boys who spoke up about what they noticed and liked . If Andy thought a drawing by Paul Klee looked sort of funny , he said so . Parsons has some sensible reflections about how the children 's comments can be connected with psychological theory . Parsons outlines five stages of cognition , which he has based on the scientific work of Kohlberg . This theory of stages in understanding art is helpful , and it will immediately be realised that the first two stages fit in with description , the next two with interpretation , while the final stage is judgement . The theory is not so useful in defining the quality or strength of responses , and is no help in analysing the interactions of responses . The theory is nevertheless of a sort which can be of real use in a classroom . Perhaps the most usual description of aesthetic experience in the last hundred years has occurred when the critic has been faced with the need to react to one isolated work of art . It was Roger Fry 's contention that an object , say a bunch of carrots on a market stall , could be viewed in a practical way as something to eat for supper , or aesthetically . Unlike many of the towns through which he has bribed his way in his Peugeot from the coast , this one is n't full of blood . But it is between coups , or unrests , and has lately been smashed and looted . It is the sort of place which will always revive and rebuild , and in such a place Salim 's part is to make good , carry on . The country , formerly a colony , now independent , is controlled by a black big man in the capital down - river . An atavistic , tribal , magical resistance spreads about the bush : starveling rebels are hunted by an army , but magic bends the army 's guns . At the same time , these hardships are a focus of his attention . The two words carry a note of declamation a note otherwise absent from Fraser 's account . Glasser 's prose is sometimes declamatory and sententious in an old - fashioned sort of way , and sometimes awkward ( Hidden in the near future , he was to be proved right ) . But it rises to many of its ferocious and grievous occasions . We are in the Scotland of TB , pneumonia and drink , in which sex is spoken of as a matter of men attacking women . Hawksmoor speaks the words of romantic duality , and is in a number of ways a double book . It consists of two alternating narratives , one of which is set in the eighteenth century and the other in the present , with the earlier delivered in the first person . Each of the two principal actors glimpses his double in passing , as a reflection in a glass , and each stands to the other in the same relation a relation which presupposes , as in many other Gothic texts , some sort of metempsychosis or rebirth . Both of these men are disturbed or mad . Nicholas Dyer is imagined as the builder of Nicholas Hawksmoor 's churches in the East End of London ; the enlightened edifices of a rational Christianity are thereby ascribed to a devil - worshipper , while the name Hawksmoor is assigned to the Detective Chief Superintendent who , in the later narrative , frets himself into a delirium over a series of stranglings which takes place in the vicinity of the churches . In the second book , a photograph is spoken of which shows the pulling down of a monument to one of the Shahs ( father or son ) in Teheran or some other Iranian city . It is hard to be sure about the year the photograph was taken , since the monuments of both Pahlavis were pulled down several times , whenever the occasion presented itself to the people . Here the confusions or uncertainties are the point of the passage : it does n't matter that the particulars of the caption are missing since this sort of thing was always happening . It matters less and less as we move into an enjoyable account derived from a vocational puller - down of statues of the Shah and his father . The Shah was equal to these demolitions : If we pulled one down , he set up three . Guesses are hazarded , and are quoted from interviews he conducted . A hint of child abuse may seem to be imparted by his account of a Gothic moment which came about during a walk with her father , at nightfall , in a setting of peasants and forests . Ursula figures as some sort of Hungarian countess whose parents were estranged and who was to be estranged from her ominous father . There she once sat in some sort of castle , or not , reading , for sure , the literature of Romanticism , and growing up to resemble in the opinion of the writer 's aunt , the historian C. B. A. Behrens a character out of Lermontov . Lermontov , for his part , was a character out of Byron , and so was Pechorin , the hero of our time in Lermontov 's novel of 1839 , one of those people who are fated to attract all kinds of unusual things . The beauty of the earlier prose is , in part , a beauty of grace notes , the pointing of sentences , charged elegance and buoyant , intelligent wit . In Take a girl like you a great sentence falls like the dew from heaven during one of the scenes in Amis when a terminally drunk man endures a sexual turmoil and fiasco , is stunned by a stunning but not very nice girl . This particular girl , a model , is putting Patrick in his place by going on about cars : Most of my friends have them on the firm , she said , with the sort of lift of the old proud head that he could hardly believe had not accompanied a limiting judgment on Villiers de l'Isle Adam . In Difficulties with girls there are passages which recall that lift of the old proud head . In silence , the two almost bowed almost stiffly to each other , behaving rather like two well , two somethings - or - other , thought Patrick . Making difficulties just so as to be a person . But when Patrick says that sort of thing to Jenny , he adds that she is an exception to this law of nature . She is not , as he puts it , that sort of woman . Meanwhile the also sympathetic but Grahamly maddening Tim is struggling to move into a flat on the row , while supposing himself to be struggling to come out of the closet . A third homosexual on the row ? The difference yields a political meaning , in other words , and it would also appear to relate to the old theory of the difference between an author who tells and an author who shows , and who employs a medley of voices in order to do so . It is a distinction which may in the end prove more suggestive than serviceable : the author who tells , and who can be accounted something of a ventriloquist , may well , for instance , be more than capable of carnival , and may even be every bit as plural in his works as his dialogic counterpart . But it is possible to believe that the idea of ventriloquism which lies at the heart of it may be successfully applied both to some sorts of contemporary author and to some of what went before . The status of comedy is crucial to the debate , and we can at least be sure that Kingsley Amis would not object to having his practice compared with Waugh 's , or to being placed with him among the monologists of the Right . Against this monologic Amis can be set , by way of alter ego , the modernistic Amis of Barbara Everett 's discussion of Difficulties with girls , which occurred in the course of an essay on Hugh Kenner 's fantasy of a British betrayal of Modernism , and which springs the surprise of conveying that Amis , so often supposed an enemy of Modernism , is really a Modernist . But perhaps it is not too simple to suggest that we are also conscious of Zuckerman as a deflection of the wrath over Roth which works by making Zuckerman responsible for the outrage . We are conscious of what Zuckerman does for Roth : when he helps a man to gather his spilt heart pills , it is Roth helping himself by assigning a small mercy . In The Facts , the tough guy with his shiksas , the supposedly self - hating Diaspora Jew , can be tenderised a word Roth likes , for all the awkwardness it imparts to the operations to which it refers into a sort of uxorious submission where his parents are concerned . This is a state which Zuckerman experiences and which he sends up. In the fictional conversation about adverse publicity a good mother meets a son anxious to reassure her , while alive to the comedy of it . My very writing became a different adventure , no longer the dolorous itinerary of a convalescent , no longer a begging for compassion and friendly faces , but a lucid building , which now was no longer solitary ; the work of a chemist who weighs and divides , measures and judges on the basis of assured proofs , and strives to answer questions . These remarks concerning If this is a man do not describe the kind of book which runs easily to sequels , and which is easy to live up to . Nor do they describe the sort of thing we are supposed to like very much . The first two autobiographies , that is to say , are the kind of book to which a tradition of literary interpretation has been inimical , imagining for itself a literature of impersonality , in which autobiography is subsumed , invisible . Philip Roth 's article refers to this issue in referring to the later book If not now , when ? Levi 's Eastern , an adventure story of Jewish partisans during the closing months of the war , led by the Communist fighter - fiddler Gedaleh . The work that Levi valued is of an order to which Auschwitz with the lying motto over its gates , Arbeit macht frei was built to be antithetical . In the camps , work was imposed on the prisoners with the aim of exploiting and of destroying them . It bore a hideous resemblance to the blighting , punishing sorts of work which are common in the world at large . And yet there was a work of survival to be attempted in the camps . Intelligence , vigilance , practicality , cunning , luck , friendship Levi was crucially helped by donations from an Italian workman he barely knew , and by the exercise of his skills as a chemist kept you going and , in some few cases , made you free . Homework is a thing of the past . His classes are soliloquies and Socratic teases in which his interest in Classical Antiquity , in Pythagoras and Heraclitus , and in Hlderlin , Hegel and Marx , and in James Hogg , is imparted to the young ones . He is the sort of Sixties dominie who used to inveigh in class against the system . His relationship with the kids is one between equals , but they also seem to expect him to be a wise man , and this is what he sometimes expects of himself . The kids are presented as decent and thoughtful , and there 's an Arcadian absence of the stress and violence which some might look for in a class where the teacher swears and free - associates , and throws up and bunks off into the bargain . They tell y ' stories about the past , y ' know , the war , or when they were fightin ' for food an ' clothin ' an houses . Their eyes light up as they tell y ' because there was some meanin ' to it . But the thing is that now , I mean now that most of them have got some sort of house , an ' there 's food an ' money around , they know they 're better off but , honest , they know they 've got nothin ' as well . There 's like this sort of disease , but no one mentions it ; everyone behaves as though it 's normal , y ' know inevitable that there 's vandalism an , violence an , houses burnt out an ' wrecked by the people they were built for . There 's somethin ' wrong . Their eyes light up as they tell y ' because there was some meanin ' to it . But the thing is that now , I mean now that most of them have got some sort of house , an ' there 's food an ' money around , they know they 're better off but , honest , they know they 've got nothin ' as well . There 's like this sort of disease , but no one mentions it ; everyone behaves as though it 's normal , y ' know inevitable that there 's vandalism an , violence an , houses burnt out an ' wrecked by the people they were built for . There 's somethin ' wrong . An ' like the worst thing is that y ' know the people who are like supposed to represent the people on our estate , y ' know the Daily Mirror an ' The Sun , an ITV an ' the Unions , what are they tellin ' people to do ? Perhaps doing Shakespeare spoils you for that , but I think having a text that is good is important . We ought to do more modern work at drama school , as well as the classics . I remember doing the Stoppard play Undiscovered Country which was a great help and drama school needs to do more of that sort of thing . We need to be of now and maybe that 's a better way of playing then . A.R K.B. Well , I must admit there 's a bit of me that thrives slightly on the exam syndrome something that gets the adrenalin flowing rather like first nights . A bit gladiatorial , I suppose one might say a sort of us and them feeling . But getting into RADA was quite a searching process and I remember doing four one - hour work sessions with some of the tutors there , including the Principal , before finally being accepted for the three - year course there . Now I think that 's the right way to get to know the kind of talent there is , rather than a straight knock - down audition . One has very little to offer in an interview and one sits there feeling rather embarrassed . A.R. That sort of system is not so easy for actors looking for their first job but easier when you are well known . A.S. Well yes , but let me say that I gave up going to auditions well before I became well known through The History Man , on television . The class structure of Northern Ireland is predictably dominated by protestants . Of course , with the development of international monopoly capital and multinational companies , additional sources of power have been brought into play . But it is likely that the professionals who have been responsible for the running of such companies at local level will have been allied to the more liberal group among the upper protestant classes , as represented by such families as the O'Neills , who have looked to the English public schools for the right sort of education . Wallis , Bruce , and Taylor ( 1986 ) list this mainly landed gentry among the cosmopolitans of Ulster society . Also cosmopolitan in outlook are a variety of traditional professions , particularly university lecturers . But now , on the basis of a number of well - documented opinion polls , W. Harvey Cox ( 1985 ) argues that the majority in the Republic of Ireland favouring reunification is barely two to one , and that in the island as a whole it is three to two . What is more , Cox suggests that support in the South is at best lukewarm . None the less , the characterization of catholic nationalist ideology I have just documented would seem to fly in the face of this sort of evidence . The general data presented by Cox are undeniable , but interpretation of the data rests on certain assumptions , principally that people act on an individualistic basis rather than as groups , and according to attitudes expressed in the quiet of their homes rather than in response to major events . One remembers the substantial surge in Provisional support in the North on the occasion of the hunger strikes of 1981 , and the impact they had on Northern catholic nationalist consciousness , one which Cox himself acknowledges . All waited in registry office . Where was H ? Eventually he arrived , with minutes to spare , wearing a ridiculous sort of check hat . Nobody said any - thing . Then , just before stepping up to sign the register , he took off his hat . With the first stroke I have already reached the end , said Picasso . I grow bored with the sheer size of the glass and have to force myself to continue , he wrote . And yet , he wrote , if the glass is to be any sort of advance , it will be because of the middle . Because it is nothing but a middle , without beginning or end . The beauty of glass , he wrote , is this , that the surface does not have to be covered . First time theme of picture excited me though . Don't know why . Some sort of tension I suppose . What people objected to in the end was not God , as I 'd thought , but the suburban house in the background and the garden out of House and Garden . Taxi then from Prado and night train up to Lon . I think you need something on the other panel , above the oculist charts , he said at last . Or perhaps just above the arms of the scissors . What sort of thing ? I asked him. He did n't know . I took a photo of him through the glass . On both sides . As I looked through the viewer I had the feeling , momentarily , that it really was what I had dreamed about for so long , a sort of crystal ball in which I could call up everything I had ever known . But is that not what the mind is ? A crystal ball in which one can call up the past ? With them have gone much of the outrageously condescending theorising expressed by professionals such as Watney Mann 's head designer Roy Wilson - Smith , who declared in the early 70s : I want to give the people who use my houses a rare and primitive relationship with the raw forces of nature . People love to be awed when they enter a pub by a superior natural force a strange sort of higher masochism . ( Quoted in Hutt , p124 ) The John Bull , Layerthorpe , York . Already the other Tetley Heritage Pub in York , The Swan , is out on lease to an independent retailing chain . Moreover , the very same Tetley 's who so lovingly restored The Fox are now building , in the heart of a residential suburb not two miles away , an open - plan eating barn that contravenes all the accepted standards of enlightened and community - sensitive pub design . Reliance on the brewers ' better nature is a precarious sort of dependency , where today 's Jekyll can be tomorrow 's Hyde . Our pubs are forever at risk of corporate gimmickry and catchpenny fashions . And not only are the major brewers at fault . The report by the Conservative Family Campaign called for restrictions on AIDS sufferers and those carrying the HIV virus , including preventing them from working with food for the public . The advice from the group once again raised the sensitive issue of employing staff who admit to being , or are discovered to be infected . Sutcliffe Catering personnel director Peter Davies said : This sort of advice really turns back the clock . It is most regrettable and of no help to the industry . There is no reason to have such a ban , in view of the medical knowledge now available . This must therefore be considered as having a detrimental effect overall on the tourism market . LANGUAGES The survey asked firms what sort of advice and assistance would be helpful in developing business and was surprised by the low level of demand for language training . It is most surprising that in the tourism industry the necessity for language training to meet the growing demand for overseas visitors is not felt to be important , the report said . There was also very little demand for help on legal matters and employment issues . Cold anger . Listen , my man , he said . The guide - book warned us about hotel touts of your sort , and unless you make yourself scarce I shall put you into the hands of the Carabinieri . The threat was enough . More than enough . No need to go chasing about . He turned to Sven Hjerson . Perhaps , my dear fellow , since you 're some sort of detective , you 'd try to get through on the telephone to the Carabinieri . They should pick her up without any trouble . But Sven Hjerson appeared not to have heard . Vehemently . Colonel Feather had then expressed a worry that children could easily reach over and scoop up a fingerful of frosting , perhaps spoiling someone 's chances , so he and Mr Doran the latter complaining mightily about his lumbago had moved the cakes to the back of the table . Agreeing that the cakes should be protected , Mr Pinkney had set up a sort of crpe paper barrier along the front of the display . There was one exception . Mr Yardley , according to his wife , had never set foot in the tent . She turned , all flaxen and pink and white , haloed by the naked light bulbs round the mirror . She was only a little taller than he . What a useful boy you are , darling , she said softly , Good at all sorts of things . He was dumb as an ox . Find me my shoes , there 's a pet . I 'd got sandwiches and some gin . We we knew Ronny 'd be back soon , it was near the half - hour , so we tidied up and I kissed her and gave her a hug He gave a sob , and she went rattling down the stairs to her room the way she always did and then I heard that awful sort of slither and Bunty 's scream And where was Gilbert ? Gilbert Forbes , still in his butler 's costume but without the tail coat and his toupee , was standing at the back of the group , his bald head pallid above his painted face . Spasmo , I said . And do n't say that word . It 's not the sort of thing the son of an important man should say . Spasmo , spasmo , spasmo , I said , under my breath . Go to your room ! ordered Ma . One of those books you read . There was one thing I remembered when the foreign gentleman was asking questions , said Mary eagerly . He was ever so gentle and nice , but sort of piercing went right through you That 's enough of that , my girl ! well anyway , I remembered the last time she was here this Mrs Heatherington - Scott made a set at Sir Harry Destry , like Thomas said , and well , we all know what happened that time , do n't we ? Well , I slipped out , of course , as mistress likes us to They expect servants to be invisible , but they expect the work to be done all the same , put in Ethel . anyway they never saw me , but before I went I heard her say , in a slinky sort of voice . It would be a pity if your wife got to know . I believe she 's delicate the nervous type , is n't she ? Are Channel 5 and Cable in opposition or will they work together occupying new spaces in a completely new industry map ? What sort of programmes do we want to see in the nineties and beyond ? What sort of programmes will we see ? To answer these and other questions , we have assembled franchise bidders for the new channel , members of the ITC , programme makers , analysts , consultants , representatives of media development agencies , cable operators , and local television activists . Let 's talk about the Channel that we want and the television we would like to see . Oh , fine thank you . I went to Florence to do the Uffizi . I smiled a smile that was meant to signify interest in this excursion , but Carla was far too intelligent to believe it showed anything of the sort . I 'll see you at two - thirty then , Dr Streeter . Will do . I do n't know . I think we 've a pretty good case though the Renaissance has three people . Theirs is a much more popular course , admittedly , but we must have some sort of chance , somewhere along the line . He gazed despairingly down at his blotter . Charles was out of his depth and floundering . Yes , but there was n't anything in it . I noticed a teaching job in Sheffield that did n't look too bad . I keep telling you , Anne , that 's not the sort of thing I 'm looking for . I 'm still thinking of going into publishing . But as I keep trying to tell you , publishing is not that easy to get into especially at your sort of salary level when you 've no experience . Realistically , I had no future left at SIS , so what did I do ? I got up and left . Realistically , I 've been applying for the sort of job that will pay me enough money to keep me going when I retire . I 've only eight working years left now and with all my savings gone , I simply ca n't afford to work for nothing . If I 'm not careful , I 'm going to have nothing to fall back on . The job paid quite well and I could perhaps at that stage have afforded somewhere slightly better to live , but I 'd got used to my new home and I was still keen to try and build up some savings again . The building I was now working in housed a number of statutory and voluntary social - services organizations . My job was to operate the telephone switchboard , sort the morning post , direct house - callers to the appropriate organization , and that was about it . The telephones kept me just about busy but the potential for job satisfaction in the tasks I was required to do was almost nil . This was , I kept telling myself , just a staging post . Goodbye , Doctor . She meant it as a compliment but it made me sound like her GP . I made my way up to the lobby with those final two words of hers ringing around inside my head , and all sorts of other doctor phrases started to enter my mind people calling me Doctor Streeter , popular songs with the word doctor in them and then all of a sudden I started to cry . I stumbled out of the hotel and into the middle of the road , narrowly missing being killed by a taxi . I remember the screech of the horn and the blur of the car as it passed in front of me . I bought my statutory cup of tea and sat down. Gradually my eyes got used to the glare and I was able to make sense of my surroundings . The decor of the place was sort of pastiche California : sandy - coloured walls , low - hanging lights , brightly coloured pop - art posters and a sprinkling of lush green flowerless plants . Artificiality was everywhere . The linoleum tiles in the middle area of the floor were rimmed by some new type of carpet , there was a false ceiling and false blinds had been hung on the walls . Yeah ? Like what ? Oh , I 've been a schoolteacher , a receptionist , a chambermaid , all sorts of things really . Don't worry , a lot of people come here with funny stories behind them . Look , you just hang on here a minute , I want to have a word with Katrina about something . Why on earth has that happened ? They think it 's a computer error but they 're still checking on it . Can't you get an emergency payment of some sort ? Not any more . They 're cutting back on those , apparently . She was silent for a moment . Dorothy , I do n't know quite how to put this , but is there something you 're not telling me that might help me understand this a bit better . It 's just , you 're my idea of someone who this sort of thing would never happen to . I mean , you 've got an education , you 're prepared to work , you 've got the right background and everything if you could explain more I might be able to help more . It 's simple . Until they can find you a council flat . But the days of them are gone . There are still some going and you 're bound to get preferential treatment of some sort . Why ? Because I 've had to spend a couple of nights in a porchway ? Any job I took would also have to be fitted around me travelling to and from Harwich . It would have all been perfectly possible in ideal circumstances but circumstances were far from ideal . Inevitably , a sort of bunker mentality quickly set in . I was after all surviving and that was nothing to be sneezed at , the way things had gone . The safest course of action seemed to be to shore up the bunker and make sure I did nothing to upset the fragile eco - system that was supporting me , for however much we wanted to disguise it , I had nothing to fall back on . I 'm sorry to spring it on you like this but I did n't want to get your hopes up. I had to sit down again . What sort of place are they going to put me in ? I asked after a pause . A flat . I sat there trying to remember all the details of what she had told me . What sort of flat was it ? What sort of a hostel ? Once again , my life seemed to depend on the very words she spoke . I felt powerless . Well , I said . I do n't really know . Some sort of a flat in Harwich , I think she said . She 's going to ring someone up to find out more about it . Somewhere round here ? I got up and walked quietly out into the early evening . It was still light . I now needed to make some sort of a decision . Head back into town , I told myself . Let 's get back into familiar territory , then we can think up what to do next . I got up and had another little walk around , finishing up just over the road from Buckingham Palace . What a daft world this is , I mused to myself . I reckoned that the Queen would probably have agreed with me she 'd always come across as a decent sort . What was I going to do next ? I would definitely need to try to find some help from somewhere . What was your big mistake ? she asked me . Oh , I had an affair with my brother - in - law donkey 's years ago. It was n't the sort of stuff that love stories are made of , to be honest . Did your sister ever find out about it ? Yes , he told her . What exactly he told her I do n't know , but that 's all in the past now . Do you still keep in touch with her ? No , but we live at a sort of peace with each other , which is good . Lisa was my best friend until she and Andy started going out together we even shared a flat together at one stage . Andy and I had already split up before their thing got going , but even so , it makes you think a bit . I sat waiting patiently for the wedding to end . It was in fact rather a nice day and my spirits were starting to rise . Investing all this hope in a girl I hardly knew was , in retrospect , highly dangerous , but I was in that sort of a mood . Jenny reappeared soon enough and she suggested that we nip down the road to a little ptisserie she knew , which of course we did . The shop had a little bar - type area at the back where people could sit . Look , I 've found a hostel that will take you for one night . It 's run by a private charity and they do n't normally accept referrals from outsiders but they did n't want to be too dogmatic about that . What sort of a place is it ? A converted private house . You wo n't get your own room or anything but it 's free and probably better than nothing . Don't worry , a bit of body - popping wo n't kill me . What on earth is body - popping ? It 's a sort of dancing . Why , what did you think it was ? Well , you are on the big side and for a moment I had this vision of you As promised , one of the project workers gave me an early shake and I had time enough for a coffee before I needed to set off to meet Jenny . The girl who woke me also made my drink . What sort of accommodation have you got in Harwich ? she asked , as we went off to sit down in the lounge . A little store room I call it my broom cupboard . It 's home , though . That would be really useful , I think . I certainly could . I did not , to be honest , think I would have much success it 's not the sort of thing that I would have known all those years ago but the idea of ringing up a few of my former colleagues was just irresistible . Now , who should I try first ? Charles Howard . It sounds a bit like an indoctrination centre , does n't it ? Actually , as far as I can gather , it 's just their jargon for a bedsit house . One person living there has to be a Sally Ann person of some sort , but otherwise it 's just everyone with their own room but sharing kitchen and bathroom . If you 're vaguely interested I can arrange an interview with the lady I spoke to on their resettlement team , but if you do n't like the sound of it I was indeed rather dubious about the whole idea , but we had n't been getting very far and there seemed to be no harm in just finding out some more about it . Pools win I enjoyed the articles on water gardening in the July issue . When starting my pond , I was overwhelmed by the generosity of friends and neighbours with all sorts of pond plants . Now , five years later my pond is well - stocked with plants and fish , and I am able to give out plants in turn . Each spring sees frog spawn followed by tiny frogs a tremendous bonus , because my snail and slug problem has been greatly reduced without a single pellet ! My various crops have competed not only with weeds but also with each other , a major factor in the profit and loss account for the plot . Pea problem Readers have suggested that it might have been more profitable to give more space to fewer sorts of vegetable , but that would have been something of a soft option . However , another year I shall not grow even a low line of peas along the south border . Although their rooting system did n't interfere with the other crops , the 18in - tall vines cast too heavy a shadow on the plants below . Be ready to open the airbrakes fully as it touches down to stop any bouncing or a gust lifting the glider into the air again . Whenever possible , and especially if you are out of practice , choose a completely clear area on the landing ground and remember to prevent the glider weathercocking into wind at the end of the landing run . Landing with obstructions on the upwind side is particularly dangerous and is just the sort of error people tend to make when they have n't flown for a while . If you are in good practice , it is fun to discover just how accurate you can be with a crosswind landing . Choose a line feature along the landing area , with a mark or line across for the touch down point . Yes . What side - effects are there ? After an IUD has been fitted you may feel the sort of cramp - like pain that sometimes comes with a period . Usually this is mild and wo n't last long . You may find that pain - relieving tablets help . Do , above all , make time to talk to your son or daughter particularly if they want to sound you out on the subject . Get to know their hopes and fears . Give them the confidence that comes from knowing that you care , and will help if they have problems of any sort . All this is important , because young people who have good relationships with their parents are less likely to feel the need to try drugs . Do decide whether it 's a good idea to bring up the subject of drugs yourself . All provide a leaflet telling you about the range of services on offer . Before choosing a GP , think about your needs and the services that a particular surgery offers . The sort of questions you might like to ask the receptionist are : Is a health visitor or nurse attached to the practice ? For additional support contact : Sometimes depression is caused by circumstances . In this sort of situation the local Social Services Department may be able to help you with many practical problems , such as caring for a dependent relative . VIOLENCE Physical and sexual assaults against women occur both inside and outside the family . ( 1966 : 72 ) recognized such unobtrusive measures have found favour in field - work and I discovered at an early stage that the problem remains one of revealing the structural warts of the system while somehow indicating that this need not be seditious ; and indeed might even be of some value . As it is , when I showed close colleagues my first working paper ( Young 1979a ) on experiences in a police bridewell ( see Chapters 2 and 3 ) , they were alarmed . I was told on more than one occasion , that I should not really let outsiders see this sort of thing , even though it was agreed that what I had written was an accurate analysis of events . In some respects , I think it was the detail of the ethnographic thick description which most alarmed them ; for as almost all of them wistfully pointed out : it shows exactly how we do the business . In effect the insider who questions the gross systems of classification which define police practice seems set to join those deviants or criminals who contest the system of law and order by breaking its rules and regulations . And do n't ask me yet . Marina , what about you ? I 'm still some sort of bird , said Marina . I thought I was a bird of paradise before , but that was in the flow of what never quite materialised that new play ? Maybe I 'm an owl , watching the other owls screech down on helpless little mice , but I wo n't forsake my vegetarian principles . Put the kettle on , spooned coffee , rolled a cigarette , sat up in bed again and hoped the horrors had forgotten her address . Jay liked to phone her friends in the morning . A sort of hi I 'm here and how are you , have a nice day . She was actually giggling with Francis when the moth swooped into the cave : her light and ever - shaded windows guaranteed a sort of candlelit stalactite effect . Of course the moth went for the light , Jay went under the pillow , and the moth settled on a huge picture she had of a golden African dawn . Seeing her had become part of her life , first pleasant , then ecstatic , then the whole reason for being . The corridor held memories , the walls recalled shadows , the floor echoed with the sound of her walk . The ecology people were still mailing all sorts of publications to her , and her mouth would set hard with pain when she read Lucy 's name in a list of credits or committee members . But she was gone . For Jay absence had only ever made the heart grow fonder . However , many people shout from their lungs , with the result that the sound is high pitched and lacks penetration . A correct shout emanates from the diaphragm and is caused by a general muscular contraction accompanying the punch . WUKO Chief Referee Tommy Morris describes it as the sort of sound you make when pushing a really heavy car ; the sound explodes out of you , as it were . Use your shouts sparingly , otherwise the refereeing panel will quickly come to see that they generally signify nothing , and will ignore them . The second way to underline your punch 's effectiveness is to allow it to strike with a satisfying thud that cannot be mistaken . Well , it is not , Cameron said without turning . But it could be ? Oh aye all sorts of things could be . Fair rents . Fair leases . Where will it end , he cried out , where will it end ? ( feeling the helplessness in his own depths , knowing that to the crowd it came as an incitement to great anger ) . The feeling was soughing through them , every face was turned fully towards him , features naked , eyes widened ( they were too expectant , too dependent on the next sally , their wills must be gathered up and channelled towards an irresistible action ) . It will never end until we feel our powers , until we see how few and weak they are ( this was the merest wishfulness ) , and how strong they are , for consider what they have now , and in what sort of a country we are living . The forts and barracks have gone up , an iron chain along the Great Glen , an iron ring round the coasts you have built it for them , you have clamped these fetters on your own wrists , and I do not excuse myself my first work was mending the roof of the arsenal at Fort Augustus in 1784 . I should have known better , but we are learning now . How many guns ? They might turn west along the strath and not Menzies struggled to stop the racing of his mind and sort out the options coolly . The damp wind blowing in at the open door made him shiver and he went to wake the others . In a minute the three of them were huddled in cloaks , by the light of two candles and the last glow of the embers , trying to think quickly . Her own father , Solomon Klinitsky - Klein ( sometimes Kline , who was born at Vilkaviki ; the other side of the family come from Vilna ) , was hugely influential there ; through his books , notably his Lexicon Of Hebrew Homonyms which received excellent reviews in North America , Great Britain and Israel when published , became very well known in his adopted land . Another of his famous works was the Otsar Taamei Chazel , or The Treasury Of Rabbinic Interpretations , a thesaurus of views and definitions which was hailed as brilliant , indeed , unique in the sacred literature of his people . Rabbi Klinitsky - Klein and his family had escaped to Canada through the good offices of a Jewish agency in 1923 the sort movingly described by Norman Glimotsky in his My Life , My Destiny . Up to that time their lives had been appallingly difficult , given the savage treatment their fellow - Poles meted out to them . Insecurity , hunger , constant vilification and injustice were their lot , and it was as exhausted escapees that they made their way from Europe via Liverpool to Halifax ( then the most important port on the Atlantic coast ) , before finally settling in Montreal . With the disappearance of temple - worship as such , this fell into misuse , but a new significance took its place , which would have had particular significance for Leonard 's parents and grandparents . At this time the father dedicates his son to the study of the Torah or to the rabbinate . There can be no doubt that something of this sort took place at this time in Montreal , and that it forms one of the subconscious inputs in the growing boy 's development , along with the high family traditions and the significance of his names . Moreover , the covenant with Israel signified by circumcision was offered to make of the nation A kingdom of priests and a holy nation . , The whole people were theoretically a kingdom of priests by virtue of their privileged relationship with God . War had been declared , and the fate of Czechoslovakia , Austria and Poland was sealed , as it would be for several other countries . It would be six years before that anger would begin to subside , six years of unspeakable anguish for those of Hebrew persuasion , when unbelievable monstrosities would be inflicted on them , by the end of which half of the world 's Jewry had been murdered . This was carefully shielded from the growing boy , though horror of a personal , more penetrating sort was to obtrude itself soon enough on him. The genteel and pleasant routine of life which he understood , despite the lengthening shadow of his father 's illness , was convulsed in 1943 , when Nathan Cohen died , and the family was plunged into loss and grief . Masha Cohen had always felt an outsider , vis - - vis her more Westernised sisters - in - law. Leonard could be fastidious to the nth degree in completing his own work he has always said that he works one word at a time , and can spend months , even years , in adding finesse to it ; he is nevertheless dismissive of anything approaching scholarly exactitude , still more so pedantry . It is not clear where this comes from . There is certainly an element which highly values the proprieties of artistic freedom : a work of art must be a work of free spirit , untrammelled by rules and regulations , wherein absolute consistency or conformity of any sort is out of place . But there also seems to be a more personal element , too . In The Favourite Game he turns on those who produce such work in a wholly negative way . Leonard was fortunate in being welcomed virtually as an equal - into the regular company of such as these older poets . Not merely welcomed among them , but escorted around the country by them to various literary and poetry events , and often presented to their confrres as their protg . It was during this time that he was invited to the discussions of the CIV/n group , a gathering of poets of the more serious sort and to some extent inspired by Ezra Pound 's revitalising energies , even as its name was culled from his writings who had just launched a new poetry magazine of that name . It included such as Wanda Staniszewska , Jackie Gallagher , Buddy Rozynski ( cousin of Louis Dudek ) and Aileen Collins ( later to be Mrs L. Dudek ) , Robert A. Currie , Yaffa Lerner , Anna Azzulo , Betty Sutherland ( later Mrs Sutherland Layton ) , and Dudek himself . Between April 1953 and March 1954 they produced the first five issues , meeting in Layton 's home , occasionally at Rosengarten 's , to discuss The Things That Matter their latest poetry and material offered by others , not infrequently being led in song by Leonard on his ever - present guitar . When it was eventually found it was almost summer , and another sharp lesson on the ephemerality of life and relationships had been learned . Twenty years later he could still recall the event : I can think about my loyal dog buried in the snow , ( Death Of A Lady 's Man ) . No one brought up in the Jewish faith with his sort of European connections could fail to be unaware , or convulsed , by the nightmare we call the Holocaust . Nightmares and night - time anxiety , are a regular feature of Leonard 's work , though he did remark to us , I do n't think that I was scarred by anything . For someone whose life has been lived in search of the word , who perceived that a scar is what happens when the word is made flesh , who owned that his education began on hearing of the Holocaust , it is not a convincing comment . The university authorities liked it , and readily consented to the use of its name . Leonard was a natural choice for the first of the new series , both in bearing and background he represented , not merely McGill , but Canada itself ; he was accordingly approached . A manuscript of poems was assembled by him for the Professor to view ; the intention being ( and Dudek was very well experienced in this sort of work ) for him to take the matter over and see it through to publication . But Leonard bad different ideas . He had seen beyond the excitement of being approached for his first book ; he already visualised it on the bookshelves ! Apart from organising his domestic life , Stella Pullman was a disciplinarian in the old British landlady tradition ( her husband was a former RAF pilot who now flew for BOAC ) . She organised his professional life : she demanded to know his daily quota of work ( three pages a day ) and ensured he kept to it on pain of leaving should he fail ! That sort of failure does not belong to Leonard Cohen , he is by nature an industrious and self - conscious worker , if restless ; and so he stayed . He got plenty of work done there ; he made friends ; he felt liberated and enjoyed himself . He even found English girls desirable , a girl called Elizabeth in particular . This pity , compassion or mercy , is quintessentially Jewish hasidic ; to such God is essentially the God of Mercy and Compassion . As against that central epithet of the rabbis , the justice of God , they posited the creative , life - giving and life - nurturing aspect of mercy . Sainthood and mercy are entities of the most considerable sort in Leonard Cohen 's work , as we shall see . Stephen Scobie , in emphasising the motif of sainthood in Leonard 's writing , completely omits reference to this key Jewish emphasis , which would have prevented him from some of his more questionable comments , such as the reference to them as social outcasts . Whether that is so in other societies , which is highly questionable , is irrelevant . He introduced me to the Branch Secretary , Forbes , who I found less congenial , more prone to rhetoric , though at his level I daresay it was expected of him. It was Pike who put me onto the Department 's Legal Section . I went along there one afternoon and stuck my head round the door ; saw two men in the sort of office you 'd expect of solicitors box files in neat rows and shelf upon shelf of law reports . I announced myself . Illingsworth , I said , Special Projects . Pity . And look at those trees . I 'm sure they 're the sort that drop sticky stuff on the top of the car . Their last port of call was a large , unmodernised house . Amanda 's face brightened as soon as they were inside . I thought you booked for eight - thirty , John . I did . They 're always behind in this sort of place . What would you like to drink ? She chose a dry martini because it would have an olive she could eat . I mean , he was saying to Caroline , 'she 'd bring something to the table and I 'd have to ask what it was . I 'd never seen anything like it before . She 'd claim it was quite ordinary fish cake s , only they went wrong that sort of thing . She even made pound cake you know , a pound of butter , a pound of flour , a pound of eggs without weighing anything . Maggie approached Godfrey and said over his shoulder , I made it by the pound cake method . In the bedroom . I was n't sure about them once I arrived . Is it the right sort of party ? Why not ? Among the coats in the bedroom was a leather bomber jacket which did look as though it could be genuine World War Two . There are some circumstances where for health and safety reasons alcohol cannot be allowed at all . In some occupations bus and train drivers and airline pilots , for example employees are not allowed any alcoholic drink during the working day . Your policy should draw a clear distinction between this sort of rule and a supportive policy to help someone with a drink problem . Prevention Even if you decide you do n't have a problem now , it makes sense to do all you can to prevent it happening in the future . According to this account , the mind - body distinction as we know it was invented by Descartes . He it was who conceived the idea of identifying mind with consciousness and of claiming that consciousness and its contents are radically different sods of things from bodies and their properties . The mind is a sort of arena in which private objects are viewed : all our experience is , ultimately , confined to this arena . Descartes , so the story goes , reached this conception because , unlike his predecessors , the Aristotelians , he was obsessed by epistemological questions that is , questions about what we can know and how we can know it . He thought that the only things of which we could be really certain were things of which we were directly aware , that is , things in our own minds . By contrast , the metaphysical question of what the preconditions are for the world 's being accessible to thought was uppermost for Plato and Aristotle . This is explained via the role of form in the world . The important thing about form , in either the Platonic or Aristotelian senses , is that forms are the sort of things that can be thought , or apprehended intellectually . There is , in common sense , something close to a paradox which generates the problem of universals . This problem dominated philosophy from Plato until the seventeenth century . This thought casts the world in a profoundly different light from common sense in its materialistic moment ; and much of metaphysics can be seen as a response to it . Aristotle was the first to try to naturalize the veins of generality that must structure any intelligible world , by saying that forms in things were individuals , not universals . The controversy surrounding the interpretation of Aristotle 's conception of form is unending , but , on all interpretations , his objective is to give forms as great an affinity with particulars as is possible , consistent with their retaining a sort of generality which is , so to speak , released in the intellect when they are thought . Something that was not form , but was only matter , could not become general in this way and could not answer to the generality of the concepts with which we think . The naturalistic instinct has been to claim that mind somehow creates generality in a sense stronger than that which Aristotle allows ; it does not merely release generality from its potential state in matter , but fabricates it . The purport of that attack was to prove that generality could never be an intrinsic property of a mental content . Berkeley 's reason for thinking this was that he believed mental contents to be mental images , and there cannot be a general image . It never seemed to occur to him that a general idea might be an entirely different sort of thing from an image . Ideas , according to Berkeley , are particulars whose significance is explained by saying that they stand for the things they represent . This naturally prompts the question what it is for one purely particular object to stand for another . But even if treating our awareness of our own mental states as topic - neutral plausibly explains why we are not aware of our brains as such when we are aware of our mental states , it does not explain why knowing fully about the brain does not include knowledge of the nature of experience . Topic - neutral knowledge is weaker than , and hence is entailed by , full knowledge , though it does not entail it . So , if the blind scientist BS knows that V is in brain state B and that B is the state usually brought about by experience of a red object , then he knows that V is in some state or other of the sort usually brought about by red objects . So , if he abstracts from his knowledge of what the brain state actually is , he can form the same conception of experience as that had by the subject of the experience . In brief , topic neutrality was invoked to explain why , within the materialist scheme , consciousness of our mental states is not sufficient for knowledge of them as brain states : what it cannot do is explain why knowledge of brain states is not sufficient for knowledge of their nature as conscious states . A rather similar , and equally mistaken , line of thought which might appeal is as follows . It might be thought that the subject 's apprehension of his own brain is more immediate and more holistic than any external knowledge , however complete , and that this explains the experiential difference between the two kinds of knowledge . The scientist has essentially separate pieces of information , whereas the subject has a sort of Gestalt . Once again , this explanation shows a failure to grasp the radicalness of the physicalist perspective . A Gestalt is a mode of perception of a group of objects say of the dots in a printed picture so that they are seen as one thing . I now turn to a consideration of some implications of the cognitive neuropsychology of face recognition for phenomenology an approach to the mind and mental phenomena that gives prominence to introspectible phenomena understood as acts of consciousness and their immediate objects . Phenomenologists such as Dreyfus ( 1972 ) argue that the level of explanation utilized in cognitive science does not truly exist . The physical brain and the world of introspectible phenomenal experience are all that there really is : no cognitive psychologist has succeeded in defining another sort of input between these two which would provide the ultimate bits of information to which rules are applied ( p. 199 ) . My favourite phenomenological quote , however , comes from Jennings ( 1986 ) : social psychologists spent years conducting experiments to specify the exact parameters of a hypothetical motivational state called cognitive dissonance These were eventually formalized in the Weber - Fechner law which reported a quantitative relationship between stimulus and subjective experience , the sensation increasing in proportion to the logarithm of the magnitude of the physical stimulus . A quantitative correlation between the objective intensity of stimulus and the pattern of neural activity was subsequently demonstrated by physiologists recording from individual fibres . Since the work of S. S. Stevens in the 1930s and later , it has been recognized that , although the Weber - Fechner Law holds for many sorts of sensory experience , the exponent varies widely ; nevertheless , the principle of a quantitative correlation between external stimulus , neural activity and experienced sensation remains intact and now appears to be well - established . So much for the basic laws . The repeated confirmation of the correlation between the physical characteristics of the stimulus and the characteristics of the neural activity it triggers , and between the characteristics of the stimulus and that of the subjective sensation , has encouraged the belief that our sensations are in some sense to be understood in terms of a set of stimulation levels ( spiking frequencies ) in the appropriate sensory pathways . My friend laughed . Well some people might agree with you that Englishness was a condition of a kind . A sort of dis - ease . Be stiffened himself to illustrate his point . It 's highly contagious as well . I 'll marry one when I 've made my first million , and we 'll run an enormous model farm . No hedges , and peas as high as an elephant 's eye . Pouring nitrates into the dykes to poison the villagers , sort of thing ? Harriet sits calmly in her flowery chintz deckchair . She is calm too , of course . It was strange hard to think about something she took for granted . Being Irish for her was synonymous with being . Mind you when she went home she noticed her accent was getting worse and worse and she was picking up a sort of English reticence or so they enjoyed telling her . Here she was so Irish , a kind of veiled racism or compliment : it depended on her mood or the person saying it how she took it . And now Colm I thought you wanted them to lose too . Well at least Morocco are trying to score , was all he replied . If you 've just joined us , the commentator 's voice droned , there 's no score in this all important match but England can be admired for holding their own , down to ten men and against a Moroccan team that 's used to the sort of heat Did you hear that Steve , they would n't say the opposite if it was raining . She stuck her tongue out at the television . How did it go ? I danced like Nijinsky . There is a sort of joy in persuading the English you are the right person for them by dancing like a stoned Russian . The Indian woman was born in Kerala , Southern India , and came to this country when she was six . She tells me how her mum and dad know everything there is to know about fish , and tried to teach her . At the same time he tried to determine the identities of the Americans on the podium . He was kept very busy . When he saw the blue uniforms of the New York police , did Buddeke show them some sort of identification or did he just leave ? To flash a badge was to risk someone in the crowd remembering his face and in the future , on another job , he could fingered as the stoolie he truly was . His cover would have been blown . It would have been easy to nick his wallet at that point . The crowd was full of pickpockets , as I pointed out to him , and I could have easily said , well , I am sorry Oscar , but you know it is one of the risks here . I bought him a red hot , a sort of sausage on a roll with mustard . He would n't eat it , so I did . Later when he was hungry , he ate three of them in a row , washed down with bottles of beer which he said he did n't much care for . We have never before been able to run more than one senior men 's squad , yet now , thanks to Cellnet 's backing , we will have three to back the elite Davis Cup squad . Each offers slightly different and more appropriate benefits to the players , so that the individuals have a secure platform from which we hope they will make serious bids for international success . A good example of the sort of player who should be a great beneficiary of this scheme is James Lenton a tremendously hard worker who has struggled financially and once even had to quit to resort to coaching , Lewis added . He has been crying out for support for ages , and I am sure that this new opportunity is just what he is looking for . Nigel Sears will be taking up the role as permanent coach to the Cellnet Challenger Squad , whilst John Paish will be working with the Achiever Squad . Kevin Inkster discarded the loose chain when he was dissatisfied with the cut it gave , but it made him realise that he was certainly on the right lines . To that extent the SuperCut is also on the right lines , and has some benefits , but for the serious woodcutter it is limiting . Such is the waste removal power of this sort of tool , that safety for the operator and workpiece must be considered . On a superficial level then , the SuperCut is the safer tool , slipping whenever problems arise , though there is concern about the chain breaking . However , I found that in many instances this slipping action makes the disc useless , as it is unable to cut to any depth before it stops rotating . I had got to the stage with one particular chair when even a mallet and chisel was being limited by the design . Then along comes this Pfingst Power Carver and my problems were solved . The system incorporated the motor and flexible drive of the sort made famous by Dremel and dentists . Two handpieces are supplied in this package . The 44 has a 1/4in shank , and I found it perfect for the aggressive work I was attempting . The undersides link up to form an arch while the uppersides are cut to appear as pierced circles . With the overall dimensions I had been given , it worked out easily that there could be three arches along the front to one at the side . It is that sort of falling - together that reassures you are on the right lines . The front arches are not repeated on the back because a credence table is a side table and will always be against a wall . It is subordinate to the altar and although it may be decorative , it has direction towards the altar . I was walking down Piccadilly in 1973 with the woman who was later to become my wife when she grabbed me by the arm and steered me into St James 's church to see the carvings . What followed dictated the course of his life . It was a conversion experience , he says , I had seen his carvings in a vague sort of way already Esterly was then a post - graduate student at Cambridge and surrounded by some of Gibbons ' best work but I found myself looking at them there in St James 's as if for the first time . The scales fell from my eyes . He initially mistook his interest for an academic one and outlined plans to write a book . Enterprise Inns have signed a five year supply deal with Bass and all their pubs will continue to stock Bass beers . This sparked immediate criticism that the MMC regulations requiring Bass to free pubs from the tie or sell them had been by - passed . The Guardian commented that these sorts of deals would simply prompt further government investigations into the industry , unless the pub owning company was seen to be genuinely independent of the brewer . Those publicans stocking a guest beer will lose their rights to do so , since Enterprise Inns is not considered to be part of Bass . Even the Bass list of in - house guest beers will not be available to Enterprise tenants . I asked him to explain his pricing policy . He pointed across the road to another pub . By raising our prices slightly we get a certain sort of customer . They are prepared to pay a little more for a better quality of service . Prices are used as a barrier so that the sort of people we do n't want go over the road , he said . By raising our prices slightly we get a certain sort of customer . They are prepared to pay a little more for a better quality of service . Prices are used as a barrier so that the sort of people we do n't want go over the road , he said . The price charged in any one particular Nicholson 's pub is unimportant , considers Tony . A base price is set according to the area . Leaving the Harrow was a moving experience in many ways for John and Maureen . On their last day they were overwhelmed by farewell messages and gifts . I 'm a pretty tough sort of bloke you have to be to run a pub , John said , but I 've had tears in my eyes today . Roger Protz Black Country inn faces axe from bureaucrats It would just have altered my level of safety and I would have forgotten the route completely by now . Bolting is a purely ethical consideration , no more , no less . It is simply a question of what sort of world we wish to inhabit one of predictability , or one where the outcome is unknown to us and thus includes an element of self - exploration . Castaway climbs The islands of Scotland hold unimagined potential for new routes . Everything seemed to overhang . We retreated to the house , with confessions of lost - bottle and do - better vows for the morrow . Saturday night and a more mellow sort of relaxation was in order . Work was now a day 's climbing , as well as a sea crossing away and all but forgotten . Adventures past , or planned filled the fireside chatter as Harry kept the fire roaring with bellows made from a converted siren , whose reed had fortunately been removed . DIARY BURGLAR - PROOFING Extracts from the diary of the working supervisor for a small building company , with useful tips on all sorts of building problems Summer 's back , but it never seems to last long enough . Those who have n't taken advantage of early season low prices still have to take their hard - earned rest . Breed : Collie Problem : Light bulb phobia Jess the collie was a laid - back sort of hound who spent most of his life stretched out on a fireside rug in his large Surrey home . The closest he came to exercise was to open one eye every so often , if someone entered the room , or to open both eyes , smile , and wag his tail as he 'd done on one occasion when confronted by a housebreaker ! This extremely lazy lifestyle was one long yawn from dawn to dusk . On anatomy ? asks Raskolnikov , understandably mystified . But Svidrigailov ignores the question and starts talking about politics . He puts in a word on behalf of debauchery because it 's an occupation of a sort . Yes and no. The notebooks are beginning to pull him into shape with their NB . Even his way of throwing his money about , what he has of it , is immediately distinguishable from Svidrigailov 's , while with both of them money is the very image of merely imputed and therefore reversible value in a loose - end world : You to the right and I to the left , or the other way round if you like . Cocooned in false - Napoleonic narcissism he reads about his own deed in the newspapers . He goes in for a sort of hall - of - mirrors self - impersonation , telling people how he would have done the murder if he had done it ( which he has ) . His crime - and - punishment existence is a process of endless self - monitoring : What Razumikhm had just said about Porfiry also disturbed him. As a group they gave God short shift . But One grey - haired captain , a rough old chap , sat and sat not saying a word , mute as a mackerel , then suddenly got up in the middle of the room ad , you know , said aloud as if speaking to himself , If there 's no God then what sort of a Captain am I after that ? , ad seized his cap and threw up his arms and went out . He expressed a rather sensible idea , said Stavrogin , ad yawned for the third time . A wine - breath intellectualism hangs over the sturdy little comedy of the captain who has found his own words for declaring God to be the ground of his being . ( iv ) The mere mention of the biting in Anna 's manuscript record of At Tikhon 's variants is enough to pull the reader back into The Possessed , and he ca n't experience the sudden fierce tug of that novel without realizing simultaneously that the whole At Tikhon 's chapter belongs elsewhere , to a different masterpiece . Its footnote status in relation to Crime and Punishment constitutes , I admit , a funny sort of belonging , as does the obstructive force of Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov upon Dostoevsky 's attempt to give decisively new shape to the Great Sinner of his notebooks and letters and fondest creative hopes . A negative belonging , if you like . But narrative tone is a different and affirmative matter . The fury , the energy of The Possessed seems quite magicaally unconvenanted . The slippage principle should make for enervation and a general whittling away . But on the contrary , this world of it was rumoured and that may well have been so followed at once by it is more likely that nothing of the sort happened again in the opening paragraphs is as exhilarating as the challenge of life 's opacities to a healthy curiosity . Indeed the overall triumph of art in this case is that the novel walks out into our fact rather than ourselves entering its fiction : a very primitive and absolute form of consumer capitulation . Dostoevsky has an impudent way of making his narrator declare As a chronicler I confine myself to presenting events exactly as they happened , and it 's not my fault if they appear incredible like the son of the house writing home about his time on the North - West Frontier of India . This belongs to the last days of 1870 , more than a year after the murder in the park . It signals the transformation of the large , lucid Great Sinner into the man who is beyond definition and self - definition , beyond calling himself bored , and whose actions whether he is biting an ear or enduring a punch in the face or hanging by a well - soaped rope explain nothing and nobody . A sort of paring - down : in my analysis a surrender of the crisis - and - clarity urge , and an unloading of all the consecutions of theory upon others , principally Kirillov and Shatov . And conversely , the same notebook entry celebrates the rounding - out of a comic conception miles away from the original , historic Granovsky , scarcely less free than Dostoevsky 's ideal of art and lying too deep for tears . He , too , saw through me ; I mean he clearly perceived that I saw through him And in observing and judging Stepan Verkhovensky one becomes aware that the novelist 's selfadmonition to present him always with explanations has been both obeyed and transcended . Details of background , opinions , foibles , are lavished on him as on nobody else . His peculiar gloating obsequious humour , his sort of capricious self - satisfaction lurking in the very midst of plaintive protestations , are described and pondered . We learn that he began to pay great attention to his dreams . We learn it , though , as a sign of his going to seed and we wonder . Stepan Verkhovensky has only himself to elope with , and it remains an open question whether he will go on enduring the indignities of his hanger - on position , or cut and run , somehow , somewhere . He remarks to his son that unhappiness is just as necessary to mankind as happiness one of those cherished convictions of Dostoevsky that get slipped in when our attention is elsewhere . But , as Peter immediately tells his father , this is just the sort of bon mot to expect from an idler who is being kept in the lap of luxury . Such taunts hurt . They are bound to come to something , Stepan confides to the narrator ; usually in our world things come to nothing , but this will end in something , it 's bound to , it 's bound to ! There is nothing special here . Fig. 12 winding details for the Helmholtz calibration coils Fig. 15 : the sort of waveform expected across the picup coils . The amplitude and polarity of the pulses changes with strength and direction of the static magnetic field . Magnetometery and radio communications Source of Alice Springs In 1870 , the Victorians created a third electric avenue to the Orient , another submarine cable routed via Gibraltar , Malta , Alexandria , Suez and Aden , terminating at Bombay . It was the sort of route the British had long been anxious to create , an all - red one , passing through either British - owned , British - run or British - controlled territory . Security of these communication pathways meant headaches for the British some real but more frequently imagined . Keeping them functioning , not to mention well - maintained , was a formidable task , as not all routes could traverse the world on purely British turf . A quick glance at the seven - layer decision - making ladder of the OSI , makes plain the potential for querulous technical in - fighting over a near - interminable period . Where is the adventure in grappling with RS232 , network layers and Hayes compatibilities , however necessary ? That sort of activity is light years removed from the drama of the Russian steppe , the pioneering excitement of the outback or the storm - lashed sense of achievement that taming the Atlantic brought . But this is what it comes down to . Any high drama that remains is found deep in technical working party country . Arguments in anglophone circles about Derrida 's possible meanings are usually based on translations , without reference to the French originals . Perhaps Derrida 's most famous slogan , from Of Grammatology , is il n'y a pas de hors - texte . This can be , and has been , taken in all sorts of ways . At one extreme , it is regarded as self - evidently nihilistic , a dissolution of reality into textuality . At the opposite extreme , an English philosopher has tamed it to a position of common - sense moderation : I would n't advocate a university that would be cut off from society . We know that we have to train people towards a profession . I 'm against some sorts of professionalization , but it would be silly to think that the university should have nothing to do with any profession . You have to train people to become doctors or engineers or professors , and at the same time to train them in questioning all that not only in a critical way , but I would say in a deconstructive way . This is a double responsibility : two responsibilities which sometimes are not compatible . There are still many able academics who see their activity as research in the traditional sense , by engaging in biographical , historical , or editorial work . But where English departments are concerned research is more usually understood in the broader sense of adding conceptual rather than factual knowledge , which in practice means the proliferation of interpretation . The brighter sort of aspiring academic is more commonly found marking up paperback copies of standard texts in different coloured inks than delving in libraries . Indeed , Terence Hawkes has defined and defended what he calls paperback research as a proper activity for those who lack the scholarly resources of the ancient universities . The advent of poststructuralism has given a great impetus to interpretive productivity , since all the literary texts that were once interpreted to show organic unity and complexity of meaning can now be interpreted to reveal underlying clashes . The experience of reading major works of literature can have an overpowering effect on the responsive reader ( usually , but by no means invariably , the young reader ) . Kafka wrote that a book should be an axe to shatter the frozen sea within us ; Eliot said that we should properly find Othello or Lear frightful . The right sort of literary experience can be like a nuclear explosion , whereas the human expressiveness that Scholes detects in the humblest graffito is more like the low - level radioactivity that is always present in the natural environment . There is , in fact , a good case for resisting the takeover of literature by culture , though it is not as strong as I once thought it was . My doubts have grown during the years I have been thinking about and then writing this book , but for the moment I will concede that for many scholars and teachers a clarion - call to defend literature as literature would prove rousing and timely . One of them , as the Left disapprovingly points out , is a mythologized version of past greatness which obfuscates the disagreeable realities of the present . Certainly there are many bogus images of the national past around , culminating in the dream world peddled abroad by the British Tourist Board ( though this is , alas , what Americans and others want to visit ) . But people need myths of one sort or another , and the Left has its own , in memories of Wat Tyler , Cromwell , the Tolpuddle Martyrs , and the heroic industrial struggles of the past . Mythology , however partial , is better than blank amnesia . This current feeling for the past might provide a way in adult classes of shifting the emphasis from popular modern writing to earlier literature . It will certainly seem so to the Englishman ( as I take him to be ) , who found in the Envoi to Hugh Selwyn Mauberley Pound 's most explicit farewell to England , as he prepared to leave her in 1918 externality : an externality which , considering what Mauberley attempts , is utterly disabling . This is the same reader who , having decided that the Envoi is literary , in a limiting sense , is provoked by the word magic in the middle stanza into deciding that the term literary becomes a good deal more limiting , for the term aesthetic rises to our lips , and so , perhaps , does American ' And there we have it ! For this sort of Englishman , externality , to things English is what any American is condemned to ; and per contra inwardness with things English is what an Englishman quite simply has , painlessly , as a birthright . From this point of view , the only good American is one who stays shamefacedly mute about his English cousins , however many years he may have lived among them . The same rule does not hold , it will be noticed , when there is any question of Englishmen talking about Americans . And does n't this give us faintly indeed , but unmistakably just what we 've looked for in vain in all the other Sicilian allusions : that 's to say , evidence that when Pound was in Sicily he did n't go around with his eyes closed , his ears and nostrils stopped ? For that surely is the disconcerting , downright depressing , reflection that this sorry catalogue must leave us with . Sicily for Pound never but once had any existence that was n't either verbal ( as in the wordplay on Trinacria or the Eleanors ) , or else notional , ideological ( as providing a sort of slender mnemonic crutch for a tendentious reading of history ) . The contrast with Yeats is instructive , and it does n't work in Pound 's favour . The effect of the Sicilian experience on Yeats is disputed by Yeats scholars , but it is generally agreed that some effect there was . True enough , but how easily this can lead to the conclusion that anyone who attempts to deal with things that matter must be a bore , that rather than run the risk of talking nonsense one should play it safe and stick to charming trifles . This , remember , is W. H. Auden , whom for many years some people in England have regarded as himself too anxious not to bore , too anxious always to amuse . If this suggests that there are other sorts of English people than the sort Auden has in his sights , on the other hand it lends point and force to his censure of Beerbohm , and of what Beerbohm stands for in English life . Auden goes on : As it is , he slyly suggests that minor artists may look down their noses at major ones and that important work may be left to persons of an inferior kennel , like the Russians , the Germans , the Americans , who , poor dears , know no better . We may even feel , as certainly I do , that some of the later cantos are of such a nature that it 's hard to conceive in any age of a way of encountering them other than the way we 're here embarked upon . And yet we need to remember Pound , I think , would have wanted us to remember what a latecome development this is in the relations between a poet and his readers , how recent this is , and , in the perspective of history , how bizarre . We may surely placate the shade of Max Beerbohm sufficiently to acknowledge that the danger we run in approaching poetry this way is indeed the danger of one sort of professionalism specialized and therefore blinkered , inflexible , and humourless . I suspect that Pound is rueful at best when he looks down and sees us industriously annotating out of Sir Edward Coke Canto 107 , without noticing that the English language is in that canto handled with none of the sensitivity that would make those labours worthwhile . What I am saying is that a lot of the common English objections to Ezra Pound have substance , and would be worth taking seriously , if only we could be sure that they were advanced in good faith , in humility , and with compassion . Moreover Pound 's anti - Semitism , later so notorious , certainly casts a sinister light on his readiness to broach these issues . Yet these matters , it has been suggested , lie deep indeed , unutterably deep in every American psyche ; and it is good that from time to time the unutterable be uttered it is , one might say , one of the things that we look to poets for . There can be little doubt for instance that the doubtfulness or downright hostility felt towards Eliot by some Americans , particularly in recent decades , derives from the sort of American Eliot was and remained , long after he had taken British citizenship . Eliot hailed from St Louis , but the Eliots there seem to have regarded themselves as Bostonian and Unitarian missionaries to that mid - western Philistia . The poet did not share this sense , he actively disliked it , but he could not escape not even in Europe from what he saw as the balefulness of that inheritance . And if Pound so blithely overlooks that difference , does n't that mean that we have in him a critic who attends to form , to style , at the expense of what that form and that style are used so as to convey ? Don't we have in him a formalist , in fact an aesthete ? This is the brickbat that has been thrown at Pound from the first , and is thrown at him still , because of his unswerving attention to what makes poetry poetry , and not some other sort of discourse versified . It was the accusation , or the selfaccusation , that Pound wrestled with in Hugh Selwyn Mauberley , and settled not wholly to his own or any one else 's satisfaction . In The Hard and Soft in French Poetry Pound confronts the issue very early , and deals with it to my mind conclusively . More interesting will be the presence of Mikhail Gorbachev , whose reforms are viewed with disapproval and alarm in East Berlin . Also attending will be Poland 's President , Wojciech Jaruzelski , considered by East Germany as one of Communism 's sounder sons who has gone lamentably astray in handing power over to non - Communists . A different sort of jamboree , arguably of greater use to mankind , kicks off in Oslo on Thursday , when the Nobel Peace Prize is announced . One of the candidates this year is the entire population of Peking , apparently in keeping with the tradition of off - beat nominees for the prize . The 1989 awards are each worth 300,000 , 20 per cent more than last year , due to particularly good returns on investments made by the Nobel Foundation . The successful are always tempted to regard their success as a sort of blessing or reward for righteousness . This can lead to judgements being made about the unsuccessful , the unemployed , the poor and the unintelligent which are both uncharitable and untrue . I 'm thinking of the sort of attitude that suggests the unemployed do too little to help themselves , that if only you have determination and drive you can get on in the world . He says there are positive factors in the new atmosphere between local authorities and private enterprise , but it hardly touches on the problems of poor housing , lack of amenities and the continuing unemployment . These problems are what lead to that sense of being left out , of isolation and despair , which in turn can lead to the symptoms we are familiar with drug and alcohol abuse , crime and vandalism , debt and family break - up. On Friday , Mrs Grant will pick up the 1989 Captain of Industry award from the Livingstone Industrial and Commercial Association . She will be the first woman in the award 's 10 - year history . Chosen as Businesswoman of the Year in 1986 , Mrs Grant is no stranger to this sort of publicity . Even so , she seems particularly chuffed . It places me alongside such distinguished past captains like Sir Monty Finniston , Sir Campbell Adamson and Sir Matthew Goodwin ' she said . Nor is there any need to risk being challenged by alternative social visions , to attend to the views of every crackpot messiah round the world , since it matters very little what strange thoughts occur to people in Albania or Burkina Faso , for we are interested in what one could in some sense call the common ideological heritage of mankind . Just so might the exhausted arrogance of a dying empire have expressed itself on the lips of a Roman senator waving away the news of a crackpot messiah among the Jews , and the strange thoughts that occur to people in Jerusalem or Galilee . It does occur to Fukuyama that religion might have some sort of unease to express with all this , but he appears to conceive of religion under only two modes . On the one hand , there is fundamentalist counter - ideology , such as the Islamic theocratic state . This , it is to be assumed , his liberal readers may take seriously as a threat , but hardly as an option . This , it is to be assumed , his liberal readers may take seriously as a threat , but hardly as an option . And on the other hand , there are less organised religious impulses , religion as individual preference . This he knows can readily be accommodated as yet another sort of consumer commodity , within the sphere of personal life permitted in liberal societies . But there is no need to look to crackpot messiahs or fundamentalist theocracies to find a decisive religious rejection of Fukuyama 's reading of human history . For him , the energies driving history have been derived from the interplay between external forces , conflicting visions of the right ordering of society . The skin not waxy , but translucent ; the texture not oily , but clean and dry . It still looks like a foot , but a very nice foot really . Affecting nonchalance , I pluck it up , and begin nuzzling ; and , yes , it is a fairly rewarding sort of thing to eat . Not much flavour , but a fibrous - to - spongy chewiness which sets it apart from the average savoury snack . Now for the sheep 's eyes . China maintains the same professed intentions . The Basic Law will still be enacted , promising a panoply of rights and freedoms for 50 years beyond 1997 . But the Chinese Constitution contains all sorts of promises , too so many that it could probably have been construed to forbid the People 's Liberation Army from shooting dead hundreds of unarmed civilians , and to prohibit the arbitrary arrest , summary trial or execution of thousands more . Tiananmen demonstrated what most people in Hong Kong well knew , but preferred not to admit : that the leaders of the Chinese Communist Party can and will do absolutely anything , however brutal and illegal , to further their grip on power . The notion that they will be circumscribed by a Joint Declaration or a Basic Law , so confidently advanced in 1984 , now seems like a distant dream ; 1997 , by contrast , suddenly seems very real , and very close . Today they make up a sad string of tarnished beads , from Bombay , Calcutta and Rangoon to Saigon ( now Ho Chi Minh City ) , Hanoi and Canton . The city which became the most depressing ghost of its former self was Shanghai . Although it harboured the worst sort of poverty , inequality and exploitation during the 1930s and 1940s , not least because its bright lights attracted millions from the surrounding countryside , it seethed with exuberant life and economic activity . Then , under Mao Tse - tung 's triumphant Communists in the 1950s and 1960s , it declined into a depressing , monochromatic shell of its former self . Today , the spectre of Shanghai 's past haunts the Hong Kong 's future . MUCH TO their chagrin , the woes of Chancellor Kohl 's centre - right coalition have yet to produce a solid wave of support for the Social Democrats . Successive state elections have seen the governing parties pummelled by a dismayed electorate . But the SPD , instead of exuding the sort of assurance suggesting that the general election in December next year belongs to it , struggles to hide its edginess . The party reacted with unnecessary embarrassment and defensiveness to government attacks on general talks it has been holding with the Greens , and its desire , as part of its traditional Ostpolitik , to press on with contacts with the Communist party in East Berlin despite the sudden surge of open opposition to the government by East German citizens . Two impressive victories this year , in Berlin and in Frankfurt , producing municipal coalitions with the Greens , were a fillip for party morale . The differences in our electorate are much bigger than for the conservative parties , says Heidi Wieczorek - Zeul , a member of the party praesidium . Tactically to combine the interests of a miner and an environmentalist just does not work . It can only be done with conviction , with the sort of approach we used in 1969 with Ostpolitik . Today , ecological and women 's issues are the equivalent of Ostpolitik for us . The party leader , Hans - Jochen Vogel , a rather uninspiring figure , has nonetheless proved adept at managing this delicate evolution which , bolder than anything the Labour party ever contemplated , has avoided the sort of fratricidal bloodletting which ravaged its British counterpart . It can only be done with conviction , with the sort of approach we used in 1969 with Ostpolitik . Today , ecological and women 's issues are the equivalent of Ostpolitik for us . The party leader , Hans - Jochen Vogel , a rather uninspiring figure , has nonetheless proved adept at managing this delicate evolution which , bolder than anything the Labour party ever contemplated , has avoided the sort of fratricidal bloodletting which ravaged its British counterpart . The traditionalist camp has had to swallow some bitter pills . Oskar Lafontaine , the SPD leader in the Saarland , has argued vociferously that a modern mass party like the SPD could not afford to have its policies confined to the narrow interests of employed industrial workers . I walked out of the hospital and did n't go back . Mrs Henry found out all she could about alternative cancer treatments and dabbled in some of them . At this time , I was living in a sort of Walter Mitty world . I had a husband who was pretending that I did not have cancer , and a mother who tried to inspire me by showing me pictures of Page Three girls under banner headlines of How I conquered cancer . They were both trying to persuade me to continue with the radiotherapy and drugs . Pyrah 's winning partner is qualified for the top competitions here but , because of his youth , the rider intends to use him with discretion . The 2,000 which Andy Austin collected , by finishing fourth on Elusive and sixth on Zobias , was considerably more than the meagre 240 he won when riding River Hill to victory in yesterday 's first leg of the Grade A Championship . It was very hard work for that sort of money and I consider it an insult , Austin said of the earlier award . If he wins the next two legs , today and tomorrow , his total prize money as overall Grade A champion will only amount to 970 but he will have the opportunity to compete at Wembley for the rest of the week . . New Zealand 's Olympic gold medallist , Mark Todd , has accepted a last - minute ride for today 's Working Hunter Championship . Alun Evans , secretary of the Welsh football association who doubles up as chairman of the UAU committee , said : I was informed by the chairman of the UAU rugby committee that he was discussing the possible sponsorship of its championship and I received a copy of a proposal it contained a number of features which were not acceptable to the union and it was therefore with great surprise that we learned a launch for the sponsorship had been called and it was decided that the union could not agree to this action . While UAU rugby has lost out on money , Blackheath have lost the services of their coach , Alex Keay . He 's having a sabbatical while he sorts things out , Paul Rossiter - Marvell , the club 's secretary , said yesterday . We 've now got more coaches at the club than National Express , but he can come back if he wants to . In my day the only coaches we had were called charabancs and had four wheels and a man in a peaked hat . The London Borough of Hammersmith has previously rejected inspired schemes by at least two of Britain 's most interesting architects . Both Norman Foster , architect of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank headquarters , and Terry Farrell , designer of the new - look Charing Cross station complex , developed highly intelligent proposals for the reconstruction of Hammersmith Broadway . Instead of Farrell or Foster , Hammersmith settled for a flashy Post - Modern office and retail development which , while providing the sort of covered spaces the borough wanted , led nowhere architecturally . By voting for Ralph Erskine there is a chance assuming that executive architects Rock Townsend and Lennart Bergstroms can reach the meticulous standards set by their Swedish master that Hammersmith will point the way ahead for a new generation of user - friendly , environmentally soft commercial architecture . Architecture Viewpoint : Redemption for the developer Cutting back and forward furiously , Royston tries to include the complex relationship between Ruth 's father and his ageing boy , Tim ( Ilarrio Bisi - Pedro ) ; as well as a portrait of Gumede , a freedom fighter on the verge of lunacy excellently played by Osei Bentil ; and an analysis of a South African police Colonel who is affably stark mad . There is not room for all of this . Which is a pity , because one would have liked particularly to hear more of the ebullient Gumede , a sort of Mad Max of the townships . White people ! he spits disgustedly at Ruth , you talk of life and death and other rubbish because you have a future . In a finale the police colonel complements Gumede as he describes his ideal home : Freedom , man. Retiring MB Group chairman Dr Brian Smith said yesterday that any short term dilution in the company 's earnings would be minimal . The impact on MB Group 's balance sheet of acquiring sizeable goodwill in both ABS and Caradon is mostly offset by the issue of 150m US preferred stock and a handy 80m revaluation of its CMB stake to leave pro forma gearing at 24 per cent . This suggests that the next MB Group foray will require fresh equity of some sort but investors may not find that too alarming . View from City Road : Flirtatious Deloitte By SIMON PINCOMBE He has said that the 15m on offer was either too little or too much too little to pacify the bankers if Eagle was in trouble but if the group could be turned around a recapitalisation would not be needed . Mr Fitton yesterday made clear that he had always been acting in an independent capacity in the offer for Eagle , and that it had no connection with Braithwaite . Whoever sorts Eagle out will make a lot of money , Mr Fitton said . Beneath the can of worms there are some very good businesses . However , Braithwaite , which specialises in plant hire , had tried to take over Samuelson , the film equipment hire company bought by Eagle in 1987 . He tore it down. We faced each other across 12 ludicrous inches of disputed Dorset couch grass breathing stertorously . Two years on and 1,000 poorer ( I 've had to foot his costs to buy him off my land ) the lawyers have patched up some sort of agreement . Next door has given up a right of way that goes nowhere . The beech hedge is trying to set an example by maturing . More power to his noble elbow . Rural Britain is full of retired brigadiers and industrial captains , chaps who got where they were through diplomacy , cunning and an instinct for knocking heads together when the bugle blew . Why not , as Lord Donaldson seems to be suggesting , appoint them to Rural Boundaries Tribunals , a sort of bucolic Acas , with powers to sort out neighbours who have temporarily taken leave of their common sense . They may not always exhibit the wisdom of Solomon but at least they might know where to draw the line . Beeson , the England captain , scored his first victory over the world No. 9 , Zarak Jahan Khan , with one of the finest performances of his career , and then complained about the remarks he claimed his opponent had been making during the rallies . I told him that was quite unnecessary , Beeson said . It made me angry , and that sort of thing makes me get stuck in . These results caused Jonah Barrington , the former world No. 1 who has waited an age for signs of Englishmen who might become world beaters in the way that he did , to make an interesting boast . At last we are getting the reward for our hard work and we will be challenging for the world title ourselves in a couple of years , he said . UK resident . The donor must be resident in the United Kingdom at the time that the gift is made . If a nonresident wishes to make a tax effective gift out of UK source income he should use a Deed of Covenant . ( vii ) Minimum and maximum amounts . The 1989 figures indicate a reversal of this trend with 276 death setences passed and a sharp reduction of commutations to 23 . The 1990 figures , provided more recently by the Ministry of Justice , show a dramatic increase to 447 death sentences , mostly for murder under aggravating circumstances . The same source reports that 190 executions took place last year . AI welcomes the publication of statistics on the death penalty , as well as current proposals to limit its scope . However , it remains concerned that there has been no stay on sentences or executions pending the review of existing legislation . The immense task of gathering , analysing and confirming allegations of human rights violations from around the world falls to the Research Department at the International Secretariat , Amnesty 's headquarters in London . We are obviously not there when someone is being tortured or killed . When we hear of such cases , we investigate and draw on as many sources as possible to find out what happened In one sense it 's very much like good investigative journalism , explains Malcolm Smart , Head of Research at the IS . The information comes to the IS through myriad channels , some of them formal over 1,100 newspapers , journals , government bulletins and transcripts of radio broadcasts are sifted and others that are less predictable . This was in September 1989 and he has been in prison since . He enclosed a list of the 28 political prisoners still at the prison . A vital source of first hand information is generated by the many missions and research trips Amnesty sends to countries each year for on - the - spot investigations and to observe trials , meet prisoners and talk to government officials . During the first 11 months of 1990 AI sent 68 delegates to 50 countries ranging from Jordan to Nepal , from the USA to Romania . Despite the difficulties of getting into and travelling around many of these countries due to poor roads , curfews , civil wars , monsoons researchers often uncover information and testimony they would never otherwise obtain . Do not forget me dear comrade . Rucia . Of course , all sources of information must be confirmed as credible sources could be using AI as a propaganda tool . We are well aware of this danger and do n't blindly accept what people say , states Malcolm Smart . It comes down to applying a judgement based on the background knowledge we 've acquired from 30 years of monitoring and reporting human rights . This comparison has fazed her , as she only knows about Lee Krasner as the widow of Jackson Pollock ; so the library visit is intended to check out reproductions of Lee Krasner 's work , to see if she has to concede that her friend may be right . The resources available to her are excellent ; the library has an extensive stock of books , long runs of periodicals , press cuttings , and up - to - date facilities to find relevant material . Among the sources she will find are critical reviews , articles , catalogues and books about New York painting of the 1940s and 1950s , which will remind her that Pollock died in 1956 . There is no shortage of writing about Pollock ; like other star artists , he has an embarrassingly large number of apologists , but fortunately there are select bibliographies which can guide her to key publications . There may , however , be questions in her mind about the choices open to her : how will the information in a catalogue differ from what is to be found in a monograph ? Moreover , other cultures , such as those of Africa , have had to wait until even more recent times for recognition . It is literature within the last three centuries , then , that provides the main choices for a reader . The advice offered here is that a reader should ignore what category of writing a book or article may come under , since helpful art criticism may be found in all sorts of sources . There is no need to be intimidated by the formality of a staid institution 's catalogue , or to neglect popular magazines ; as for writing in various academic disciplines , there ought to be no barrier to learning about an interesting topic . The reader 's question of a book or an article should be what function the writing is able or unable to perform ? His book entitled The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy avoids a chronological sequence , since his plan of arrangement was to build up a mosaic of characteristic material . As he explained : My starting point has to be a vision , otherwise I cannot do anything . Vision I call not only optical , but also spiritual realization ; for instance , historical vision issuing from the old sources . A more mundane project for a survey writer is to scan Western art , which has often been attempted in series of books , many of them , as Roger Fry 's comments implied , by German historians . A few single volumes have had deserved success . The properties of the material made limewood sculpture a special medium . It was a medium of the grand form and of the surface , whether polychrome or monochrome ; it was not a positive medium of the middle forms , like oak , or even usually of the assertive instrument , as bronze can be . The grand form offered a scale of more or less assimilation to the form hidden in the wood , the surface a scale of textures , on both of which the sculptors played , and they are a source of specific qualities of the genre . A final chapter is devoted to four case studies : Michael Erhart of Ulm , Tilmann Riemenschneider of Wurzburg , Veit Stoss of Nuremberg , and Hans Leinberger of Landshut . These short studies are in part historical , but partly art criticism ; the study of Leinberger is particularly relevant , as it comments both on an encounter with a sculpture and the problems of reading about it . Beyond which , a disbeliever in astrology can find quite other ways of categorising artists . A final caution about using monographs about painters is that they can seldom be read alone . Historical background is only compressed in a monograph ; biographical material may be more extensive in other sources ; the painter 's contemporaries will not receive much attention , and may be slighted . Even illustrations may not be adequate , details of pictures often being poorly represented , leaving an artist 's techniques , materials and handling to be discovered from more specialist studies . The reader can hope , all the same , that the writer will give an account of the special merits of key pictures , and it is these art critical passages which can be of most help in enjoying or appreciating the chosen artist 's achievement . Van Gogh is famous not only for his art , but for his writing . He did not write an autobiography , but his letters have been a source of fascination to a wide audience , especially artists . Luckily , he had a correspondent in his brother Theo in whom he could confide and with whom he could explore ideas about art ; the letters are thus an invaluable source of interpretation . From the distance of a century , some of Van Gogh 's enthusiastic appraisals of the art of his time look curious ; but then , this artist acting as a critic was especially vulnerable to admiring art with a moral purpose , or work from which he was able to draw inspiration . Private letters are like a conversation overheard , often more revealing than an autobiography , or than a diary which may have been written with more than half an intention of allowing it to be published . It 's very important that you read widely , both novels and playscripts , and do n't just confine yourself to an exam syllabus . After all , an actor 's life is spent working with words , and it will be valuable for you to have a reasonable background in the English literary and dramatic traditions . Novels have been a rich source of material for the film industry since the talkies were introduced , and it 's very interesting to see how both classic and contemporary novels require skilled adaptation of the dialogue to make sufficient dramatic impact in a film . As you read you will probably be aware of a character 's potential as a role for the actor particularly with those who have already an established place in theatrical tradition ( Dickens is full of such characters ) . Reading plays is an essential part of your career preparation the more plays you read the more you will understand of the theatre 's development . The church not only provided solace and comfort in those long years , but also a vigorous identity which enabled its people to hold up their heads amid the persecution and oppression . It provided intellectual and spiritual leadership and some alleviation from hunger and starvation . The clergy were the only source of education apart from the hedge school teachers ( Dowling 1968 ) and provided a significant moral and organizational resource . Several aspects of catholicism became particularly important in the nineteenth century . As has been seen , partially as a result of Cardinal Cullen 's nineteenth - century reforms , the church became more organized and developed in its numbers of clergy and religious . One should add that Buckley takes the Christian myth for granted , as backdrop to the discourse . But one must remember that the divergent reading of the Christian myth by Reformation and Counter - Reformation is at the heart of the religious as opposed to the rough interpretation of the conflict . The importance of the protestant variant should not be underestimated given the extent of religious practice and the power of religious men within the protestant loyalist bloc and the grave importance of conceiving of one 's position as absolutely irreproachable , depending as it does on a divine source . At the heart , or within the innermost wall of the protestant loyalist alliance , is the man of God not woman , not rough , and not immoral be he soldier , clergyman , businessman , or farmer . After the account of creation and redemption , which despite the variance among intellectual accounts in the past probably has slightly less relevance as a divider at the popular level , the two main variants begin ( for popular accounts , see Harris 1972 ; Leyton 1975 ) . Citizens then act as witnesses in the courts and finally may compose the jury the real judge of guilt and innocence . In all capitalist democracies there are two sources for the legitimacy of the state , namely statehood itself and the ideology specific to the state in question . It will be argued that when the second source is threatened as well as the first , the power to coerce can devolve on the civil sphere in a substantive way . The conclusion to the argument will be that there is a specific form of violence of a political kind outside of state control which cannot be reduced to crime . The specificity of this form of violence or coercion has to be recognized , however one feels about the terrible consequences of it for the innocent . It was 1974 before that particular form of discrimination was removed by a new Adoption Act . Testing the Alliance 2 : The Mother and Child Scheme Controversy The second case reveals even more the extent to which the legitimation of the state was a Roman catholic affair , at least as one of the two principal sources of power in the alliance . From the early 1940s , the Irish government began to work towards the introduction of a comprehensive health service for mothers and children in line with other legislative developments in Western countries . There can be no doubt that the lack of such a programme bore heavily upon the poor , and that poor health and mortalities were a consequence . As has already been seen , it was the style of both church and politicians to avoid their mutual consultations being known , which tells us that the secularity of the state at that time was partially a faade , but one which it was felt by both interested parties had to be maintained , probably so as not to confuse the faithful . In a letter to the Irish premier in 1947 , while an extensive health bill was going through parliament , the bishops pointed out that to claim such powers for the public authority , without qualification , is entirely and directly contrary to Catholic teaching on the rights of the family , the Church in education , the rights of the medical profession and voluntary institutions ( Irish Independent , 12 Apr. 1951 , quoted Whyte 1980 : 143 ) . It appeared that one of the main sources of the bishops ' opposition was the authoritarian nature of the legislation . That the bishops were affected by the opposition of the medical profession to the scheme clearly they stood to lose money and independence if such a scheme were implemented seems likely . Whereas similar provisions in other countries were mainly designed to provide facilities which could or could not be used , the Irish ones were to be compulsory and there was to be no choice of doctor . The Roman catholic hierarchy declared that they had no opposition to this particular change , but one wonders how the vote would have gone if they had . Also , in 1974 , an adoption Act made it possible for couples of mixed denominational or religious origin to adopt . But Roman catholic adoption agencies , the source for the majority of children awaiting adoption , are not obliged to assign baptized Roman catholic children to such couples , and whether they do or not is not a matter of public knowledge . The episode shows , as Whyte says , not a clash between Church and State but a shifting consensus involving them both , ( 1980 : 399 ) . A further significant change in political religious attitudes occurred with the liberalization of legislation prohibiting contraceptives to be bought or sold , or even imported into the state . As Alan Dukes TD argued in the Dil in response to the pastoral letter : It is wrong to contend that divorce legislation defines all marriages as being dissoluble . It does no such thing ; rather it defines the circumstances and conditions in which a marriage has ceased to be a source of happiness and strength to those involved and may be brought to an end There is no compulsive power in this amendment , nor will supporting legislation contain any obligation on those who do not wish to do so to use the mechanism it will set up. ( Dil debate , 14 May 1986 , as reported by Dick Walsh , Irish Times , 15 May 1986 ) There seemed to be the fairly uncomplicated desire among the community to see all the children attend the same school , as an expression of relationships existing within the community . It is likely that children have the important function in a new housing area of bringing parents and neighbours together , particularly when there is a lack of other social amenities a characteristic of new housing areas in and around Dublin in the 1970s . The children probably appear as a source from which to develop new relationships and the immediate perception is to translate this experience into scholastic terms . The absence of a non - Roman catholic school in the immediate area and the nave belief that they were empowered in some way to have a say in what type of school should appear on their housing estate there was a small Roman catholic school which was to be expanded to cater for the growth of the population may have sharpened catholic parents ' interest in having an integrated school . There were at this point no apparent difficulties experienced between the majority of estate members and no significant source of conflict , that is until the question of a multi - denominational school itself became such a source . The children probably appear as a source from which to develop new relationships and the immediate perception is to translate this experience into scholastic terms . The absence of a non - Roman catholic school in the immediate area and the nave belief that they were empowered in some way to have a say in what type of school should appear on their housing estate there was a small Roman catholic school which was to be expanded to cater for the growth of the population may have sharpened catholic parents ' interest in having an integrated school . There were at this point no apparent difficulties experienced between the majority of estate members and no significant source of conflict , that is until the question of a multi - denominational school itself became such a source . The two Roman catholic priests , who were in all respects dedicated pastors and much liked by many in the local community , immediately opposed the idea , preaching against it at Sunday masses in the local convent and the school hall . The burden of the message was that good catholic parents sent their children to catholic schools . Such heat , I tell her . I watch you fizzle and burn . Fire , she tells me , has always been a source of goodness . Think of a piece of paper , I tell her . Watch it burn and smoulder , crinkle and turn to ashes , leaving nothing but a stink behind . Not easy though , he wrote , to submit oneself to it , to enter its orbit . Always the danger of the cold spreading too fast , of my not being able to live with it . And then , he wrote , there is the question of why that dread should also be a source of excitement . Is it because one does not turn to art for comfort ? For safety ? Since topping up , rather than full replacement , is the favoured option for caterers , the first worry is matching up. There are surprisingly few popular patterns of cutlery most caterers use the historic patterns devised in Sheffield . The fact that a wide number of manufacturers work to the same pattern means that the caterer who is topping up need not return to the same source for the top - up. Identify a selection of cutlery distributors , send them one of your pieces of cutlery and ask them to match it and send their sample and yours back . There will be some differences , but they may be too slight to be noticed by the customers , who would normally see only one piece of each item in any case . His genesis was part of a much longer creative process and must be seen as the culmination of eleven centuries of English literary history . Though Agatha Christie was properly reticent about the breadth of her reading , it is clear to the informed student of her works that they reflect a much broader and deeper literary frame of reference than is usually admitted to this particular author . My essay will trace the pattern of references to other literary sources of which the author herself was sometimes no more than subliminally aware . Though there were clearly classical influences on Agatha Christie 's work most obviously in the collection The Labours of Hercules they are not within the province of this study , particularly since the subject has been expertly covered by other scholars . It is my intention to trace only the English language sources for the creation of Hercule Poirot . My essay will trace the pattern of references to other literary sources of which the author herself was sometimes no more than subliminally aware . Though there were clearly classical influences on Agatha Christie 's work most obviously in the collection The Labours of Hercules they are not within the province of this study , particularly since the subject has been expertly covered by other scholars . It is my intention to trace only the English language sources for the creation of Hercule Poirot . The first unarguable influence on Agatha Christie 's writings can be found in one of the Digressions in Beowulf . The killing in Hrothgar 's meadhall described in the ensuing passage was clearly the origin of the many Country House murders which were to feature in Hercule Poirot 's investigations . And finger the fiendish one . Though it might be fanciful to assert that this passage heralds the arrival of Hercule Poirot on the literary scene , it is clear that the Digression prepares the way for the development of the whodunnit form , and particularly of the private detective , the righteous unraveller , whose task it will be to solve the murder . Granting that the Beowulf reference , though tantalisingly close to unambiguity , cannot be unequivocally accepted as a primary source for Hercule Poirot , the directness of the next reference brooks no denial . It is indeed remarkable and perhaps a comment on the tunnel vision of many in academic life that no previous scholars have looked for the Belgian detective 's literary antecedents in the most obvious of sources , the Medieval Mystery Play . The very word Mystery could not provide a much heavier clue , and I am bold to assert that Agatha Christie 's inspiration to write mysteries featuring Hercule Poirot sprang directly from her reading of the following extract from the Harrogate Third Shepherd 's Pay in the Hull Cycle ( as it hath been divers time acted by the Guild of Chandlers and Gardners upon the Feast of Corpus Christie , ) : Though it might be fanciful to assert that this passage heralds the arrival of Hercule Poirot on the literary scene , it is clear that the Digression prepares the way for the development of the whodunnit form , and particularly of the private detective , the righteous unraveller , whose task it will be to solve the murder . Granting that the Beowulf reference , though tantalisingly close to unambiguity , cannot be unequivocally accepted as a primary source for Hercule Poirot , the directness of the next reference brooks no denial . It is indeed remarkable and perhaps a comment on the tunnel vision of many in academic life that no previous scholars have looked for the Belgian detective 's literary antecedents in the most obvious of sources , the Medieval Mystery Play . The very word Mystery could not provide a much heavier clue , and I am bold to assert that Agatha Christie 's inspiration to write mysteries featuring Hercule Poirot sprang directly from her reading of the following extract from the Harrogate Third Shepherd 's Pay in the Hull Cycle ( as it hath been divers time acted by the Guild of Chandlers and Gardners upon the Feast of Corpus Christie , ) : The three Shepherds wake to find the fourth Shepherd , Mak , lying still beside them . Oh perfecte Porot , the lyttyl clever sluthe , The clewes wyl trace , and always fynde the truthe . The evidence in this extract is conclusive , and it can therefore be definitively stated that Agatha Christie 's source for the character of Hercule Poirot was Speke , Parot . But the author 's debts to English literature do not stop with John Skelton . In her development of the character of Poirot , she was clearly influenced by her reading of Sir Philip Sidney 's Astrophel and Stella , and particularly of the following sonnet : Till he spoffer 'd who doon tha ' Ca ' the burgies tae the boggin , c . I have now supplied sufficient evidence of Agatha Christie 's erudition and remarkable range of source - material to silence the most sceptical critic of my thesis . And I think I should definitely be awarded my doctorate as soon as possible . OSBERT MINT , April 1967 It had been , I realized , an extremely long and tiring day . I decided to abandon my earlier plan of just walking around until dawn and instead to try and find somewhere where I could get some sleep . I had , as I have said , hardly any money left , so with no new sources of income on the horizon , the sensible thing to do was to sleep rough . I left the station and started down the road to Harwich town . A little way along , I saw a path running up the bank to my left and on the top of this bank there was a rather eccentric mock - Gothic porchway . The memory of those few hours is etched on my mind . They were typical of part of what it was like to be homeless having nowhere to go ; having to avoid all representatives of authority ; feeling tired and generally run - down ; and needing to have my wits at their sharpest at a time when they had become critically undernourished . People of all shapes and sizes became my biggest threat and a vital potential source of assistance . And there was all that seemingly interminable , lonely hanging around . Feeling conspicuous embarrassed about my very existence but resentful of what had happened . In a small garden two excellent weeping ornamental and habitat shrubs , the Kilmarnock willow , Salix caprea pendula , and Cotoneaster Hybridus Pendulus , make ideal trees up to 10ft high . In spring the willow , with its arching branches , embroidered with silver female catkins , is truly a thing of beauty . The caterpillars so far unidentified , which feed on its leaves provide an abundant source of protein for the many young birds . Birds are bowled over Cotoneaster Hybridus Pendulus is , in wildlife terms , what Ian Botham is to cricket in the allrounder class for usefulness . Rowans will grow in alkaline soils , but prefer heavier acid loams . A valley I know has rowan trees growing with oak , birch and holly . In winter it 's a wildlife haven ; even in the harshest weather it affords a rarely failing food source . Since ancient times , the rowan tree has been considered a scourge to witches . Cattle wore collars of rowan wood to protect them from spells and curses . This prevents nitrates being washed out of the soil in winter . When the manures rot down they add organic matter to the soil , which turns into humus . This is not only a source of plant foods , but also encourages earthworm activity . The two together make poor , dry soil more moisture - retentive , and improve the drainage in heavy soils . Plants with a fibrous root system , creating plenty of organic matter , do most to improve the soil structure . 17 Leyland cypress hedge Forest British timber products are a renewable source Stakes set in cut - out notches hold the steps firmly Pippa gives Chris a hand in the 1 : 3 sloping garden Ever dug up a bed of apparently flourishing potatoes , only to find the tubers riddles with holes where the slugs have been at them ? The major culprit is the keeled slug , dark grey or black with a distinct ridge down its back , which lives mostly in the soil . Slugs turn to the potato crop in late summer , when other food sources are disappearing . Once started , there is little you can to to stop them , and the damage increases greatly in September . A good solution is to harvest the crop early in September , storing the tubers out of harms way . Plant pests are herbivores , eating foliage or sucking the sap , while predators are carnivorous and live by feeding on plants pests , directly or by laying their eggs among colonies so that their larvae have a ready supply of food . The commonest predators are ladybirds , hoverflies , lacewings , ground beetles , centipedes and insectivorous birds , together with frogs , toads and hedgehogs . Attract birds to the garden by feeding them when their natural sources of food are scarce ; grow plants favoured by insect predators ( like limnanthes , cornflowers , eschscholzia , asters , chrysanthemums , robinia , philadelphus and spiraea ) , and respect the habitats of retiring predators such as beetles , frogs and bats . Treatment A major infestation is almost certain to occur at some time or other , and you must then decide how to control or eradicate it . Their elongated stems with few small leaves strive upwards until they find sufficient light , and this can be seen when sun - loving species are planted in shady parts of the garden . Similarly , congested seedlings will become thin and drawn , with soft , weak stems that eventually collapse from being forced . And where the source of light comes mostly from one side , as when plants are growing under a hedge , stems often bend and stretch in that direction . The tendency to move or grow towards light is called phototropism . For these reasons , when tackling the problem of gardening in the shade it is important to choose plants proficient at extracting energy from limited sunlight . After a little more flying experience , beginners ' eyes interpret what is happening to the aircraft and the alarm signal is no longer sent on to the brain . For example , as the stick is moved forwards a little , the eyes see the nose of the glider moving down , and the brain expects the sensation and understands what is happening . As there is no cause for alarm , the brain suppresses the sensation at source . This is another reason to start off any flying training by emphasising visual references instead of the instruments . If the reduced g occurs because the air is turbulent , there is no visual sign of what is causing the sensation . There are 8 methods of birth control This is n't a method of birth control ! Top - level list labels not repeated in source . repeated here for clarity . METHOD The address can be found in the library , post office or the GP 's surgery . This booklet covers some of the many services available and more importantly how to make use of them . The leaflets and organisations mentioned are just some of the sources of information and advice . Your local library , Citizens Advice Bureau , or the Social Services Department of your local authority will be able to give details of help available in your area or tell you where detailed advice can be sought . The Health Education Authority gives people the information they need to look after themselves . Although this conference comment is now well over fifteen years old it still holds good . In 1987 when I attended the Intermediate Command Course at the Police Staff College with some thirty - five other superintendents from around Britain , I found that my Ph.D . was the source of extreme curiosity and even some apprehension , and I watched ( and recorded fieldnotes ) as my new colleagues sparred warily with the Doctor in their midst . I realized I would need to convince them at the first opportunity that I was primarily a practical policeman and not an academic ; and I also noted that while the college was keen to list the academic qualifications of those on the course , the participants quickly justified Lewis 's assertions by playing them down to emphasize their history of praxis and practical mastery . AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE SELF : PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION OR ESPIONAGE The vast library on police matters was clearly under - used and there is obviously a need for a critical ethnography of the college itself , for it takes in numbers of senior and middle police managers each year , maintains a considerable staff of academics and visiting lecturers , but has singularly failed to provide an academically stimulating university of policing . Even the civilian academics at the college seem to be nullified by the overriding police desire for circumspection in the written account and the preference for academic silence . It could be anticipated that the college would have seen the creation of a continuous stream of books and papers generated by the rich source of material which pours through its gates , but this has hardly been the case . Two books in the recent past ( Pope and Weiner 1981 and Thackrah 1985 ) both contain veiled indications of the problems these civil service academics encounter when they write about the police . In a forward to Modern Policing ( Pope and Weiner ibid . ) , This point ( Wojtas 1982 ) occurs in a description of a new research centre for Police Studies at Strathclyde University , which is to ask whether anyone is doing research on the police , what degree of co - operation they have met and to encourage research by the police themselves . Once again , however , defensiveness won the day and when the Strathclyde Centre circulated forces asking them to co - operate in the venture , a decision was taken to withhold co - operation and a circular went round to this effect , suggesting the existing Home Office funded PRSU ( Police Research Services Unit ) and the Home Office Research and Planning Unit were adequate for the needs of the service . This latter unit ( formerly the HO Research Unit ) does provide some research material for those who seek it out and its bulletin is a reference source to recent government funded research , which is largely concerned with operational systems and the tools of policing . However , I have never seen a copy of this circulated at the subdivision level at any location I have worked ; and outside force HQ the availability of any research or analytic literature on policing falls off dramatically . HO Circular ( 194/78 ) describing British and American research literature on policing is another typically apologetic , anti - intellectual document , for within its first few paragraphs it admits : The derogatory phrase he 's not a real polis ; he 'll never be a polis as long as he 's got a hole in his arse quickly set out markers to define who was one of us and who was not. We were thief takers , while others outside were excluded , perhaps to be dismissively described as mere uniform carriers . Douglas ( 1966 : 1973 ) has described how the boundaries which lie between the structures of holiness and the anti - structure of pollution are potential power bases and always the source of emotive reaction . Such relative positions were clearly set out for me in chains of metaphoric relevance , with real polises largely symbolized by the use of the body and its social and physical space . Each link in the chain expressed a perceived correct place and tied this into an all - encompassing behavioural ideology which in turn determined our action . is the predecessor of structure . It is the pre - intellectual awareness that gives rise to it . Our structural reality is pre - selected on the basis of value and really to understand structured reality requires an understanding of the value source from which it is derived . One further consequence of attributing pre - eminence to quantity in relation to detection rates means that the prig who clears his slate ( admits to lots of crimes , no matter how trivial ) becomes a prized catch , simply because he helps the figures . His arrest , as I have suggested , will often be made by a uniform polis whose physical handling of the body ( the person apprehended ) will be tempered by an acute awareness of the need to maintain physical domination . We live in hope , said Jay . The first exhibition meeting was at Lucy 's flat . Where they roughed out the areas they could cover , and possible sources of material . Lucy wanted a pamphlet by way of introduction ; Jay said , let 's just get all the information together . Lucy had borrowed the office word - processor . Thus the advance is made a split second after discerning the opponent 's attack . However , those of a more robust spirit will thrust directly into the opponent 's attack , staking all on a combination block and counter . Actually , providing your timing is reasonable , this is not too dangerous , because you will be interrupting the attacking technique close to its source , when it is at its weakest . Reverse block For this type of block you slide diagonally forwards so that the angle of your advance takes you clear of the opponent 's front kick . But they will not ask me . They did ask him , however , and they came in hundreds for the purpose . He felt he had scarcely fallen asleep , he was dreaming of a black river , with no banks , yet there was something there , a source of light that he wanted to reach , which he could not reach against the cold drive of the current He woke in a sweat voices a dog barking . Someone entered the room and he recognized Allan Stewart 's voice . And a good many are obliged to us for the work they get here . Anyway , they would never give a man away to the soldiers Before Cameron and Menzies left they had written down lists of safe houses , sources of milk and meal , and secure points further west . A frail safety - net had started to take shape . They rode east and south under a moonless sky alive with stars , the lustre of the Milky Way making a faint track across the zenith . 5 . Perhaps the best place to begin reading Piaget in the original is Piaget and Inhelder , The Psychology of the Child . Piaget 's The Child 's Construction of Reality ( 1955 ) is probably the best source of the constructivist thesis . Boden has written an excellent shod introduction to the theory . Piaget is not the only constructivist . Sugar is positively detrimental to bodybuilding due to the fact that it causes a rise in insulin levels . Intensive training routines cause the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland , but insulin can block the release of this hormone and thereby nullify the effects of training . The source of energy for a muscle contraction is Adenosine Triphosphate ( A.T.P . ) and this occurs in very small amounts in human muscle . Therefore , it needs to be rapidly regenerated if exercise is to continue , and this regeneration is brought about by a substance called Creatine Phosphate ( C.P. ) . The splitting of the A.T.P . and C.P. molecules is the prime source of muscular energy . The latest information sheet ( No.11 ) can be obtained from HSE Woodworking National Interest Group , 14 Cardiff Road , Luton LU1 1PP , ( 0582 ) 34121 . They have also recently published a catalogue of all the safety standards and levels for woodworkers . This includes sources for information on noise and fire , as well as advice on the law and occupational health . Conserving Matters Steps are at last being taken to create a formal structure for checking the sources of sustainably managed tropical timber . This includes sources for information on noise and fire , as well as advice on the law and occupational health . Conserving Matters Steps are at last being taken to create a formal structure for checking the sources of sustainably managed tropical timber . If all the claims of timber merchants and suppliers are to be believed , most tropical timber sold in Britain is already produced on a sustainable basis . However the Worldwide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) has said that less than one per cent of all tropical timber brought into Britain is managed sustainably . The council sill be an umbrella organisation to provide an infrastructure for other groups to monitor forest management , and the FSC will be promoting the standards through a Forest Stewardship Charter . The FSC is currently in the draft stage , with proposals being presented to conservationists in Britain and the USA . In America the Rainforest Alliance and Green Cross are attempting to monitor sustainable sources but the two organisations have complimentary skills , and will benefit from a coordinating body which will hopefully be able to make more efficient use of the many diverse groups working on rainforest practices . The draft proposals for the FSC are open to further discussions and suggestions of aims and objectives are welcomed through the pages of Woodworker . Workshop manual He is , however , frequently contacted by landowners who want to know how they can make better use of their trees . Now , as a step away from the craftsman entrepreneur that has been John Makepeace 's hallmark he has introduced a new course to Hooke Park College for manufacturing businesses that want to make better use of wood . He is attempting to provide training for people who want to create businesses that produce quality products from indigenous timber at source . Like his other courses this one - year programme will comprise a mix of practical and business studies , though the practical side is more likely to look at machining , timber technology and forestry . It is hoped that the first year 's crop of students will stay on at Hooke Park to help initiate a production plant there . As we progress up the scale of profit - taking , we find others who sell at small craft fairs and those who find an outlet through local shops , until we come at last to the favoured few who sell at the prestigious crafts fairs which Hugh prefers . But no matter how we dispose of our goods , we are not in woodturning to make a living . Hugh chides us for selling at what he regards as low prices , but he forgets that our hobby not our source of income ; it is a way of relaxing during evenings and weekends when the serious business of earning a living is over . We might even feel that any financial loss is a small price to pay for the satisfaction which woodturning brings . This is where we differ from the professionals they turn in order to earn ; we earn in order to turn . Nevertheless , some flat pattern work can be fairly treated as marquetry , most often based on natural forms . It can vary from single units to repeats and form borders to all - over effects . Though it does not , in general , exemplify , the uniqueness of marquetry ( achieved by using the wood grain as the source of the visual effects ) it can be intriguing in spite of what I implied earlier about the limitations of the silhouette as a design form . Where problems do arise over cutting out narrow strips which we have met before it is sometimes best to cut in the background piecemeal , gluing in each subsection of background separately as you go along . For the roundel pattern ( fig. 2 ) , a cutting sequence is suggested . It seems that the Third Law of Aerodynamics is especially at work in this case . ( The Third Law of Aerodynamics states quite clearly that what ever you do you are knackered ) . Incidentally I got that information on the third law from a very reliable source . Frank was a retired boffin I think from British Aerospace . He came here five or six years ago on one of our short courses to learn veneering . Considerably greater downward pressure is required than for planing wood . A supply of Perspex offcuts can often be obtained from firms making illuminated signs . Surplus radio and electronics shops are another source . Smoked or tinted material is preferred as the instruments constructed can be more easily seen when set aside . When a more polished edge is required , follow the plane with fine wet and dry paper , used wet , on a wood block . Bob Grant Bob Grant is a professional woodcutter and tutor Spinning sources Q I have been , for 70 years , the proud owner of a spinning wheel , stamped with the name Foster . It has been in our family since 1850 . You must register for the community charge in the area where you live . The information collected is used to compile the community charge register a list of people liable to pay the community charge . The electoral roll , local authority records , and other sources of information may also be used to complete the community charge register . A simplified version of the register is available to the public , and contains the address , surname , and initials of people registered . If you are worried about your name appearing on the public register you should contact your local council 's Community Charge Registration Officer . Not surprisingly , the Department of Transport , and in consequence the British Railways Board , maintained a policy of aiming to reduce the PSO so as to reduce the demands on the taxpayer . Nationalised industries were first set annual cash limits under a Labour administration , but the concept was in line with Conservative Government policy to cut direct taxation and release cash so that people ( voters ) had a greater choice with what to do with their money . John Welsby was appointed as the first Director , Provincial , and he set about evaluating the sources of the sector 's costs . Quite clearly , as costs were four times direct revenue , 10 per cent ( for example ) saving in costs had much more effect on the balance than did a potential 20 per cent increase in revenue , so energy was at first concentrated on the cost base . A significant feature was the realisation that BR 's policy to refurbish and life - extend the ageing fleet of diesel multiple units involved an enormous additional expense in the sudden requirement to extract all their blue and white asbestos . His crime was to sign an open letter to President Rafsanjani criticizing government failures to uphold rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran . Zikri Nafkhosh Mustafa , Nabi Muhammad Shukr , Jabbar Rashid Shifki and Ja'far Tamar Mahmud are four of 315 Kurdish children and youths who disappeared after being arrested in Iraq in August 1983 . Appeals on their behalf have been suspended because of the current situation in Iraq . Europe Daniel , Panayiotis and Pavlos Xidis , three Jehovah 's Witnesses , are still serving four - year sentences in Greece for refusing to perform military service . Lyricism can indeed be very like this description of it . Poetry has often been a form of self - pity and a means of self - advancement , and it has often pretended otherwise : Kundera 's book rumbles such pretence , as in the comedy he stages of an embassy of poets to a college of policemen and a debate there about the aesthetic of the socialist love - poem . But he does all this at the cost of suspending a due sense of the tendency there has also been for poets to see further than their noses , and to speak out , and to go to the wall for it . His Postscript evokes the aim of a white - coated Doctor Kundera to solve an aesthetic problem : how to write a novel which would be a critique of poetry and yet at the same time would itself be poetry . This aim has a sweepingness and a suspendingness which are apparent , too , in the novel to which it relates . A universal fellowship obtains . The definition of personality which is harboured in such procedures has moved and influenced several generations of writers . The art that comes of them is one in which imagination takes power , the power to distort and exaggerate , in which difference of person is suspended , in which the experience of time is as it is in dreams . The story that is told is a story which never ends and which risks losing shape and momentum because it is a story told of himself by a living author , an author who has yet to end , whose isolate 's imaginative fury lives on to tell another tale , some more of his own story . This fury can look like an onanistic or a solipsistic fury . The British Theatre Association , mentioned in the first edition of this book , has for decades offered professional and all - embracing training courses for actors , directors , and young people . It is currently , in 1990 , fighting for its life . Due to lack of governmental or any other official support this unique and valuable organisation has had to suspend its training activities temporarily , whilst trying to secure for itself a sound and permanent financial basis for the future . It is hoped that courses on a limited basis may restart in the Autumn of 1990 . Meanwhile , the BTA is still the custodian of the finest theatre library in Europe . Nothing more , nothing less . Thus glass perhaps not too far from old realism . Female suspended in non - space in top panel , he wrote . Bachelors strung together like pegs on a line on lower panel . They can never touch , he wrote , yet act upon each other from their separate worlds . I smiled . Sort of . My benefits have been suspended . Why on earth has that happened ? They think it 's a computer error but they 're still checking on it . The dinner will be child 's play by comparison . As always after a plenary session of the Council , the dinner was a formal affair . The medals and chains of office of the Heads of State glittered in the white light from cubic fittings suspended over the tables in the banqueting hall . Waiters in the silver national costume of Luctia bowed stiffly as they placed dish after lavish dish in front of the delegates . Susan wore a high - shouldered gold tube of a dress with a tall collar which restricted the movement of her neck . Baillargeon used the habituation - dishabituation technique see note 7 . 11 . Phenomenology is the method of enquiry developed by the philosophers Brentano and , later , Husserl . In this , all assumptions about external reality are suspended ( bracketed ) and the theorist focuses entirely upon his field of immediate experience . It is not a million miles away from Fodor 's methodological solipsism though phenomenologists have little interest in the causal interplay between the mental states thus identified . The Mind in the Laboratory Pourquery displayed a variety of touch shots and moved with great athleticism about the court , to defeat his net rushing opponent 64 67 62 and earn himself an intriguing place in the final against Hunter . Unfortunately , the Heavens opened on finals day , ending the good weather and causing disruptions . The men 's final began in truly exciting style with an abundance of winning shots on both sides and looked to be a most promising match until play had to be suspended at 32 . After the resumption Hunter 's sharp service returns , and chip and charge tactics proved effective against the hit and miss style of the Frenchman , with Hunter claiming the title 63 63 with a winning forehand volley . Seeds continued to be upset in the Ladies event and the quarter - finals proved to be the downfall of both the top seed and defending champion Isabelle Wild , and the No. 4 seed Alison Fleming both girls who had recently completed their final examinations were beaten by Lockhart and Nina Topper respectively . The Turks , after all , were also Sunnis . When the French proclaimed the Republic of Greater Lebanon in 1926 , they proposed a Greek Orthodox as president , because he would be acceptable to Muslims , as well as trusted by the French and the Maronites . But in 1932 the French suspended the constitution to prevent election of a Muslim as president . For the Maronites , a Muslim leader represented the victory of Arab nationalism ( and Islam ) over a country which they and the French regarded as a pro - Western , Christian homeland . US steps in to back the League Rescue teams found four survivors soon after the explosion . Two walked from the building , another was taken from a damaged building near by , and the fourth was found on top of the rubble underneath a bed . Search operations had to be suspended temporarily at one stage while the roof was demolished because of the danger of it falling in . A British Gas spokesman said investigations into the cause of the blast were continuing . Police released a list of survivors : Henry Wyllie , 20 , Helen Lawrie , 48 , and Paula Gaunt , 28 , were discharged from hospital after treatment ; Dawn Howbridge , 19 , and Martin Baptie , 19 , were said to be satisfactory in hospital . The market signals proved totally wrong as Dead Certain drifted out ominously in the betting and Chimes Of Freedom was backed as if defeat was not even a remote possibility . Money cascaded on to Henry Cecil 's filly , including one individual bet of 50,000 to 55,000 , but in the end she was even edged out of second place by Line Of Thunder . The reason for the apparent lack of confidence was clearly the fact that Elsworth had suspended operations for some while because of coughing in his yard and had not had a winner for almost six weeks . Dead Certain had been as badly affected as any , but Elsworth simply would not run a horse of that class in such a race unless he believed it was capable of giving of its best . I think she had done enough at the end and it was beginning to hurt , Elsworth said . The unprecedented closure , following a day of violence on Wednesday between students throwing stones and riot police firing tear - gas grenades , drew expressions of shock from church officials and union leaders . It came just three weeks before the students were due to sit their examinations . The registration of students and all grants and loans have been suspended . The authorities responsible have developed so much uncertainty in themselves that they cannot even show tolerance and rationality in dealing with our children , the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions ( ZCTU ) said . It accused the government of engaging in the naked use of brute state force and the suppression of individual rights . But once the principle is established that clubs , however innocent , can be punished to protect the public or players , it is no longer a matter of pure justice . UEFA is unlikely to reduce a punishment apparently designed to make the Dutch authorities , civil as well as sporting , take hooliganism as seriously as the British have been obliged to . Of course the Amsterdam incident was less grave than the Heysel disaster , which cost 39 lives and caused all English clubs to be suspended indefinitely . But , as Galler said , the iron bars were life - threatening . Hooliganism involving Dutch supporters has become so frequent as to suggest that another blanket ban of a nation 's clubs might be necessary . Hucknall will not be at full strength , though , when they visit Pickering in Yorkshire in the FA Vase tomorrow and closer scrutiny of their Talk of the Town explains why . Mail from the Notts FA disciplinary gurus is blocking the letter - box at the moment , an over - candid editorial says . Gary Shepherd , dismissed after only two minutes of our opening game at Stanton , has been suspended for 21 days Phil Towle ( sic ) , early - bather against Boston FC , was also set to get 21 days Ian Hannah is likely to receive a much heavier punishment after his fifth sending - off in three years at Bradford . These included a shareholding in Laforza Automobiles , the US car manufacturer in which Eagle had invested 17.9m ( 11m ) . It was Mr Carway who discovered that the holding in Laforza 's parent company , the Jersey - registered AIUK , was only under option to Eagle , not directly owned by it . In 1985 Mr Carway was given two suspended sentences , one in the UK for possession of cannabis , and another in Ireland for cheque fraud . There is nobody I do business with that does not know of my convictions , Mr Carway told The Independent . It 's part of my life that is passed and there is no point in hiding it . Sparta Prague have been banned by UEFA from playing their next European Cup match at home because of attacks on Turkish fans during a game against Fenerbahce . The Czechs must stage their home leg against CFKA Sofia on 18 October 200 miles from the capital . Gregori Martin , of Malta 's Sliema Wanderers , was suspended from UEFA competitions until 1995 for assaulting the referee in a tie against Nentori Tirana . The acceptable face of striking was seen in the League of Ireland yesterday , when Galway ( 'We 're going to Derry to attack ' kept their word and lost 9 - 1 . Football : Mehew blazes own trail : Guy Hodgson finds the blase blending with the blatant at Twerton Park It is buying Elson and Robbins , a seat spring maker , for 4.1m cash and 820,000 in new shares . Elson and Robbins had a turnover of 15.5m in the year to 31 December compared to WB 's 3.6m . W B shares were suspended at 75p yesterday . DOWTY GROUP , the high technology electronics to engineering company , has paid 12m ( 7.5m ) in shares for Palmer Chenard Industries , of New Hampshire , USA . HEYWOOD WILLIAMS , the aluminium and plastics company , has bought Gloster Plastics , window frame makers , for 2.8m , which could increase to 4.7m depending on profits . Indeed the company is close to raising up to 30m from the sale of three operations Baxter Fell Northfleet , Internal Partition Systems and the French shopfitter , S N Giblin Lavault . Accountants Ernst Young , which is handling the sale , said negotiations were at an advanced stage . Sharp , which is quoted on the USM , had its shares suspended at 42p last week . Earlier this year it was forced to restate its 1987 profits from 1.2m to 410,000 after an investigation by Ernst Young discovered errors in the valuations of contracts at Sharp 's main business in Bradford . These problems meant 1988 profits were only 1.06m , compared to expectations of over 4m , and in June the company warned that profits for this year would be below expectations . In particular the thoughts of Dick Howard , a bond market specialist with ANZ McCaughan , the stockbroker , are worthy of further examination . Base lending rates will fall to 12 per cent by the end of this year , he prophesies . Agreed bid likely after James Neill suspended By CLARE DOBIE , Deputy City Editor SHARES in James Neill , the Sheffield engineer , were suspended yesterday at 202p , valuing the company at 140.2m , prompting speculation that an agreed bid will be launched today . A buy - in fund managed by Patricof , a 12 - year - old firm based in Chicago , London and Paris , announced the bid , after securing the support of Neill 's directors , at 10.00 am . By noon Patricof had acquired control of more than 50 per cent of the company . James Neill shares , which were suspended at 202p on Monday , closed at 269p against Patricof 's 280p offer . The Patricof team met Hugh Neill , the chairman , in August and has been planning the bid since then . It decided to launch the bid sooner than planned after Neill announced a sharp drop in interim profits from 2.71m to just 28,000 before tax last month . If the SGIC sells this holding , Bond Corp faces paying out more than A160m under an indemnity agreement entered into when it and the SGIC bought out Robert Holmes a Court 's Bell Group stake last year . The indemnity is likely to be subject to legal action between the parties . 23 October : Shares in Bond Corp and Bell Group are likely to be suspended if the companies have not published their preliminary profit and loss statements by this date . 31 October : This is the deadline for Bond Corp to produce the keenly awaited full audited accounts for the company . Why US carmakers are looking for European partners : Larry Black explains an unexpected effect of US restrictions on imports of Japanese cars Their nine - week - old daughter , Azaria , disappeared in August 1980 , when the family was on a camping holiday near Ayers Rock . The Northern Territory Attorney - General , Daryl Manzie , told the parliament in Darwin yesterday that he was denying the Chamberlains ' request for confidentiality because the claim for legal expenses was almost double the figure given in a submission last year . In 1982 Mrs Chamberlain was sentenced to life imprisonment for murder , while her husband was convicted as an accessory and given a suspended 18 - month jail term . Mrs Chamberlain , who insisted that a dingo had killed the baby , was released after three - and - a - half years in jail . In September last year the couple 's convictions were quashed . Court orders UK to let back an armada From DAVID USBORNE in Luxembourg BRITAIN HAS been instructed by the European Community to suspend immediately key provisions of the 1988 Merchant Shipping Act , designed to repel a 100 - strong armada of Spanish vessels fishing in United Kingdom waters . In an urgent ruling yesterday , the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg ordered the government immediately to repeal specific clauses of the act which relate to the Spanish presence , on the grounds that they illegally discriminate against foreigners . The provisions were incorporated in the act to prevent Spanish trawlers joining the UK shipping register and freely exploiting the fishing quotas which have been allocated to Britain each year since 1983 under the Common Fisheries Policy . The CBI cautioned that the rise in mortgage rates would feed through into pressure for higher pay , raising the prospect of wage inflation and undermining businesses . Its last detailed forecast , published before the latest increase in base rates , predicts unemployment rising to 1.72 million in the last quarter of this year . Detective is suspended By MICHAEL HARRISON , Industrial Editor A SECOND senior detective with a regional crime squad has been suspended after an internal inquiry into allowances irregularities . A SECOND senior detective with a regional crime squad has been suspended after an internal inquiry into allowances irregularities . The detective , whose name and rank have not been given , is a member of the Essex force and worked at the Brentwood office of the No 5 Regional Crime Squad , covering a large area of East Anglia and the South - east . Two weeks ago , a detective inspector from the office was suspended as part of the inquiry by Chief Supt Peter Nevitt , a divisional commander in the force . Essex police emphasised that the inquiry is separate from one into corruption at Brentwood . PENSIONERS protesting outside Manchester 's town hall where about 3,000 rallied yesterday at a Grey Power conference . When the ruling was announced yesterday , Bruno Gollnisch , a European Right MEP , shouted Dictator , dictator at the Parliament 's president , Enrique Baron , and called other MEPs Gestapo men . When officials tried to eject him , Mr Gollnisch tried to punch his neighbours . The session was suspended in disarray for two hours . Mr Gollnisch has been invited to speak at a Conservative fringe meeting in Blackpool , organised by Western Goals UK , a movement run by the former Tory MP , Sir Patrick Wall . The letter of invitation said Mr Gollnisch would have the perfect opportunity to show support for Mrs Thatcher 's policy of protecting the identity and national sovereignty of all European nations . On the eve of Nigel Lawson 's make - or - break speech to the Tory conference in Blackpool , an opinion poll last night suggested that 68 per cent of the voters had little confidence in his management of the economy . The Guardian/ICM poll , taken last week when interest rates went up to 15 per cent , also found that Labour had maintained its 10 per cent lead over the Conservatives . Pressure on the pound lightened yesterday as financial markets decided to suspend judgement until they heard what the Chancellor had to say , a mood which was reflected among Conservative representatives . Mr Lawson returned to Blackpool from his Leicestershire home yesterday , and he will reply to a debate on the economy at around noon today . The party will want him to resolve concern about high interest rates and mortgages , the weaker pound and higher inflation . Sport in Short : Rugby League By JOE LOVEJOY CHRIS BURTON , Featherstone 's former Great Britain forward , has been suspended for five matches by the Rugby League disciplinary committee after being sent off for a head tackle in Featherstone 's home championship defeat by Leeds last Sunday . Sport in Short : Motor Racing Weekend Sport Page 59 Millwall also choose from 14 , with Briley , Coleman and McLeary hoping to start . LUTON v ASTON VILLA Nielsen , Villa 's Danish defender , will start for the first time if McGrath fails to recover from the hamstring injury which kept him out of the Republic of Ireland team in midweek . Williams returns to the Luton midfield , six weeks after a cartilage operation , in place of the suspended Kennedy , and Rodger is set for his League debut at centre - half . MAN UTD v SHEFF WED Ince has recovered from a groin strain and United are unchanged for Ron Atkinson 's return to Old Trafford . Wednesday will be unchanged after their 8 - 0 drubbing of Aldershot in the Littlewoods Cup provided Palmer shakes off a knee injury . Built by Colla MacDonnell in the sixteenth century , it clings to a narrow promontory , and although there is not much left of the castle itself , its magnificent position is worth the long haul back up the cliff path . A couple of miles further on is the Carrick - a - rede rope bridge which , according to the tourist blurb , is a tourist must one of the famous things - to - do in Ireland . It is certainly popular , but is only a must for those happy with a bouncy bridge of wooden planks held together with rope suspended 80 feet above the sea . The bridge provides a link to a small island for the salmon fishermen and is erected in May and dismantled in September . Nearby , the National Trust has an information centre , and there is a camping site . A major , though often ignored , work by Kahlo demonstrates the cultural politics underlying her art . My Dress Hangs There ( 1939 ) ( Fig. 10 ) is one of the artist s most formally adventurous works , mixing photographic collage with paint to produce a critique of North American culture . Kahlo does not appear in the work , her Tehuana costume hangs empty in the centre of the composition , suspended between a toilet bowl and a golfing trophy . On one level My Dress is a coda to Self - Portrait on the Borderline ( 1932 ) ( Fig. 11 ) of the previous year . This small painting on metal , in the style of a Catholic votive image , shows the artist poised between the technological inhumanity of a capitalist North America and the archaic fertility of Mexico . Six days later the TUC Congress finally called weakly for practical aid to the strikers but refused to commit itself to cutting off supplies . On 22 November four members of the strike committee ( among them two women , Jayaben Desai and Yasu Patel ) went on hunger strike outside the headquarters of the Trade Union Congress in London . They were immediately suspended from APEX and had their strike pay taken away . To the strikers this last step on the part of the union bureaucracy was in line with the rest of their action . When asked , just after they had ended their hunger strike , what impact it had had on the TUC Jayaben Desai replied ( quoted from Race and Class , Winter 1977 ) : From time to time the authorities got wind of these breaches of regulations and punished clubs , but they did not regularly inspect the books and revelations of extra payments tended to emerge as a result of other inquiries . Such was the case at Manchester City in 19056 . Billy Meredith , the Prince of Dribblers and the club captain , was suspended for a season for attempting to offer a bribe to an Aston Villa player . Meredith at first proclaimed his innocence but friction between the player and the club led to further disclosures . Meredith claimed he had offered the bribe on behalf of the manager and that the players were to be offered a team bonus of 100 if they won the League . TIP OF THE WEEK Mrs M Dunn of Oban , Scotland has a good idea for maximising space in a small bathroom . She suggests suspending a hanging basket from the ceiling and using it to store spare soap , toothpaste , talcum powder and toilet rolls . Plantworld by Rosie Atkins Where these members were built into the original construction , such problems would be less likely , but the causes of defects and deterioration associated with bressummers should be identified , particularly if it is the intention to increase loads upon these elements . Conspicuous distortion of a broad opening spanned by a bressummer may call for the insertion of diagonal steel bracing , brick piers to stiffen flank walls and new intermediate supports . A more common problem in timber upper floors and suspended ground floors is the rotting of joist - ends above built - in wallplates . When untreated timber ( ie , wood which has not been impregnated with preservative ) is built into solid walls , it has no protection from dampness in the wall and it is common for joist - ends to be shielded by a skin of brickwork only a half - a - brick thick ( Fig 31 ) . Such joist - ends will decay if their moisture content remains over 20 per cent for long periods . In order to contain the higher profile of the new , glazed aisle roof , the wall was raised slightly with new ironstone masonry , producing a parapet wall under a new sloping stone coping . The architect , Roy Toms , of the Waverly District Council , was worried about what could have been an unsympathetic alteration to a venerable building , but a visit to St Martin 's , Dorking , another Woodyer church , confirmed that its architect had adopted raking parapets to terminate the aisle roofs there , and the discovery of this period precedent vindicated the use of this treatment at St James Court . The original suspended wooden ground floor was entirely removed after penetration of this structure for the installation of the new cross - walls and their foundations showed that some residual sections were badly affected by woodworm . The new ground floor is of in situ concrete and contains horizontal drainage ducts . Few additional loads were placed on the original structure . Below this floor , a headroom of more than 2.4m ( 8ft ) resulted in the residual lower - storey space . The main east - west wing of the school originally accommodated two classrooms as at Shawell , divided by a glazed , sliding - folding partition . Above this central partition lay a heavy timber roof - truss , supporting the purlins and extending down to suspended ceiling level . As it was impractical to remove this essential structural element , the new first - floor construction had to terminate on this line , so the added floor was restricted to the east side of the central truss . The western half of this wing could then be dedicated to a double - height living - room with French windows opening out , through a deepened former window opening , on to the garden . The architects , John Cottam Partnership , found space for 61 flats , comprising 50 one - bedroom and 11 two - bedroom dwellings . The enclosure of individual flats within the large open floor spaces was achieved with the use of metal - stud and plasterboard partitions . Metal - framed suspended ceilings were installed throughout , two layers of fireline board being incorporated at ceiling level in order to provide a one - hour period of fire resistance between storeys . The partitions contain sound insulation and thermal insulation to the level required for inclusion of projects in the Electricity Board 's Civic Shield Award Scheme . All dwellings and the hot water system are heated using off - peak electricity . You feel like a climber who unties the rope when he finds it irksome and , because of your carelessness , someone behind slips and falls to his death . Frank , Sister Cooney said quietly , I know all about your wife 's death . He raised his hand to his mouth in a gesture of dismay and held it suspended there a few inches from his face . All ? he whispered . All . Some water authorities will give you a rebate on your water supply while you winter abroad . But they will make a charge for disconnecting and reconnecting which may negate the saving unless you are out of the country for several months . If you rent your TV and video you can save money by suspending or even cancelling your contract for the period you are away . Since an empty house is more of a challenge to burglars and squatters than one where there is lots of activity , you ca n't expect a rebate on your house and contents insurance in fact your insurance company may even charge an extra premium if you are away for more than30 days. Finally , if there is a demand in your area for short - term property letting , you may be able to make a profit from renting out your home while you are away . Soon , Mr Peter Fechter , aged 18 , the first of nearly 200 East Germans killed in the last 28 years while trying to escape , was shot as he climbed over the Wall near Checkpoint Charlie . In the intervening years it is estimated that 111 died while trying to escape and a further 77 lost their lives on the Berlin Wall itself , with most of these deaths occurring in the 1960s . The shoot - to - kill policy was briefly suspended before and after Mr Honecker 's visit to the Federal Republic two years ago and again this year . The estimated number of people who fled through Mr Honecker 's anti - fascist defence barrier from 1961 until this year 's sudden flood vary between 40,000 and 200,000 . Television showman taken off the air in Brazil election race . WEEKEND HIGHLIGHTS . Coventry v Southampton Having just won at Liverpool for the first time , Coventry ought to be in the mood to take Southampton even though the latter have lost only once in a dozen games . Coventry , however , have not won at home in the League since mid - September and are without the suspended McGrath , Gynn taking over in midfield . Southampton , moreover , have Rideout back in their attack after injury . Crystal Palace v Luton Palace are again leaking badly at the back , hence the attempt to sign Martyn , Bristol Rovers ' highly regarded young goalkeeper . Burke may be back in the Palace defence , and Dennis is in their squad . Derby v Manchester City Derby could do with a win after taking only one point from their last three League games . But City have picked up a bit with a draw at Chelsea and a comfortable win against Crystal Palace , and with the suspended Morley replaced by Oldfield , who knows where the goal is , they will be confident today . Everton v Chelsea Everton will be keen to get Sunday 's humiliation at Villa Park out of their systems , but they still have injury problems , with Watson out and Whiteside doubtful . Pointon should be back and the newly signed Beagrie may play , but Chelsea , the present First Division leaders , will probably field an unchanged side and if Dixon 's revived form continues they should not lose . Nupe said this was being done mainly by non - union personnel . Considerable sums of money have been collected from the public , whose support , according to the unions , shows no sign of abating . With no overtime being worked , even ambulance staff not suspended are beginning to feel the pinch as the dispute enters its 11th week . A campaign , supported by well known people outside the trade union movement , is planned for next week , separate from one already launched by the unions and another started yesterday by the TUC . Mr Norman Willis , the TUC general secretary , said its general council had agreed to make a very big drive to raise money quickly . We have yet to experience any hard frosts , so autumn leaves still cling to branches and there are still a few flowers of white dead nettle , red campion and yarrow to attract the last of the drone flies . Hedgerows take on an additional dimension on foggy days ; when the distant landscape is blotted out immediate surroundings assume a new prominence . Hundreds of spiders ' webs , suspended between twigs bearing yellowing leaves and clusters of scarlet rose hips are decorated with water droplets that sparkle in the weak sun that occasionally penetrates the murk . Amongst the dead hogweed umbels and seed heads of willow herb there are clusters of ladybirds , packed into tight groups in every available crevice . Ladybirds have done well out of the exceptional summer , as have sweet chestnut trees ; this is the first year that I can recall collecting chestnuts locally that are large enough to eat . Along with the rest of the property sector , British Land 's shares have been trading at a considerable discount to its assets per share , and yesterday 's move is an attempt to close the 40 per cent gap which built up as institutions took a dimmer view of the market . Government changes to the tax system in recent years had allowed the company to come up with a solution which would make shares which had been trading at less than 3 last month to 5 , Mr Ritblat said . Last night British Land shares closed at 403p , up 46p on the 357p they were trading at when suspended on Tuesday . As part of the deal , British Land 's existing shareholders will receive 13 shares in the new company for every 40 they own . There will also be a tender offer to repurchase 10 per cent of British Land 's shares at 420p , together with a voucher for the associated tax credit worth 89p . France has decided to cut off aid to the Comoros Islands until the French mercenary , Mr Bob Denard , and his men , who seized control 10 days ago , leave the archipelago , government sources said yesterday . France is the Comoros 's chief funder . The second largest backer , South Africa , said on Monday it was suspending aid and demanded the withdrawal of mercenaries . Reuter . Arabs drop UN vote . So , to the amazement of many racegoers , the two young jockeys escaped without even a caution . But for a young casual Tote employee the incident had a different ending . He foolishly wrote on the results board in the Tote Credit office : Was this fixed ? and has been suspended . Leech said that Bully Boy set off very quickly , but he was able to settle the gelding after the first two fences and went on to win unchallenged . Cloke said his instructions on Vaguely Artistic were to sit upsides the favourite , Market Leader , and not to go to the front too quickly . They included Andres Valenzuela . The judge 's colleagues in the Judiciary , however , had no wish to confront Pinochet . The Supreme Court charged Cerda himself with lack of discipline , suspended him on half pay for two months , and replaced him by another judge who dutifully closed his case . Judge Cerda points out that the case remains technically open until he personally closes it . He strongly implies that this loophole could allow him to resume the case after elections , in which case Andres Valenzuela could be a key witness . By David Sharrock THE Lord Chancellor , Lord Mackay of Clashfern , has been strangely at odds with the law during this year . Firstly , having broken the rules of the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland by attending Catholic mass , he found himself suspended and denied the sacraments . For a man with many God - fearing years with the Wee Wee Frees , the decision to leave must have been difficult . But it was perhaps nothing compared with the hostility he faced over his plans to reform the legal profession . But he said that the amnesty would not cover players who had been shown the red card and sent off for serious offences during qualifying games . They will have to sit out remaining match suspensions when the finals begin on June 8 . Fifa officials could not immediately say how many players would benefit from the yellow - card amnesty , but confirmed that at least three players would be suspended for one World Cup match after receiving red cards . They were named as Romario of Brazil , Stanislav Griga of Czechoslovakia and Gheorghe Hagi of Romania . Two other players , Abdul Razaq Ibrahim Albalooshi , of the United Arab Emirates , and Mehmed Bazdarevic , of Yugoslavia who has a year 's ban could also be suspended for red - card offences if appeals were unsuccessful , the Fifa officials added . He says : Dumenil was at fault in not communicating . They should have written as soon as the suspension was announced . Unit holders would have felt a sense of reassurance if the management and the trustees had written promptly to tell them that their units had been suspended . It is communication that is necessary . This week 's extension of the suspension has lead to a further letter to unit trust holders.But it gives no indication that the pricing problems may have had a long history . He says : Dumenil was at fault in not communicating . They should have written as soon as the suspension was announced . Unit holders would have felt a sense of reassurance if the management and the trustees had written promptly to tell them that their units had been suspended . It is communication that is necessary . This week 's extension of the suspension has lead to a further letter to unit trust holders.But it gives no indication that the pricing problems may have had a long history . To that end , the Sandinistas will drop their earlier insistence on a firm deadline of December 30 if a UN , or OAS - supervised demobilisation , is making discernible headway in disarming or relocating the rebels , the diplomats said . Nicaraguan sources here say that the summit meeting is likely to witness an angry denunciation by the Salvadorean president , Mr Alfredo Cristiani , of the Sandinista arms supplies to the FMLN rebels , especially last month 's alleged deliveries by aircraft of Sam - 7 anti - aircraft missiles . Mr Cristiani suspended ties between the two countries in the wake of the incident and threatened to boycott tomorrow 's summit meeting unless it was moved away from its planned Managua venue . According to the sources , Nicaragua will , as usual , deny the allegations but propose instead realistic negotiation between the US - supported Salvadorean Government and the FMLN . In the Nicaraguan view , a military solution in El Salvador is impossible , a western diplomat said . Thomas , aged 27 , who fled to Tenerife before his trial ended , was rearrested on his return to England last month . Andrew Culf Three ambulance crews from Fulham dealt with emergencies yesterday after the 999 calls were put through to them . But after taking their patients to hospital , the six ambulancemen involved were all suspended without pay for refusing to work normally . They joined the rest of their colleagues most of whom had already been suspended in the rest room of Europe 's largest ambulance station , where they were watching a video of A Bridge Too Far . The choice of film seemed appropriate on the day the simmering dispute boiled over with growing frustration and bitterness among the staff , many of whom attended the Clapham train disaster and are veterans of dealing with the aftermath of IRA bomb blasts . Andrew Culf Three ambulance crews from Fulham dealt with emergencies yesterday after the 999 calls were put through to them . But after taking their patients to hospital , the six ambulancemen involved were all suspended without pay for refusing to work normally . They joined the rest of their colleagues most of whom had already been suspended in the rest room of Europe 's largest ambulance station , where they were watching a video of A Bridge Too Far . The choice of film seemed appropriate on the day the simmering dispute boiled over with growing frustration and bitterness among the staff , many of whom attended the Clapham train disaster and are veterans of dealing with the aftermath of IRA bomb blasts . Outside the station a banner fluttered in the wind carrying the plaintiff message : We are not on strike . The choice of film seemed appropriate on the day the simmering dispute boiled over with growing frustration and bitterness among the staff , many of whom attended the Clapham train disaster and are veterans of dealing with the aftermath of IRA bomb blasts . Outside the station a banner fluttered in the wind carrying the plaintiff message : We are not on strike . Inside , the crews expressed their willingness to answer emergency calls and , despite being suspended , said they had no intention of going home . Graphic evidence of their commitment to the 999 service came as three separate emergency calls were received at Fulham and crews responded to two road accidents and a medical collapse . Mr Alan Thomas , who has been in the service for 28 years , took a motor - cyclist with leg injuries to Charing Cross Hospital after an accident in Kensington . He said : They seemed to be using us as a last resort . It seems they could not find anyone else to answer the call , so they came to us . Mr Charles Sawyer , an ambulanceman for five years , was also suspended on his return from taking an elderly woman to hospital following a crash in Chelsea . I told them I was prepared to answer emergencies for no pay and I 'm staying on until the end of my shift . We are willing to work , he said . Military vehicles were on standby in the county from 6am . The chief ambulance officer , Mr Don Page , said last night that they had been very busy all day , and that their use would continue indefinitely until ambulancemen and women in South Yorkshire resume normal working . He said no staff had been suspended , but they were not being paid . The county joins London , Lincolnshire , Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire in having military ambulances answering calls . The London branch of the Association of Professional Ambulance Personnel , the non - TUC union , meets on Monday to consider resigning . But he said that the amnesty would not cover players who had been shown the red card and sent off for serious offences during qualifying games . They will have to sit out remaining match suspensions when the finals begin on June 8 . Fifa officials could not immediately say how many players would benefit from the yellow - card amnesty , but confirmed that at least three players would be suspended for one World Cup match after receiving red cards . They were named as Romario of Brazil , Stanislav Griga of Czechoslovakia and Gheorghe Hagi of Romania . Two other players , Abdul Razaq Ibrahim Albalooshi , of the United Arab Emirates , and Mehmed Bazdarevic , of Yugoslavia who has a year 's ban could also be suspended for red - card offences if appeals were unsuccessful , the Fifa officials added . Fifa officials could not immediately say how many players would benefit from the yellow - card amnesty , but confirmed that at least three players would be suspended for one World Cup match after receiving red cards . They were named as Romario of Brazil , Stanislav Griga of Czechoslovakia and Gheorghe Hagi of Romania . Two other players , Abdul Razaq Ibrahim Albalooshi , of the United Arab Emirates , and Mehmed Bazdarevic , of Yugoslavia who has a year 's ban could also be suspended for red - card offences if appeals were unsuccessful , the Fifa officials added . Beardsley , Pearce and Adams are the three England players who received yellow cards during qualifying matches . Ireland had six offenders : Whelan , Townsend , Aldridge , Stapleton , McCarthy and Houghton ( two ) . Those irate fans , however , may be mollified if the committee continues to deal consistently with all such offenders . Thursday brought further heavy punishments with eight players being banned for a total of 66 games . One of them , Mark Fairbank of Keighley , was suspended for 10 matches while Hussein M'Barki , the first Fulham player to be dismissed since April 1987 , was banned for eight games . The campaign has been given additional clout this weekend , with referees under instruction to dismiss instantly anyone guilty of head - high tackles on or off the ball , and not to send them to the sin - bin where they have gone too often in the past . The League cited any tackle involving an attack to the head . Ellis , a member of the Wales B squad , has scored eight tries this season , his fly - half colleague 13 . In addition to the bans on Fairbank and M'Barki , there were eight - match suspensions for Neil Geary ( Warrington ) , Phil Southward ( Runcorn ) , Frank Simpson ( Huddersfield ) , Mick Hughes ( Dewsbury ) , Richard Mead ( Halifax ) and Derek Bridgeman ( Sheffield ) . Alan McMullan ( Workington ) was suspended for four matches , and Graham King ( Hunslet ) for two , but Mike Fletcher ( Hull KR ) was ruled not guilty when the committee accepted his explanation that his alleged trip last weekend on the S Helens forward Paul Forber was accidental . Martin Thorpe . CALLS for an independent , unbiased Ombudsfan to investigate supporters ' complaints were amplified this week by the outcome of the case involving an Everton supporter , Dave Clarkson . The QC also considered his attempts to put his life in order and adopt a more responsible and sincere approach to his affairs . Higgins has now been fined a total of 17,700 during his tumultuous 18 - year professional career . When he last appeared before Lightman he was fined 12,000 and suspended from five tournaments for head - butting Paul Hatherell , the WPBSA tournament director , during the 1986 UK championship . The twice world champion 's case was considered by Lightman immediately after one in which Higgins was the complainant in a disrepute charge against his former manager , Howard Kruger , who resigned from the association 's board last weekend . Lightman ordered that Kruger be publicly reprimanded on two counts . Fred Callaghan , the Woking coach and London cabbie , directs his Vauxhall team to Cambridge United confident that his full - strength squad will not lose their way as they did last season in falling 4 - 1 to the Fourth Division side . Whitley Bay attempt to take the HFS Loans League banner into tonight 's draw at the expense of Preston . Even without the suspended Chris Scott , whose goal gave them their win at Scarborough , the home side 's manager Bobby Graham believes his men will claim another League victim . Fulham have been ordered by the FA to go ahead with their tie at Bristol City , even though flu has claimed most of the first team . Ray Lewington has named a squad of 14 although , he said , in normal circumstances only three would be considered . So far the US , like the European Community , has preferred to leave the Central American leaders to work out their own solutions . Last Friday , the US rejected a Soviet suggestion that the two superpowers act as guarantors of the peace process . The discovery of 24 Sam - 7 anti - aircraft missiles in the debris of a light plane which crashed in El Salvador last month threatened to wreck the summit and led the Salvadoreans to suspend relations with Nicaragua . The issues of weapons shipments , attempts to achieve a ceasefire in El Salvador , and the stalled demobilisation of the contras were expected to dominate the two - day summit , which Mr Arias described at the weekend as critical to the future of the peace process . Mr Arias , and the Honduran and Guatemalan presidents appeared pessimistic about prospects for the meeting . So far the US , like the European Community , has preferred to leave the Central American leaders to work out their own solutions . Last Friday , the US rejected a Soviet suggestion that the two superpowers act as guarantors of the peace process . The discovery of 24 Sam - 7 anti - aircraft missiles in the debris of a light plane which crashed in El Salvador last month threatened to wreck the summit and led the Salvadoreans to suspend relations with Nicaragua . The issues of weapons shipments , attempts to achieve a ceasefire in El Salvador , and the stalled demobilisation of the contras were expected to dominate the two - day summit , which Mr Arias described at the weekend as critical to the future of the peace process . Mr Arias , and the Honduran and Guatemalan presidents appeared pessimistic about prospects for the meeting . . ONLY a month before the publication of Lord Justice 's Taylor 's full report on football safety there were disturbing suggestions yesterday that some clubs have failed to implement interim recommendations made in the wake of the Hillsborough disaster , writes David Hopps . A crowd crush at Ayresome Park on Saturday forced Middlesbrough 's match with Leeds United to be suspended for 15 minutes , and so alarmed the Leeds manager , Howard Wilkinson , that he clambered on to the perimeter fencing to appeal for calm . Yesterday , Bob Schofield , treasurer of the Leeds supporters club , alleged : People were very disturbed . There was no exit in the perimeter fence and the gates in the side fence were locked . IMRAN KHAN became the fifth player in Test history to take 350 wickets joining Richard Hadlee , Ian Botham , Dennis Lillee and Kapil Dev when he held on to a fine one - handed return catch to dismiss Ravi Shastri yesterday as India lost their last seven wickets for 143 on the second day of the fourth and final Test in Sialkot . In a day that saw 100 minutes of playing time lost , first to crowd trouble and then to the weather , Wasim Akram finished with five for 101 after the tourists had gone from 181 for three overnight to 324 all out . Play was briefly suspended at the start of the Pakistan innings when Sachin Tendulkar , fielding on the boundary , was pelted with fruit by the crowd . A public appeal restored calm , and the home side were 23 for one when bad light and more rain drove the players off an hour early . In Brisbane , Sri Lanka ground out their highest score in the three Tests they have played against Australia , adding 194 in six hours yesterday to end the third day of the first Test on 275 for six . To its credit , Fimbra has done a good job weeding out some of the black sheep . Membership was never granted to about a third of firms which originally applied . Since 1987 a further 100 firms have been suspended . Although it is perhaps a cause of some concern that of the 8,000 trading member firms , some 4,000 have not yet received a compliance visit . But Fimbra 's rigid policing style has alienated many of the firms which have passed the test of being responsible , well - conducted businesses . Mr Stefan Heym , the East German author , warned yesterday that the dream of a democratic revolution could turn into a nightmare . At demonstrations , he had seen faces filled with hatred which reminded him of the months preceding Hitler 's rise to power in 1933 . Leipzig 's Protestant Church leader , Mr Friedrich Magirius , called on East Germans to turn next Monday 's demonstration into a silent march for the victims of Stalinism , and to suspend protests over Christmas to gain a pause for reflection . Pro - reunification protestors dominated Leipzig 's Karl Marx Square on Monday , shouting down other groups who spoke out for an independent and socialist East Germany . These , in turn , screamed Nazis out in an atmosphere described by participants as explosive . By Joanna Coles ADECISION on whether a trainee journalist should be jailed for contempt of court was yesterday adjourned until next month pending a hearing in the House of Lords . Mr Justice Hoffman said in the High Court that he had decided to suspend judgment until he knew how soon the House of Lords was likely to hear an appeal against an order forcing Mr William Goodwin , aged 23 , who works on the Engineer magazine , to reveal confidential information . After being assured by Mr Geoffrey Robertson , QC , defending , that the appeal process would be dealt with this week , he said he had decided to suspend judgment until January 15 . Earlier yesterday , the Court of Appeal refused an application by Mr Goodwin 's employers , the publishers Morgan Grampian , to revoke the order forcing him to hand over notes containing confidential financial information concerning a company , which cannot be named for legal reasons . ADECISION on whether a trainee journalist should be jailed for contempt of court was yesterday adjourned until next month pending a hearing in the House of Lords . Mr Justice Hoffman said in the High Court that he had decided to suspend judgment until he knew how soon the House of Lords was likely to hear an appeal against an order forcing Mr William Goodwin , aged 23 , who works on the Engineer magazine , to reveal confidential information . After being assured by Mr Geoffrey Robertson , QC , defending , that the appeal process would be dealt with this week , he said he had decided to suspend judgment until January 15 . Earlier yesterday , the Court of Appeal refused an application by Mr Goodwin 's employers , the publishers Morgan Grampian , to revoke the order forcing him to hand over notes containing confidential financial information concerning a company , which cannot be named for legal reasons . The company alleges that the information came from a stolen document , and wants to take action against the source . But the council said the Government 's decision to repatriate had profound implications for asylum seekers all over the world and added that it was utterly appalled by the action taken furtively in Hong Kong . The action was morally wrong , unworkable in practice , degrading to all involved and certain to provoke serious and justified criticism on the UK , the country ultimately responsible . It added that the procedures which have been in force since June 1988 for the screening of Vietnamese arrivals should be suspended forthwith . In the Commons , Mr Kinnock accused Mrs Thatcher of defending the indefensible by giving instructions that in the middle of the night armed riot police raid children , women and men , shove them into cages and forcibly deport them to the country from which they fled . But , with the near - unanimous support of the Tory backbenches , the Prime Minister insisted over and over again that it was perfectly in order to send illegal immigrants home . He was hospitalised for a week . Finn senior was convicted of criminal damage , wounding and possessing an offensive weapon . He was sentenced to a year 's imprisonment , suspended for 12 months , and ordered to pay 500 costs and compensation . For the next six months , the harassment returned to lower , more manageable , levels : frequent racist abuse , according to Ramesh K , but no violence . On May 29 , a window was broken by a stone . The leaked disclosure on Monday that the National Security Adviser , Mr Brent Scowcroft , and the Deputy Secretary of State , Mr Lawrence Eagleburger , met Chinese leaders in Beijing last July , only a month after the Tiananmen Square massacre , has compounded the furore over this month 's furtive Beijing foray by the two men . The controversy extends to the US Administration , where many officials were kept in the dark over the White House initiatives . After the massacre , the US suspended all high - level contacts with Beijing . President Bush , now stands accused of duplicity in his dealings with Congress , and of exercising a double standard over human rights in China , compared to the Soviet bloc . The Senate Majority Leader , Mr George Mitchell , demanded full disclosure of the contacts with the Beijing regime , adding that the visits make a mockery of our profession of concern for human rights . Only small quantities of oil are transported through the actual canal because the shallow water depth bars the passage of large tankers . The pipeline operators , US Northville Industries , claimed yesterday that production is being held at normal levels of around 300,000 barrels day . Offloading from a tanker on the Pacific seaboard into the pipeline system was last night suspended . A Northfield spokesman said : We have held one ship which was scheduled to unload until we are sure that everything is quiet . But oil traders said there would be no immediate impact as there were storage facilities with at least eight days supply at both ends of the pipeline system . Most of the exchange of information goes on before the Christmas holiday like yesterday and today when 12 people were at their computers . The prospects at the moment look pretty good , said Simmons , a bright and optimistic 28 - year - old who has been with the AA seven years . At the moment it looks as if all major roadworks are suspended . The weather forecast was not too bad , either , except that the heavy recent downpours might lead to the cracking of some water , or even gas , mains . The immediacy of the job is obviously an attraction to Simmons , born in Merton , south London , and a pupil at Dulwich college who never visualised a career with the AA . Hampson is given ten - week ban after third sending off . By Paul Fitzpatrick STEVE HAMPSON , the Wigan and Great Britain full - back , was suspended for 10 matches by the disciplinary committee yesterday after being sent off for a head tackle in Saturday 's Regal Trophy quarter - final with at Leeds . He had a good idea of what was coming . After the match he was asked what punishment he thought he might receive . The shop stewards also decided that all accident and emergency cases would be taken to the nearest accident and emergency department . North Manchester health authority was making emergency plans last night to use voluntary agencies to transfer patients between hospitals . Twenty - eight ambulance control officers in the London area were suspended without pay yesterday for refusing to cover for colleagues taking industrial action . They were suspended for not complying with an instruction to be transferred from their normal centres to handle emergency calls at the Waterloo control centre , said the London Ambulance Service . A spokesman said staff at two divisional centres , New Malden and Bromley , agreed to the instruction but seven at Ilford and 21 at Kenton were suspended . North Manchester health authority was making emergency plans last night to use voluntary agencies to transfer patients between hospitals . Twenty - eight ambulance control officers in the London area were suspended without pay yesterday for refusing to cover for colleagues taking industrial action . They were suspended for not complying with an instruction to be transferred from their normal centres to handle emergency calls at the Waterloo control centre , said the London Ambulance Service . A spokesman said staff at two divisional centres , New Malden and Bromley , agreed to the instruction but seven at Ilford and 21 at Kenton were suspended . He went on : They are normally engaged in planning non - emergency journeys but since there have not been any it was felt that they have just been sitting around socialising when others are working long hours . He went on : They are normally engaged in planning non - emergency journeys but since there have not been any it was felt that they have just been sitting around socialising when others are working long hours . This was considered unfair and they were stood down. Five weeks ago , 35 control staff based at Waterloo were suspended for refusing to put calls through to Scotland Yard . Sir John Hunt , the Tory MP for Ravensbourne , has written to Mr Kenneth Clarke , the Health Secretary , calling for a positive proposal to break the impasse . Brussels brings cold comfort to sheep farmers . Britain 's food was , is , and will continue to be among the best and safest in the world . John MacGregor , Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food I have no doubt that there is indeed a serious public health problem associated with salmonella enteridis phase 4 in eggs in this country . Sir Donald Acheson , Chief Medical officer Production at Dairy Crest 's creamery in Cambourne , Cornwall , has been suspended until the completion of a company investigation into how mercury got into a tub of Sainsbury 's butter . Daily Telegraph The supermarkets adopt bully - boy tactics . They are aggressively self - interested . Throughout the late 1970s , tens of thousands of dolphins were killed by Turkish hunters each year . In 1980 , the catch exceeded 54,000 animals , but in 1981 fell to about 10,000 , with harbour porpoises rather than dolphins comprising most of the catch . The populations of dolphins and porpoises were finally on the verge of total collapse when the Turkish Government suspended the hunt in 1983 , and commissioned a report on the populations of dolphins and their effects on fish stocks . Although the report was due in 1987 , it has not yet been presented . Turkey is a signatory to the Berne Convention , which prohibits indiscriminate killing of cetaceans . LaBudde noted that the quantity of non - target species taken during their time aboard was greater than the quantity of squid harvested . LaBudde filmed entire schools of tuna trapped in the nets : . . . the collective mass of their bodies temporarily pulling entire sections of net far below the surface . Here , in the seemingly endless expanse of clear blue , hundreds of fish hung strangely suspended in the water , the nets that held them all but invisible . LaBudde also reported that the two drift - net vessel skippers to whom he had spoken in the North Pacific both admitted to periodically cutting loose large sections of net in which whales had become entangled . Whales enmeshed in a drift - net are condemned to a slow death from starvation or suffocation . So this is an odd time to let the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade wither , or to be thinking of dismantling the post - 1945 multilateral trading system in favour of a slide to managed trade and protection . Of all the risks that face the world economy over the next few months , the most easily avoidable is this threat of trade war . The European Community and America need to resume the GATT talks at once , patch up their quarrel over farm trade , and conclude the agreements on services and other issues that had seemed within reach when the talks were suspended . Then , equally important , George Bush must sell that deal to Congress with far more enthusiasm than his officials have lately shown for the multilateral approach to trade reform . For the rest , the best advice for economic policy - makers is to recall two principles of sound central banking one forgotten in the 1930s and the other in the 1970s . They have not been respected . On December 20th the official news agency reported that rebels had destroyed a bridge in Huila province , across which 25 tonnes of relief supplies were supposed to have moved to two isolated garrison towns . The next day the Angolan government said it would allow no more food into rebel - held areas , and the UN suspended its operation . Mozambique also wrestles with the effects of civil war . The 1m Mozambicans who have fled to Malawi are easily reachable . He got the students to leave the Memorial Hall by promising a National Affairs Conference to reach a consensus on issues such as constitutional reform and mainland China policy . Such a conference is one of the students ' demands . The others are a timetable for democratic reform , the scrapping of temporary provisions which allow the constitution to be suspended while the communist rebels rule China ; and the disbanding of the National Assembly . The demands are easier stated than met . Only the National Assembly has the power to amend the constitution or vote itself out of office an unlikely prospect given that only 50 or so assemblymen have accepted the government 's offer of a 175,000 tax - free retirement pension . The nation looked on , bemused . The number of parents sending their children to private schools has risen for the eighth year running , despite a downturn in the economy and an upturn in school fees , the Independent Schools Information Service revealed . Fifty parents of seven - year - olds forced the head of a Cardiff primary school to suspend testing the national curriculum by threatening to take their custom elsewhere . They said the children were suffering from exam nerves . Too much decentralised buying by the National Health Service means the service squanders millions by failing to use bulk orders to get the cheapest prices , the National Audit Office claimed . Three months after becoming prime minister , he is already putting in place a vast programme to privatise the state - owned businesses that have been a drag on the country since they were nationalised by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in the early 1970s . Mr Sharif 's urgency is understandable . Pakistan 's economy has suffered from losing cheap Kuwaiti oil and American aid , which has been suspended as a result of America 's suspicion of Pakistan 's nuclear - weapons programme . It also has a deeper problem : fiscal indiscipline , manifested in a budget deficit running at 7 % of GDP . Privatisation might help fix some of the economy 's ills ; but it is already bringing problems as well . But its three top officials inside Tunisia , including its deputy leader , Abdelfattah Mourou , who has close links with Saudi Arabia , condemned the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait . The government jailed 100 or so of the party 's leading members on charges ranging from graffiti - writing to incitement of violence . Mr Mourou , whose efforts to reassure Tunisians of his party 's moderate aims have earned him the nickname Mr Valium , has now suspended the party 's operations . That may lead to a new , quieter Islamic party under his leadership . The Kurds ' bid for freedom In May 1990 an advisory committee of America 's Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) said omeprazole could be used to treat all duodenal ulcers , not just those which cause severe gut conditions . But the FDA has not yet given this approval . In the early 1980s Astra suspended clinical trials of omeprazole when it was found that high doses of the drug caused cancer of the stomach lining in rats . By 1985 Astra said it had found out why , and that the problem would not affect people . Anti - ulcer drugs work by reducing the concentration of gastric acids that destroy the gut . Embarrassed , Germany promises to tighten trading laws . After years of haggling with EC regulatory authorities , Monsanto 's hormone drug BST , which boosts milk yields , was cleared for use within the EC . Brazil suspended export registrations for its coffee . London futures prices rose 15 % to 670 ( 1,170 ) a tonne , but fell within hours : coffee is plentiful and a new international deal on export quotas is a long way off . Heavy trading in New York before Brazil made its announcement smelt like insider trading . Consequently , in a spirit of scepticism , he came to distrust all dogmatic claims to knowledge . The unsatisfactoriness of the competing claims of various philosophers first led him to the belief that scientific knowledge of nature was unattainable by the human mind . Unlike Bacon , who supposed that his method of inquiry would give certainty , he concluded that judgement on such matters ought to be suspended . It was possible to see both good and bad in any view , and this proved the vanity as well as the uncertainty of human knowledge . Gassendi thus provides a notable example of the influence of the rediscovery in the sixteenth century of Sextus Empiricus ' Outlines of Pyrrhonism , to which reference has already been made . At the age of seventeen he was playing for Antigua in the Leeward Islands tournament when he was given out caught behind . He gestured his dissent at this and in no time the crowd were clamouring for the umpire to reverse the decision , which he did . As a result he was suspended for two years , which of course delayed his entry into first - class cricket ; but it taught him a lot . The world 's greatest batsman Viv Richards demonstrates the on drive . His Test debut came in the same match as Gordon Greenidge against India in 19734 , Greenidge totalling 200 runs and Richards 7 ; in the next game he made 192 not out and was under way . All right by you , duckie ? You 'd like a nice sticky bun and some tea , would n't you ? In the spacious tea - rooms , a sparkling light was suspended from the ceiling , a man in a suit played the piano and most customers wore hats even daintier than Gloria 's new one . But nobody was encumbered with the bounty of the countryside tied up with old newspaper and garden string . Dot shoved the trug out of sight under their table before the waitress saw . That 's his bedroom through there . Do come and look , Charity . The bed was like a catafalque , suspended from the roof by royal blue ropes and hangings . Too exciting , darling . What possibilities one 's mind explores . She bound her arms from the shoulder to the elbow with thick cords she rubbed herself with nettles in her full length hair shirt she appeared more glorious in the eyes of God from her having armed it underneath with a great quantity of points of needles to increase her suffering by this ingenious cruelty She exposed the soles of her feet at the mouth of the oven she drank gall and rubbed her eyes therewith in her ardent desire for suffering she made herself a silver circlet in which she fixed three rows of sharp points in honour of the thirty - three years that the Son of God lived upon earth she wore it underneath her veil to make it the more painful as these points being unequally long did not all pierce at the same time so that with the least agitation these iron thorns tore her flesh in ninety - nine places To keep herself from sleep she suspended herself ingeniously upon a large cross which hung in her room and should this fail she attached her hair the one lock she had not shaved off to the nail in the feet of her Christ so that the least relaxation would inflict terrible suffering on her She constructed herself a bed so excruciatingly painful that although she was very generous , still she never placed herself upon it without trembling and shuddering so violent was the emotion which the inferior i.e. her body manifested at the sight of the pain it was to endure Rose represented forcibly the necessity she felt of suffering this continual martyrdom in order to be conformable to her divine spouse . Mr Kelloway says there have only been minor teething problems and he is satisfied the machine is ready for production . Designed for large livestock units or contractor work , the K2 - 8 gives a 2.5m ( 8ft 4in ) wide cut , using twin drums each with five blades . The drums are independently suspended and are said to give a consistent cut and easy movement over undulating ground . The conditioner has a single rotor with pivoting U - shaped tines which toss the grass upwards as it leaves the cutting blades . That gives a box - shaped windrow which can be adjusted to different widths . It does give high work rates , but is probably better suited to larger farmers and contractors . Samson 's grass incorporator has 14 shallow injectors across a working width of 4m ( 13ft ) . Each injector is suspended on a pivoting arm and depth control is hydraulic . Table 1 : Comparison of the number of working days on which slurry application machines could n't be used because the ground was too wet . The data was taken from trials at Silsoe College of tanker and umbilical hose systems between October 1 and March 31 in three years 1986/7 ( average rainfall ) , 1987/8 ( wet ) and 1988/9 ( dry ) . On the face of it they were an utter failure . But that is too simple . Clearly they failed to bring about disarmament , though they may have had a contributory effect on the decision to suspend tests in 1958 and later on the partial test ban treaty . In Britain they failed to convert more than a faction of the Labour party , which was outvoted the year after it won its victory at the party conference . But they did educate the public on a subject which it would have preferred to ignore . The Labour Party talked of them as if they were filled with caramels . Canon Collins now credits the movement with two achievements public awareness of what the nuclear threat was in reality and of the danger from the tests . Khrushchev explicitly stated to me that one of his reasons for suspending tests was because he had studied the effect of the CND on the British public . If you believe that , there was a positive result . It should also be credited with the fact that within a few years very little more was heard from politicians about the importance of the much - vaunted British independent nuclear deterrent against which CND had originally campaigned . On 23 February 1972 , the DUP took a major step towards establishing its own political identity when the four MPs crossed the floor of the house to take up the position left vacant by the withdrawal of the Catholic SDLP as Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition at Stormont . The period of opposition was almost comically short and its brevity showed how far events in Northern Ireland had passed out of control of Stormont . A month after the DUP crossed the floor , the British government in London gave up the hope that the Northern Ireland government could restore order and suspended Stormont . The politics of the street , which had played such a large part in putting Ian Paisley into Stormont , had now returned him and his supporters to the streets . Limbo , Power - Sharing , Strike , and Limbo Had the Presbytery been selecting candidates and foisting them on the DUP , Smyth 's view would be more plausible . As it was , the Church was simply acting to preserve its interests and these were not the same as the interests of the Party. In the event , permission was given for Paisley and Beattie to go forward because they had been members of the Stormont Parliament before it had been suspended . It was obvious to all participants that the Assembly elections were a referendum on the proposals for the future of Ulster . Those opposed to power - sharing wanted an arrangement to maximize the loyalist vote . The priests should be thrown in and burned as well . Sammy Wilson , the DUP press officer , dissociated the party from Seawright 's remarks : The DUP has always made it crystal clear as Protestants we believe in civil and religious liberty for all men , and no one should be persecuted for their religious beliefs . Seawright was first suspended and , when he failed to withdraw his remarks and apologize , was expelled from the Party. It has generally been the case that people who leave the DUP see their political careers terminated . Only those who move to the Official Unionists have continued to win elections . Her distinctive combination of qualities literary talent and experience of public service combined with the fact that she was a woman , made her a natural . By the time of her seventieth birthday she had served on the Board of Governors of the BBC , the Corporation 's General Advisory Council , the Arts Council and the British Council and their respective literary committees , to say nothing of her work with such organizations as the Royal Society of Literature . Such was the number of committees that writing itself had to be suspended . When she returned from one of the innumerable meetings and one of her daughters asked who had been present , her usual reply would be , Oh , the Great and the Good . And me . Large numbers of people had wind of them , indeed opposed them , but did not wish to admit that they even knew what was going on . From the very beginning , therefore , witnesses to the operations and players within them suspended their disbelief . In this cloudy world , where so little seemed dependable or real , moral values were frequently suspended too . This chapter investigates how that world appeared to the players and the lookers on , both at the time and afterwards . DAMMIT , NANCY , THESE CLOWNS ARE ROLLING THE CREDITS AND WE'RE NOT EVEN HALFWAY THROUGH THE SECOND REEL ! Secret Agents and Mystery Papers SO Iran - contra did not happen much , except to certain people ; and even those people often felt caught up in events that were exceptionally odd and different , adventures they might have watched on television , and in which they especially did not expect to find themselves . They were actors in a world of secret agents , codenames and mysterious papers : a place where ordinary values and rules were possibly suspended , although they could never be quite sure of that . North 's principal emissary between the White House and the contras was a brawny and cherubic graduate from Stanford , Robert Owen . Owen had been working for a consulting company in Washington before deciding to devote himself to the contras , sitting at North 's feet ; despite his deep immersion in murky affairs , he still took a wide - eyed view of the world in which he operated . He read on . The classic trap for large animals is a pit with sharpened staves pointing upwards . Cover the pit with natural - looking vegetation and earth , and suspend the bait over the top . He looked up. Very graphic illustrations and instructions . Two other people were to be visited regarding their absences . In Amersham , the church meeting of the Lower Meeting House ( Baptist ) heard in 1892 that several of our young members have been absent from the means of grace communion for many months and it was resolved that they be visited by two members of the Church . Five years later the Meeting considered another problem and in its wisdom inverted the common law assumption that an accusation was not a conviction : The Case of Mr. H. R was brought before the Church , who had misconducted himself and at the recommendation of the Pastor and Officers was suspended until his guilt was proved . The Minutes do not tell us in what Mr R s misconduct consisted and he is heard of no more . Like the Baptists in Holmer Green , the Amersham Baptists ' main problem concerned attendance ; following traditional Christian practice they held that the indispensable sign of membership , of being in communion , was partaking in the Communion Service , whether this was held quarterly or , in their case , monthly . Hall later had the honour of being presented to Johnson . When Congress assembled the Speaker of the House of Representatives asked Hall to give the opening prayer and on a Sunday he preached before both Houses in the Capitol building . Once in New York he was invited to Wall Street where he addressed the assembled and hushed stockbrokers who had suspended business with the understanding that the talk would not exceed three minutes . Afterwards the brokers and traders erupted into God Save The Queen , a thank - you from northern capitalists for his support of the North during the war . It was during this trip that the idea of a Lincoln Tower arose . The forests continued to figure prominently among the grievances of the English people . The famous Ordinances which Edward 11 was compelled to accept in October 1311 once again denounced the oppressive conduct of Forest officials who secured the conviction of innocent persons by means of irregular and unlawful procedures . It was decreed that they were all to be suspended from their duties : commissioners were to hear complaints against them , and those found guilty were to be permanently removed from office . The Forest Charter of 1217 and the Forest Ordinance of 1306 were to be strictly observed . The Lords Ordainers removed Gaveston and The Stravinsky , if more detached and calculated a piece , equally engages the senses here in the incisiveness of Zimmermann 's playing , his thrust , his fullness of sound , the quiet restraint he shows in the concerto 's plaintive moments . And the Baroque bustle of the finale shows both the soloist and the orhestra on their contrapuntal mettle sharp , brisk , invigorating . Samuel Barber 's Violin Concerto dwells on the instrument 's lyrical potential , something which the Chinese violinist Hu Kun manages to a haunting effect in the first movement and the suspended - animation Andante . More body to the English String Orchestra ( an idiosyncratic name , given all the wind and other instruments which take part ) might have helped to throw the piece into clearer focus , but , in the final Presto a rapid perpetuum mobile they are at least all precise . Leonard Bernstein 's five - movement Serenade , inspired ( if that is the word ) by Plato 's Symposium , is dreary in the extreme and dispiritingly derivative ( sub - Stavinsky , sub - Copland , sub - Ives ) ; and it is vapid to listen to . Sure enough , undisturbed by a slow early gallop , Remittance Man 's jumping warmed up from good to brilliant . He must be a dreadful horse to chase , and Pat 's Jester and Edberg were left struggling . Eamon Murphy , with his elder brother Declan suspended , seized his opportunity in polished style on Bradbury Star in the Mumm Mildmay Chase . But despite the fine finish in which Bradbury Star held Jodami , the abiding memory of this race will be the ride Peter Scudamore gave Run For Free . The blunder he survived at the 15th fence would have sent 99 men out of 100 into orbit . Saintes , with Gallo - Roman remains , a beautiful Romanesque abbey and an atmospheric medieval quarter , is 17 miles south of St Jean ; 15 - odd miles to the north - west is Surgeres , all of whose public buildings , including an engagingly asymmetrical church , are within the 16th - century castle walls , scattered among beautiful gardens and parkland perfect for picnicking . Just under 10 miles south - west of St Jean , on the Brouage road , St - Savinien is at the upper limit of the tidal reaches of the Charente . The villagers ' main hobby seems to be fishing with peculiar , saucer - shaped nets suspended from precariously - perched bankside huts . One fisherman waxed lyrical about the variety of fish in the river . Even salmon , he assured me , but of course those are protected and must be thrown back . And , purely to keep the story progressing , he has to be one of the laziest criminals in screen history , scattering clues with such recklessness that he seems subconsciously determined to be discovered . At one point , I hoped this might be the twist , but no such luck . Still , if you do n't mind suspending your disbelief as you walk into the cinema , Deceived is a cut above recent thrillers like Shattered and A Kiss Before Dying , though hardly up to the standard of Fatal Attraction or Jagged Edge . Kuffs ( 15 ) is a comedy - thriller about George Kuffs ( Christian Slater ) , an irresponsible youth who drops out of San Francisco high school , walks out on his pregnant girlfriend ( Milla Jovovich ) and ca n't be bothered to hold down a job . Suddenly his older brother dies , and he inherits a police force . The theory is that its internal air pocket will bounce back the dolphin 's sonar signal , regardless of the direction of approach . Last autumn , Dr Klinowska , Mr Goodson and their team put the theories into practice . In the Moray Firth , they placed a headline barrier , from which they had suspended reflectors at two - metre intervals . The movement of dolphins around the barrier was observed , using electronic equipment to monitor sonar activity . The results exceeded our expectations , said Mr Goodson . He 's got his own little black book and his own sting operation . Appeals from Democratic Party leaders for the candidates to cool it have apparently fallen on deaf ears . Meanwhile , Mr Paul Tsongas , the former Massachusetts senator who suspended his campaign for the Democratic nomination a month ago , hinted yesterday that he might re - enter the race if Mr Clinton did poorly in New York . He said he would make an announcement about his plans on Wednesday . International : Beregovoy appointment criticised They decried human rights abuses and curbs on basic freedoms . The church distributed 16,000 copies of the letter which was immediately declared seditious , and the Congress Party secretly sentenced the bishops to death . Mr Ahmed Dassu , an exiled opposition leader , appealed to aid donors to suspend immediately contributions to Malawi , except humanitarian aid . International : Success for de Klerk By Christopher Munnion in Johannesburg Krabbe 's manager , Jos Hermens , said she would run at a meeting in Jena on May 28 . The IAAF meeting on May 29 will decide whether to ratify the decision of the German athletics federation ( DLV ) to lift the ban . Krabbe among the favourites for the Olympic 100 metres and 200m titles in Barcelona this summer was suspended with fellow - athletes Grit Breuer and Silke Moller after all three provided identical urine samples during training in South Africa . LONDON MARATHON : Portugal 's Rosa Mota yesterday vowed to remove any lingering trace of the psychological scars left from her world championship defeat , by successfully defending her ADT London Marathon crown on Sunday . The tiny athlete believes her rare lapse in Tokyo was just a temporary blip in a career of major championship success . By Nigel Bunyan A High Court judge yesterday granted Alison Halford , the assistant chief constable involved in a long - running battle with her police authority , leave to seek another judicial review of her case . She can challenge both the decision by members of Merseyside Police Authority to re - suspend her three months ago , and the subsequent introduction of fresh disciplinary charges against her , said Mr Justice Schiemann . Miss Halford , 51 , one of only four women assistant chief constables , was suspended on full pay in December , 1990 , over allegations of neglect of duty , discreditable conduct and falsehood . She had earlier launched a claim that sex discrimination by senior officers and the Home Office had led to her being passed over for promotion nine times . A High Court judge yesterday granted Alison Halford , the assistant chief constable involved in a long - running battle with her police authority , leave to seek another judicial review of her case . She can challenge both the decision by members of Merseyside Police Authority to re - suspend her three months ago , and the subsequent introduction of fresh disciplinary charges against her , said Mr Justice Schiemann . Miss Halford , 51 , one of only four women assistant chief constables , was suspended on full pay in December , 1990 , over allegations of neglect of duty , discreditable conduct and falsehood . She had earlier launched a claim that sex discrimination by senior officers and the Home Office had led to her being passed over for promotion nine times . Last December her suspension was briefly lifted when she won her first judicial review of her case in the High Court . These include allegations that she was unfit through drink while acting as duty officer in charge of the force on July 24 , 1990 ; that she swam in a pool with a male officer while dressed only in her underwear ; and that she later shared a jacuzzi with the same officer . The authority also claims she told falsehoods to her Chief Constable , Mr James Sharples , when questioned about her alleged conduct . A week after Miss Halford was re - suspended the police authority announced that it was bringing further disciplinary charges against her , following allegations that she made abusive late - night telephone calls to Mr Sharples , another senior officer and two members of the authority . The granting of the judicial review will not affect Miss Halford 's industrial tribunal , due to begin on May 1 . ITV deadlock denied But they expressed fears that a grassroots crisis could occur . It 's when questions of loyalty will be up to individual captains of ships that confusion and misunderstandings could happen , said one . International : France to suspend N - tests in Pacific By Tim Witcher in Paris FRANCE is to suspend nuclear tests at its South Pacific atoll site , Mururoa , this year , M Pierre Beregovoy , Prime Minister , said in his inaugural speech to parliament yesterday . But the airline had seen the draft report and accepted its findings . All its recommendations had been implemented . Wellington suspends 11 drug pupils By Michael Fleet ELEVEN pupils at Wellington College , Berks , have been suspended over alleged drug - taking . There was no doubting Hearts ' superiority in this goalless affair . They pressed three - quarters of the way but , in a dreadfully untidy encounter , looked a pretty guileless lot as they battled in vain to beat Les Fridge in the St Mirren goal . With their captain and inspiration , Roy Aitken , suspended , Saints seemed to have come prepared to fight a rearguard action . Most of the scrappy first half saw them sit back and prevent the dominant but over - elaborate Hearts from scoring . Although they went close several times , a combination of sloppy finishing and good goalkeeping kept them out . He tore a knee ligament during PSV Endhoven 's 30 victory over Willem II Tilburg on Saturday and will be out for the rest of the season . Sheffield Wednesday 's John Harkes is one of five players with European clubs wanted by United States coach Bora Milutinovic as he prepares for the friendly match against Ireland in Dublin on April 29 . Diego Maradona will play in an exhibition match at the Velez Sarsfield stadium in Argentina today his first game since being suspended for drug abuse in March 1991 . The proceeds will be donated to the family of former Argentinian player Juan Funes , who died last December of a heart attack at the age of 29 . Soccer : Suspensions could be key to deciding European finalists This was in September 1989 and he has been in prison since . He enclosed a list of the 28 political prisoners still at the prison . A vital source of first hand information is generated by the many missions and research trips Amnesty sends to countries each year for on - the - spot investigations and to observe trials , meet prisoners and talk to government officials . During the first 11 months of 1990 AI sent 68 delegates to 50 countries ranging from Jordan to Nepal , from the USA to Romania . Despite the difficulties of getting into and travelling around many of these countries due to poor roads , curfews , civil wars , monsoons researchers often uncover information and testimony they would never otherwise obtain . The hills smoke , mounds of rubbish smoulder , the verges of the roads are charred . All this is felt to testify , not just to a general rankness and decay , but to a conflagration of another kind to what will happen if the political and racial tensions of the island can no longer be contained . Gangs and guerrillas are talked of Wealthy people are talking of escape from a Caribbean version of James Baldwin 's the fire next time . A white woman named Jane has come here from London , drawn by the glamour of the Third World , supposing herself to have arrived where the action is , where the doers are . She is , as she acknowledges , playing with fire . But it does not take long to decide that the experiment is being conducted with skill , and that the pursuits have at least a little in common . A piece of oral history may be meant to do without a presiding historian in much the same way in which an analytic session may be meant to do without a presiding analyst ; theoretical presuppositions are subject in each case to a show of suspension , though it is clear that the theories of Freud and others will be present in the consulting - room , and that oral historians may be sympathetic to socialism and to the methods of Marxist historiography . Fraser 's book is not without its evident presuppositions , and not every reader will feel that this autobiographer , having perused and digested his tape - recordings , talked to his analyst and completed his inner and outer voyages , knew something radically different about his past from what he had known before : that something had been found , or proved . He had lived with his past for the best part of fifty years , and his book tells what he had come to know of it over that interval of time , with help from the theories of Marx and Freud . And in so doing it can often convey that a past is not a thing to be discovered . They are tales , moreover , which do n't do all that much to summon the nostalgic reader . They do n't direct us to the late survival of a gypsy paradise . Nevertheless , they contain persuasive evidence to indicate that there was more for his people to do , and talk about , that there was more fun , than there is now in some parts of urban Scotland . Less persuasively , a people which has had to defend itself against an enduring hostility is shown , for the most part , as free from fear , and , in particular , from the fear that exceeds and mistakes its objects . Those under threat in the cities have not always been so lucky . But there is no trick to the business of learning lines , as you will find out as you go on although learning lines for an audition is different from memorising a part in a play for production , because then you will be operating with other actors around you . On the whole , acting in isolation is a peculiar feature of the audition system , which is why the pieces you choose in either the classic or modern text need to be reasonably well contained and lend themselves to being performed as a one man show . If you have done any class work before attempting the drama school audition , most of the teachers will at some point in their sessions have talked about relaxation . A lot has to do with how you breathe and how you react physically to moments of tension . You will be tense at the audition because a lot is at stake , but if you trust to your own natural resources , the degree of panic can be reduced . Not that I disapprove rural Pleasures , as the Poets have painted them ; in their Landschape every Phillis has her Coridon , every murmuring Stream , and every flowry Mead gives fresh Alarms to Love . Besides , you 'll find , that their Couples were never marry 'd : But yonder I see my Coridon , and a sweet Swain it is Heaven knows ; Come , Dorinda , do n't be angry , he 's my Husband , and your Brother ; and between us both is he not a sad Brute ? O Sister , Sister ! if ever you marry , beware of a sullen , silent Sot , one that 's always musing , but never thinks : There 's some Diversion in a talking Blockhead : and since a Woman must wear Chains , I wou 'd have the Pleasure of hearing 'em rattle a little . Now you shall see , but take this by the way He came home this Morning at his usual Hour of Four , waken 'd me out of a sweet Dream of something else , by tumbling over the Tea - table , which he broke all to pieces , after his Man and he had rowl 'd about the Room like sick Passengers in a Storm , he comes flounce into Bed , dead as a Salmon into a Fishmonger 's Basket ; his Feet cold as Ice , his Breath hot as a Furnace , and his hands and Face as greasy as his Flanel Night - cap. O Matrimony ! He tosses up the Clothes with a barbarous swing over his Shoulders , disorders the whole Economy of my Bed , leaves me half naked , and my whole Night 's Comfort is the tuneable Serenade of that wakeful Nightingale , his Nose . Not Quite Jerusalem by Paul Kember Carrie is in her mid to late twenties and comes from Birmingham . She talks incessantly and seems over - enthusiastic about nearly every aspect of life prattling on without caring much about the kind of responses she gets from other human beings around . In this speech ( comprising in fact two consecutive speeches ) she talks to Mike about herself and impressions of the kibbutz life . CARRIE Carrie is in her mid to late twenties and comes from Birmingham . She talks incessantly and seems over - enthusiastic about nearly every aspect of life prattling on without caring much about the kind of responses she gets from other human beings around . In this speech ( comprising in fact two consecutive speeches ) she talks to Mike about herself and impressions of the kibbutz life . CARRIE Oh , yes . We gather that he comes from the university where they are now playing the concert . After taking the cigarette ( an important prop in this speech ) Arthur changes tack . He seems to be talking in a series of jumpy thoughts . For this reason the speed of the speech may be slower than it looks , the cigarette smoking being used to punctuate it . Teeth'n Smiles by David Hare The phrasing needs particular care. The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard Debbie , the teenage daughter of the writer Henry , talks with her father about his work and about her own life . In this extract three speeches have been linked together . DEBBIE Night and Day by Tom Stoppard The play is set in a imaginary African Republic , Kambawe . In this scene the country 's president , Mageeba , talks with an Australian journalist . The president is finely educated and is capable of talking like a professor and behaving like a despot . This piece includes several speeches edited together . A Lily in Little India by Donald Howarth . Alvin Hanker is in his room . He has just broken one of his records deliberately and is on his knees picking up the pieces as he talks to himself . ALVIN You 're silenced forever if your groove 's not joined . Comment This character has a northern accent and the fact is important to the handling of the piece . He is on his own and definitely talking aloud to himself in the privacy of his room . There is no need to over - play the slightly pathetic quality but seek out the eagerness of his search for something to do . His imitations of other voices calls for a good sense of mimicry , and should bring the dreariness of his life into focus . This is a pity , as it means that students find it harder to get their names known , and it means they lose out on a degree of publicity . The private tutorial In the last terms of the diploma course students often find tutorials , where they are given opportunity to talk about work in progress , enormously valuable . The tutorial is completely distinct from an audition class ; the object of the tutorial is to help a student concentrate on speeches and scenes which may extend aspects of characterisation or improve his/her vocal range , and also to increase confidence . They are personal work - out sessions . New faces are arriving all the time and in some cases actors make a quick start with a first job or they may have a relatively long wait before they get off the mark . This is true in more ways than simply obtaining an Equity card . If you are fortunate enough to have secured an agent you will have someone with whom you can talk . Your agent will want you to be working , but they cannot perform miracles for you . It will be up to you to write constantly and make contacts everywhere and you will largely be responsible for yourself . In his usual fine form , doing 1003 things . Invited me to his reading tomorrow , I drew the line at that . We walked till 3 a.m. , Embankment , West End , Soho , he talked of India , temple sculpture , smell , then of Breton , Lvi - Strauss , Soupault , interconnection between Surrealism and ethnography in France between the wars , Mexico , death , Leiris , Roussel , etc. After India , Poland , Munich , quick trip to Milan to see Berio and Eco , Paris , Queneau unwell , Butor planning book on Diabelli Variations , that man is an interpretative machine , Paz said , whatever you feed him he devours in a few months and a year later out comes a book . Always a masterpiece of criticism , empathy . A distinguished philosopher , much admired in the profession , became a celebrity overnight when he wrote in a Sunday paper that what all the varied responses had in common was the forlorn belief that somehow , through talk or action , the decisive event would be warded off . But , he pointed out , no one could possibly conceive what life would be like after the death of images . Without images , he said , there would not even be the wherewithal to talk about the death of images . Language itself , he said , would cease to function as it had always functioned , it would only be a strange dead thing , smouldering perhaps , but burnt out , no longer conveying any meaning . That , he said , was , strictly speaking , inconceivable . You are , or pretend to be , indifferent to whatever may happen to your reputation . Nevertheless I feel that I have a responsibility to the public and to the world of art both to present your unpublished writings in as comprehensible a form as possible , and at the same time to correct some of the misleading impressions these might give , not of course about yourself , but about others , casually mentioned here and there in the course of your jottings . I am not talking primarily about myself , he wrote , for it will be obvious to anyone who reads these notes that you have used me simply as a stalking horse for some of your more outrageous views and . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , tearing the sheet in his hurry to turn over the page , I know you never reply to letters and refuse to answer the door or the phone . I respect your privacy . Dear Harsnet , he wrote , just a brief note to let you know that work on the MSS you left with me is proceeding apace ( at long last ! ) and will soon be ready for publication . I cannot express what a privilege it has been transcribing it and entering your very mind and spirit in the throes of creativity , as it were . Perhaps we can meet and talk about it all one of these days. Dear Harsnet , he wrote , my son , who is a keen supporter of Brighton and Hove Albion Association Football Club ( The Seagulls ) , and who frequently goes to the sports centre of the University of Sussex to watch his team at their indoor training , was surprised the other day to see two figures distinctly older than the rest of the players . One of them , it was pointed out to him , was the great ex - Soviet chess player , Korchnoi , who is apparently training with the team in order to reach maximum physical fitness for his world title challenge to his arch - rival , the darling of the Soviets , Karpov . Yes , he said . She was a wonderful girl and your smile destroyed her . You could have talked to her , he said , you could have explained . What was there to explain ? I said . If you do that , he wrote , then sooner or later the will will crack and the truth will emerge , reality will re - assert itself . Only if the whole person is engaged , he wrote , only if you have the sense that the truth , in however paradoxical a form , is on your side , that reality , no matter how disguised , is what you are working towards , only then will Proteus be defeated . Not killed , not annihilated , but held fast and made to talk . Kafka , he wrote . Bonnard . I am not talking about the long run , he wrote . I have said enough about the long run already , where there will be no more Reykjavik and no more big glass and not even any more lovers . I am only talking about the next hundred years , he wrote , perhaps even only the next decade . But it can only happen , he wrote , if it is totally and utterly divorced from me . As though I had never been . These originated in Northern Italy , where the pasta is traditionally flat and where they use a lot more egg and cream in their cooking . But if you put an egg tagliatelle with a heavy ragot , you lose all the benefits of the pasta . Frozen and chilled pasta comes into its own when you are talking about filled pasta , especially individually quick - frozen products . Generally frozen pasta has whole egg in it , giving it a softer , smoother texture which goes well with cream and lighter tasting sauces . Bray adds that frozen pasta with good quality fillings is especially useful to caterers because it can be made up quickly into either single - or multi - portion dishes without waste . At 40 , he knows he 's on the road to fortune and admits to spending more time talking with journalists than working over hot ovens in the kitchen . His first book , Envoler les Saveurs , is due out in October . The Loiseau phenomenon has rocked French cuisine , transforming the son of a travelling salesman into the country 's most talked about chef . He laughingly nicknames himself the potato king of the world . I was one of the first chefs to put gastronomic vegetarian meals on the menu seven years ago. The rest is determined by decor , the welcome you give and the atmosphere . Our business depends on applied psychology , Loiseau says . He likes to talk in terms of percentages . Rigour , dedication , personal sacrifice over 15 long years and a belief in quality produce earned 70 % of those three Michelin stars . The rest , he modestly argues , is maybe down to talent . He wanted excitement . He aspired to The Flying Squad . He talked , misty eyed , of The Yard . He wanted to be a detective . He was a fan of Sexton Blake . And there was more of that light earth there . Why did he talk to you about that anyway ? demanded Ethel . I 'd 've thought he 'd 've talked to the gardeners . He wanted to talk to me anyway , the French gentleman , said Thomas , oozing conceit . He said he could see I was a young man with all his wits about him. He said he could see I was a young man with all his wits about him. Ethel 's silent opinion was that Thomas 's strong point lay very much lower down than his brain . She said : But he must have had some reason for wanting to talk to you . Because I was on last night . That 's why Bill is kicking himself . It would have been much more subtle just to have allowed his wife to demonstrate it when the time came and then to turn it into a talking point . Out of character you might say ? suggested the inspector . And what , might I ask , sir , was he doing at the time he was talking about the bell ? Oh , he was n't doing the talking at that point , Inspector . It was Mrs Iverson who was telling us about it after he mentioned it . That follows , does n't it ? It 's a thought worth considering , sir . Watch out , Inspector , if you can talk like that in response to one of my brainwaves we 'll have you working here . No , thank you , sir . We 've got enough troubles of our own in Calleshire . We are delighted to continue the festival tradition of presenting films by talented young Canadian directors : amongst the titles we will screen this year are HIGHWAY 61 , by the director of last year 's cult classic ROADKILL H , a harrowing tale of a young couple 's fight to kick heroin ; AN IMAGINARY TALE , a weird and wonderful fantasy from Montreal ; plus two short films from the Canadian Centre for Advanced Film Studies , including John Greyson 's new film THE MAKING OF MONSTERS . From the States highlights include Kathryn Bigelow 's new film POINT BREAK with Keanu Reeves and Patrick Swayze ; AUNT JULIA AND THE SCRIPTWRITER , directed by Jon Amiel and starring Barbara Hershey and Peter Falk : the low budget smash hit JULIA HAS TWO LOVERS ; PARIS TROUT , a powerful drama from the Deep South with Dennis Hopper and the ubiquitous Barbara Hershey . The festival is also screening POISON , one of the most controversial American films for a long time , which has caused storms of protest in the States and will be a film that has everyone talking . And our other Mid Festival Special Event is BOYZ N THE HOOD , John Singleton 's tale of kids from the black ghettoes of L.A. From Europe , we present the films that have caught the eyes of critics and audiences at the major European film festivals . And film seems to be an art . Secondly , Ghatak always wanted to combine the global with the local . He was quite at home talking about Eisenstein or Brecht , Shakespeare or Godard , but at the same time he was completely rooted in the specificity of Bengal , its history , its literature and its culture . He can move from talking about Aristophanes to talking about Indian epics without any sense of discontinuity . This global vision allows him to see foreign artists through Indian eyes and vice versa . His Tagore is not a mystic or a Romantic , but a rogue , performing monkey , a user of four - letter words . When Ghatak made a film about the partition of Bengal , about which he cared deeply , he was unsparingly honest , undeflected by nationalism in his vision of his nation . As he himself put it , talking about his film , SUBARNAREKHA , Refugee ? Who is not a refugee ? Within moments , he is talking about Brecht 's THREEPENNY OPERA pointing out how Brecht invented an abstract London , not in order to escape from the reality of the city , but to create a generalized framework which could be relevant to audiences in many different places . Screen and Television Writing Talks at the Birmingham International Film and Television Festival Sept 20Oct 5 , 1991 Wednesday , 25 September , 7pm : Lynda La Plante , writer of the successful and popular series Widows , and this year 's major police drama with a difference , Prime Suspect , talks to BBC Television script executive , Beth Porter . Thursday , 26 September , 7PM : John McGrath , founder member of 7 : 84 theatre company and writer of Blood Red Roses , The Dress - maker and Robin Hood , talks to Archers ' script writer and screenwriter for Zone Productions , Mary Cutler . Lynda La Plante , writer of the successful and popular series Widows , and this year 's major police drama with a difference , Prime Suspect , talks to BBC Television script executive , Beth Porter . Thursday , 26 September , 7PM : John McGrath , founder member of 7 : 84 theatre company and writer of Blood Red Roses , The Dress - maker and Robin Hood , talks to Archers ' script writer and screenwriter for Zone Productions , Mary Cutler . Monday , 30 September , 7pm : Award winning writer Anthony Minghella who has recently finished directing his first film Truly , Madly , Deeply , will be in conversation with writer and dramatist David Edgar . How else are you going to support yourself ? You 're like me , Dorothy , you 've got no family . We 're talking about how you 're going to survive and it 's as basic as that . You do n't have to worry about me becoming a burden on you , you know . I 'd rather sleep in the gutter than let that happen . In their defence , I 'm not the most approachable woman in the world and many of them were simply unused to female company . In any event , the biggest problem for us all was my own state of depression . I 'm pretty sure that by this stage I was suffering from what medical people mean when they talk about clinical depression . However , I never tried to get professional help , and that may well have been a mistake . Depressed people can of course make hasty and unwise decisions , and I made one such decision when , during my second term at Berkeley , I decided to give up my London flat . Sort of . Hey , look , you are going to be OK , are n't you ? Yes , sorry my way of talking . Look , I 've brought you some things so you can have a cuppa on me . There 's also a wristwatch in there somewhere . But unfortunately I 've nowhere to stay here either . That 's all right . We 'll find a hotel where you can go for the night and then tomorrow you can come back here and talk to Kathleen . She 'll know exactly what you should do . Katrina put her hand on my shoulder . However , to say that events that happened when I was in my late twenties somehow predisposed me to homelessness would be absolute nonsense . If this was how things worked , just about every war veteran that ever was would inevitably end up homeless because of their past . Who do I mean when I talk about the homeless ? I mean people who are sleeping in parks and doorways , in derelict buildings and under railway arches . I mean people who are living in the old common lodging houses and in government resettlement units , people living in squats and dingy bed - and - breakfast hotels , and families living cooped up with their relatives because there 's nowhere else for them to go . That 's rather difficult for me to explain . I was still trying to work this girl out . Do you want to talk about it ? I asked . She smiled ruefully . Awful . Just awful . I do n't even want to talk about it . I smiled . What time did you get to bed ? With all forms of exercise , it 's important to start slowly and build up gently . Doing too much too quickly can be a strain on muscles and joints that are n't used to work . If you have any doubts on health grounds about taking up cycling , talk to your doctor and ask his advice . Choosing the right bike for you depends on what you want to use it for . But having gears does help to make life easier on the hills . HOW ? How you discuss AIDS will depend a good deal on the way you operate in your family . Some families talk easily about anything others are much more private . If you are someone who finds talking about sex or AIDS difficult or embarrassing , you may find yourself concentrating on the facts , rather than on feelings . But take courage , and try and encourage your children to talk about their feelings too . Some families talk easily about anything others are much more private . If you are someone who finds talking about sex or AIDS difficult or embarrassing , you may find yourself concentrating on the facts , rather than on feelings . But take courage , and try and encourage your children to talk about their feelings too . WHAT ? Teaching children should always be taken at the child 's pace , answering questions as truthfully and accurately as possible , rather than trying to tell the whole story . Don't over - react and take it out on your son or daughter before you know all the facts or you could make a small problem bigger First , take time to talk to your husband or wife , or perhaps your family doctor , other parents or teachers Try to find out if your youngster has any other worries or problems . Collect any powders , tablets or anything you think may have been used to take the drug . Take them to the hospital with you for the doctor to examine . Afterwards , give your child the chance to talk it over with you . Now may be the time they are willing to tell you what has been going on . Try to encourage them to accept help . Talk with your husband or wife about how you would react if you found one of your children was using drugs . Discuss it with other parents or schoolteachers if there seems to be a problem locally . Do , above all , make time to talk to your son or daughter particularly if they want to sound you out on the subject . Get to know their hopes and fears . Give them the confidence that comes from knowing that you care , and will help if they have problems of any sort . What to do about glue - sniffing 6 pages of advice for parents on the misuse of glue and other solvents . How to get help locally Ask your family doctor or talk to a teacher , social worker , probation officer or Citizens Advice Bureau . They may be able to put you in touch with a drug counselling agency or other local help . If not , contact SCODA Standing Conference on Drug Abuse at They have a full list of local services throughout the country . The doctor will work out the date when your baby is due . This is easier if you 've kept a note of the date of the first day of your last period . The doctor will also give you a thorough health check , and talk to you about where to have your baby , and how to look after yourself until the birth . Where to have your baby . Most doctors will tell you it 's best to have your baby in hospital , especially if it 's your first child . Taking unprescribed pills or medicines , especially during the first three months of pregnancy , could harm your baby . Problems such as constipation , headaches and indigestion are fairly common in pregnancy . If you are worried about them , talk to your doctor , midwife or health visitor . They can advise you on how to cope with any difficulties . Pregnancy and work . What you can do Young people are often curious and like to experiment with the latest craze . If you feel that your child may be mixing with youngsters who sniff glue , you could talk to your child and warn him or her of the possible risks and dangers involved . Your interest and support are important to your child . Encourage them to talk to you about any worries or problems they may have . When your child wakes up , be reassuring ; he or she is likely to be upset . If your child is unconscious dial 999 and ask for an ambulance . After the emergency , give your child the opportunity to talk about the incident and about any other worries he or she may have . If you need further help or information you can contact your doctor , health visitor or child 's school . There are organisations in most parts of the country that can help . Relationships Every area will have a Relate office for advice on marriage and partnerships . Counsellors are available to talk to and advise individuals and couples about marital or partnership problems , preparing for marriage and parenthood . For information contact your local Relate office address and telephone number in your local phone book . Other Difficulties Lucy worried about her son and drugs , her son and girls , her son and money . My son , my son . Her eyes plunged to a russet flecked deep green when she talked about him. Gradually she confided in Jay who was happy to listen and soothe . Flattered , even , that someone so utterly different and reserved had opened up to her , late - thirties dyke pottering around to nowhere . Lucy was shy as hell , and Jay was sure and easy . O my beloved ! They talked about everything but , mouths moving and laughing with no sound : Jay saw them now as if on film , now from inside her thrilling flesh , looking at Lucy , making her laugh , feeling the thick cream linen napkin , the solid edge of the table . And Lucy knew they were there to be lovers , Jay knew like her heartbeat that they would make love . In their room the lights were honey - pale , and Lucy turned away to undress . And especially she wanted Lucy to like her friends . She had asked Dionne the American ex - pat writer who never stopped talking , Jamie the drag queen who never stopped talking . Francis who stopped talking only sometimes , and Marina the theatre director who listened and had everyone else listening , a perfect example of it 's not what you say , it 's the way you say it . Marina had that fabulous Gauloise and gin thee - ay - tah voice : which is why Jay had got to know her in the first place . And then Lucy . And a whole lot more besides We drink brandy filled with lazy sunshine . You talk to me . I listen and like . Very much . A lot . I concentrate on your face and say something back to you . But when you talk I stray back to your ankles in a fantasy of exploring there with my tongue . Your feet are a mystery in shoes that look like velvet , look like suede , fit you and enhance you and tantalise my warm mouth with desire every time you move your toes . Your hands are playing with the glass I gave you . In the morning you smoke . I smoke . We have to talk , you say . I just knew this had to be coming . I groan and hide my head in your side . I just knew this had to be coming . I groan and hide my head in your side . Sure we need to talk , and we also will do pretty fine without . But we do talk and what I know is you are essentially a decent and totally wonderful human being and I 'll hang around a long time for you . You dress . I groan and hide my head in your side . Sure we need to talk , and we also will do pretty fine without . But we do talk and what I know is you are essentially a decent and totally wonderful human being and I 'll hang around a long time for you . You dress . It 's a crying shame to cover up your body . Before , during , after . She lived in hope and dread . We have to talk ? Hmmmmmmmmmm . Since Lucy had said it , then let her talk . Then why , thought Jay , rubbing her thumb on Lucy 's shoulder blades , why does your jaw tighten as you speak , why are your eyes flooded with pain ? Oh , darling , she pledged , let me love you , and I will never give you pain ! Another time , Lucy talked about Jeremy , his father 's wastrel shadow ever in the background . Martin had been one of the post - war most - likely - to - succeed Oxbridge brigade . Feted as a genius at twenty - one , wined and dined for his striking originality , the world his oyster and a nice vivacious wife to boot Each district to be balloted to produce its squad for the six thousand , and if the ballot brings up your name , he paused again and saw the hundreds of eyes fixed on his , then you must go off to the Army , or else pay 10 to hire a substitute . So there is the Duke 's special message for the people of Strathtay . It will have to be answered , so we had better talk about it in the shelter of our homes , and in the morning we can send and tell him what we think . There was silence at that , an air of waiting for more . But presently the crowd loosened into smaller groups and a good many people went off into the village or set off for outlying farms . Cameron was resolved on one thing . We will not waste our time chopping logic with that underling . We talk to the laird only . The old man will never come out . Last week he might not have . He is cornered now maybe he will come out red - eyed like a bear . So long as we get him out Cameron was still cagey . We talk to him only do you agree ? And we keep him prisoner here till he signs . Have you the paper ? Aye , but with luck we will do little there . No planks for the flooring yet , and if it is raining we cannot be on the roof . Maybe we can talk quietly to a few of the men one of the masons from Ballechin has a son who must be twenty . Cameron slept instantly , and woke and dreamed and woke and dreamed for hours the river , the cold shock of the water between his legs , the glimmer of light on the far shore , the current filling his mouth , he swam against it , it helped him , he struck out as smoothly as a seal , skimming effortlessly , he could power onwards forever , the water buoying him , his hand stroking it easily backwards without a splash I have never swum in my life , he thought , is he lay wakefully at dawn . Rain dripped outside , drummed heavily , then slackened again . He went over the Tay to Aberfeldy more to keep Flemyng quiet than with any hope of working . The masons were busy with their mallets and chisels inside a makeshift hut on the site and it was easy to talk to them privately . They had worked together for several years and the elder of them readily agreed to help supply the other 's son if he went into hiding in the woods above Eastertyre . Both men were dubious about how long someone would be able to endure in the winter , equally they could think of no alternative . Sometimes they are especially tired , as if sleeping had been difficult . ( We almost always met in the late mornings at his favourite caf , always starting the day with a reviving bowl of caf au lait , followed by another and not infrequently another ! ) Sometimes they were misty and abstract , especially when one talked intimately of the past , of subjects he had long forgotten or wanted to forget awakening memories nightmares ? from deep within . Sometimes they were a little lifeless , not with lethargy or simple weariness ( they could be that , but then his whole body - language drooped accordingly ) , but with a specific withdrawn quality which , when taken with a certain passivity of the face , can be hard and unyielding : betokening a concern even a resentment in being examined in that particular way . It is this which some journalists , using a phrase made popular by A.M. Klein , have referred to as his stony , Semitic stare . This latter is particularly interesting . It was raised by Dudek in somewhat different form when he said that Leonard always had an image of himself as a rabbi . We are talking of two very perceptive men whose mtier is perception ; and their recollection of Leonard at this young age , his late teenage years . Layton put it somewhat differently when he added that the two great qualities a young writer has are his arrogance and inexperience , and on another occasion he picked out the twin characteristics of precocity and independence . Leonard was never arrogant , but he was as Pierre Berton once remarked on Canadian television , a very confident young man. Let Us Compare Mythologies was published in May 1956 ; the war took place later that summer ! ) Djwa is precise in saying that his dominant theme is the relationship between experience and art , though it avoids the nature of the experience art for art 's sake or art for truth 's sake : the reality behind the mythology whatever it is . The book is prefaced by a quotation from William Faulkner 's The Bear , in which McCaslin says ( in response to uncertainty as to what the poem they were discussing meant ) , He had to talk about something . Leonard likewise . He was impelled to say something : it was in his blood , his whole being drove him on . She felt tired , even exhausted from the powerful attentions of the sun . And it was time to find a hotel . Would you talk to me for a few minutes ? A red nude man with black hair . A bag , no other accessories . He blew his nose and said : I do n't have a cold . I stayed home so we 'd have time this evening . I want to talk to you . Can it wait till I 've started dinner ? And corrected 4b 's grammar ? I did a few odds and ends in the garden on Saturday , played a round of golf on Sunday morning . But Anne was late serving Sunday lunch . She apologised of course ; I gathered she 'd been talking quilts with a fellow enthusiast and had forgotten the time . The fact remained that the beef was overcooked and some of the potatoes were burned . I did n't say anything , just put the bits I could n't eat on the side of my plate . As a Vascar , said Trevor Newsom to a woman in a purple , off - the - shoulder frock , you must surely regret that you can no longer grow the extra arms and legs on which your livelihood depends ? Not a bit of it , The woman laughed . As you can see , now that we have stopped exposing ourselves to Tramen - exhalation we have developed heads and can talk to each other for the first time . We 're all discovering conversation . No market for it of course , but what the Hell ? Blood from their mouths stained the deck . Time to stop and turn back , said the boat owner . She carried her haul up the hill to the cottage where she found the kitchen empty once again , although she could hear people talking in the living room . She tipped the fish into the sink and began to clean them . She planned to grill them until their skins were brown and crackly . What 's the verdict on Jeremy ? He has no respect for the foot . And he talks like a translation . Roger , who was always in charge of the music , bad decided the party was ready for nostalgia the 60s by the sound of it someone , Maggie could n't remember who , was singing a song called Hats off to Larry . Luke reappeared . This vision lies behind nominalism , which claims that it is the mind 's capacity for creating general words that creates the illusion of generality in the world itself . But the problem of generality has two locations . The first , about which I have mainly been talking so far , is the generality , or potential for generality , of things in the world . The reductive instinct is to explain this by reference to the generalizing capacity of the mind . This leaves generality as a real capacity of the mind . There are some circumstances in which accounts of conscious experiences may be very useful in suggesting hypotheses about the nature of cognitive processes . The still influential contribution of Khler and the other Gestalt psychologists to elucidating the rules underlying pattern perception is a major example . But when we talk about our conscious experiences we are providing our listener with only a very crude approximation to the actual phenomenal content of experience . ( Interestingly , one of the functions of art is the attempt to refine this process of communicating mental states and the accounts of the artist can sometimes be a more useful guide to the nature of cognitive processes than nave introspection . ) What I am suggesting is that introspective reports , while often providing helpful qualitative information , can never be reliable enough to use as quantitative data defining the presence or absence of conscious awareness . Back at home I asked my mother why we spoke in English . She shook her head , I know it 's very bad . I am ashamed , and immediately started to talk in Hindi , in the manner of an elementary language lesson , as though to jog my memory of my long forgotten mother tongue . In any case she did n't answer my question . Location , Sensation , Modalities , Concominants I muttered looking around me , trying to imprint some image of elusive Englishness . It 's Harriet who 's the something , a good little capitalist something looking after her family plus not to forget the old Babushka . Yes , smiles Harriet , tossing her hair , tearing down hovels and putting up Far Eastern hotels , I 'm making the world safer for my family Bam , punch in the nose for Salim and Sharon and Michael I 've seen them after all ( she 's talking still faster ) for Harriet they 're just future factory fodder . All right , less cant No , I guess I might not want to spend my life teaching . Did I ever tell you about when Daddy and I went to Greece on our honeymoon . I was so pleased , she looked at me shyly or was it a little slyly , I could understand from knowing my Classics what the old peasants were saying . They talked so beautifully to us , they had names like Agamemnon or Thetis . I could understand them but Daddy could n't . I could n't help feeling pleased though I was ashamed of myself Let 's try again . They had been fucking like this for a few months , slyly , without letting on to the outside world . They would meet in her flat the weekend away was still talked about although not realized . He would arrive at her door and they would begin right away , sometimes before he took his coat off . They did not talk much , what was there to say ? They would meet in her flat the weekend away was still talked about although not realized . He would arrive at her door and they would begin right away , sometimes before he took his coat off . They did not talk much , what was there to say ? She saw more than enough in the guilt and pleasure on his face to make questions redundant . It would not go anywhere ; there was nowhere for it to go . I thought you had the afternoon free . I do . It 's the rest of the time I 'm talking about . I have to go home . I thought you liked it here , I thought you thought it was fun living in England and sleeping with me . On the graveyard of the Heath We said nothing about them We talked about a single voice From oppressed spaces That could bring down thunder on corrupt lands I began . She cut in . Are you getting me out of bed at this hour to talk to me about my brother ? she demanded . It 's urgent , I replied . At this she changed her tone , and asked quickly , Is he all right ? Now I was conscious of Aisha 's words when we stood together in the storeroom and she tried to dissuade me from going to London : Go alone to London without an aunt or a husband or your mother and they 'll say you 've sold your soul . You 'll be known as a bad girl even if you 're as pure as the Prophet 's daughter . What are you talking about ? I 'd said to her nervously . I 'll be staying with you ! The English boy used to work in the hospital for a day at a time , and then be off for several days. At tea breaks and lunchtime I never saw him eat more than a bar of chocolate or a biscuit . I never saw him talk to anybody . He would just put headphones on and close his eyes . He had blond hair , light eyes and a thin face . Sweep it off the rooftops ? In my imagination I could feel the monotony of the days in my country , the poverty and the nothingness . I remembered the threatening looks of the men of the family , the attentive stares from the ones in the street , my mother 's harsh way of talking : and I repeated it to myself . What can I do with the sun ? Sweep it off the rooftops ? I 've never slept in a bed like this before . Was I hearing him right or had I missed the point as so often happened ? When we talked it was like two people playing with a ball : sometimes it went into the goal , sometimes it grazed the post , but most of the time it went high in the air and missed completely . He had n't slept in a bed like that before , yet there were all those advertisements for them on television , and they were on display in shop windows and in almost all the big stores in London so that I 'd imagined them in all the houses I could see from the bus . Quite at home in my bed , he fell fast asleep until dawn . When it was time for them to go , she rolled up the carpet full of soil and put it in her bedroom . Later on she taught her grand - daughter how to sew , how to make tripe , and she taught her politics . Annie , now in her thirties , talks about what being working class means in terms of self - image and worth . Of how there are no accurate contemporary representations of her life , only this heritage stuff about happy agricultural labourers with straws in their mouths , or chirpy cockneys eating winkles . She says she needs to gather up , in her post - modern skirt , all the creative , affirmative , intellectual parts of her childhood ; she needs to know how her folk survived , and when she looks for them in England , on TV , at the theatre , in art galleries , in advertising , they 're invisible . This plywood structure has grown bigger and bigger , and he has even carved gothic spires on its top . The neighbours complained and when he asked if I minded , I said I loved the kennel and hated the dog . He has n't talked to me since , but Violet tells me she has explained to him that some people are funny about dogs . She has also warned me that the little porcelain giggling buddha I 've put in the tomato plant pot outside my front door will probably be nicked by the Arab boy who delivers the newspapers . Apparently , the milkman will not be tempted . No news is good news . I always say , no news is good news . Tonight it 's the story of his uncle and as he stands around in the hall , he talks about his Uncle Rocco who was stationed in Ipswich . His uncle was fend of French fries and he tells the empty corridor for the hundredth time that they are called chips over there and they are eaten with vinegar . Normandy Beach , he repeats as he climbs the stairs . A telephone help and support service for people bereaved by the death of a same - sex life - partner . Can help find suitable clergy and secular officiants for funerals . For the number of someone to talk to telephone 081455 8894 ( recorded message ) . London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard offer a telephone counselling service . Tel . 071837 7324 . This factsheet can only suggest some of the ways in which they may help you . Many areas have special schemes which fit in with the particular needs of individual people at home . Make sure that you talk to a number of people to find out whether what you need is available . Talk to your local councillor as well , if you feel there is a need which is not being met . Here are some of the most commonly known services . A number of local Conservative Associations have contacted their local Age Concern organisations requesting a meeting or a speaker to attend Association meetings . Copies of the CPC briefing are available from Jane Clarkson in the Parliamentary Unit . Jane would also be happy to talk to any Chief Officer who is contacted by a local Conservative Association and would like further information . AGE CONCERN ORGANISATION ACCOUNTS The last ACE Executive Committee meeting in September recommended circulation to Age Concern organisations of the Statement of Recommended Procedure on Charity Accounting . I do not know . I made it for a dancer ( Nijinsky ) who can soar like a spirit , but who has the strength to dance with the Wilis as in Giselle and live to dance again . When talking about Le Carnaval , he added : Pierrot was the strange tragic clown known all over Europe as the little man he who gets slapped . He is the odd man out at the ball , he only wants one kiss , but it always eludes him. The theme of the little man made and still makes Fokine 's Petrushka so memorable . While we must support family rooms in those pubs which have the space and can provide suitable amusement for the little angels , this cannot remain the only answer to the problem . Family rooms are useful to let the less well - behaved and noisier children run riot but they are frequently cold and characterless and , no matter how good the facilities may be , you often feel excluded from the main atmosphere of the pub . I WOULD rather take my children into the main bar or lounge of a pub and expect them to sit sensibly and reasonably quietly so that we can all relax , drink , talk and eat in a proper pub atmosphere . What is needed is a relaxation of the law as it now stands to allow the controlled admission of children to certain pubs at certain times of day . I am not proposing a free - for - all , but the admission of children to certain pubs on the application of the licensee and the approval of the local licensing bench . He believed that Peter 's reforms had disrupted society by creating a Western - type bourgeoisie and separating the educated class from the common people . What Peter had damaged , and what one might hope to restore , was the natural soil - based unity of Russia . And so , as in Winter Notes , Dostoevsky is really talking about pochvennost , his own brand of romantic conservatism , half history , half dream . In Crime and Punishment itself the Petrine reforms get the merest glancing reference , and only one , when Raskolnikov 's friend Razumikhin speaks of us ( compare the we of the Drunks fragment ) as divorced from practical affairs of every sort for nearly two hundred years . This is a hasty throw - off in the middle of a wide - ranging argument , and it has no particular bearing on drink . All my hopes rest on anatomy now , goodness me they do ! On anatomy ? asks Raskolnikov , understandably mystified . But Svidrigailov ignores the question and starts talking about politics . He puts in a word on behalf of debauchery because it 's an occupation of a sort . Yes and no. Many a reader of The Possessed will have smiled at Von Lemke 's paper cut - outs the conductor waving his baton , the bustling railway porter , the hell - fire gesticulating preacher and at the same time he will have wondered why the microcosmic animated toys feel so supremely right for this novel . Shatov directs his paper - person thrust against himself too . Since I cannot be a Russian , he says , I became a Slavophil an articulator , that is , of romantic church - andstate conservatism in the debates of the time : indeed a walking , talking theory . In the notebooks Shatov ( as Shaposhnikov ) calls Slavophilism a gentleman 's fancy . We are back in the area of Peter the Great 's reforms . The related themes I am pursuing are difficult to keep apart , and really require a contrapuntal or fugal exposition . But that would not make for easy writing , still less reading . In practice one can only talk about one thing at a time , and in this Chapter I shall risk a distorting simplicity by looking at questions of theory largely in isolation from institutional matrices and situations , and concentrating on British activities to the exclusion of the American ones that accompanied or preceded them . I defer those contexts to later Chapters . The word theory has always aroused suspicion amongst the English , who see themselves as practical people and sound empiricists . Hirsch has rejected this phrase as delusive and logically meaningless , and this rejection might itself be rejected as an instance of the rat - trap logic to which he is inclined , an improper attempt to define a subject in more rigorous terms than the subject requires . Utterances about literature make sense , and are generally understood , within the form of life in which they are habitually made . Nevertheless , long before Hirsch , C. S. Lewis wrote that many discussions about literature are discussions of a nonentity ; for Lewis , literature was about as non - specific a term as talking or utterance . It was what was said that was important . If we look at what is located at present under the general heading of literature we find an extraordinary variety of texts , with only very tenuous family resemblances between them . By dropping the novel and other kinds of drama , more time would be provided for the extensive reading of poetry which is so essential if one is to make sense of any one poem . There might be regrets over giving up the novel , but after having been deeply interested in that form for many years ( even to the extent of writing one ) and often teaching courses on the novel , I have come to the conclusion that the pedagogic difficulties involved are extreme . Percy Lubbock , at the end of The Craft of Fiction , acknowledged that as soon as we have finished reading a novel we begin to forget it , and what is left to talk about is a vague cloud of fading impressions : the book vanishes as we lay hands on it . In the face of this central problem , the valuable work that has gone on in recent years in narratology , and other aspects of fictional form , is curiously difficult to apply in practice . Teaching often involves looking in detail at particular passages , in the hope that the part will relate coherently to the whole , but the doctrine of the hermeneutic circle reminds us that we cannot understand the parts until we understand the whole ( and vice versa ) . The most demanding would be one I have previously raised : namely , that though the successful encounter with a poem may result in a unique aesthetic experience , academic practice demands that it be turned into non - aesthetic discourse . Furthermore , not everyone who is invited to respond to an admired poem will have any such experience . And although talking about poems as poetry will imply an aesthetic reading rather than a culturalist or historical one , it must be acknowledged that there is inescapable culturalist and historical underpinning of the idea of a canon ; not all the poems to be read will have much aesthetic value . What one hopes for is for the student to remain open to the possibility of aesthetic experience , to accept and enjoy it when it occurs , but not to fake responses if it does not. Such a course would be primarily concerned with the formal , technical , and conventional aspects of poetry , considered both synchronically and diachronically ; in a word , rhetoric . The case of Virgil is a crucial one For anyone for whom literary education like any other is an exploration of the meanings we have and live by , so far as we do live by meanings , Virgil and Dante are connecting rooms To talk of getting the full charge of the Divine Comedy or more modestly and exactly , the fullest charge the particular reader is capable of getting while treating Dante 's master as an irrelevance , is nonsense ; This is part of a polemic ( reluctant , because in other contexts and on other grounds Sisson venerates Pound ) against Ezra Pound 's treatment of Virgil : there are such absurdities in Pound as the assertion that Gavin Douglas 's excellent Aeneidos is better than the original , together with other devaluings of Virgil ' For Eliot and Sisson it is unthinkable that one can venerate Dante without venerating Virgil , and vice - versa ; whereas Pound was firmly pro - Dante , and yet often raucously dismissive of Virgil . If we read Ash - Wednesday through with Tate 's commentary at our elbow , we see at any given point what he means : he has a good ear , as we might expect from his own poems ( which are however metrical , as Ash - Wednesday is n't ) . And we may agree that what binds together the six parts of Ash - Wednesday is in large part something rhythmical . It remains true that in Tate 's criticism and since ( for no advance has been made in this quarter ) rhythm and movement are wholly impressionistic you hear what the critic is talking about , or else you do n't . This is one area where modern criticism has notably failed . To be sure , the vocabulary for defining such rhythmical effects is yet to seek ; but should not critics apply themselves to seeking and finding that vocabulary , instead of pursuing semantic and allusive niceties ? Take for example the peasant who visits the mausoleum housing Mao 's corpse in Tiananmen Square . Where is Mao ? I want to talk to him , he says to the guard at the door . You ca n't talk to him ; he 's dead , replies the guard . After touring the mausoleum , the peasant returns and again asks where he can find Mao alive . He linked public readings of the book in New York with the rape of a young , white woman jogger in Central Park by six blacks . Afterwards , Ali , 19 , from Luton , Bedfordshire , said he approved of the sheikh 's message . I 'm a Muslim fundamentalist , but if I had a knife and I saw Rushdie I would n't kill him , I 'd talk to him. A lot of this is political . Plenty of those who talk about killing him would never do it themselves . I 'm a Muslim fundamentalist , but if I had a knife and I saw Rushdie I would n't kill him , I 'd talk to him. A lot of this is political . Plenty of those who talk about killing him would never do it themselves . Relaxation better than some drugs By LIZ HUNT , Medical Correspondent Mr Kinnock and his deputy , Roy Hattersley , have consistently opposed exclusively black sections . The party 's campaign to win mass membership has failed , the GMB leader , conceded yesterday . John Edmonds , a confidant of Neil Kinnock , said the party needed to talk to potential members rather than rely on advertisements and mail shots . His union will spend 1.5m over the next two years in an attempt to increase individual membership . Membership dropped by 23,000 last year to 265,000 , although officials say additional members attracted this year has almost offset that loss . Ripping yarns and moral minefields : Allan and Janet Ahlberg talk to Celia Dodd about their bestsellers for children By CELIA DODD THESE days , no one questions the importance of good books for the under - fives . But , particularly since Tiananmen , it has been echoing the argument that people would be less concerned to leave Hong Kong before 1997 if they could be absolutely confident that other countries would accept them after that date . The Governor , Sir David Wilson , has argued for a general right of entry to Britain though such a right could not be of much value if it were not ordinarily convertible into full citizenship . Officials also talk of an armageddon scenario , asking that Britain secure international agreement to accommodate millions of Hong Kong refugees in the event of Tiananmen - style repression after 1997 . But this notion would probably do little to slow the emigration rate even if it were realised . Who , after all , would decline a chance to emigrate because they thought they might later qualify as a refugee ? The optimists dismiss China 's ballooning inflation and swelling money supply as mere potholes on its road to the level of prosperity already enjoyed by many of its East Asian neighbours . Nothing , as responses to the June crackdown have confirmed , can puncture their confidence in Peking 's authority or China 's stability . Already , President George Bush is talking about a full restoration of Sino - US relations . Other nations , especially Japan , wait impatiently in the wings with their offers of soft loans . To those who see China in primarily economic terms , the golden goose argument comes most easily : that its government would never be so foolish as to constrict or repress Hong Kong , the tiny territory which has proved such a powerful catalyst for the growth of its hinterland . Hong Kong Special Report : Future Leaders Martin Lee Chu - Ming By DEREK DAVIES DEPENDING on who you talk to , Martin Lee is the most admired or most reviled public figure in Hong Kong ; a man of principle and courage , or a megalomaniac ; a defender of democracy , or an advocate of chaos . Reputedly Hong Kong 's highest - paid barrister before politics began to consume virtually all his time , he has many fans among other lawyers , who elected him to the Legislative Council in 1985 and 1988 as their profession 's representative . A few businessmen admit privately to admiring his honesty , if not always his fervour . If the Maronites had taken a similar path , perhaps seeking a confederated state within a Greater Lebanon , the catastrophe that befell their grandsons might have been averted . The Christians gave no indication at the time that they foresaw any such developments , although Arab nationalists in Lebanon and Syria at first refused to recognise that a nation - state existed which was separate from Syria . This is the genesis of so much of the rhetoric from Syrian leaders today who talk of Syria and Lebanon as one country . Despite all the criticism of President Assad , there is no evidence that Syria wishes to annex Lebanon . But the Arab nationalist belief that the two countries contain one Arab people that there was therefore something immutably wrong in the creation of Greater Lebanon has never been abandoned . But because they have to leave by 10pm , all they have time for are the basic tasks , such as cooking dinner , feeding Elaine , taking off her make - up and getting her ready for bed . Many of them are not used to disabled people , and , being temporary , they rarely get to know her anyway . Elaine ca n't talk and that can be very disconcerting for the nurses , says Sylvia . Elaine interrupts . She does not need nurses in uniform , she almost shouts : just because she is disabled , it does not mean she is medically ill . Some market men said they believed Smith was trying to support the price because the firm was already heavily exposed to Ferranti , having picked up the bulk of shares placed at 81p in July by Jim Guerin , International Signal and Control 's former chairman . British Aerospace is said to be one of the key contenders to mount a rescue bid for Ferranti , a vital subcontractor providing navigational and radar equipment for BAe 's military aircraft . Another company to which Ferranti is known to be talking is Daimler Benz , the giant West German vehicles , aircraft and electricals group . According to some stock market sources , Ferranti was in talks with Daimler about the possibility of a partnership before the fraud which now threatens its future came to light . Parkinson rules out tunnel aid The moment I heard there were rumours that the PLO is willing to be more moderate , that 's when I went on the first plane and went to Tunis . Having seen him about six times , and having spoken to most of their leaders , I believe that the time is right for us to talk to them now , to end this whole conflict once and for all . All other things which are done instead of talking are a waste of time , are being used as excuses to delay the whole process , and will bear no fruit whatsoever , except the killing which is going on every day I refuse to stand by and do nothing . Mr Nathan lamented the fact that for 40 years Israel had been saying it had no one to talk to and now that the other side was prepared to talk , Israel refused . All other things which are done instead of talking are a waste of time , are being used as excuses to delay the whole process , and will bear no fruit whatsoever , except the killing which is going on every day I refuse to stand by and do nothing . Mr Nathan lamented the fact that for 40 years Israel had been saying it had no one to talk to and now that the other side was prepared to talk , Israel refused . This business of I will never talk to the PLO is absolutely ridiculous . Unfortunately we do not have today either a Ben Gurion or a Begin . I refuse to stand by and do nothing . Mr Nathan lamented the fact that for 40 years Israel had been saying it had no one to talk to and now that the other side was prepared to talk , Israel refused . This business of I will never talk to the PLO is absolutely ridiculous . Unfortunately we do not have today either a Ben Gurion or a Begin . Either of them would have grabbed the hand . Unfortunately we do not have today either a Ben Gurion or a Begin . Either of them would have grabbed the hand . For God 's sake , unless we talk to these people , there 's going to be no answer . Look at this weekend . Eight people killed . In a nutshell : Yes . But not only with the ANC , with all those fighting apartheid . We must close ranks with them because we talk the same language . We say : Don't reform apartheid . Scrap it . Mr Seiters said he was convinced a similar solution will be found for the 250 refugees in the embassy in Warsaw . In a clear sign of the tension in East Berlin where , as in Bonn , crisis meetings were held yesterday , the East German leader , Erich Honecker , refused to have a telephone conversation with Helmut Kohl , the West German Chancellor . The refusal to talk , believed to have been decided in a meeting of the Politburo , contributed to renewed speculation here that Mr Honecker may no longer be in full control . It was also noted that Wolfgang Vogel , the lawyer to whom Mr Honecker had given the task of solving the refugee problem , had had his mandate drastically cut back . At the same time , there are reports that workers ' militias had been used to cordon off streets during the demonstration in Leipzig on Monday night when some 10,000 people marched through the streets chanting Gorby , Gorby and calling for the legalisation of the opposition group New Forum . She says : Smacking is a way of educating the aggressive instincts of children . Aggression is n't something children learn from their parents , they are born with it . I 've talked to some of my son 's teachers about bullying in schools and they say that these children whom no one has ever laid a finger on cannot imagine the pain they inflict on others . The other point is that once you have established a good system of discipline , you do n't have to smack very often . My children were rarely smacked after the age of nine or 10 . Henry 's achievement in the play is not military as such , but rhetorical . He does n't prove by feat of arms , but by words , that he is not any more the dissipated boy that he was ; but that is enough . He finds a way of talking about England , about right , about courage as a sort of secular sainthood , and it is his words , acting on his army , that bring France down. The French messenger Mountjoy , bringing an insult from the Dauphin , is met with a fierce defiance that leaves him , in this version , visibly shocked . There is no suggestion in the play that Henry 's defiance might be hollow . Mr Chapman said : I have usually got on well with newspaper proprietors , but this time I want to be in charge . Chapmans has not yet signed up any authors , but is clearly hoping there will be an exodus of well - known names from Collins . We are opening up our store , and would be very happy to talk to them . Mr Chapman is expecting to publish around 25 books in the first year , and could float the company within five years . Machinist strike brings Boeing to a standstill For the past decade , the teachers at Gillingham have been working towards something which looks very much like the national curriculum , to ensure a smooth transfer to the new system . They agree that a regular comparison of notes with primary schools ( which they have always enjoyed , if at lower intensity than presently ) improves all their pupils ' chances of entering secondary school by the same starting gate . They are heartened by finding common ground between English and science for , if nothing else , the introduction of the national curriculum has encouraged teachers from different disciplines to talk to each other : At one time , we could conceive of ourselves as subject teachers , said Mr Lenarduzzi . Now we are curriculum teachers . And yet their horizon is not without its clouds . JULIO ANGUITA , the leader of the Spanish Communist Party , is looking for the thief in Madrid who smashed his windscreen and broke into his car for the third time . First , I 'd re - arrange his face a little with my fist , remarked the burly Communist chief recently . Then I 'd talk to him about the socio - economic roots of poverty . Mr Anguita has also been re - arranging the face of Spanish Communism recently with notable success . Elections are less than a month away , and Mr Anguita is probably Spain 's second most popular politician after the Socialist Prime Minister , Felipe Gonzalez . For example , this month 's issue of Psychology Today contains the result of a study of the pace of life in 36 American cities . Researchers stood on street corners , checked the clocks in banks and the speed at which tellers cashed cheques and shop assistants gave change . They watched how fast people walk and talk . Not suprisingly , people in the north - east of the country , where the work ethic and the climate push the pace of life ever upward , reside permanently in the fast lane . North - easterners generally walk faster , give change faster , talk faster , and are more likely to wear watches so that they can make every second count . They watched how fast people walk and talk . Not suprisingly , people in the north - east of the country , where the work ethic and the climate push the pace of life ever upward , reside permanently in the fast lane . North - easterners generally walk faster , give change faster , talk faster , and are more likely to wear watches so that they can make every second count . How much people are worried about time means a lot , of course . For example , in the fastest city of them all which turned out to be Boston , not New York , which was third after Buffalo the researchers noted that to get the exact time of day the telephone company requires you to dial N - E - R - V - O - U - S. Racing : Cordoba shouts the odds By JOHN KARTER JUST possibly Cordoba ( 3.10 ) may prove to be the biggest talking horse since Mister Ed , the supernag of American television fame . More probably , however , Cordoba is yet another potential champion from Michael Stoute 's Newmarket production line , an opinion the son of El Gran Senor can underline by galloping off with today 's Middle Park Stakes at Newmarket , writes John Karter . Well before Cordoba made his debut over today 's course two months ago , his name was being whispered behind many a well - respected hand as the one to be on for next year 's 2000 Guineas . The sport 's most prominent black is Bill White , president of the National League . Shell has yet to discuss a contract with Davis , but said : I have no problem with that . When I was a player , I 'd go into his office and we 'd talk contract for five minutes about other things for 30 minutes . Shanahan took over the Raiders in February last year having previously been the offensive co - ordinator with the Denver Broncos . He guided them to a respectable 8 - 8 record last season , but with a cluster of outstanding players on the club 's roster there was a heavy weight of expectation for the campaign which began four weeks ago notably from Davis himself . By ANDY GLINIECKI AN AMBULANCE workers ' union leader yesterday accused Kenneth Clarke , the Secretary of State for Health , of intransigence , as union officials prepared for today 's meeting at Acas . Roger Poole , the staff 's chief negotiator , and a senior Nupe official , said : Kenneth Clarke 's refusal to talk proves conclusively who is responsible for the continuation of the dispute . Mr Clarke knows how serious this dispute is but he is prepared to risk people 's lives rather than talk . He warned that if anyone was hurt in the dispute the minister would be faced with calls for his resignation . Yesterday the Princess Royal addressed its tenth birthday meeting , attended by representatives of the Home Office , the police , and the probation service . The organisation took root because the originators of the experiment were shocked at how little the victims of crimes knew about getting assistance , says Helen Reeves , director of Victim Support . This included compensation , legal advice , financial and housing help , or even simply somebody to talk to . That is still the case , says Ms Reeves . Ten years on , I am quite sure that the biggest issue we have uncovered is the issue of neglect , Ms Reeves says . There are tons of leaflets for offenders , but nothing for the witness or the ordinary member of the public , says Ms Reeves . A former probation officer , she blames the way professionals are trained to see the criminal as the main concern , with justice for the victim if thought about at all regarded as an optional extra . So victims feel isolated and ignored and find it difficult to talk about their experiences . Their reactions can range from anger to irrational guilt , fear and embarrassment . Their families and friends seldom know how to respond . But it does n't seem to be an acceptable idea that something like burglary or a street crime can cause quite severe emotional disturbance . The worse the violence , the less people want to talk about it . Families where there has been a murder find that people are more reluctant to talk to them than if they had suffered an ordinary bereavement sometimes even crossing the street to avoid them . Victim Support 's trained volunteers offer an immediate response when people are still in a state of shock , giving encouragement , support and information . The organisation 's original intention was to refer victims to another professional agency like social services , but that has proved impossible . Their millions of compatriots follow the details on West German television , day by day , while the domestic media have confined their reports to abuse against the authorities in Bonn , and sometimes against those who have left . We should weep no tears for them , one commentator said . Ordinary people talk constantly of the continuing exodus . Opposition groups grow bolder . Crowds have demonstrated in growing numbers in recent weeks - up to 20,000 in Leipzig on Monday night , chanting Gorby ! TO DENY the spirit of opera would mean to deny the development of the human spirit ; indeed of human thought ' This is one of many gems to be found in Janacek 's Uncollected Essays on Music . Janacek writes words as he writes music the two were for him virtually indivisible , and in these abrupt , epigrammatic paragraphs , sometimes brutally down to earth , sometimes fanciful , you can hear him talking often shouting in your ear . Words like these are something to hang onto when people ask Why is opera fashionable now ? Of course there are the ephemeral reasons the admen 's discovery of opera 's blend of corny emotion with glamour and spectacle ; the unpredictable cravings of yuppy culture snackers . What are they on , I kept asking myself , booze or cocaine ? It must be booze , I think . Cocaine is a very nasty drug , causing people to talk too much and to stay up too late , but it does not , in my experience , make you violent . All these people want to do is hit someone before the lights go out . It was not like that in the Sixties . I normally enter village shows . Today , I 've put in a runner bean it must be all of twenty inches long but I do n't grow them specially . If I see one that looks like it 's growing good , I might give it some extra feed and talk to it a bit . But otherwise , he swears by the old tradition of a load of farmyard muck . He sounded as though he disapproved of exotic plant feeds and the new variety of vegetative showmanship . Their investigative chess journalism is also evidently of high calibre . Herman Eetgerink , writing in Algemeen Dagblad , has revealed an interest in the match in very high places . He reports a supposed telephone conversation between Margaret Thatcher and the Dutch Prime Minister , Ruud Lubbers , with Mrs Thatcher doing all the talking and demanding that Mr Lubbers help with her problems . that damned Kinnock and his vile socialists in Brighton behind in the polls we need a champion , Ruud , get my drift ? your Timman takes a dive , or else ! At the start of the Pilkington Glass Semi - finals , Mrs Thatcher did send a welcoming letter to the grandmasters : I wish all the players every success but I must send my particular good wishes to Jon Speelman . The Kiwi tour continues at Wigan , where after the Oldham upset , the home side need a confidence booster almost as badly as the visitors , whose efforts so far have been disjointed . Jonathan Davies , almost disjointed in a literal sense in the act of try - scoring on Wednesday , will get a run in his favoured stand - off position if Tony Myler misses the new world champions ' next challenge , Sheffield Eagles at Bramall Lane . This afternoon , Kevin Tamati , last seen demonstrating an ability to talk fellow television commentators into submission , finds himself the object of Granada 's broadcast as his new charges look for first points from Leigh . Tamati has taken on a lot but life from here should not be dull for Salford 's long - suffering support . Hockey : Ealing 's chance I knew there was n't any point in asking him to return them at this stage . He 's got a long memory and can be rather spiteful . Apart from that , he 's a good enough man , a nice man to talk to . When he comes here he always visits the children in the school . But he seems to have this antagonism towards the local people . What to do If you 're worried that you 've recently take a risk , go to the special STD clinic at your local hospital . They will check you , and treat you if necessary . They 're used to these diseases . Don't hesitate to go . Is it criticism ? There is a massive amount of writing about art , only some of which can immediately be identified by a reader as criticism . Writing by the art critic of a newspaper is self - evidently criticism , in parallel with the writing of music and theatre critics ; an exhibition can be treated almost in the same way as a performance . Articles in magazines are less certainly described as criticism , for their main topics may be personalities or history , and art may be only a small part of the writers ' account . Books and catalogues may contain criticism ; but their writers may think of themselves as art historians , philosophers , aestheticians , anthropologists , historians or biographers , and there are many other possibilities ; their books may never be identified as art criticism . Some commentators have complained that Clark 's title , Civilisation , was misleading , as only Western arts were treated ; but even if Clark had been willing to take on world art , costs would no doubt have prevented such a grandiose project . A single - volume history has recently been courageously and skilfully attempted by Hugh Honour and John Fleming , which inevitably suffers from the problem of compression . Other civilisations are treated in separate studies . One parallel to the scope of Janson 's book on Western art , Sherman Lee 's A History of Far Eastern Art , was first published in 1964 . This contains sixty colour plates and 656 black and white plates . The automobile has turned the city inside out , ranging new communities around the periphery and letting the centre rot : not far from the centre is an old slum district where the gangs operate . They are a reality , whereas the guerrillas are only a dream phantasmagorical . But they are a reality which Naipaul treats in such a way that they , too , can at times seem phantasmagorical . Everywhere , transistors give off the Reggae beat , making the place a party that never stops , and that might catch fire . A sense of mystery and futility is imparted by events at the Grange and on the Ridge , and that sense is heightened by what takes place in the city when the party catches fire and rioting breaks out . At the same time , the novel finds more to object to in the less objectionable aspects of these activities than many readers might anticipate . It is the work of a writer for whom , in successive fictions , the theme of sexual dealings between people of different races has necessitated the representation of violence . Rapes and murders occur in this area , and may , of course , have to be treated . And the theme is obviously of high consequence for the portrayal of any society where race is a trouble and where one race has subdued another . The society may be symbolised by such dealings , and experienced through them . No , I suppose that 's where they would tend to hole up. Where can Jenny have been , in the course of her adolescence , to be willing , if only out of nervousness , to accept that the Reds in Spain have been swept out from under the bed and up into mountain caves ? It 's a very funny joke , but it works at the expense of treating her like a child , which is not at all what the novel usually intends . Amis writes here , as he has written in other books , about the distance between men and women ; here , too , is the trouble that awaits the rational hedonist who deceives the woman he lives with and loves . It is n't every comic genius who would undertake to send his talent into such painful places . But in terms of the protestant loyalist philosophy , the overwhelming majority of catholics oppose the state 's legitimacy . This does not mean that there is no cultural convergence at all between the two alliances in Ireland . Apart from basic agreements on the necessity for law and order for survival purposes , an issue which will be treated later in the chapter , there are a number of similarities which should be mentioned . Both sides are based on capitalist activity and both governments have followed modernization rather than self - development strategies since the 1960s More particularly , despite some continuing differentiation in industrial specialisms , such as the declining presence of heavy engineering in Ulster , the types of industrial activity are increasingly similar as are the economic and unemployment problems , population growth , and productivity , with the probability of higher deficits in the North ( FitzGerald 1972 : 6385 ; New Ireland Forum 19834 : ii . 813 ; O'Dowd and Wickham in Clancy , et al . Consequently , one has to improve relationships within Northern Ireland without trying to merge the entire school system . However , curricular changes , joint teaching projects , and overall greater contact were seen necessary . Roman catholic church leaders have used additional local studies to refute arguments which treat Roman catholic schools as part of the Northern problem . They have interpreted Salters 's study of Belfast secondary schools as showing catholics to be less prejudiced than protestants . Even if this were so , the implication has been made by catholic school supporters that catholic schools have not promoted or reinforced any measure of prejudice , and that no other possible type of school could improve on them ( Daly 1975 ) . Too fussy . Find another solution , wrote Harsnet . Find way of treating glass so as to respond to viewer 's gaze ? Can that be done ? Not to be true to the materials but false to them ! he wrote . As such , the brewery has resolved to improve the operational efficiency of the building generally by remodelling the cellar area and the annexe building to the north and by giving the pub a frontage on Fleet Street . Inevitably , this will entail losing some of the irreplaceable character of this unique building . The new street elevation proposed by the architects ( Waterhouse Ripley Adie Button ) has been sensitively treated ; however , the extension to the north will necessitate diluting much of the pub 's evocative and cosy proportions , and it remains to be seen whether the design of the newly - created bar areas survives comparison with the adjacent historic interiors . Work on this refurbishment is due to begin in May 1991 . An additional problem faced by many Georgian pubs particularly historic coaching inns is the treatment of re - use of stables and other related outbuildings . HOTELIERS have slammed as discriminating and illegal the confirmation that VAT is to be levied on packed lunches . This follows representations by the British Hotels , Restaurants and Caterers Association ( BHRCA ) which learnt of the proposed change in May . Customs Excise introduced the changes , which will be back - dated to 1 July , after it found hotels had been treating the supply of packed lunches to guests as zero - rated ( Caterer , 27 June3 July ) . It ruled that packed lunches are supplied in the course of catering and are liable for the 17.5 % standard rating of VAT . The back dating of all VAT not charged on packed lunches could lead to hefty bills for hoteliers . Food for more than 100 guests at two wedding receptions was alleged to have been prepared at the kitchen . So far 39 people have suffered from Salmonellosis . Two people are being treated in hospital . EHOs said the domestic kitchen was completely inadequate for cooking on such a scale . The wedding receptions were held at the Crown Hotel in Varteg , Gwent , and Talywaun Rugby Club , Gwent . I 've got a meeting in a few minutes and I No it ca n't wait . Why have I been treated in such a cowardly and despicable manner ? What on earth 's the matter ? Sit down for a minute . I can think of more upsetting things in life . I 'm upset , as you put it , because you did n't even have the courtesy to warn me that I might not be giving a lecture that 's due in eight days time . That is no way to treat a senior member of staff and you know it . Look , I just felt that it was time for a change , that 's all . And I thought there 'd be less fuss if I Anyway , on with my story , for soon other pressures were to be brought to bear . First , there was the peer pressure from my colleagues . Some of them turned out to be not as indifferent to my plight as I 'd feared they all would be , and a few murmured that if I did really feel strongly about the way I had been treated , I should indeed take the matter up with the Senate . This sympathy ( and attention ) hardened my resolve not to be put upon . However , as a corollary to this , my increasingly strident expressions of discontent put considerable pressure on me to live up to my rhetoric . Buy bulbs for indoor flowering as soon as they become available . Choose large , firm , healthy specimens that are not visibly diseased or damaged and plant quickly , before they show signs of sprouting , as this can affect subsequent growth and flower quality . To be sure of having bulbs in flower at Christmas , it is advisable to buy specially prepared ones which have been temperature - treated for early flowering . Hyacinth bulbs are the most widely available in prepared form , but prepared narcissi and tulips can also be found . Certain tender varieties of narcissi , like Paper White and Grand Soleil d'Or , are naturally early flowering and do not need a natural or artificial cool period in order to flower quickly and healthily indoors , but they cannot be planted outside afterwards . Place the container in the dark in a cool place for 810 weeks , checking from time to time to see if the water needs topping up. The bulbs will send roots in among the pebbles . After the cool period , treat the bulbs exactly as if they were growing in compost . Traditionally , however , indoor bulbs are planted in shallow ceramic or plastic bowls without drainage holes , but it is not really necessary to use specially designed containers . Providing the planting is done correctly , a variety of receptacles can be used : old baking bowls , fruit dishes , even chamberpots . I would also avoid all those bent wire contraptions : they may look attractive in a well photographed catalogue but do little for the design of your garden . Remember that any such feature is simply a vehicle for the plants to be grown over it , and in a few years the structure becomes incidental to the glory of the climber that smothers it . It 's best to use a simple design and stout timbers , well treated with a non - toxic preservative do n't use creosote , sure death to plants . Topical tip Using a zig - zagging technique with your garden path will create a felling of greater space and , if it is placed between the plantings , will enhance the separate room effect . As you build up and level out areas of the garden , keep the soil in place using retaining walls . We used Forest palisade poles , which are pressure - treated with preservative and guaranteed to last for at least fifteen years . Inadequately treated wood is not worth bothering with : the retaining walls are too fundamental to the design and structure to take any risks . The poles must be set vertically ( use a spirit level ) . As you build up and level out areas of the garden , keep the soil in place using retaining walls . We used Forest palisade poles , which are pressure - treated with preservative and guaranteed to last for at least fifteen years . Inadequately treated wood is not worth bothering with : the retaining walls are too fundamental to the design and structure to take any risks . The poles must be set vertically ( use a spirit level ) . Concrete mixed dry ( 5 parts ballast to 1 cement ) will make the job easier . It is effective against all caterpillars , including those of harmless butterflies , so do n't spray indiscriminately outside . You can buy packets of it by mail order from HDRA Sales Ltd Tel : 0203303517 Treat caterpillars before they treat themselves to your fruit and vegetables Rosa glauca has handsome foliage , pretty single flowers and good red hips Striped like a python , the snakebark maple Acer pensylvanicum Alternatively , store them in perforated polythene bags . Leave a window or door open for a week after storing to let the fruit sweat , and then keep cool , checking them occasionally for signs of decay . Pears are treated in much the same way , but are never wrapped . Most continue ripening in store until ready for the table , but a few varieties must be brought into the warm for a few days before they are ready to eat . Saving seeds what caused it ? how is it treated ? what can I do about it ? In certain cases its cells undergo changes , which in time can lead to cancer . But these changes in the cells mean that cervical cancer can be prevented before it starts . By carrying out a smear test , doctors can detect the abnormal cells that might become cancerous in time and then treat them easily and simply . The national screening programme will enable all women between the ages of 20 and 64 to be tested at least every five years you should have received your invitation for screening by 1993 . The smear test takes less than five minutes and normally only causes slight discomfort . Indeed , one in ten couples find it takes them over a year , while for others it is much quicker . But if you 're worried , go to your doctor for advice . Some cases of infertility are easy to treat , although others require complex treatment which may , in any case , not be successful . For further help contact : Maternity Services A healthy lifestyle , including taking exercise and avoiding smoking and heavy drinking see page 2730 will reduce the possibility of developing osteoporosis . Your doctor will advise you whether any other action is necessary . If you have already developed osteoporosis , they may be able to treat it or refer you to a specialist . For help and information : Elderly People Jay was now In Love with the impossible Lucy , Dionne went for butch crewcut teenagers , and they hugged each other 's hurt away and made love like some people offer Kleenex and brandy in times of stress . And after that evening when Dionne said it was over , they had some undoing to go through , so near the edge of agony and ecstasy . They treated each other more carefully than friends usually do , chose each other little gifts , tiny wooden ducks from China , sprays of silk roses , jazz collectors ' tapes . One time , Dionne brought Jay a huge bunch of plaited purple garlic from the Breton onion man who hung around in Islington from time to time . Jay brought Dionne honeycomb cell shaped soap and an oil and sand picture with its ever - changing magic . But I realised I 'd been a bit heavy . She needs time . You treat her far too well , darling . I mean , you 've done the prelims , dear , in your own inimitable fashion roses , champagne , adoration , necking and fumbling . Forgive me for assuming my role of dyke agony uncle once more , but really , lovey ! The laird nodded and Cameron said curtly to Robertson the teacher , Take this down. What will I write with ? or on ? The man was bridling at being treated like a minion . I have paper here properly stamped . I suppose there are pens in the castle . Because we have a good house already , with the new beds and windows . There is a year of my work in it . He looked mulish now , with his hard - eyed expression that she dreaded , that seemed to treat her as nothing . It is not ours , Donald . This could be ours . As I shall explain in the next section , this earlier privileging of intellect was intimately connected with resistance to nominalism , and , in the seventeenth century nominalism triumphed . The emphasis on the mentality and immateriality of sense experience was associated with the denial that there was anything special about intellect . Even whilst developing the modern immaterialist notion of consciousness , the eighteenth - century empiricists and others were attacking the dignity of intellect and assimilating it to sensory activity by treating thoughts as mere images . As well as being a defence of mind , therefore , the early modern philosophy , through its nominalism , was also an attack on it . And , in certain important respects , the general form of this attack is preserved in contemporary physicalist theories . It takes science to come along and tell us that what is going on under these circumstances is a brain process , let alone to tell us which brain process it is . All consciousness does in its own right is to tell us that it is something internal which fulfils a certain role . But even if treating our awareness of our own mental states as topic - neutral plausibly explains why we are not aware of our brains as such when we are aware of our mental states , it does not explain why knowing fully about the brain does not include knowledge of the nature of experience . Topic - neutral knowledge is weaker than , and hence is entailed by , full knowledge , though it does not entail it . So , if the blind scientist BS knows that V is in brain state B and that B is the state usually brought about by experience of a red object , then he knows that V is in some state or other of the sort usually brought about by red objects . All behaviouristic theories of cognition are viciously third - personal , where that expression signifies , first , that they cannot be applied to the first - person perspective and , second that our ability to apply them to the third person really rests on our bringing to bear first - person knowledge : as with rats in mazes , where my plain and unreduced apprehension of the rat 's environment enables me to see its grasp of that environment in terms of its behaviour within it . Our general topic of discussion is perceptual consciousness and the problem that it constitutes for physicalism . In showing that cognition as a whole cannot be treated behaviouristically , I have not thereby shown that a behaviouristic treatment of sense - experience is false . So perhaps my overkill misses the target : perhaps the behaviourist analysis of perception is sound , even though a general behaviourism is not , and what BS lacks is not knowledge of the nature of certain mental states , but only the ability to respond spontaneously to visual stimuli , that is , to respond as a result of actually seeing them . Reflection on the nature of the argument against behaviourism in general , however , reveals that the argument refutes the behaviourist treatment of perception in particular . It would n't work if the component was made from very fibrous wood which might lift with the glue but it works in a lot of circumstances which defy the sash cramp solution . J. Smart , Powys Heat treated copan from the Congo Further to the query by Mr P. Ridgley of Oldham regarding copal varnish ( WW/June 91/p.557 ) , we would inform you that copal varnishes were manufactured from fossilised resins , mainly obtained from the Congo . The copal was heat treated to make it soluble in oils and solvents . Neither of these extreme dogma is applied rigorously today , but it is certainly still accepted that 2 - D form makes good pattern . Historically , highly formalised patterns in wood , especially those of a purely geometric kind , fall into the category of parquetry which , though allied to marquetry , is not quite an identical craft , often requiring different techniques . Nevertheless , some flat pattern work can be fairly treated as marquetry , most often based on natural forms . It can vary from single units to repeats and form borders to all - over effects . Though it does not , in general , exemplify , the uniqueness of marquetry ( achieved by using the wood grain as the source of the visual effects ) it can be intriguing in spite of what I implied earlier about the limitations of the silhouette as a design form . For every 250 ( or part of 250 ) over 3,000 you will be assumed to have an extra 1.00 per week income . For example , if you have 4,200 savings you will be assumed to have an extra 5.00 per week income , even if you are not actually receiving any interest from your savings . If the council thinks that you have given away or used up savings in order to qualify for , or increase the amount of your benefit they can treat you as still having those savings . This might happen if you give money away to members of your family or if you buy expensive items in order to reduce your savings . Savings include cash , money in bank and building society accounts , national savings certificates and accounts , premium bonds and shares . SOCIAL SECURITY HOUSING BENEFIT : GUIDANCE ON THE TREATMENT OF INCOME A recent DSS Housing Benefit/Community Charge Benefit circular has given guidance about the treatment of income which is paid at intervals other than one week . Where income such as an occupational pension or Retirement Pension is paid into a bank or building society account on , for example , a monthly or four - weekly basis , in some cases this has been treated as capital resulting in a possible reduction of benefit . In effect it appears that the pension has been assessed both as income and capital . The circular states that income to cover a certain period should be ignored as capital for that period . INTRODUCTION The Government has published its review of the National Health Service and has subsequently released 8 working papers . The review focusses on management structures , budgets and monitoring their use , securing value for money , and directing money to those hospitals which treat most patients . The working papers develop some of the organisational and management implications of proposals in the Review . Age Concern has prepared a Briefing Paper which summarises the White - Paper and the working papers , and which is available from the Information and Policy Department . The White Paper and Working Paper 2 refer to core services which must be maintained by the District Health Authority . But the working papers state that the list in the White Paper is not definitive , and that DHAs will be able to decide what core services are appropriate for them to maintain . Working Paper 2 states : even where a service is regarded as one which must be provided locally , it does not follow that every patient must have that treatment locally , it does not follow that every patient must have that treatment locally , if the patient and the GP or DHA as purchaser believe it to be better for them to be treated elsewhere . This appears to make the concept of locally - available core services a rather uncertain one . As time goes on , the Government envisages more and more hospitals becoming NHS Trusts , with powers to negotiate what services they will provide . Catering that had been so under threat in the later seventies suddenly attracted new importance ; indeed , the single Manchester Pullman that looked almost certain to be a casualty of further standardisation in the eighties was joined by a bevy of Pullmans if only Pullman service on HSTs and Mark 3s . But it became clear that the passenger was not automatically right : only when he paid up ! Thus while first - class patronage was encouraged , and more businessmen complained bitterly that they had to go first - class in order to enjoy their British breakfast , more humble individuals who merely wanted to enjoy the view from the train were not so generously treated . It was perhaps the miracle of the decade that BR was allowed to invest so heavily in a new generation of multiple units . Enthusiasts were less surprised that much of that investment went sour through design faults and technical failures , and grieved that so little thought was given to the simple , old fashioned matter of looking out , the deprivation of forward and backward view that had encouraged so much travel on the first generation of multiple units allegedly being due to the unions not liking the public seeing their men at work . It was an enthusiast 's delight as BR moved rolling stock from anywhere and everywhere to convey Papal followers to masses at Canterbury , York , Wembley , Coventry , Liverpool , Manchester , Glasgow , Edinburgh and Cardiff . That meant twelve - car DMU rakes , Sunday services on non - Sunday routes , and hosts of locomotive - hauled Popex specials . As for his Holiness himself , he was treated to a ride from Gatwick to Victoria behind the Royal loco No 73142 Broadlands bearing the special Southern headcode HF ( Holy Father ) . The adoption of the name ScotRail by the Scottish Region was far more than a marketing ploy . The new regular - interval timetable was actually understandable by the common man , the first real hint of a corporate localised identity , and the first appearance centre stage of one of the new breed of managers Chris Green . They say it is unjust for the publicans and bad for the pubs . Marstons must realise that it is the skills and enterprise of the licensees that have made these pubs so popular , said branch spokesman Robert Whatley . To treat them in this way is disgraceful . He has written to Marstons managing director Michael Hurdle , asking for a meeting to express the branch 's concern . The local Licensed Victuallers Association have pointed out that all six pubs have gardens and car parks , suggesting that they will be converted to plastic eating houses . Use plenty of shrubs for privacy as well as a profusion of blooms , and use rustic features to create a focal point and provide useful extra height How to make a rustic arch Assemble the sides on the ground , using stout rustic poles treated with a timber preservative and galvanised nails . The top should be at least 2.4m ( 8ft ) above ground level Excavate holes for the support poles , and wedge them in place with broken brick and rubble . If you have a good facing brick , it is generally best not to paint it or seal it with any kind of coating . Once on , paint is virtually impossible to remove . If you have a penetrating damp problem , treat brick with a silicone water repellent . TYPES OF PAINT Some water - based emulsion paints are suitable for use outside . This should last for five to seven years , and costs around 14 for a 7kg packet , to cover 20 to 40m² ; ( do n't apply over masonry paint ) . All surfaces should be clean and dry before applying masonry paint with a brush , roller or spray . Any mould growth should be killed with a fungicide wash , and loose or powdery surfaces should be treated with a stabilising solution . Cracks should be repaired with a filler , and porous surfaces primed with a sealant or a diluted coat of masonry paint . WHO MAKES WHAT How should I prepare them for repainting ? Wood generally , and wooden windows in particular , are prone to rotting . Test the surface for sponginess by probing it with a screwdriver and renew rotten timber either by replacing complete sections with new preservative - treated wood , or by cutting - in new sections of wood , or if the area of rot is not too extensive , by replacing the decay using a modern wood repair system as made by Ronseal and Cuprinol . The basis of both these systems is a wood hardener which strengthens the decayed wood fibres , and a two - part high performance wood filler . In both cases , the wood should be as dry as possible when the wood hardener is applied , and when this is dry , the two - part epoxy - resin wood filler is pressed into the cavity to give a noncrack , non - shrink repair . If water can penetrate and collect in joints , the wood will rot quickly unless steps are taken to prevent it . For this reason , all wood used for cladding unless it is naturally rot - resistant , like Western red cedar should be pretreated with preservative before use . Ideally this should be carried out by the timber supplier ( treated wood is described as Tanalised or Celcured by timber merchants and other stockists ) to ensure thorough and deep penetration of the wood . But d - i - y treatment will go a long way towards keeping rot at bay , and you should be prepared to give freshly exposed cut surfaces of both cladding and battens an extra coat of preservative during installation for extra protection . Drawbacks For too long I thought this type of training was not the responsibility of the vet . After all , we 're trained to a superbly technical level of scientific competence . My job is to treat cancer , repair fractures or control disease . Why should I possibly become interested in the emotional development of my young patients ? LESS NEEDLE WIN A WONDERFUL WEEKEND WITH CONSORT Consort Hotels have generously offered a free weekend for two plus one dog at The George Hotel , Montrose , Scotland . Our lucky free draw winner will be treated to dinner , bed and breakfast , but the holiday must be taken before December , 1991 ( subject to availability and excluding bank holidays ) . To enter , send a postcard ( or closed envelope ) with your name and address to Bona - Fido The winner will be drawn on September 1st . One of the first dogs Steve rescued four - year - old Tyler had an eye poked out by a loutish owner wielding a screwdriver . It was n't the first such attack . Some of these people think you have to treat tough dogs brutally , he said , bitterly . You could n't print my personal opinion of them . Many of the lowlife characters who get hold of Rottweilers have the same mentality as child abusers . There is no guarantee it will work on any specific case the first treatment often causes the condition to briefly worsen . Most vets work on the assumption that if , after the third session , no improvement is noticed , acupuncture is not going to be effective . Nevertheless , many pet owners are now requesting acupuncture often because they have been treated successfully by it themselves . It is quite a commitment on behalf of the owner . Sessions generally last for about 40 minutes and are required , by necessity , on a regular basis . Moderate Good family dog ? Good , if treated with respect With other people 's children : Suspicious until known Not a dog for everyone . Character sketch : Faithful , reliable dog provided it is treated properly and trained with firm kindness . Care should be taken to buy from a breeder with a reputation for breeding good temperaments Dobermann dog dilemma During the 1970s he began to lose faith in the whole Freudian programme , and in his recent book , Skeptical Engagements , he provides detailed and substantially supported arguments for abandoning it . Freud is not , however , likely to be generally rejected , since he is so much part of the valued cultural furniture of the West . Furthermore , attacks such as Crews 's are , as he acknowledges , not taken seriously and replied to in their own terms , but treated as symptoms of repressed disturbance . Freudians , like Marxists , cannot step outside their own forms of thought to admit that they might be wrong ( unless , like Crews , they undergo a deconversion ) . The recent revival of interest in psychoanalysis among literary theorists has come from France , and in particular from the work of Jacques Lacan , who brought together Freud and Saussure and produced the slogan , the unconscious is structured like a language . Traditionally , the notion of personal response and what the Newbolt Report called literature as a living thing were regarded by all schools as at the heart of English study , but there is no place for them in Zapp 's perspective . They would be signs of an unprofessional subjectivism and impressionism ; in recent radical discourse they indicate an undesirable mystification . Alan Sinfield , in a revealing Marxist analysis of the way Shakespeare is treated in public examination papers , remarks that they construct Shakespeare and the candidate in terms of individual subjectivity through their stress upon Shakespeare 's free - standing genius , their emphasis on characterization and their demand for the candidate 's personal response . Elsewhere , Sinfield makes the cogent point that the idea of a personal judgement that nevertheless has to approximate to an accepted opinion involves the candidate in learning tricks . This is true , and points to one of the central problems in institutionalized literary pedagogy . Eliot , Williams and Pound in the Twenties Harold Monro , writing in the London Chapbook in February 1923 , observed of T.S. Eliot 's Waste Land that in England it was treated chiefly with indignation or contempt , whereas in America The Dial had awarded the author its annual prize of 2,000 . But the implied contrast is misleading . Allowing for the conventions of sedate amenity that governed American reviewing ( as for the most part they still do ) , one can detect in the American reviewers of Eliot 's Poems ( 1920 ) and of The Waste Land ( 1922 ) the same recalcitrance that the British reviewers expressed more cheekily . The meeting at Chevening , the Kent home taken from Sir Geoffrey Howe and handed to his successor as Foreign Secretary , John Major , was also a stock - taking exercise . It took place after the BMA leadership agreed to call off its damaging campaign against cash restraint on GPs ' drug budgets , a move regarded by Mr Clarke as a breakthrough in his efforts to win wider support . The Government is hoping the BMA 's acceptance of assurances that patients will not be denied drugs for cash reasons will also end allegations that doctors will not take the elderly and chronically sick on lists because they are too expensive to treat . Ministers say they have deliberately avoided sounding triumphal about the BMA 's backdown to avoid rekindling the controversy . They are keenly aware the BMA leadership could come under attack from its rank and file . Little kids eat you alive , they want so much physically and emotionally . Every year he would have half a dozen nine - and 10 - year - olds in his class who could barely read . He treated reading as a team effort , getting them to read the Daily Mirror rather than the dull , babyish books on offer . These days , he writes the books intended to help children learn to read . A lot of books used in schools are technically readable but rather drab stories . Apart from Kevin Moseley 's steady supply from the line - out , there was nothing much to commend in a Welsh forward effort which reverted to the very worst Eighties stereotype of static , cumbersome donkeys only too willing to slow the game to walking pace . When the pressure comes on , players revert to bad habits , Ryan said . The All Blacks would treat such an outmoded approach with the scorn it deserves , although on the other hand they might have been impressed with Bridgend 's contrasting mobility and aggression . The back row were swifter to the loose ball , had a clearer idea of what to do with it when they got there , and their impressive half - backs were given every opportunity which they eagerly took to control the game . This was conveniently encapsulated in the first try . The airline operations will be restored without these people , he said . Paul Keating , the treasurer in Mr Hawke 's government , told American bankers , in response to their concern about conducting business in Australia : The pilots federation is not a trade union . It is a rogue professional body , and it is being treated with the same kind of contempt that the air traffic controllers were treated by the Reagan administration in the United States . However , despite claims by Mr Hawke and Sir Peter Abeles , Ansett 's joint managing director and a close friend of Mr Hawke , that air services would be back to normal by next month , there is no sign of this happening . Less than 5 per cent of the Ansett and Australian Airlines fleets have been in the air , using management pilots in a skeleton service supplemented by Royal Australian Air Force planes and overseas airlines . Rather than match China 's firmness , it can be confidently predicted , the Hong Kong authorities will follow past form , cease muttering about their shock and horror over Tiananmen , and return to bland assurances that the negotiations with Peking about a post - 1997 Basic Law for Hong Kong are going well . This patronising obfuscation was never very convincing . Now , after every Hong Kong citizen with a television set has seen how Peking treats its dissenters , it offers nothing to a public whose mood has become one of restrained panic . Hong Kong was always a free - wheeling , highly materialistic city , with more than its full share of pirates and crooks . Today , the pressure to make hay while the sun fitfully shines has led to a massive slump in both public and private standards . The 10 - feet high palings , with their broad central gates and twin gas lamps , may not be as imposing as the metal fence around Buckingham Palace , but they do , in their modest way , suggest a sense of grandeur appropriate to a leader who has held office for 10 years . Unlike the Queen 's front gates , Thatchergate will also have a steel screen which will leap out of the Downing Street tarmac as an added defence against terrorists who manage to penetrate the fencing . Lord St John of Fawsley , chairman of the Royal Fine Art Commission , who , as Norman St John Stevas , was an early ministerial victim of Mrs Thatcher 's purge of the wets , has admonished the Prime Minister by reminding her she is not head of state ; treating her as such , his lordship suggested , would simply arouse public hostility . Psychiatrists see Thatchergate , the design of which has now been agreed with English Heritage , as evidence of the stress a decade in office has put on the occupant of No 10 . Dr Anthony Storr , author of the recently - published Churchill 's Black Dog , in which he showed how senior politicans often turned stresses of up - bringing into strengths , said yesterday : I 'm interested because the gates must mean that she 's feeling increasingly insecure and threatened in a simple , straightforward way ; and that 's an interesting phenomenum in itself because she 's been so absolutely certain of herself . Many of the Yugoslavs and White Russians handed over were executed without trial by the Titoists and Russians . This was criminal behaviour . Many more were tortured , brutally treated and condemned to labour camps . Lord Aldington did not know about the massacre and brutality . He accepts it happened and he is appalled by it , he said . The fourth - placed British maxi , Rothmans , became the first to use the hoist at Montevideo sent by Whitbread as a gift to Uruguay . She is to undergo repairs following the crack which appeared in the deck . We are treating this like a medical problem , Mike Pavitt , the project manager , said . The boat will be examined , diagnosed and treated . It is not terminal . Rugby Union : A French test for the Home Unions From STEVE BALE in Paris IF THE Home Unions XV are tempted as they may be after all the disruptive absentees and injuries to go into tonight 's Parc des Princes Bicentenary bash less than seriously , they should consider the way the French are treating it . For Jacques Fouroux , France 's coach , the 1991 World Cup starts here . Caps are to be awarded but after two Test defeats in New Zealand Fouroux has had a clearout which brings in four newcomers and creates a largely unfamiliar pack designed to take on Australia next month . Professor Wybran , 49 , the director of the Co - ordination Committee of Jewish Organisations in Belgium ( CCOJB ) , died early yesterday after being shot in the head on Tuesday night outside the Brussels University Hospital , where he headed the Immunology Department . The professor was closely involved in a series of benevolence programmes for Israel , including the B'nai B'rith charity organisation , and was recently in Poland to negotiate a settlement in the row over the presence of a Catholic convent on the site of the former Auschwitz concentration camp . Although no one had claimed responsibility for the attack by last night , it was apparently being treated as a terrorist incident by the Belgian police . It is impossible to determine the precise motive , a spokesman for the Brussels prosecutor 's office commented . But given the nature of his activities it cannot be excluded that this was a political attack . It was during this time that as a senior staff officer of V Corps he had been involved with some of the orders to repatriate the Russian and Yugoslav prisoners . Mr Gray said the defendants accused the peer of having disobeyed an order issued by the Allied Forces HQ on 17 May 1945 known as the Distone order . This directed that a number of Czechs and dissident Yugoslavs , who had infiltrated an area in Austria east of that covered by the Allied V Corps , should be treated as disarmed enemy troops and evacuated to British concentration camps in Italy . An earlier order the same day , known as the Robertson order , had ordered the repatriation of all Russians and Yugoslavs in V Corps ' area . Mr Gray said the Distone order had not been to V Corps , but to the neighbouring XIII Corps , and Lord Aldington had been correct to follow the Robertson order . INNER LONDON health authorities face a 13m overspend this year , according to confidential figures compiled for London health authority chairmen . The projected deficit , even after internal savings in some districts , comes amid signs of mounting pressure on NHS budgets in and around London from under - funding of pay awards , rising demand and the treatment of increasingly complex cases . Queen Mary 's Hospital at Sidcup has cancelled all waiting - list surgery for at least five weeks after more patients than planned were treated in the first five months , producing a 205,000 overspend on top of 200,000 it has to find for under - funded pay awards and other pressures . At St Bartholomew 's Hospital , 75 beds have closed ; Parkside Health Authority has closed a 20 - bed ward it had just re - opened to try to tackle waiting lists ; and proposals to close some beds at the London Hospital are expected to go next week to Tower Hamlets Health Authority , which faces a 1.3m overspend . Pressure on emergency services , rather than cash problems , has led to Whipps Cross Hospital in Waltham Forest closing for this week to all but the most urgent waiting - list cases . No respite for leftist cows IT IS not just the peasants who are revolting in Romania the few remaining kulaks are also playing up. They have raised the ire of President Ceausescu by letting their cattle die of old age or starvation both because fodder is extremely scarce and the miserable prices offered by the state . According to exile sources in Vienna , cows are now being treated like Romanian women ie , subjected to a monthly gynaecological examination just to make sure their fertility is not being interfered with because population increases are the order of the day . In Ceausescu 's Romania , making your cow miscarry is a crime subject to imprisonment . Habsburg dynasty Dr Otto von Habsburg , son of the last King - Emperor of Hungary , has politely turned down an offer to stand in next month 's Hungarian presidential election as the candidate of the Smallholders party . Voters can therefore express clear preferences for individuals within or across party boundaries . The hybrid West German Additional Member System combines first - past - the - post with the party list . Each voter has two votes one is used to elect half of the Bundestag seats in single member constituencies , and the other is apportioned proportionally to party lists across each region ( in effect , treating the region as a party list multi - member constituency ) . The Labour Party Conference : Opt - out hospitals would be returned to NHS By JUDY JONES We stopped at one of his regular suppliers and cadged a few sea urchins , then the knife to eat them with . Fish is such wonderful stuff , so perishable and so delicate , enthuses Mr Black , waving at the glorious display of shellfish all around us . It is not treated by the trade in Britain with anything like the respect it is given in France . In the fish business , 1992 has already arrived . There is one market across Europe and the prices the Germans and Italians will pay are even surprising the French . The herring was never quite considered a member of the fish family . The carp and pike , which were found locally , were kitted out with lavish trimmings and served on the Sabbath and at festivals . The humble herring was treated as crude workaday fare , and in our household we might have pickled herring on Sunday , soused herring on Monday , herrings in sour cream on Tuesday , schmaltz herring on Wednesday , and herrings fried in matzo meal on Thursday . When we moved to Scotland I discovered the greatest delicacy of all the smoked herring , or kipper . I am sure the warm affinities between Scots and Jews arise out of appreciation of herrings . The fears that I have heard expressed about the possible negative impact on these groups are totally groundless , he said . It was of prime importance that money follows the patient , ending the present haphazard funding of patients across district boundaries . What that means is that NHS hospitals will be resourced according to the number of patients they treat . The establishment of a clear link between work done and resources obtained is absolutely crucial to the future of the NHS This will particularly help those chronically ill patients who have to travel out of their home districts to specialist treatment centres . Chemical leak at school By NICHOLAS SCHOON Nine pupils and two teachers were treated in hospital after being overcome by noxious fumes in a classroom at Lancaster Boys ' School , Leicester . Environmental health officers are investigating . Five policemen were taken to hospital after a lorry overturned while carrying canisters of the chemical phenylacetonitrile near Scotswood Bridge , Newcastle upon Tyne . Comic leavening though Dominic was , he also fitted the script 's careful patterning of parent - child relationships . Lilian was in her second childhood and Harriet was expecting her second child , which she secretly despised . Both women were treated as infants by Hugh , while Harriet was forced to play stern mother to her husband 's aunt . ( If the film had a serious weakness , it was that there was too much Naughty Little Sister stuff for Lilian in supermarkets and car parks . ) Another childhood Lilian 's first , vouchsafed in flashback was revealed to be the key to her incarceration . By OLIVIA TIMBS PEOPLE suffering from terminal cancer are understandably depressed and anxious during their treatment . However , Sheila Payne , from the Department of Psychology , University of Exeter , has discovered that women being treated for breast or ovarian cancer were much more anxious half - way through their treatment than they had been at the beginning . Sheila Payne suggests a number of reasons for this : the side effects of the drugs become more distressing ; patients are aware that they will have to go through further courses of similar treatment and feel gloomy at the prospect ; and they receive less support from health professionals than at the start . Sheila Payne argues in Counselling Psychology that women would benefit from attention throughout their treatment not just at the beginning . Although a shortlist of five candidates for the position of coach has been prepared , Jefferson Williams , coach of the England men 's team , said yesterday his squad were annoyed at the lack of information from the EVA . If they think they can set up a squad at three months notice , they 're sadly mistaken . If they treat the players like second - class citizens , then I 'm not sure they 'll get the support . But it 's not too late to change things , he said . In the Royal Bank English League , at the weekend , men 's champions Malory defeated Reebok Liverpool City in four sets , and they have a match in hand over joint leaders , Polonia and Staffordshire Moorlands , who are both still unbeaten . This might seem curious , but Ford of Europe only allows dealers to have a maximum of eight franchises and Evans was at its limit . Evans is convinced it ended up with a better dealer than it started with , and has 2m of cash to play with . Despite this the market treats Evans like a black sheep with a severe attack of Chancelloritus the disease that afflicts any company that people think will be affected by the Chancellor 's high interest rate policies . This month Evans has had its second downgrading of the year . The first came when the group reported what seemed to be rather minor problems at its parts side . But in West Germany , Republican successes pushed the centre - right government towards more illiberal policies . In France , the Communist Party appeals to reactionary working - class prejudices almost as strenuously as does Mr Le Pen . If European Parliament elections continue to be treated semi - frivolously , such extremists as Mr Le Pen will be over - represented in Strasbourg . Letter : Statistical integrity From Dr JANET LEWIS and Mr ROBERT MARKLESS First , it omits the first two years of the Thatcher government 's record , when output fell 3.5 per cent . Second , no respectable economist derives a trend by comparing a trough year ( 1981 ) with a peak ( 1988 ) : sensible figures can only be obtained by contrasting peak - with - peak or trough - with - trough . Third , even growth rates obtained by comparing similar points in successive economic cycles must be treated with caution if the end - year shows a massive balance of payments deficit . Any fool can boost spending by taking out an overdraft ; no bank manager would deduce from such figures that the same growth could , or should , be extended indefinitely . Mr Lawson boasts that between 1981 and 1988 , Britain 's growth rate of 3.5 per cent a year was the highest in Europe . Mr Gollnisch had shouted Dictator , dictator at Mr Baron on Wednesday and called other MEPs Gestapo men . When officials tried to eject him , he tried to punch his neighbours . Mr Le Pen launched his own tirade of Nazi terminology , suggesting that his party members were being treated as Untermenschen . In accepting the apology last night , Mr Baron said he considered the case closed . Several members of the European Parliament , including Mr Cot , had called for the pair to be suspended for five days with financial penalties . But you took her against her will in your car to the place where this rape happened , and one of the very disturbing and serious features of this case is the way you abused your position as a police officer in uniform on duty . The judge added : This girl plainly trusted herself in your company , as she was entitled to . The public expect that they can treat the police with confidence . You did great damage to that trust in the police when you behaved in this way . Anderson , who had pleaded not guilty and claimed the woman had handed him sex on a plate , was convicted by a 10 - 2 majority of raping the woman on 4 April , last year . Law : A bad system for tackling hackers : Proposals to curb computer crime may have the opposite effect , argues Mary Fagan By MARY FAGAN A REPORT by the Law Commission on computer misuse , published this week , angered those who believe that hacking for fun should not be outlawed but was treated as a triumph by lobbyists for anti - hacking laws . Nicholas Ridley added to the general glee by saying the Government was in favour of legislation . But few believe the findings of the Law Commission , or government action , will prevent either hacking or computer - related crime . He starts by looking at DRG 's pension fund surplus , which he says is worth 25m . But the company , backed by actuaries and auditors , says it is worth 40.8m . Further , he treats the surplus separately from the business . But this ignores the effect of new accounting rules set out in SSAP 24 , which require companies to spread a surplus over a number of years . DRG has spread the surplus over 8.5 years , which is long enough to justify valuing it as part of the overall earnings stream . Surely some mistake ? But there is no mistaking the fact that the First Division door has been left ajar . This was due entirely to the ferocious efforts of Gloucester , no lovers of Bath , whose idea of a welcome last month was to treat their visitors rather like a doormat . Indeed , there was a lot of shoe put about at Kingsholm , and the end product was unfortunate to say the least . Gareth Chilcott popularised as the Oddjob of English rugby during the first World Cup in Australia in 1987 , but affectionately referred to as Coochie in these parts was sent off for punching , and 14 men of Bath succumbed to Gloucester 's 15 . Data were recorded by means of notepads not tape - recorder . Initially the field - worker 's relations with respondents in the field were especially and unusually warm , which runs counter to the norm in ethnographic research . She was seen as a light relief from the boredom or demands of the shift , and , as a female , she was treated as a pretty face in a working environment which is heavily masculine . As contact in the field increased , and the presence of the fieldworker became routine , her treatment by respondents similarly became routine . It was only at that point that we felt confident that the field - worker was being talked to by respondents as a person rather than as some novel sex object , and the veracity of what they said could be treated by us with more confidence . 1977 ) . However , there are also advantages in being of this gender . Young female researchers can be treated as acceptable incompetents ( Lofland 1971 : 100 ) , and perceived as nonthreatening ( Easterday et al . 1977 : 344 ; Warren and Rasmussen 1977 : 3601 ) . As Jennifer Hunt ( 1984 ) showed in respect to her work on the police , these qualities can increase a female researcher 's penetration in the field and facilitate the development of rapport . In contrast , the effect of dealing with domestic disputes can be traumatic on some policemen as they momentarily place their own children and family in the situation of emotional horror they encounter . However , it is generally the case that violence against women provokes no strong emotion in policemen . Faragher ( 1985 ) found that police in Great Britain downgraded the seriousness of violence against women in the home , for although formal regulations state that it is to be treated as an arrestable offence , policemen often redefined the incident as lying outside law enforcement ( emphasized by Policy Studies Institute 1983b : 64 ) . In the case of the RUC , domestic disputes are routinely attended for reasons other than law enforcement . This is true irrespective of the level of violence , although the masculine occupational culture of the force contains many of the same sanitizing euphemisms for violence against women ( giving the wife a diggin ' . You lay the pattern down whatever you 're dealing with , and you follow it through . You know , I always feel desperate , and I apologized to that family , but it has to be done ( FN 5/1/87 , p. 2 ) . It is part of this recipe knowledge to remain emotionally detached and consider it as just another incident or another death , and to treat the dead body , for example , as a piece of meat : a phrase used several times by policemen and women . If she could look at meat hanging in a butcher 's , the fieldworker was told when she was accompanying policemen to a postmortem , she could look at dead bodies . The tendency to render horrific incidents of this sort into funny tales or atrocity stories ( Dingwall 1977 ) , told ritualistically within the occupational culture of the station , is a further attempt to strip them of their emotional hold . This is what Smith and Vischer ( 1981 ) have in mind when they emphasize the situational determinants of street - level justice . These factors are also important to Easton 's section police . For example , it was noticeable how infringements were treated more leniently at times of ritual celebration , such as at Christmas , New Year , and on 11th Night , when Protestants in working - class districts light bonfires on the eve of the Orange Order parades on 12 July . Notions of ritual celebration can also be invoked to override the effect of a person 's lack of respect towards the police . When the motivation of younger constables leads to offences being treated seriously , older or more dominant constables often use the celebration as a reason for discretion , especially in relation to drink - related offences . For example , it was noticeable how infringements were treated more leniently at times of ritual celebration , such as at Christmas , New Year , and on 11th Night , when Protestants in working - class districts light bonfires on the eve of the Orange Order parades on 12 July . Notions of ritual celebration can also be invoked to override the effect of a person 's lack of respect towards the police . When the motivation of younger constables leads to offences being treated seriously , older or more dominant constables often use the celebration as a reason for discretion , especially in relation to drink - related offences . For example , on 11th Night a vehicle was called to some youths at a bonfire near to a middle - class suburban area , and a young recruit was keen to act , but an older constable urged against it : PC . 1 . The gouger typification is important to discretion in another way . To know someone to be a gouger gives some policemen and women cause to believe that they have the excuse to ignore the minor requests for assistance that the person may make , and for his or her minor infringements of the law to be taken seriously . As one policeman remarked after a gouger had been treated leniently by a judge , Right , we 'll get him for every wrong move he makes ( FN 9/3/87 , p. 8 ) . More frequently , the decision to take no action over an individual 's request for assistance is influenced by whether or not the individual acts in ways typical of a gouger , in part by showing the wrong attitude . For example , one night a youth with distinct working - class dress and accent walked into the station : These assessments are what ethnomethodologists call situationally justified action , and they have a reflexive character , for the contextually justified nature of the person 's action provides the situational justification for the conduct of the police ( also see Smith and Vischer 1981 ) . Thus , for example , it was excusable for a pretty young girl to avoid wearing a seat - belt because she had been topping up her tan on the sun bed and got burnt , for two middle - class school children to ride their bikes without lights late at night because they were trying to stay up on their last might of the summer holidays , and for lads to urinate in the street because they had three miles to walk home . Certain types of individual tend to get treated more leniently , such as part - time members of the security forces , firemen , and members of the Territorial Army , although pulling status does not always work . It needs to be done subtly , for flashing a TA card or immediately mentioning membership of the police reserve , for example , incenses some regular police . Other factors also seem relevant . But as the subject developed first the term multinational marketing was coined and then global marketing was added to the picture . The implications of these terms are considered later but the use of terminology in this study text needs to be made clear at the outset . International marketing is treated as a generic term covering the distinctions made in describing marketing activities as international or multinational or global . 2 The decision to expand from the domestic market Few companies , when first established , have the resources or expertise to operate outside their home market . centralised hub operational control overseas operations treated as delivery pipelines to unified global market Transnational organisational model integrated network integrated network strategic control worldwide operations treated as integrated and interdependent According to Bartlett and Ghoshal , the differing company structures that have been identified as a development sequence are , in reality , a function of different cultural management styles . The Stage 3 multinational company , operating as a network of autonomous or semi - autonomous units , is seen as an outcome of European expansion before World War 2 . Demonstrations by Korean housewives against the import of farm products helped to destroy the market . The causes of this consumer ( and local business ) opposition to imports appear to be partly nationalism , partly cultural and partly political . South Korea has a Confucian - style society which has a tradition of respect for hierarchical authority , but also one of egalitaranism and an expectation that rulers have a duty to treat their people fairly . Materialism has until recently been virtually unknown in Confucian societies . The rapid expansion of the South Korean economy brought wealth which has been unevenly distributed ; many of the wealthy have started to purchase high priced goods ( that is , imported goods from Japan and the West ) and popular resentment of this materialism and unfair wealth distribution could explain the hostility to imported products . I wondered how they would take to steak and kidney pudding , oxtail soup , and plum duff . My mind had suddenly switched to my dinner date with the French family . If the Brigade was still around the village and things got a bit quieter I would keep that date , and treat them to British steak and kidney , etc. As expected , the Germans replied to the shelling with a heavy mortar attack on the area around the orchard . When the shelling and mortaring ceased , Taff and I got out of the trenches . ( The term agenda - setting was popularized by McCombs and Shaw , 1972 ; Shaw and McCombs , 1977 ; though the idea had been around since at least Lazarsfeld , Berelson , and Gaudet , 1944 . For a producers ' rather than a consumers ' perspective on agendasetting see Hetherington , 1985 ; Blumler and Gurevitch , 1986 ; Blumler , Gurevitch , and Nossiter , 1986 and 1989 . ) This agenda - setting thesis is very plausible and usually treated as an established law of social science in introductory textbooks , though much more sceptically in research reports . But , as McQuail ( 1987 , pp. 2756 ) himself has recently pointed out , most of the accumulated evidence is inconclusive and the media - dominated agenda - setting hypothesis has the status of a plausible but unproven idea . Studies by McLeod , Becker , and Byrnes ( 1974 ) and Iyengar and Kinder ( 1987 ) , for example , suggest that the media set the agenda for only a part of their audience : those highly reliant on a particular news source , those low in political involvement and information , and those who are relatively inattentive to the news generally in short , those who are marginal to politics . Such was the frail nature of the Belorussian working class , cut off from its metropolitan Russian brothers by a broad sea of peasants . Now it is time to consider the area 's ethnic relationship as a whole to the Great - Russian heartland . Subsequently , three themes of great concern both to the local population and to the political authorities in Smolensk and Moscow will be treated taxation , religion , and cultural and political education . In the course of this book we shall come across other national minorities : the Ukrainians and the Kazakhs in our tour of the provinces , and the Georgian question at the more theoretical level of high politics . At the outset it may prove useful , if only to discover differences rather than similarities , to contrast Great - Russian nationalism with French . The double density Skywalk sole gives good all - around grip on most types of surface . Throughout the three month test I did n't have any trouble with my feet apart from a few blisters after first wearing them . Price : 69.90 Material : Pro - Aquaguard treated calf leather , Cima Torsion Flex 3 , medium still midsole , Skywalk double density sole . Cambrelle lined . Sizes : 3746 Contact : Vango , 70 East Hamilton Street , Ladyburn , Greenock PA15 2UB . It 's important to air your bag thoroughly whenever possible . Damp affects down particularly badly causing the fluffy tendrils to clog together and lose the ability to insulate . Some bags use a silicone treated down to enable them to resist damp . Even if yours does n't you can get the same effect by treating it with Nikwax TX 10 which you can use in the washing machine . Synthetic bags maintain their insulation even when wet and they dry out much more quickly than the down bags . Damp affects down particularly badly causing the fluffy tendrils to clog together and lose the ability to insulate . Some bags use a silicone treated down to enable them to resist damp . Even if yours does n't you can get the same effect by treating it with Nikwax TX 10 which you can use in the washing machine . Synthetic bags maintain their insulation even when wet and they dry out much more quickly than the down bags . Glossary What can the car be used for ? Many people are worried that it can only be used for the disable person . Obviously in many cases the car is a family car and as long as it is generally used for the benefit of the disabled person it can be treated as any normal family car . It should also be noted that there is a mileage restriction over the three year period of 12,000 miles a year . The Hire Purchase scheme I will not try to describe everything that went on . I would take too long and use too much paper , but it was fantastic ! I was treated like a long lost brother ! About 150 former squadron members attended the official banquet ( I had earlier been asked to propose the Toast the the Squadron ) , there was a Squadron Parade , the dedication of a cairn to mark the 50 years and a flypast of present day aircraft . I was the only Englishman present , but if any English members of 406 Sqn should read this I hope they will contact me . Then he went to the head of his own college , Sir Henry Willink . To his surprise and discontent the first two thought that he ought to go . Willink thought that perhaps he should not go ; but he also discontented Ramsey by treating it as a problem in how Ramsey should get the best career in a worldly sense . Nevertheless , it was clear that the wisest Cambridge leaders whom he could consult would not regard his going as betrayal if he felt it right . On the eve of Whitsunday Joan drove him over to Ely to see the bishop , his first confessor Edward Wynn . He did not think that the then bench in the Church were all well qualified to this end . He had told a friend not long before , If you walked from Humber to Severn and dodged Derby , you would not find a bishop who can read or write . That Archbishop Fisher treated all this as unimportant perturbed him. If the official view in the Church cared nothing about the bishop in his function as apostolic teacher , anyone who was trained to teach had a duty to join the bishop 's bench if he were asked . The interview with Fisher strengthened Ramsey 's feeling that he had a duty to go . Archbishop Fisher did not approve of his fellow - archbishop being prominent in such company at such a moment of history . At breakfast together Fisher exploded and attacked the Church Union and all that it stood for and said that they had done great harm and ought to apologize . Ramsey confessed that they had done a lot of harm and ought to apologize but said that the best of them were trying to , and that the Church of England ought to apologize to the high churchmen for the way in which it sometimes treated them . The main theme of the Lambeth Conference 1958 was the Bible . Ramsey was made the chairman of the commission on this theme . Acceptance of a proposition in principle and rejection of it in practice is a perfectly normal human attitude , as common outside politics as inside . It is , I suppose , one manifestation of man 's indomitable urge to have it both ways at once . None the less an examination of the special reasons why the Plowden proposition is accepted as a truism in general but treated as an abominable heresy in particular may be worthwhile . The most obvious of these reasons are political ones , in the pure , party , vote - catching sense of that term . In politics it is more blessed not to take than to give . Moreover , while the minus is always identifiable and indisputable , the plus is often not identifiable separately or not identifiable as a consequence of the minus . No one , for example , can take hold of twenty - five million pounds ' worth of health services and say that these , and these precisely , are owed to the fact of a prescription charge : you cannot point to the beds , the treatments , the nurses and demonstrate that these would not individually have been provided , however undeniable the fact may be in general . Even if the equation could be established , the beneficiaries are not the same or do not see themselves as the same : the patients paying two shillings for their bottles of medicine do not identify themselves with the patients admitted to hospital sooner or treated more efficiently . Similarly the citizen as a taxpayer does not identify himself and indeed is only partially identical in fact with the citizen as a recipient of tax - financed benefits . Finally , there is the fact of human nature summed up in the saying , There 's no gratitude in politics . Thus , leaving the graduated scheme out of account for a moment , the position we have reached today is that the state pays to all retired persons , without regard to means , a pension roughly of subsistence value . It finances these pensions from a flat - rate weekly poll tax , called a contribution , and a levy on employers per head of employee , with some supplement from general taxation . The amount of the pension is not related actuarial to the sums which each recipient has actually paid in contribution ; but the right to receive it is treated as flowing from the possession of a contribution record , and indeed the pension rates are represented as related to the contribution rates , assuming contribution over a full working life . In this social service , therefore , the institutional element consists not in the great organisation over which John Boyd - Carpenter presides , with its large and efficient staff and its famous calculating machine at Newcastle . It consists in the expectation on the part of the whole population that they will receive from the state on retirement a pension sufficient for subsistence , whatever their income . When a band starts out , they could pool everything with their manager . Also , some people do deals on the net income . There are cooperatives in which the manager gets the same as the band members and the manager 's office expenses are treated as a band cost , along with the trucks , boats and recording . However , the subject of commission rarely crops up with major artists . I have probably discussed it less than five times in twelve years with the straits . Cause of death The cause of death figures are also changing beyond all recognition . The classical pneumocystis pneumonia used to be the final event in the disease process in almost half ( 46 ) of those with AIDS in 1986 . While pneumonia is still a common occurrence , current preventative measures and improved treatment have reduced the numbers dying as a result to only 3 by 1989 . This change has big implications for health planners and for those caring for people with AIDS . If you 're worried that you 've recently take a risk , go to the special STD clinic at your local hospital . They will check you , and treat you if necessary . They 're used to these diseases . Don't hesitate to go . Two experts discuss HIV in front of hugely - magnified projection of soldier cells . But some drugs cause bad , disturbing flashbacks . I ca n't cope with life Many people who use drugs regularly find it difficult to exist in a drug - free world . They can become crippled psychologically and hooked physically . Even after drying out , they may feel strongly pulled back into the drug world . How to keep healthy Never share a needle or syringe if you 're injecting drugs . Always use a condom ( unless you 're absolutely sure your partner is not infected ) * . This reduces the risk of infection it does n't eliminate it . Reduce the number of partners you have sex with . Aim at having only 1 sexual partner for the rest of your life The person 's circumstances may change rapidly , from owner occupier to homelessness ; from a good income to living on sickness benefit ; from young and active to housebound and disabled . ACET'S HOME CARE SERVICE ACET provides a dedicated Home Care service using a team of doctors and nurses backed by a trained and active network of over 400 volunteers . The service includes pain and symptom control and nursing advice . Volunteers cook , clean , nightsit and carry out DIY and many other tasks . You can spread the payments over as long a period as you like . Using the Deposited Covenant procedure you can pay over the whole of the donation in one go , and we can give you full details of how to do this . Alternatively , you could use the GIFT AID scheme ( see separate leaflet ) . What happens if I do not pay UK Income Tax ? This can cause problems , since you agree under the terms of the covenant to make payments out of income from which tax has been deducted . Thus if you set aside 25 per month it would take two years to accumulate the 600 minimum for the Gift Aid scheme . If for any reason you wanted to give each monthly payment direct to ACET , we could hold the money in an account in your name until the amount accumulated reaches the 600 threshold . Care would be needed with the wording used in any such scheme and ACET can give you more details about this . 6 . What if I wish to give a sum of capital or a sum in excess of my annual taxable income ? A number of the officers arrested were executed almost immediately . Her father was sentenced to death . The young woman remembers how her mother would leave home at 5am day after day , and wait in the Marmoura forest near where the King used to play golf in an effort to plead with him for her husband 's life . Despite being repeatedly arrested and brought back home , bruised and beaten by the police , she finally got to see the King by throwing herself into the road in front of the Royal car . There is nothing I can do , said the King , as she was dragged away , I can see those in charge , but it 's now in the hands of the Justice people . It is said that the prison director steals the fuel to warm his own house in Meknes . The note describes the walk downstairs to visit the cells . You use a torch to see anything . This first cell is now empty , and a second , and a third . In the fourth cell there is a man with long dishevelled hair . Below : Procession in 1983 in Trafalgar Square before the Memorial Service in St Martins in the Fields organised by Amnesty International for the victims of political killings by governments . Opposite : In April 1985 groups all over Britain get together to take part in a sponsored jailbreak from the Tower of London . Without using any money , some of the escapees got as far as North Wales , Yorkshire , and Scotland . LETTERS DISTURBING MEASURES He wrote enthusiastically about the later work of Arshile Gorky : Gorky 's atmosphere , veiling the hard opaque wall of the canvas , evokes a nocturnal void or the vague , unstable image - space of the day - dreaming mind . And he remembered the painter : I used to meet him most often in the museums and galleries fixed in rapt contemplation of pictures with that grave , searching look which was one of the beauties of his face . As some poets are great readers , Gorky exceptional among painters was a fervent scrutinizer of paintings . No interesting touch or invention of form escaped his eye . The title of the lecture in which these words appeared was Art - history as an Academic Study , but those were early days for the subject in the British Isles ; only in London was there undergraduate teaching , at the Courtauld Institute which opened in 1933 . His unusual topic gave Fry trouble with the title of his lecture : The mere fact that we have no word to designate that body of studies which the Germans call Kunstforschung a body of studies of which the actual history of Art is only a part is significant . I am obliged to use the awkward and inadequate word Art - history for it . Critical appreciation was desired by fry as a necessary part of a course in art history ; , and is today naturally included . An English handbook written in 1980 even went so far as to state : The enjoyment of looking ( what we call the aesthetic experience ) is , in fact , the core of the discipline known as Art History . This writing was discovered by her ; she read some material before her visit , which prepared her a little for what she would see . When she came to writing for her college project , she found other material ; this will enable her to enjoy the work more fully on a second visit . In her reading about the Sistine Chapel , we can imagine our friend using a rule of thumb to distinguish what was helpful to her . According to this , art criticism has three indispensable elements . These are description , interpretation , and judgement . Matisse and all the others saw the twentieth century with their eyes but they saw the reality of the nineteenth century , Picasso was the only one in painting who saw the twentieth century with his eyes and saw its reality and consequently his struggle was terrifying , terrifying for himself and for the others , because he had nothing to help him , the past did not help him , nor the present , he had to do it all alone and , in spite of much strength he is often very weak , he consoled himself and allowed himself to be seduced by other things which led him more or less astray . In its slightly earlier day , pointillism had also had a progressive artistic programme . The critical promoter of the work of Seurat and his friends was Flix Fnon , a subtle stylist who varied his methods according to the work he was describing ; he used expository language for Degas , but he dropped logical connection in language , even verbs when discussing Monet 's spontaneous art . In arguing for pointillism , he quoted the scientific treatises consulted by Seurat and even printed mathematical equations . Fnon possessed a dry wit , honed to a sharp edge by journalism ; he was a specialist in the sort of notes usually titled as News in brief , but in France called faits divers ( Sundry facts ) . Both surveys contain art criticism ; Janson uses his advantage of extra space to include more quotations from artists . For example , this is a passage of interpretive description of a Van Gogh self - portrait : his emaciated , luminous head with its burning eyes set off against a whirlpool of darkness . I want to paint men and women with that something of the eternal which the halo used to symbolize , Van Gogh had written , groping to define for his brother the human essence that was his aim in pictures such as this . In other passages , the reader may find more difficulty in following Janson 's judgement . Here is a passage which shows that a survey can benefit from being used with other books ( even though three of the sculptures mentioned are illustrated by Janson ) . The imperative for a writer of a chronological survey is that a defined period of time is covered ; this may be linked with a theme , such as the history of styles in Gombrich 's case , but it is unlikely to be linked solely with a spotlight on quality . Excellence is not necessarily a criterion for including a picture or a sculpture in a chronological survey . The author may choose to use a characteristic work , something typical of its time and place . A work of outstanding quality is a pinnacle ; it is not typical . There are also technical limitations . In a dispassionate view , a century seems to have several advantages , as being more than a lifespan and being an evident but arbitrary division . Art is not alone in failing to conform contentedly to such chronological schemes , indeed , some might say that poetry or music are even less amenable . An alternative to dates is to use a term like Romantic , even if its meaning seems to alter from writer to writer . Who means today what Baudelaire meant ? Attempting to capture the spirit of a period is another planning strategy for a survey , though this philosophical notion of a Zeitgeist is notoriously elusive . Wlflinn 's writings are strong on observation ; this can be understood from his choice of terms to describe tendencies in form ; linear as against painterly , plane surface as against recessional depth , closed against open form , composite clarity against fused clarity , or absolute clarity against relative clarity . Such polarities were evidently valuable aids to several generations of Wlflinn 's pupils who could benefit from his personal teaching as well as the rather more rigid theory in his books . Wlflinn used such terms to distinguish epochs ; they are only partly useful as interpretation , since Wlflinn tended to be more interested in art as an independent phenomenon than as having meaning intended by the artist . Wlflinn wrote Renaissance and Baroque in 1888 , which in the preface he described as follows : The subject of this study is the disintegration of the Renaissance . These descriptions were vital to writing about these two artists in whose work colour plays so important a part . At the end of the twentieth century , at least some colour illustrations are likely to find places in a monograph . They may , however , not be exactly what the author would have preferred , as a colour plate which is readily available ( perhaps having been used in another publication ) is much cheaper to use than a new plate which has to be commissioned . The reader can thus be aware that a writer may have written round what happens to have been offered . This may be important in assessing how well a writer illustrates an argument . According to ancient tradition , craftsmen , among others , are born under his sign . Beyond which , a disbeliever in astrology can find quite other ways of categorising artists . A final caution about using monographs about painters is that they can seldom be read alone . Historical background is only compressed in a monograph ; biographical material may be more extensive in other sources ; the painter 's contemporaries will not receive much attention , and may be slighted . Even illustrations may not be adequate , details of pictures often being poorly represented , leaving an artist 's techniques , materials and handling to be discovered from more specialist studies . He wrote : Paolo Uccello would have been the most delightful and imaginative genius since Giotto that had adorned the art of painting , if he had devoted as much pains to figures and animals as he did to questions of perspective , for , although these are ingenious and good in their way , yet an immoderate devotion to them causes an infinite waste of time , fatigues nature , clogs the mind with difficulties , and frequently renders it sterile where it had previously been fertile and facile . But when Uccello died in his eighties , He left a daughter who could design , and a wife who used to say that Paolo would remain the night long in his study to work out the lines of his perspective , and that when she called him to come to rest , he replied , Oh what a sweet thing this perspective is ! Mathematical perspective of a Renaissance sort had not been used in European medieval art , where the size of a figure often derives from the person 's importance , God the father never being small . A perspective may be used which reverses the convergence of lines in the distance ; instead , lines of perspective converge in front of the viewer , an unexpected phenomenon for a twentieth - century spectator used to photographs . TEN BOB IN WINTER : A comedy of manners set against the lives of West Indian immigrant workers in London in the sixties . ( Director : Lloyd Reckord ) BLUE TOO : The attitudes and aspirations of a boy growing up in modern Britain are explored using Little Black Sambo . ( Director : Peter Harvey ) This event is in collaboration with Vokani Film Circuit . childrens films childrens morning movies Three films which use the sea as their background will be screened at the Odeon Cinema New Street on Saturday mornings . TREASURE ISLAND Director : Fraser Heston UK 1991 132 minutes Set against the sweeping backdrop of adventure on the high seas , TREASURE ISLAND charts a boy 's search for treasure in a time of danger and piracy . Yes , but nobody 's going to consider you for a junior post any more . I 'm not at all sure that I 'd want one . Statements like that used to worry Anne . Are you sure you 're being realistic ? she would say , and the conversation would then cease . Her advice was of course extremely sensible . I watched the waters for a while . Bernini , I said at length . They used you , you know . They wanted blood and they got it . Usually when I 'm in a crowded place like this , I feel very lonely , but not this time . The new flat was smaller than the old so I had to sell some of my furniture . However , all told , I was rather pleased with my new home . It will do , I used to say . It will definitely do . Back to the school . So Harsnet . And Goldberg , in his pad : Dear Harsnet , it may surprise you to hear that after all these years I am finally at work transcribing the notes you entrusted to me so many years ago , with a view to eventually publishing them . You may have thought I had thrown them away , or merely , forgotten about them , and I was entitled to do either , since you explicitly said I was to do exactly whit I liked with them , that you washed your hands of them completely . Or you may not have thought at all . Since you are so unwilling to communicate with your old friends they can only guess . IT'S MORE THAN AIDS Education about AIDS can be useful to reinforce good general health education . We can use such discussions to remind our children of the importance of personal hygiene washing hands after using the lavatory , before meals , especially after handling animals . Remember , HIV is not a risk in these situations , but there are other nasty germs around . HOW CAN I TALK ABOUT SEX ? Combing can help to keep lice away . Check hair carefully and regularly every time the hair is washed , for example . If you find lice , get treatment straight away . If you need more advice , ask your health visitor , school nurse or doctor . Language ! her mother would cry when Rita or her brother Bob said even crikey or blimey . Her mother 's voice would fill with outrage . Their grandmother , she said , would have washed out their mouths that instant with carbolic soap . The threat was enough to stop Rita and Bob going as far as their friends with real rude words . Instead they went in for archaic exclamations such as Botheration ! or made up their own : Slitherkins ! He went upstairs . There he would remove his jacket , his waistcoat and his tie , roll up his sleeves and wash his hands . Possibly he also washed his face , she did not know , never having asked him. Until bedtime , no further kiss would be offered in which , had it been , she might , or might not , have detected the scent of soap . How about your day ? she asked , over dinner . She went upstairs and completed the usual preparations for bed . In the bathroom she slid dental floss in and out between her teeth . She washed her face and smoothed cream over her skin . In the bedroom she took off her blouse and skirt and hung them carefully in the wardrobe . She folded her slip and draped it over a chair . About the same . They sat on the sofa and watched The Two Ronnies , laughing at the same jokes . This Friday Geraldine returned to the kitchen , washed her plate , wiped all the worktops , mopped the floor and cleaned out two cupboards . She unplugged the fridge and opened the door intending to let the fridge defrost . There were two cans of beer inside ; she took one . Sara began to look for a cup . In that case I 'll have one too , Nick took a pack of Silk Cut from his pocket . Sara found a dirty mug on the draining board and washed it . If you must smoke you could at least go in the living room while I 'm cooking , said Rodney . Who asked for two eggs and a sausage ? ' I did , said John . The holiday was a hot interlude beneath a blue sky beside a blue pool . I chose a spot well away from the wasp - infested rubbish bins and kept my eyes on my book when the shadow of a man cast over it . I had cool water to splash in , a cool shower in the evening and enough crisp , cotton clothes to change in and out of without once washing a thing . When I returned to my flat the cat meowed a welcome and rubbed himself against my legs . In the living room I found the usual debris . It kept them apart , kept them foreign to each other , him unhaveable , her unhad . After a year his wife still appeared not to have noticed the smell of another woman on her husband 's face . He was always careful to wash his chiselled visage , of course , but in a year of passion one would think some small scent would have escaped , a tracking odour that would put her senses on alert . It was time for the Other Woman to go back to America . Her academic job had run its course . Are you sure you want to watch it ? Have I any choice ? You could wash the dishes . He put his arm round her . Maybe seeing England getting thrashed will cheer you up. Jesus Christ , I do n't understand you . I just do n't understand at all . He did n't go to the bathroom to wash , he stayed in the room . Out of the corner of my eye I watched him wipe himself with Kleenex tissues and drop them on the floor , indifferent to the smears of blood on them . He pulled on his trousers and went quickly over to turn up the music , moving his head from side to side in time to the beat . I bought him a red hot , a sort of sausage on a roll with mustard . He would n't eat it , so I did . Later when he was hungry , he ate three of them in a row , washed down with bottles of beer which he said he did n't much care for . American beer , pooh . The Atlantic Ocean splashed against the pier , and he stared out to sea and began quoting Homer . Marginal nut followed marginal nut , carefully cammed into unlikely positions in sloping pockets . A flurry of pleasure as my favourite , stacked nuts , came to the rescue and then the sling was just a few feet away . A skyhook , then an unbelieving lunge and there I was , like a shipwrecked sailor washed up on the shore of an uninhabitable island , safe for the moment but by no means home . Across to the right a group of pegs promised a slight ledge and a belay , but in between lay an apparently blank wall , clearly a two hook job at the very least . But we had only one serviceable skyhook . The water used by the gas - cleaning plant is cooled by a cooling tower which itself emits two water - vapour plumes , the density of which varies according to climatic conditions . The quality of these plumes is well within the American PCB standard for breathing air . The inert ash removed from the incinerator and the filter cake produced from the solids washed from the combustion gases are landfilled with a PCB content less than normal background soil levels . The water effluent from the cleaning process is discharged to sewer with a PCB content less than the level in the blood of the general population . Finally , the air leaving site is continuously monitored to show that there are no significant chemical releases . The foreign affairs committee rushed out its revised report , supporting the Government 's closed - door policy towards immigration , but saying more emphasis should be placed on introducing democratic government . The latter view might have been applauded a year previously : after Tiananmen , it sounded merely cynical . A member of Hong Kong 's Legislative Council , Nellie Fong , said the British were trying to wash their hands in the mantle of democracy . Another , Selina Chow , said the MPs had an unwavering determination to ignore the single most urgent problem that our people are facing fear . But the question which struck at the heart of the matter was put to Sir Geoffrey on 5 July in the Commons by Jim Sillars , the Scottish Nationalist . Mr Price said her statement described Mr Robson as having a swollen hand and scratches on his face . He was shaking . He had washed his bloodstained clothes , and the next day scrubbed blood from his trainers . Fibres from the red acrylic jumper Mr Robson was allegedly wearing on the evening of the killing were found on Ms Greenhill 's body , Mr Price said . A stocking footprint in blood at her flat was consistent with the size and shape of Mr Robson 's foot , he added . Captain Bowen said it was possible commercial aircraft did not pick up a signal from the emergency beacon , and the radio messages could have been confused with another vessel . Meteorologists have confirmed that , for the first time in years , the prevailing winter winds were easterly , and a navy hydrographer said the surface area of the submerged craft would have been enough to act as a sail and counter the current . The final stroke of luck was a strong north - easterly which sprung up to wash them ashore on Great Barrier Island . We needed a miracle , and we got one , said Mr Glennie , whose yacht , valued at about 87,000 and uninsured , represented everything he owned . And I never doubted we would . We danced a little jig around the food , hardly believing our luck . The tinned food was of the self - heating variety and contained a full and varied menu . That evening Sid and I dined off piping hot oxtail soup , steak and kidney pie , followed by a very rich plum duff , all washed down with a bottle of French cider , given to us by the old Frenchman who lived in the cottage near the entrance to the orchard . The old man was delighted with the packet of cigarettes Sid had given him in exchange for the cider . The time was just after 9.30 p.m. and beginning to get dusk . I chose a situation close to a hedgerow and was soon scouting around for logs or pieces of wood to cover the trench and to give some sort of protection against shrapnel . The time is now 7.30 p.m. and I have just finished a very good meal of my favourite steak and kidney out of , of course , the self - heating tin . This was all washed down with a bottle of red wine . There is no label on the bottle , it tastes a wee bit vinegary . I suppose I cannot complain , the wine was scrounged from the Officers quarters at Brigade H.Q just before we left that area . In October 1940 the army billeted an officer in one of the numerous spare rooms . People who needed rooms came into his empty spaces . A young Roman Catholic soldier from the Lancashire Fusiliers was billeted on him for two summer months of 1941 and never forgot the joyful singing which used to accompany Ramsey 's washing and shaving before he went off to the cathedral each morning . The Lucas boys kept their model railway in the house and their cries penetrated the professor 's study disturbingly . Sometimes he played soldiers with them and they thought little of his plans for defence in depth . With the fedayeen , love always at once complicates and simplifies the narrative . One of his most vivid memories is of three separate groups of fedayeen , each situated on a different hill , singing to each other just before dawn ; it was a polyphony , a great improvisation performed among the mountains , in the midst of danger , heedless of death , expressing and eliciting love ( pp. 36 40 ) . Elsewhere Genet writes of a 19 - year - old , washing the clothes of his friend who is shortly to go and fight , declaring that he loves the revolution and all the fedayeen , but his friend especially : Yes . It is love . Do you think that at a time like this I am afraid of words ? if he dies tonight there will always be a gulf at my side , a gulf into which I must never fall ( p. 87 ) . In the light of kitchen she sat Maggie down and started to brush gently at her shoulders , but after a minute or so she said , I think the shower would work better ; let 's go to the bathroom . She made Maggie kneel down and lean her head over the bathtub , just as she had when Maggie had to have her hair washed as a little child . Under the warm water and the delicate probing of Phoebe 's fingers , Maggie relaxed . After a few moments she was saying very natural and quite irritable ouches when Phoebe prodded too hard . More glass , darling ? she enquired without turning over . No , cried Maggie , and Mummy , I 've messed up your new trousers . Oh , said Phoebe , who now understood , it does n't matter , they 'll wash . Then , hearing something more distressed in Maggie 's voice , she became maternally reassuring . It 's probably last night , Maggie ; a shock can easily change your cycle . He lathered and started to shave . They all fixed in a pure tenseness of watching as he shaved but he did not cut himself . He washed and towelled himself dry . Your uncle did n't put in an appearance yet ? No , there 's no sign of him. I 'll go out to the fields for a few hours to try to work off some of this . He changed into his old clothes and left . They washed and dried the cups and plates and put them away . A quiet that was close to let - down replaced the wild bustle of the preparation but they were enjoying each other 's company , the animal comfort of other presences , banishment of loneliness . Outside , Moran thinned several small ash trees from the hedge that ran along the foot of the orchard . As soon as they finished with their books the two girls made him tea . Rose always made tea at this hour . Immediately after they tidied and washed up , they went to kiss Moran good night and slipped away to their rooms . He sat for more than an hour alone before dragging himself to the room , shutting the doors loudly behind him as he went . He did not speak in the room , allowing his clothes to fall on to the floor in the darkness , waiting for some stir or sign from Rose , but the only sound in the room was the brushing of his own clothes falling in the darkness . As looking down from great heights brings the urge to fall and end the terror of falling , so his very watching put pressure on them to make a slip as they dried and stacked the plates and cups . There were several alarms , bringing laughing giggles of relief when they came to nothing . Then they quietly washed and dried their own hands and returned to the general room . Moran sat on , brooding in the car chair , his thumbs idly revolving around one another . I think we should have a cup of tea , Rose said with jollying encouragement towards Moran but when he only looked back out at her she just continued talking as she got kettle and teapot . The life of a subsistence farmer simple does not accord with our notion of labour . For example , we cannot answer such questions as at what time does a rural Malagasy begin work and at what time does he or she end it ? There is no break between getting up , washing , husking rice for breakfast , eating the breakfast , making basket work , stopping to chat , going out to cultivate the kitchen garden , mending household objects and tools , going to the field , fishing for crayfish in a nearby stream , swimming there , herding the cattle , playing a musical instrument , etc. All these are part of living , all these activities are totally intertwined , and there is no possibility of separating them into work and leisure . This point has been shown again and again ; it is clear from the excellent descriptions of production activities which we have of peoples such as the Tikopia of Polynesia described by Firth 1939 or of the Bemba of Africa by Audrey Richards 1939 . The Selfoss chemist 's raudspirit was awful . It spat a worrisome mixture of steam and flame out periodically and covered the bottom of the pans with black ooze , a treacly goo that got itself on to my pile jacket and put me in good humour for an hour or so . I washed the jacket . Overnight there was a frost and it went hard and crinkly . Tony offered to make breakfast , an event so rare that there was a chance parliament would reconvene at Þ ; ingvellir . If it feels lank , switch to a lighter product and make sure you rinse well . Try some massage When you wash your hair massage your scalp to stimulate the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicles . Apply shampoo to your hands then smooth it evenly over your hair . Starting at your forehead and working down to your neck , firmly massage small areas at a time . Most hair care worries can be sorted out by changing your basic routine or using products to suit your hair type . We answer three of your queries about getting hair into tip - top condition . My hair always seems to look lank and lifeless , even though I make sure that I wash and condition it regularly . What am I doing wrong ? Try switching to hair care products with a light consistency and make sure you rinse out any setting agents thoroughly . He shifted his feet . Charming , Wexford said unkindly . You washed them ? What d'you have a wife for ? For the first time he noticed the washing machine , a big gleaming automatic affair , and the only object in that kitchen that was not stained or chipped or coated with clotted food drips . A hundred pounds is a lot to a man like Cullam . We 're going to have to watch Cullam , see if he does some big spending in the next few days. I 'm not at all happy about the way he washed the clothes he was wearing on Friday night . Burden was advancing gingerly across the river , trying not to get his feet wet . He trod on the projecting stones which the water lapped without covering . I saved it up. I see . When did you buy that washing machine of yours , the one you washed your gear in after Hatton died ? April . As the storm receded and the thunder became a distant grumbling , Cullam 's shoulders dropped and he lifted sullen eyes . It was twenty to eleven when you said goodbye to Hatton and Pertwee and even walking none too fast you should have been indoors at home by eleven . But you did n't get in till a quarter past . The following morning you washed the shirt you 'd been wearing , the pullover and the trousers . You knew a river stone had been used to kill Hatton and today you , who get twenty pounds a week and never have a penny to bless yourself with , spent a hundred and twenty quid on luxury equipment . Explain it away , Cullam , explain it away . You got to eat all your food up cos there 's children in the world who 's starving . Satan wo n't touch the milk it must be too cold for him too . When he 's finished eating , he starts washing himself . I really like that about cats the way they keep themselves clean . He finishes after a bit and then jumps up on the window ledge . The toilet 's really big . It smells a bit , but it ain't too bad . I have a pee , then I wash my hands at the sink . You always got to wash your hands after you go to the toilet , cos there 's germs and stuff . It 's great , cos the water 's warm , and I fill up the sink and keep my hands in it for a long time . It smells a bit , but it ain't too bad . I have a pee , then I wash my hands at the sink . You always got to wash your hands after you go to the toilet , cos there 's germs and stuff . It 's great , cos the water 's warm , and I fill up the sink and keep my hands in it for a long time . My fingers feel all tingly , but it do n't half feel good to stick them in the water . The platform 's pretty empty . There 's this man on this big white car thing going round cleaning the floor . There 's sort of brushes under the car so when it goes round it sweeps and washes the floor at the same time . It looks pretty good fun , driving that thing . If I could get a job doing summat like that I reckon I would n't have to stay at Combe Court . I stop outside this laundrette and warm myself up. There 's all this steam coming out , sort of billowing out onto the street , and if I stand in it , it feels real warm . I 'd like to go in for a bit , but there 's loads of people in there and I ain't got no washing to do . But it 's nice to stand out there in the warm steam , getting warm . I stay there for quite a while , until I get real good and warm . Everyone else had visitors cept for Captain . I really wanted them to visit me , but they never did . Sometimes I think about things we do you know , everyday things like walking or washing our face or eating or summat . Sometimes when I think about them , they seem real complicated . Like if you thought about how you walk you know , moving your legs and all that it 's real hard . Ours is now described in a little more detail ( see fig. 2.3 ) . The inner chamber is designed so that up to four volunteers can be accommodated in modest comfort ( though , as already mentioned , free - running experiments are performed on one volunteer only ) . There are areas for sleep ( bunk beds ) , leisure ( easy chairs ) , and eating ( table and dining chairs ) as well as for food preparation and washing up. Separated from the main living area are a toilet , shower , and wash basin . We have found that volunteers have no difficulty in living in such a unit , either alone or in groups of up to four . That is a question many Regulars ask about each of the 75,000 or so volunteers who make up today 's TA . For the RMP at Thorey Island , Sunday morning brings watermanship tests , swimming and PT and a return to barracks after lunch . Perhaps the least welcome part of the TA 's weekend is having to wash the Land - Rovers and motor cycles , and clean and store the kit , for all this equipment must always be ready for instant use . Almost at the same time as the redcaps get back , so do the infantry from the Queens . They pile out of the transport , some still with traces of camouflage cream on their faces and various grasses and leaves still woven into their uniforms to break up their silhouettes . On this particular Friday I remembered that of course all the men were away shooting ISAAC or some other unlucky fellow . ( Humans do lead a terribly hard life sometimes . ) What was more , not only did I have breakfast with I the family ( I live in the Smiths ' Quarter in Chelsea Barracks ) toast , bacon and sausages , washed down with milk but we had no muster parade that morning , and no Adjutant 's Orders to attend . We usually go in daily , so that I can check that he 's doing his job right . Apart from LCpl Smith , and my driver ( I have my own Land - Rover ) , the Adjutant is really the one I work most closely with ; we always seem to take part in the same parades , but we usually get back to barracks first , leaving the officers and men on guard . ERIKA RAN , mile after effortless mile around the park until dusk brought the bone - chilling mist ; then , in a loping run , under the great beech tree , home . Supper was ready soup and Bulgarian tinned fruit eaten , dishes washed , Erika and Paul ready to go out , Herr and Frau Nordern too . The Beyers rang , Frau Nordern said , mentioning some friendly acquaintances who lived a couple of streets away . We 're going to have a drink and play cards . He welcomed his wife and Erika briefly , said that as he had prepared the meal he was not going to wash up , and retreated into his bedroom . Frau Nordern and Erika ate , fussed over by Omi . Paul was dragged from his retreat to wash up , a little work was done , and then , as the family prepared for bed , the phone rang . Frau Nordern threw her hands in the air . Always the same . Despite a cut back on subsidies , existing land ownership laws still encourage clearance for ranches . But the ranches are also shortlived . Rainforest soils are usually very poor and when exposed to the harsh sun and heavy tropical rains , their fertility is soon washed away . When this happens , the land is abandoned and yet more rainforest is burned . Transnational companies , particularly oil and mining concerns , are also to blame , driving new roads into remote areas to reach their concessions . I will never travel again in the front coach that is my only superstitious qualm , or what ever you want to call it . We all suffered from our hair being absolutely jet - black from the dirt in the carriage . They could not even think of washing my hair until I had had this operation to put the two rods in my back . The counselling by social services had been an enormous help . One cannot speak too highly of Dorset social services . When we performed at The Intimate in Palmers Green , he was paid 7.10 and at the Mercury Theatre in Notting Hill Gate , I think he was paid about 4 . But anyway , I said we could pay something like 25 a week , but by then Ken Pitt was finally getting him things . I remember the periods that he went through , dish washing and doing house work and those kind of things . But anyway , he and Hermione turned it down. Having met Hermione Farthingale , David lived with her for a year . The Heritage THE woods seem but just freed from the horror of primeval sea , if that is not primeval sea washing their bases . Capella hangs low , pale , large , moist and trembling almost engulfed between two horn of the wood upon the headland , the frailest beacon of hope , still fluttering from the storm out of which the land is emerging . Then , or at home looking at a map of Britain , the West calls , out of Wiltshire and out of Cornwall and Devon beyond , out of Monmouth and Glamorgan and Gower and Caermarthen , with a voice of dead Townsends , Eastaways , Thomases , Phillipses , Treharnes , Marendaz , sea men and mountain men . There were so many mistakes I could n't do it over the telephone . I was sick three times as I was trying to get ready . I had to wash my hair too , before I went out , I looked such a mess . I felt really faint so I went to the pub at the end of the road where your office is ca n't remember its name . Anyway , I fell through the door as they opened up. It was the truth , but in the sarcastic letter that followed Eleanor put literary editor in inverted commas . Presumably she thought he was phoning from home something he 'd never do . She seemed to be washing her hands of him. It was what Nigel wanted in theory , but in practice he could n't bear the whole thing ending acrimoniously , especially with her getting the last word . She 'd probably have the bad taste to put him in one of her cynical , satirical stories . Jinny rubbed the cake of scratchy , home - made soap between the palms of her hands and scrubbed her fingernails carefully . Behind her , in the shadows , she could hear Florence making odd , bad - tempered cow - noises as she shifted about on the hard floor . When Jinny went over with a bowl of water to wash her udder , she stirred restlessly , flicking her tail . Oh , keep still ! Jinny slapped the big , golden rump . The door opened suddenly and Rachel 's coy face peered round it . Don't want to intrude on you two , but Mam 's nearly purple . You 'll be doing all the washing - up on your own , Keith , I can tell you . And getting half of it chucked back because it 's not clean enough . She 's in that sort of mold . It was the girl who had come with the policeman . She looked very small and slight standing there with her skinny plait and her pale , freckled face . Disappointed , Tug turned back to the sink , listening vaguely to what she said as he began to wash up. I 'm sorry about the dog thing . We 'd like to ask you all down to the Harvest , to make up. Though you 'd have thought they 'd have taken it off before bringing in their things . It 's not very nice , leaving it on there , is it ? Never mind , I 'll unpick it when I wash it through for you . No , leave it , please , said Dot . I like it . No , thanks , she said . But Gloria said , That 'll be the hot water , pet . For washing yourself . We do n't do that , said Dot . Well , you do here . But I think he liked bananas . A group of men and women came in to share the meal called elevenses . They had muddy boots which they kicked against the kitchen step , and muddy hands which they washed at the sink . One wore a sack round his shoulders like a shawl , another had it round her waist as an apron . They did n't sit but stood around the table . Not coming ! she shouted in the dusty gloom . Going to stay here . And when she heard Gloria outside rattling the hen - house door , she screamed it again and again till Gloria managed to get the latch undone and came in and dragged her yelling through the droppings and feathers and washed her face under the water pump and dried it on her hanky . Mrs Hollidaye was there too , and more gently than Gloria asked , Were there any more eggs in there , did you notice ? I collected earlier . Well , my dear , we can all be servants , one to another , depending on the need , ca n't we ? What strange things she said . But now , lying in a cot while a nurse washed her all over and patted her dry , she saw what Mrs Hollidaye might have meant . A brown paper parcel arrived by special delivery . The other children on the ward did n't get parcels by post . Might not some echo of it reach her mind , so that she would know someone of hers had been near ; that she had not been deserted ? There was a drowsiness and calm about the ward , which I guessed was not the case at all times of the day . The patients had all been washed and set up in their chairs and most of them seemed to be almost asleep . I wondered sometimes if the effects of some sedative given perhaps the night before had not worn off completely by the time I came . I had at my command a whole hour and a quarter , and I had my voice ; but the words On a nest of cotton wool , in a little box , my grandmother kept the two wedding rings which had worn thin , then broken , during her married life , because of her handling of corn . There were babies and there were children to be looked after , also Uncle Farmborough , who must in the end have become old in himself , since there was talk of my grandmother having to change his trousers . On sunny days , when she had washed and dressed him , his chair would be taken out and placed under the Stocks Tree where he could watch the people come and go . I never remember her dressed other than what in those days would have been considered ladylike , with a touch of white at the high neck , and her hair drawn back , which suited her hairline and the shape of her head . She had pretty hair and must have been nice - looking when she was young . The explanation was that the vessel had been electrochemically cleaned to remove the worst of the corrosion at some time after its excavation in the nineteenth century . In this treatment the vessel would have been wrapped in a zinc foil , placed in a solution of weak acid and then an electric current applied . During the process the bronze was bathed in a solution of zinc salts and , unless it was carefully washed afterwards , some of these zinc salts could persist in the remaining patina on the surface . This example illustrates well that one has to be aware of the range of possible treatments and restorations to which even perfectly genuine objects could have been subjected . The composition of glass also changed through the ages : most glass from the early civilisations of the Middle East were soda glasses with relatively high sodium contents , and low lime and lead contents compared with modern glass ( see Chapter 3 ) . Several of them have not yet got electric light , which makes modern developments , like school films , impossible . In many the class - rooms are simply partitioned cubicles in what used to be a large hall . The sanitary and washing arrangements are primitive . The Board of Education will not pay more than 20 per cent . towards the cost of renovating old schools . When a woman has a discharge of blood which is her regular discharge from her body , she shall be in her impurity for seven days , and whoever touches her shall be unclean until the evening . And everything upon which she lies during her impurity shall be unclean ; everything also upon which she sits shall be unclean . And whoever touches her bed shall wash his clothes and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the evening . And whoever touches anything upon which she sits shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the evening ; whether it is the bed or anything upon which she sits , when he touches it he shall be unclean until the evening . And if any man lies with her , and her impurity is on him , he shall be unclean seven days ; and every bed on which he lies shall be unclean . The Cold War was at its height when Peter Benenson , the British lawyer , founded Amnesty , and three decades later it is hard to believe that the Moscow AI Group finally has permission to become part of Soviet life . Similarly , the idea that a human rights concert should be held in the very stadium in Santiago where Allende 's officers rounded up thousands of Chileans in 1973 , prior to committing gross violations , stretches the powers of credulity . But incredulous , or not , the events happened ( millions of television viewers worldwide watched the Chilean concert ) and as such they typify the massive changes that Amnesty has undergone in its 30 - year history . Sadly , one thing has not changed in 30 years : certain governments of the world still falsely imprison , torture and execute their citizens , regardless of internationally agreed standards that expressly forbid such abuses . Around the world today , more than 100 countries still retain the death penalty , and two out of every three human beings live under governments that use torture and other cruel , inhuman and degrading treatment against them . So you want to be an Actor ? Everyone who wants to act professionally should try to see as much drama as they possibly can and this means in the broadest sense , watching television , cinema , visiting the theatre and looking at the actor 's work carefully and analytically . It is also important that you try and evaluate the dramatic experience of these different forms of presentation this is worthwhile , because it will make you think about the different ways in which an actor can work and the various ways in which his skills are used . Clearly , there is a difference in scale and dimension between the stage , the television screen and the cinema screen , which demand changes in direction and in acting technique . It is also important that you try and evaluate the dramatic experience of these different forms of presentation this is worthwhile , because it will make you think about the different ways in which an actor can work and the various ways in which his skills are used . Clearly , there is a difference in scale and dimension between the stage , the television screen and the cinema screen , which demand changes in direction and in acting technique . One of the things you will notice when watching the television is that close - ups are used very effectively , and so it is of vital importance that the actor has absolute control over his/her face and expression . You should also look at the ways in which the physical movements of the actor are organised to suit the restraints of the small screen . When we turn to the theatre the question of scale is also significant . I shiver in your presence . Such heat , I tell her . I watch you fizzle and burn . Fire , she tells me , has always been a source of goodness . Think of a piece of paper , I tell her . The fact is I did take it out once or twice , determined to do something with it , but other things , like earning enough to keep a roof over our heads and send the children to decent schools , always seemed to intervene . Do not think , he wrote , biting his lips in concentration , bending low over the page , blinking to keep the sweat out of his eyes , do not think that it was ever far from my mind . In fact , he wrote , I suspect that I will produce a better edition , one more worthy of its subject , now I have had time to mull over its implications and to watch the blossoming of your reputation . Do not think , he wrote , then pushed the pad aside , emptied his glass of orange juice and drew the typewriter to him. The tart , he typed ( as Harsnet had written ) . If you want to walk round it , you can do so . If you want to get on with more important things , nothing stops you . If you want to watch your reflection pacing beside you , there it is . A narrative , he wrote . Or a poem . She stood at the door and stared . I told her she was the first person to see it since I started work on it . I watched her with interest but felt nothing . Completely detached , for some reason . She tried to be casual . Otherwise we 'll be up to our necks with toffs in monocles and deer - stalkers all of 'em trailing manservants and frightening the cows and horses by blasting around in they great green Bentleys they all drive . Cor , said Quince . I 'll warn Mrs Pettifer they 're on their way , said the sergeant , Then you 'd better keep an eye on the old lady and I 'll watch the froggie geezer . Make sure they do n't create too much mischief . I do reckon they have till sundown . Their soldiers really look like soldiers . I 'd like to have a pair of boots like a German officer . Just think , if Magnus and I went back to school in boots instead of those horrible lace - up shoes , the big boys would have to watch out . Even Father says the Germans are not a bad lot really . Claire appeared at my shoulder . What have I done ? I like stoats . Everyone was watching . Out , Father said in his quietest voice . You 've disgraced yourself once too often , Andrew . The back of his neck went pink but he did n't come back . I went upstairs , but I did n't go to my room . I sat on the gallery floor and watched through the balusters . When those silly women went to the downstairs powder room , I saw them go . I know what they do in there . Eventually I arrived down near Leicester Square , found a cafe that was still open and bought myself another cup of tea . I was in cinema - and theatre - land the part of London that never sleeps . Through the cafe window I watched London nightlife pass by . I watched the party - goers , the punks , the pimps , the prostitutes , the princely and the poor . I watched a world that should have been behind glass and yet I was the one who was behind glass and reality was theirs . I was in cinema - and theatre - land the part of London that never sleeps . Through the cafe window I watched London nightlife pass by . I watched the party - goers , the punks , the pimps , the prostitutes , the princely and the poor . I watched a world that should have been behind glass and yet I was the one who was behind glass and reality was theirs . I tried eating a sandwich with my second cup of tea and I just about managed it . Through the cafe window I watched London nightlife pass by . I watched the party - goers , the punks , the pimps , the prostitutes , the princely and the poor . I watched a world that should have been behind glass and yet I was the one who was behind glass and reality was theirs . I tried eating a sandwich with my second cup of tea and I just about managed it . Serious inroads had now been made into my pitiful cash reserves and tomorrow I would be penniless . I would like to take issue with Geoffrey Smith about koi in the garden pond ( The living pond , June ) . Mine do n't eat tadpoles , perhaps because I feed them regularly . In fact , we have watched the fish take tadpoles into their mouths , then swiftly eject them . One morning there were over 2,000 tadpoles in my pond ( I was bailing them out temporarily because the liner had a leak , so I was counting them too ! ) . During March there were at least 14 pairs of frogs , plus toads ( and spawn ) . Dragon flies and damsel flies are regular visitors . As we live only a short distance from the Thames , we have to keep a net over the pond , as two years ago we lost 18 fish to a heron . Magpies also use marginal plants to watch for fish . As you may have gathered , I am a pond fanatic ! Mrs J Margetts , Kennington , Oxford A place for all kinds of wildlife to stop off and drink , it will attract them like a magnet . That 's good news for pest control , and even better for gardeners whose interest spreads to birds , butterflies , bees and other creatures . I 've spent hours crouching behind plants watching birds and insects , hedgehogs , often frogs and toads and on one memorable occasion a young fox . Somehow , I 'm sure that wild animals have a sixth sense that tells them they 're safe , even in the presence of their arch - enemy , man. How could it be otherwise , when I have an almost tame squirrel that happily hops about the borders when I 'm feeding or digging ? Its flowers have needle - thin petals in differing degrees of white , rose , pink and carmine . Wallflowers , particularly blood - red or the salmon - red of Eastern Queen , are favourites in the north . We always tell folk to watch out for clubroot , because the wallflower is actually a member of the cabbage family . Thinking of Christmas Although the programme finishes at the end of the month , head gardener Carole is still thinking ahead and planning for future displays . It is not unknown for so - called unspinnable aircraft to come to grief by getting into a stable spin . Light stick forces It is very important to watch for any tendency to use a jerky forward movement on the stick during the full recovery . This is often a sign of nervousness and usually means that more spin training is needed . The following incident with an experienced pilot on a K6E drew attention to the importance of making smooth stick movements . The glider must be flown through the wake in the turbulent air near the ground . ( Some people think that this might be dangerous for inexperienced students , but it does not seem to cause any particular problems in Australia . ) It is impossible to watch the towplane and the ground ahead during the climb out so that in the event of a launch failure the glider pilot has to look for a field , whereas in the normal tow position he has a good view of the fields ahead all the time . There is also the additional hazard that if the rope breaks at the towplane end , it may fall over the glider , causing damage . Normal low position It is much safer to fly at five or even ten feet until the towplane leaves the ground . This makes it much easier to avoid pitching oscillations . It also makes it possible to watch the towplane instead of the ground and , as on a landing , looking well ahead reduces the tendency to over - control . It is the speed with which the situation develops that causes the problem . Usually the tow pilot receives no warning of the danger . A sensitive pilot could then be so confused that he would be unable to respond logically to the situation , particularly if it happened at night or in cloud . Pre - solo testing Most gliding instructors are aware of these problems and watch out for them in their students . Instructors should test every student before allowing them to go solo to make quite sure that they are not seriously affected by reduced g . This does not mean pitching violently to get weightlessness or negative g . Having watched and assessed the track record of some young officer , the middle - ranking detectives will perhaps put him forward as a candidate , and I have watched as potential members were admitted only after a series of phone calls had ensured their acceptability to the department . I have also seen written applications for the CID ridiculed by those inside , and listened to the expressions of disbelief that these nave applicants were so short of shillings that they did n't realise that admission was by invitation only . I have also had to tell others they are unlikely to get in and then try to explain the politics of the department to them and watch their dismay when they realize that , perhaps regardless of merit , they do not fit in . Once inside , the new detective will quickly meld into the department 's style , pursuing its rituals to form a new link in the tradition of the CID . In my own case I was given a section a small area in the central division with just over 300 crimes per year . Dew sat prettily on the roses , and they walked more slowly , Lucy looking at roses , Jay wishing she had a camera , knowing that , whatever else , now she was happy . There was a conservatory too , a solid Victorian steam - palace of dark leaves and shaggy trunks towering like film scenery above them . They parted , and Jay watched Lucy through the fronds , utterly thrilled . Hey presto ! a magic mauve flower at her feet , a reason to go to Lucy , touch her arm , say come here I want to show you something . Lucy came Jay 's fingertips blazoned with the feel of her warm flesh and crouched to see . We are on a shore of white sand too hot to stand still for a moment , great breakers surf and trip to swathes of foam as we dart into the solid black and lovely shade . The rose garden at dawn . I watch you freewheeling along a vine - wrapped colonnade , and pause under an archway wrought in stone and lovely with purple flowers ringing in the new light . On this high hill , the wind whips your face chill ; the wind drops and your cheeks are burning ; you can see the patchwork of seven counties sweeping and dissolving to misty far green at your feet , rising again to heather - blue mountains melting to pure white cloud . Oh , the dawn when shadows skeeter ahead of the sure fluid sunlight , back to their night . Oh , do n't bother with that , said Lucy . I 'll eat before I come . Jay stood frozen from head to toe and watched the car accelerate down the road . From somewhere , her hands found a diary and wrote Lucy against the date four weeks away . Date ? I 'm still some sort of bird , said Marina . I thought I was a bird of paradise before , but that was in the flow of what never quite materialised that new play ? Maybe I 'm an owl , watching the other owls screech down on helpless little mice , but I wo n't forsake my vegetarian principles . I 'm a rather inept owl , really , stalking mushrooms and nuts by night . Never mind , said Jay , we all feel a good deal safer around you . Now all Madame Butterfly had to do was climb down a piece of wood twice her height and fly free . Bright little creature it took her just three minutes to work this out as her antennae fluttered in the sudden sweet smelling breeze . Jay watched her go , dip down , dip up , over the edge of the guttering . Two weeks later it snowed , Jay thought of the butterfly as the thick white flakes tumbled around . Hoped to God she had found a leaf somewhere . But the dark night was filled with the metallic throbbing of insects , waves on the sand , and she got up and stood naked on the balcony . The moon was a slender crescent , and a few tattered clouds shuffled across the perfect dome of blue - black sky . She watched as night - grey filtered out to recognisable shapes : the beached boats , the shifting edge of the sea , the low houses slung along the road . There was a light in the next window and she drew back into deep shadow . The off - season hotel had been empty when she arrived . If your kick is such that you can pull it back and reassume your original stance , it is too weak to score . This , of course , is a generalisation ; you can withdraw a powerful kick where the opponent has impaled himself on it , because in this instance recoil gives you the required stability . You should land ready to fight and watch out for the opponent 's foot sweep . Where the opponent does not advance on to your kick , you should generate extra range and power by sliding forwards slightly on the supporting leg as the kicking knee rises . Preferably , you should use the front kick only when you have first moved out of line and the opponent is unable to respond powerfully . But they took some wicked pleasure in his fame as the most extraordinary vocal artiste in the whole Synod of Dunkeld . He used the complete gamut of his voice , from a growl like a dog warning its master that it has a sore foot to a high , exalted monotone which he kept for perorations ; and when he was using the words of an Old Testament lament , Isaiah or Zephaniah , to make a piteous effect , he had been known to put his head back and yowl like a tom - cat . The congregation usually watched him with a perverse relish which he mistook for devout attention , but this Sunday afternoon there was palpably an added curiosity to see how well he managed to live down the shaming comedy he had enacted on horseback a few days before . As he made his way down the path from the manse between the round - shouldered granite gravestones , his face looked pink , as though he had recently shaved in scalding water . Some people at the church door caught his eye and smiled and bowed respectfully but others looked away and exchanged glances with grinning friends . Cameron began to wonder if Mr Menzies was identifying himself with Job , and when he ended ringingly on Shall we receive good at the hand of God , and shall we not receive evil ? , the suspicion was confirmed . Clear yellow sunlight shone through the window - panes , making a pattern of diamonds on the plasterwork . Children in the congregation watched the diamonds slowly grow squarer , less elongated , as the sun moved down the sky . Another psalm . The shuffling and rustling of bodies settling again into the pews . Perfection , thought Cameron dominance and wealth most perfectly crystallized in dressed stone , sleek plasterwork , trees planted in a picturesque frame . It looked as though nothing would ever shake it . Behind some of the panes pale blurs of faces could be seen watching womenfolk and servants . When people in the crowd pointed and called , the blurs disappeared . Down on the grass and on the bare earth under the chestnut tree , dozens of people now squatted at their ease among the sheep and their droppings , drinking from skin water - bottles and smaller stone ones of ale or whisky . But here a thin frieze of very old trees had been preserved for the delectation of the lairds who looked out from their houses on the slopes Cluny , Grandtully , Clochfoldich , Pitcastle . At two of the gates on the roads up to thy houses dogs had been stationed , chained to posts newly hammered in . The animals barked themselves hoarse as the little party tramped past and they were amused to see men watching them , one from behind a ruined byre , another behind a thick tree - trunk . What can the lairds be frightened of ? asked Menzies innocently . He waved and the man dodged further behind the tree . March when a laird 's son gives an order ? They know the lairds are straw men now ! Cameron watched for the effect or this on the sawyer 's face . Byers heard Menzies out , looked over at Cameron as though wondering whether he believed this too , and then stood up and stretched . He knocked his pipe out on the stone above the fire . Cameron raked on for half an hour , making loose heaps up the middle of the field . Once a dark toad clambered away towards the little burn at the side of the field . It must have been lucky to escape the sickles , he mused , as he watched its clumsy struggling across the cut stalks . Invisible grasshoppers were churring like little birds . When Mary came out , she found him standing still with his back to the sun , looking down the river towards the shady woodlands round Grandtully . One could never have guessed from his enquiries that the matter was somewhat uncongenial to him. It was an ambition come true . We were now face to face with this man of diverse talent poet , novelist , song - writer , performer after following his career for nearly two decades , reading his books , playing his records , watching him sing , reading of him through the eyes of his critics no easy feat when one is not inhibited by astigmatism ! There is no side to him. He who had performed for royalty , dined with national presidents , rubbed shoulders with the greatest names in the world of art and theatre , film and music , became a delightful companion and it was never absent a solicitous host . He was not there , at X 's funeral . But could he have been ? Would it not have been too painful , not least having to watch another youngster take his first steps into the fatherless state ? X died in March , but it was close enough for the connection that Eliot wrote of in The Waste Land : April is the cruelest month , breeding Each morning she opened all her luggage , looked at the shirts and dresses and pairs of trousers , felt a moment 's regret for a favourite red silk blouse , before choosing either the cotton shorts and the yellow tee shirt or the denim shorts and the pink top . Sometimes she walked miles along the clifftops , taking no notice of the scenery . Sometimes she stopped for hours to gaze across the sea , to peer between rocks , to watch an osprey ride the thermals . Sometimes she ran through the rare rain or to feel the wind on her face . It was a just over a week since she had first set foot on the Dorset coast path . Or perhaps she was awake ? She made no effort to turn over , although she thought about it , imagined how it might be to lean on one elbow , to twist her body in a single movement . Instead she opened her eyes and watched a small cloud move across the sky . When it had gone she turned to watch the white waves roll up the beach then roll back . Closer , there were her outstretched fingers to study as they burrowed through the sand . She made no effort to turn over , although she thought about it , imagined how it might be to lean on one elbow , to twist her body in a single movement . Instead she opened her eyes and watched a small cloud move across the sky . When it had gone she turned to watch the white waves roll up the beach then roll back . Closer , there were her outstretched fingers to study as they burrowed through the sand . Her cheeks , her stomach , her arms and her lower legs felt heavy , pressed under the weight of the sun , then light and drifting in its warmth . ft was too much to hope for . His short doze in the living room had been long enough to keep him awake now . With weary patience he watched the room 's familiar objects assume slow , grey shapes . Amanda rolled over taking most of the duvet with her ; it was easier to let her have more than her fair share . He sighed , closed his eyes and drifted finally into uneasy sleep . It 's all right . I bought an extension lead for the aerial point . We could even watch it in bed . Why ? asked Don , stopping to draw breath . Why are you doing this ? And I was luckier than some . Geraldine had seen this shot earlier . She watched the next scene ; nurses running towards a hospital , their unbuttoned navy - blue coats flapping over pale uniforms . A reporter explained , NHS staff throughout the south of the city have been recalled to deal with the emergency . The camera returned to the scene of the disaster , lingered over piles of debris strewn on the railway embankment and focused on firemen cutting through the tangled remains of the trains . Or another of those dramas about the Second World War ? The Golden Girls is on later . Geraldine did not watch the Golden Girls tonight because it clashed with News at Ten . On News at Ten Alan was cut from the wrecked coach , then he wore a blanket and said , One hell of a crash , that 's all , and then he sat in bed in pyjamas . After that Geraldine learned : Tell you something else , he said . Susan watched him take a large bite of a Luctian yeast cake . She watched him drain his cup and thump it onto the table . You 'll never believe who I came across during the talks on Zork . How did Michael feel , Susan wondered . James ? He was the first man I ever thought of partnering . She watched as Michael frowned and leant back . Never seriously , of course , she added quickly . Is he stationed on Zork ? He stretched out his right hand . Susan saw a smear of yellow paint across his knuckles . She watched his hand approach her face , felt it touch her cheek . His hand was warm ; he pulled her face to his face with his warm hand . His lips touched Susan 's . She opened them and was in the light . She lay on the grass , beside him , and looked up at the blue sky . She watched him move between her and the sky . She lay in the sun on the grass with the dark man. I ca n't stay in the World indefinitely , said Michael the next day . If we breathe through our pores instead of the apparatus we have no problem at all . And we all feel so much better . In the morning Susan watched as the dark man made the steps in the picture higher and steeper . The steps were in flights , with platforms at intervals which would allow her to stop and rest . She would be panting , longing to reach the top . Even the bread . Can I be sure you wo n't slip a charm or something worse into the humous . I think I 'll just watch . Oh Lord , there 's Godfrey , she said . Godfrey always complained about her though they split up a year ago. In the Critique of Pure Reason , Kant 's aim was to show how objective experience is possible , to set out the conditions necessary for this ; whilst Piaget 's aim was to show , given certain Kantian assumptions , how objective experience actually develops . One of the conditions for ascribing to oneself experiences of a mind - independent reality , Kant argued , was that we should be capable of distinguishing between those sequences of perceptions ( if you like , representations delivered up by the input systems ) which are determined by the movement of objects and those which are determined by our own movements . In the former category we have , to take Kant 's example , watching a ship sailing upstream : here an object moves against a more - or - less stable background from ( say ) left to right . We have no option but to see it as movement from left to right . To describe self - governed perceptual sequences , Kant gave the example of scanning the front elevation of a building ; in doing which we determine what we see and the order in which we see it roof , front - door , top - left - hand window , and so forth . I would say that the child is capable more or less of recognizing that other people have mental states different to his own . Indeed it would be difficult to imagine how children were able to use language to communicate if no such conception were present . Moreover in other kinds of false belief experiment ( by Henry Wellman ) where three - year - olds watch a puppet make a mistake in searching , the children are quite capable of explaining the failure in terms of what the puppet is wrongly thinking . But competing with the conception of the other person 's thoughts is the child 's own knowledge of the location of the coin . This is up front in consciousness and it is this which determines his answer , in the absence of central control . So competitive , he would mock groan . Of course . Tall man , booming out laughter and orders , watching us , adoring us . Harriet more : the prettier ; bumptious , cheeky . But it was she the older , the larger and clumsier , who listened to him over supper . As she cleared the table the headline of the Evening Standard caught her eye : ENGLAND MUST WIN ! Fuck , she 'd forgotten the World Cup was on . He 'd want to watch it . When she put the fish fingers and oven chips in front of Colm his favourites , he almost smiled at her . Will ye not tell mammy ? she ran a hand through his soft hair . It 's starting . This is the life . Are you sure you want to watch it ? Have I any choice ? You could wash the dishes . You mightn't think it but it would be nice to feel proud of where you come from . That 's something you have . Anyway if you 're feeling like this maybe we should n't watch the match you might start attacking me . But Olive needed to watch the match , needed a diversion from the thoughts spinning round her head . She punched him playfully . To when she collected Colm from school ? Or right back to the day she married Steve , or took the boat to England ? Or maybe even further than that : to those warm sunny days when she sat watching her Daddy and asking him questions and he told her like he always did - Go and play , there 's a good girl . THE CROSS IS GONE Ben Okri And came upon cacophony . We dwelled in the fair , listened to the conflicting Noises , watched the faces of ticket sellers , And the machines like windmills sending The children into the air I just do n't understand at all . He did n't go to the bathroom to wash , he stayed in the room . Out of the corner of my eye I watched him wipe himself with Kleenex tissues and drop them on the floor , indifferent to the smears of blood on them . He pulled on his trousers and went quickly over to turn up the music , moving his head from side to side in time to the beat . He lay face down beside me , not knowing that I was now painfully aware that the threads which bound me to home and the inevitable marriage had snapped once and for all . I am on a swing in a small park with my brother . We push ourselves higher and higher into the air and our shoes fall from our feet on to the concrete below us . We watch the train shuffle and rattle across the tracks where we collect blackberries and know , soon , when it gets dark , we will have to come down to collect our shoes . This is dedicated to Simon Levy GOODBYE DUNCAN And because white , superior . So Englishness is corrupted from the beginning . If they think of history , it may be hard not to see it in dressing - up terms from telly watching . Teachers may try to tip the balance about this Englishness . Radio and telly make great efforts at least sometimes . Dedham from Langham , long blues , long brown shore , brush strokes in the clouds ; Rockets and Blue Lights ( Close at Hand ) to Warn Steamboats of Shoal Water , painted light rippled the sand and waves into a vortex and what were those people doing on the shore ? Who were they waiting for ? Smugglers , escaped convicts , drenched fishermen , or they might have been just watching the storm , voyeuristically curious to see a boat break up in choppy water . Some of the paintings almost reminded her of the Hudson Valley , but she had n't seen the Hudson River in nearly a year . She stood before Constables and Turners and imagined Algonquin Indians on a western embankment . A boat was not the best place for the kind of romance Aveling preferred . As rumour circulated within its confines , Eleanor would surely discover his infidelities . He leaned over the rail and watched porpoises and gulls . Except for the burial at sea of a woman travelling to meet her husband , it was a dull voyage . Once in New York he could n't disappear into the city either . So for Tennis World reader from Glamorgan , leave my Steffi alone ; yes she 's had problems , what with nasal problems , private ones and a bad 1990 . But Steffi fans will like to express their thanks and wish her well . We do n't make excuses for her , she 's too tough for that , anyway if Seles watched Steffi a bit more she might just be able to learn how to lob a ball and hold a racket properly . Because champions do ! One Angry Steffi Fan Fitness an option ? by Olga Morozova Today , kids are watching TV , listening to headphones or playing with computers . There is less movement . They are losing the habit . Beyond these two technical talents , it was Jimmy 's desire and his innate feeling for the game that helped to achieve his greatness . he never gave up on the court and was respected as a fantastic competitor . Winning close matches on a regular basis is a signal that you 're watching a champion . Jimmy Connors ' career holds a record of one hundred and nine singles titles and over eight millions dollars won in prize money alone . Connors was a finalist in six Wimbledon 's , winning two in his two decade career . I like swimming , she confirmed which is obviously good for my fitness . I do n't like football . My dad took me to watch Newcastle when I was about 10 but I could n't see because of all the people standing in front of me . My biggest comment on football is that I do n't like Sunderland or Gazza ( Gascoigne ) . I do n't like it when he sings ! You probably ca n't wait any longer . It 's a good enough excuse that you need to check for gaffs , but the real reason for dry - assembly is to see what this hitherto fictitious table looks like . I tried not to watch as I fitted the frame together and balanced the unfinished top on it . It is a delicious moment , walking away and then , with an inevitable hint of apprehension , turning round . Less delicious is having to hit the thing apart again . The arrival of the new Saturday l25mph High Speed Train service from Swansea to Pembroke provided a new job for the train guard : he had to leap out at Manorbier to open the crossing gates , wait for the train to clear the crossing , close them , and then walk seven coach lengths to give the driver the right away . LNER Flying Scotsman became an old age pensioner in style with a series of runs over its old haunts from Peterborough to York . A pity so many kamikaze spectators chose to stand in the four foot to watch it go by . Whoever would have thought it possible ? Almost unnoticed , the standard vacuum - braked 12 ton freight van was eliminated . Musically inspired ballets Choreographers wishing to interpret music in dance terms are limited in several ways because their choice should not only determine the style of dance used and its phrasing but other factors which are an integral part of the score . Their task is nowhere better summed up than by Ernest Newman , one of the great music critics of his day , who rarely watched ballet until intrigued by the news that Massine was creating ballets to Tchaikovsky 's fifth Symphony ( Les Prsages , London 1933 ) and to Brahms ' Fourth Symphony ( Choreartium , London 1933 ) . Newman was overwhelmed by the latter and wrote in The Sunday Times : Strictly speaking no art is translatable into another , not even poetry into music . The most we can get is convincing parallelisms between the two and the fact that some parallelisms are much more difficult than others and have hitherto not been attempted is no reason for denying that a choreographic genius like Massine has the right to attempt this . Ashton and MacMillan adopt the same practice in their ballets which can be called classical in the court meaning of the term and whenever the music used is composed according to the formulae for classical composition . They do this even though they may break the conventions from time to time . They do it because they know the audience is watching a constantly evolving picture which is being drawn on , over , across and above a flat stage in front of a background . They know they must fill the empty space with movement , whether there is scenery in the background or where the costumes are at their simplest and the background merely a hint of some venue as , for example , in Symphonic Variations or Requiem , or even just shafts of light as in Monotones . It is useful for would - be choreographers to study the historical development of classical style so that they may stage a ballet in a traditional way when it has a story firmly linked to a particular time and place . The types of character and the plots in which they play have existed since the Dorian mimes first began to lay the foundations of the theatre . The art of mime was developed by the commedia dell'arte and is still being developed by such artists as Marcel Marceau and the mime theatres of Poland and Czechoslovakia . Actors in travelling companies used to set up their stage in a town or village , mix among the inhabitants , watching and listening to the local news , gossip and scandal . They became adept at portraying well - known types such as the domineering wife , her hen - pecked husband , the poor widow anxious to get a son or daughter wed , the miser , the guardian or the severe nurse and at spotting any odd person or antics . They were also fond of aping the grand manners of servants to aristocratic households and rich farmers . In real life the onlookers are part of the activity and usually join in . In ballets such as Petrushka and Rodeo they are wandering around , watching and occasionally responding to the dancers ' efforts . But audiences sitting and watching can only join in the fun in their imagination and if the dancers are sufficiently out - going . Choreographers like Bournonville often borrowed from regional dancing , which he eagerly studied wherever he travelled . It is useful for would - be choreographers to examine his ballets and discover that he mostly set them in countries possessing easily recognised characteristics . They must take a realistic view and look objectively when deciding which movements will best describe individuality . No better example of such objectivity was Ashton 's own playing of the Onlooker in Nocturne . He stood silent and still , watching the tragedy of the Poor Girl who was being rejected by the Rich Man . His two tiny gestures said everything and expressed the audience 's understanding of the plot . He made one as if he should try and comfort her , but turned away , walked upstage and on the balcony with his back to the audience , raised his arms widely only to drop them helplessly . Each grouping has to be correctly aligned with the other whether it precedes , balances or follows another . Yet each must be within the whole framework . This is particularly so in the last dance , when the Bride and Groom are watched by all as they solemnly walk together through the doorway into their room . This moment is the proper conclusion that sums up what has now been accomplished . Few , if any other choreographers , have consistently controlled the very personal and strongly motivated style for a single ballet . The mere fact of lowering the head in suffering and despair or raising it in anger or appeals for help as the dancers do in MacMillan 's Requiem vividly conveys the tragedy and sorrow that has befallen these mourners . Yet it is the head movements of the young girl as she dances to Pie Jesu that are so telling . She actively watches the lines made by her arms and legs as they form varying shapes . She marvels that they flow so easily to fill the vast space in which she moves . She raises her eyes to the wonder of its beauty , sometimes tilting her head as if listening to the music echoing round her . The strapline above the story included the phrase mountaineering 's image on slide . The story enshrined the belief that has developed in recent years that people who place bolts are villains who have no place on British soil . I am never fond of watching people blast away with both barrels at their feet , but when climbing is engaged in such a destructive pastime , it becomes doubly worrying . Over the next decade and beyond land use and access will become an even more central issue than it is now . And with the numbers of climbers increasing by a significant margin each year our relevance within the broader public sphere will also increase . Then we 'll take it very slowly . There was a good ice slope leading up to rime of rocks that would take us to this secondary top . I went at it with pleasure , front - pointing happily and resting on my ski poles , watching Liena 's progress with concern . Fifty metres or so up the slope , she began to waver and looked ready to collapse again . That was it . I have a 1930s house . I want to run a waste from a shower . Are there any snags to watch for ? Older houses will have a two - pipe drainage system with the wc waste going into its own soil stack . And the waste from bath and basin are taken into a hopper head which connects to a drainpipe running into a gully ( often the same gully as the kitchen sink ) . I do not really see Ezra Pound in Rapallo , Max Beerbohm told me . He seems out of place here . I should prefer to watch him in the primeval forests of his native land , wielding an axe against some giant tree . Could you not persuade him to return to a country in which there is so much more room ? The consummate silliness of Beerbohm 's sneer , quite apart from showing just how brittle and thin was that famous wit of his , has alas a representative significance also , as we see when we put beside it Maurice Bowra , another famous wit , saying of Pound that he was , not just a bore , but an American bore ' Turn it into the sort of jangled pile of metal the Tate Gallery would be glad to make an offer for . You wo n't be able to make any impression with your bare hands , of course , unless you 're a trained weight lifter , but you 'll feel your body really working ! ( A word of caution : watch out for that yoghurt on top . ) After a few weeks of this , I can guarantee you 'll be feeling quite a different person , and unable to wait to get out for your Sainsbury 's session , or your Waitrose - lifting ! When you hear the word shopping in future , your pulse will race and your red corpuscles will be off and away before you can say This Week 's Special Offer . They have advanced down the Asmara road in the past four weeks and are now reported to be operating south of Dese . They have surrounded a garrison at Bati , to the east , and on 19 September they attacked Mile on the Assab road , closing it for 36 hours . Helicopter gunships ply constant missions from their base at Kombolcha : yesterday I watched MiG - 21 fighter - bombers , loaded with bombs and rockets , take off from Dire Dawa and head west . The estimated 40,000 troops in Dese are being joined by the remnants of the defeated Third Army , which is struggling down the road or surrendering to the rebels . One estimate puts government losses in the past four weeks at 20,000 killed , captured or deserted . The unconditional Soviet support to the Kabul regime is on such a scale that the US and Pakistan cannot hope to match it . Every few minutes a truck thunders down the strategic Salang Highway on its way from Hiratan on the Soviet border to Kabul . Convoys half a mile long are watched over by scattered Afghan army outposts on the hills by the road . Drivers report no guerrilla attacks , even though security north of the Salang Tunnel has been largely handed over to local militia units and the army withdrawn . After setting up a bitumen plant and providing earth - moving machinery , the Soviets helped cut a new road east of the old Salang Tunnel . On instructions from authorities , Peking University , the focus of the student rebellion , sent a dance troupe , one of scores of similar groups dragooned into the celebrations . Although sullen opposition and private anger still shadows the Communist Party , no disturbances were reported during yesterday 's events . Hundreds of thousands of people poured into the streets to watch the firework display - a fact which , Mr Deng boasted , proves that China 's social order has returned to normal . He made the comment in remarks to a visiting official from North Korea , one of only a handful of foreign countries to send special delegations for national day . Others included East Germany , Cuba and the Soviet Union a list that reflects China 's sudden dependence on the Communist bloc for its friends . Immediately , her expression and pace of approach changed and instead of the lambasting , or worse , she had seemed about to deliver , she gave the child a tolerant smile and began to pick up the scattered cans . Most of us have experienced similar examples of such audience effects on behaviour : playing a game to perfection ( or otherwise ) when the team selector is present , for instance . What you do depends very much on who might be watching , often with good reason . Prudently taking cognisance of onlookers also turns out to be important in the social behaviour of other primates . Frans de Waal , in his book Chimpanzee Politics , relates a number of instances among groups of captive chimps . Golf : Calcavecchia digs in for consolation prize By TIM GLOVER at St Andrews IT COULD be said that the Scottish appetite for golf is so healthy they would turn out to watch anybody play . Even Americans against the Japanese . An uncommonly large crowd walked the links here yesterday , a neutral army encouraged to watch the final of the Dunhill Cup by the prospect of topping up a tan in October sunshine . Nevertheless , Rangers were grateful that Alan McDonald was under the bar to head away after John Cooke had eluded Kenny Sansom . County 's heroes were their midfielders , Mick Matthews and Andy Thorpe ; faced with the glitter of Nigel Spackman and Peter Reid they challenged for control throughout . They even doubled back to watch Francis yet still managed to send away their forwards . Late on , County replaced the striker Gary McDonald with Mark Howard , who might have scored from his first kick , shooting wide five yards out at the far post . Football : Howell demands riot charges for ticketless She sits at the marriage banquet , apparently in a cafe , and the harlequin has just presented her with a bouquet . He bows before her and blows her a kiss . The top - hatted old husband and three other , melancholy figures , are watching . According to the French art magazine , Connaissance des Arts , the Picasso painting has belonged for more than 50 years to a collector who kept its existence secret even from members of his family . It is unclear whether it has recently changed hands . Although many East Germans will in future be able to go to Czechoslovakia with official permission , applications must now be made four weeks in advance . The emigrants ' discomfort was aggravated by tantalising radio reports of the steaming soup tureens , hot water and clean clothes waiting for them at the reception centre in Hof , West Germany . Asked what she would do once she had satisfied her immediate needs , one emigrant said , pensively , I shall watch the East German anniversary celebrations , but I do n't know if I will be laughing or crying . Belgian Jew killed by professional murderer From DAVID USBORNE in Brussels For example , this month 's issue of Psychology Today contains the result of a study of the pace of life in 36 American cities . Researchers stood on street corners , checked the clocks in banks and the speed at which tellers cashed cheques and shop assistants gave change . They watched how fast people walk and talk . Not suprisingly , people in the north - east of the country , where the work ethic and the climate push the pace of life ever upward , reside permanently in the fast lane . North - easterners generally walk faster , give change faster , talk faster , and are more likely to wear watches so that they can make every second count . ( Indeed , the anti - vivisectionists were allowed a small but notable coup on this score : Sue Crowshaw , badly disabled by rheumatoid arthritis , made a moving speech denying scientists the right to claim they were experimenting on her behalf . ) Evidently wise to this fact , vivisectionists refused the Natural Concern team access to all their experiments save for some brain operations on rats . It seems a fair bet that Joe Public finds it as hard to feel sorry for rodents as Winston Smith did , and though these lobotomised specimens were of the cuter white kind , it was possibly to watch this sequence without feeling many qualms . The emotional complexity of the debate was deepened by the fact that neither side had the monopoly of logic or charm : Dr Colin Blakemore , though known as Dr Frankenstein ' to the yellow press for having experimented on animals eyes , seemed reasonable , persuasive and put - upon ; Douglas Hogg , MP , also on the vivisectionist side , was quite startlingly and pointlessly rude . Perhaps the most resonant phrases in the whole debate came from the pro - rights organiser who suggested that future centuries would come to regard our attitude to animals with the same horrified disbelief we now feel for the periods which practised slavery . I thought I 'd be beaten , Turi said , but I began to realise I 'd chosen the right route by not cutting inside fences . It meant that we could keep moving forward and keep our rhythm . The former Hungarian trick - rider , who has had some nostalgic moments watching members of his old troupe performing here this week , was also helped by the cautious approach of some of his opponents . John Whitaker was anxious to qualify for tonight 's Next International Masters and the Dutch rider , Jos Lansink , had an even more obvious reason for abandoning speed in favour of accuracy when jumping a slow clear round to be be fourth on Optiebeurs Felix . Lansink is the only rider who has jumped double clear rounds in the first four contests designated for the Everest Challenge . He thus arrived at his city 's University in the Depression , well primed for encounters there with the suspect notions of Eliot , Pound and T E Hulme . But Bristol was n't Oxbridge , which compounded his sense of alienation from the left - wingery of those high - flying Young Gentlemen , Auden , Spender Co. Still , Sisson managed a Herr Issyvoo sting of his own in the Nazified Berlin of 1934 and watched ideological street - squads slanging one another in Paris the next year . The German sights in particular torchlit orgies of Nazi triumph , Hitler ranting in Stuttgart , storm - troopers stamping out the last flickers of academic freedom in Freiburg showed him what lay in store for Europe and are vividly recounted here . Though he took his professional plunge into the Ministry of Labour soon afterwards , Sisson also began writing , taking the outsider 's route by contributing to obscure journals of the heterodoxy . Sports Diary : Lookalike : Muriel Gray / Monica Seles By BILL COLWILL THE MONICKER'S different but Monica 's very much alike , claims Steve Tivey , from Wellingborough , after watching Muriel Gray , ScotNat television presenter , and Monica Seles , expat tennis pretender . Or could they be , in any way , related ? Sports Diary : Football : Statue of liberties Until yesterday , these would have seen Barnes deployed on one flank with Rocastle 's defensive awareness earning him a ninth cap at Waddle 's expense on the other. The loss of Barnes has brought Waddle a reprieve , and a switch to the left to accommodate Rocastle on the right . Robson , who watched Rocastle last Saturday , said : He has made a good start to the season . When he got on as a substitute against Sweden he was first class ; in Albania he was one of our best players . Steve McMahon , who is to deputise in midfield for the injured Neil Webb , missed England 's workout at Bisham Abbey yesterday along with Gary Stevens , Tony Adams , Paul Gascoigne and Gary Lineker , but their injuries are slight . You begin to feel dizzy with history . Of course , the well - groomed head of modern Bruges pops up all over the place to remind you that this is not really a medieval theme park at all . On Saturday morning , we watched outside the Stadhuis , where couples still marry in the Gothic hall . Limousines drew up to disgorge a wedding party ; women in elegant outfits topped with splendid hats were a fanfare for a bride who stepped out of an old white Daimler , tanned beneath her white silk . Very bourgeois , but that is probably what Bruges has always been . Nowadays the bourgeoisie is more likely to patronise the city 's luxurious food and clothes shops , all housed in the medieval streets . The oldest tavern is the Vlissinghe , of which mention was first made in 1552 , but there are hundreds of little bars and cafes , many of them housed in olde - worlde buildings that have the Americans squealing with delight . Plenty have terraces from which to watch the world go by accompanied by a hot waffle or a glass of beer . There were once 40 breweries in Bruges , and although now there are only two , the choice of Belgian beers is still enormous . One cafe lists 300 . His dog - leg patrimony ( his uncle was Lord Chelmsford ) has enabled him to support himself and to help some others . His books must sell , but he does not think of himself as an author . Walking briskly towards Sloane Square to get some lunch at his club , he said : In Kenya , I like to sit in a car and watch the world go by . I do n't want to do that in the King 's Road . He is a man in thrall to the gaudy , tattered pageant of Africa . By DEREK WALLIS Tranmere Rovers . . . . 3 Leyton Orient . . . . . . 0 TRANMERE ROVERS , who in recent years have survived a threat of extinction as well as only just preserving League membership , reinforced their position as Third Division leaders by overcoming Leyton Orient , thereby stretching the margin to four points . The customary gallery of managers and scouts assembled to watch on a night when a chill , blustery wind made the measurement of passes difficult with the result that the match and Rovers in particular took time to warm up - until the 20th minute . A cute backheeled pass by Ian Muir set John Morrissey free on Rovers ' right . Despite the wind , the cross that followed was so accurate and inviting that Chris Malkin was able to rise to the ball and head it out of the reach of the sprawling Paul Heald to register his 10th goal of the season . The last Portuguese leave Luanda . Independence is declared , and Neto 's position as head of the hard - pressed MPLA improves . By now Kapuscinski is on his last legs , and he telexes Warsaw to say that he wants to leave and that it is more or less clear that the Angolans will win . Neto 's , and Castro 's , Angolans , presumably . On the following page we read that things were going badly for Neto . It stopped for a piss . Ronnie could have done with one himself but he would have got arrested . Its withers will never win any of the races Ronnie had been telling himself about , and he is reluctant to return from this long , defeated , dark - thoughted walk to break the bad news or his adventure to his wife and daughters . The story is wonderfully funny and depressing . Ronnie , I think , could be held to be a precursor of P for Patrick Doyle in Kelman 's novel of 1989 , A Disaffection . That lie within the mercy of your wit : To weed this wormwood from your fruitful brain , And there withal to win me , if you please , Without the which I am not to be won , You shall this twelve month term from day to day , To weed this wormwood from your fruitful brain , And there withal to win me , if you please , Without the which I am not to be won , You shall this twelve month term from day to day , Visit the speechless sick , and still converse Jenny Funnell Trained at Webber Douglas Academy . She won the 1984 Carlton Hobb 's Radio Award at the BBC and completed a contract with the Repertory Company in July 1985 . Prior to this she played Ophelia in both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead for Theatr Clwyd and on tour . Also played Anna in Self - inflicted Wounds by Tom Kempinski . Also played Anna in Self - inflicted Wounds by Tom Kempinski . A.R. Although you won the BBC radio competition for a place in the BBC Repertory company straight from drama school , you decided to start your career by playing Ophelia in Hamlet at Theatr Clwyd . Do you feel that was the right way round for you ? J.F. THE DOMINANT BELIEFS OF THE TWO ALLIANCES As we examine the dominant beliefs of the two alliances , it must be stressed that we are not looking at beliefs possessed by each and every person who identifies to a greater or lesser extent with either set of traditions . Rather we are looking at those beliefs , supported by significant power bases within each bloc , which have won out in the political process in the past seventy years and still appear to be doing so , in some cases with much decreased vitality . The dominant beliefs of the catholic nationalist bloc still are that the group forms a people who are Gaelic - Irish , constitute a nation , are republican , and populate an island which has a natural , inner political unity . We reiterate : the dominant beliefs of the alliances which we have termed historical blocs are not necessarily shared by all but are promoted successfully by dominant groups and have some grounding in the consciousness of the wider membership . My best picture , he said . The only one I ever felt got near to saying what I wanted to say . It might have won , I said , and you know what you think of prizes . You prick , he said , I should never have let you take them up. I trusted you , he said . He gazed at the women , and the small group of people who had been in the tent when the councillor actually collapsed . Fortunately , most of the crowd had been drawn to the main attraction of The Great Whirlo in the Variety Tent at that particular point in the afternoon . There were no teas being served and , anyway , everybody in Little Tuckett knew that either Mrs Clancy or Mrs Feather always won the Cake Competition . I 'll want nobody leaving until I say so , said Perkins . There were murmurs of both assent and dissent . Paving design complementary to house Send your answers ( for example , 1=E , 2=A and so on ) and your name and address on a postcard to : BBC Gardeners ' World Magazine /Bradstone Competition , PO Box 55 , Wetherby , West Yorks LS23 7ET to arrive by first post on Friday September 13 , 1991 . The first entry drawn after the closing date which matches the judges ' decision will win . Patio built using Bradstone Wetherdale paving and brick - on - edge coping Authenticity is one of Bradstone 's trademarks Where to write Send your letters to : Over the Fence , BBC Gardeners ' World Magazine , 2026 Brunswick Place , London N1 6DJ . Each letter published will win its writer a 10 National Garden Gift Token , exchangeable at 1,500 garden centres , nurseries and shops all over the UK and any Interflora shop . Identity parade Name the plants and win a car Try his menus from Germany , Portugal , Ireland and an English menu which celebrates King Henry VIII 's birthday . You can see him on BBC1 's Garden Party , Mondays 12pm . And if you 've been watching BBC 's Masterchef series , the winning recipes are also in Good Food , on sale August 8 . Clover and rye grass should be dug in before flowering Clover is a traditional ley crop Because of his understanding of practice , he is able not only to show how police ideology is maintained , but even propose alternative models by merely writing down and presenting his knowledge . For , as Gramsci pointed out in respect of those institutions of the establishment , hegemony is not universal and given to the continuing rule of a particular class . It has to be won , reproduced and sustained ( taken from Hebdidge 1979 : 16 ) . The way the police sustain this ideology of action to maintain their hegemony becomes clearly apparent to the researcher , and he in turn stands revealed . To have advanced within the job and achieved rank means he is likely to have followed and supported institutional precedents without question , and to have unwittingly accepted and been involved in the reproduction of the narrow modes of thought and practice demanded by the culture . The predominance these spatial constructs have for the ordinary constable is essential to an understanding of the police mind . Ideas of centrality and marginality of place link to the status of activities and tie in with perceptions of derogatory and despised areas of operation . As a result , actual and symbolic transitions across spatial boundaries continue to create a crucial means of analysing the way police reality deals with the changes in power politics at all levels within the institution , and of describing the way status can be won or lost . The structural load which exists within seemingly minor career moves or internal transfers around the force is enormous . Everyone inside knows or speculates endlessly on the politics of power implicit in the most minute gradations of change . Such people should be able to fight well from a lagging position . Each male team must field at least three competitors and each female team , two . In this way , short - handed teams still have a chance to win and the match is therefore meaningful . A successful team may have to go through a number of fights during the course of a day 's competition so it is not at all unusual to see teams short - handed through injury in the final stages . Never be tempted to forfeit the last two bouts of a male team match , or the last bout of a female team match if you have already seen your team take the deciding first three/two victories . Referees seem incapable of deciding whether a fast , controlled snap punch to the face has scored or not , and they generally disallow them . This causes the contestant to try and get even closer to the opponent 's face with subsequent jabs , in order to pick up that elusive score . Of course , a punch inevitably strikes home and , instead of winning a point , a penalty is incurred . The moral is , restrict your straight punches to the mid - section and land with a fair old thump in order to maximise your chance of scoring . Stepping out of the competition area If the scores are tied , then the referee panel will award the victory on the basis of their appraisal of both contestants ' performances up to the point where injury occurred . Winning by disqualification A contestant who wins because his opponent is disqualified may fight again in the competition . If he wins a subsequent bout also by disqualification , then he must be withdrawn for his own safety , since it is obvious that , in this tournament at least , he is not protecting himself adequately . Well run tournaments use individual record cards which are scrutinised at the beginning of each bout . If he wins a subsequent bout also by disqualification , then he must be withdrawn for his own safety , since it is obvious that , in this tournament at least , he is not protecting himself adequately . Well run tournaments use individual record cards which are scrutinised at the beginning of each bout . Less well run events rely upon the memories of the refereeing panel to screen out those who have won by two disqualifications . Protests It is possible to register a protest if the rules of the competition have been infringed by the refereeing panel . This happens when an lite performer draws a newcomer . I have seen the newcomer soundly beat the lite performer , yet have none of his techniques acknowledged by the refereeing panel ! It is as though the panel has developed a blind spot which does not admit the possibility that the newcomer might win . Before you get the idea that such a bias occurs only in national competitions , I would like to point out that the worse case of this I ever saw was in a world championship . The Women 's World Heavyweight Champion had defended her title at three consecutive events , each time soundly beating her opponents . Yet they can come to see one opponent as the rock upon which they will undoubtedly founder . This results in dispirited performances , sometimes marred by feigned injuries . The only solution to the opponent block is to pull yourself up by your bootstraps so that you come to believe that you can win . USING THE AREA The ability to move around in the competition area is essential if you are always going to be poised and ready either to attack or to respond . If they are unbalanced , that is you attack effectively but lose out on your defence , your opponent also will accrue points . Bear in mind that there is a three point scoring ceiling which is often reached within bout time . It therefore follows that even if you are two points ahead at the 30 seconds ' bell , the opponent can still pull these back and take the final point to win . The moral is simple : do not let up until the time - up bell sounds . That is the only time when you can rest on your laurels . After waiting a few minutes she collected the pictures from the slot outside the booth , put them in her bag without looking at them and hurried home . In her living room she took the bundle of replies to her ad in the New Statesman , settled at her desk and wrote to Michael who was an architect and described himself as outgoing . In her letter she told him about her job , her salary and the contract she had won yesterday . She signed the letter and took the snaps from her bag She stared at them . That is to say , they behave like three - year - olds on false belief tasks even if their mental ages are , by other criteria , well above three years . This is not the case in non - autistic mentally handicapped children , who do well on false belief tasks so long as their mental age , by other criteria , is above three years . We also tested a sample of autistic children in the chocolate - finding task and found that they were again behaving just like the three - year - olds : going to the baited box for twenty trials , despite wanting to win chocolates and occasionally trying to filch them from the experimenter 's bag . This suggests the hypothesis that one of the features of autism is a lack of central control of thinking similar to that found in very young normal children . Their input systems function adequately , but their thinking lacks the full , holistic character of normal thought . Coda We have covered a lot of ground , and maybe the path through the undergrowth of arguments and data is not a very straight or a very clear one . I certainly would not want to attempt a summary of the route we have taken all the way from the mind - body problem to children trying to win chocolates ; but I do need to make some concluding comments to justify the bold claim in the first paragraph that constructivism makes the mind - body problem less intractable . I argued that the representational theory of mind , with its assumption that thinking is the possession of determinate mental states which are in some sense encodings ( pictorial , syntactic ) of actual or possible states of affairs , contributes to the difficulty of the mind - body problem . We have mainly been concerned with the modern computational version of the representational theory of mind ; but , as I shall mention again later , the more traditional views of mental life are no less representational phenomenology , for example , is a representational theory of mind . She 'd got carried away on Steve 's excitement , that was all . That 's not true , she told herself . Admit it , you wanted England to win . She stiffened . C 'mon , secretly just between you and me the voice persisted in her head , it would be hard not to . The purplish thing drifted on to the beach , but I felt too lazy to walk over and examine it . The stars were clouded over , the gas lights were dim then grew a bit brighter , and I could hear a tinkly organ out of tune , the sound came from the direction of the Iron Pier . Perhaps he thought I was the impersonator , dressed as a man , hoping to win his confidence and thus learn the kind of mannerisms and opinions he might reveal only in private . Perhaps he thought that , and he 'd given me the slip . I brushed sand from my suit and strolled towards the pier , stepping on a rotten orange . Virginia Wade has the best win/loss , singles/doubles record of any player , in Federation Cup competition , either British or foreign . She represented Great Britain for 16 consecutive years , between 1967 and 1983 . She won 67 of her 99 singles and doubles matches . This year 's total of 56 participating nations is a record for the Federation Cup . It is , of course , money that causes almost all the trouble . It is at the root of almost all the player power problems . One man who would sacrifice all his prize money for the year just to win the Wimbledon Singles Crown that has eluded him is Ivan Lendl , and the tension clearly showed when he lost to the Canadian Grant Connell in windy , dark , and damp conditions in the Stella Artois Championship at Queen 's Club . It was no way for the holder to go out . Ivan Lendl has been a great credit to the game which he has played with distinction for so long . It 's the titles that matter , and Martina , with 156 , has her fair share of them . In fact , by winning the Pilkington Glass Ladies ' title in June for the 10th time , she came to within one of Chris Evert 's record of 157 career titles . This latest victory at the sunswept and showery Eastbourne was probably one of her most satisfying , not least because she defeated a player in the final who herself , did everything but win . Arantxa Sanchez - Vicario positively demolished her opponents with a ruthlessness reminiscent of Navratilova 's great rival of the 1980 's , Chris Evert . The 19 year old Spaniard has always had the weapons but , so often in the past , has used them sparingly in her pursuit of greatness . Winning Letter This month 's winning letter comes from Donna Davidson who , amidst a big postbag on the subject of Steffi Graf 's popularity , offers her support to the German in an honest and fair way . Donna wins for herself a Head Electra Master racket of stiff graphite construction in the head with slightly softer flex in the shaft . The Elektra is designed for the intermediate player and comes complete with racket bag . Genuine Graf Edberg moves gracefully and speedily over the grass in a way that would surely be the envy of a Torville and Dean . At the Stella Artois Grass Court Championships , he showed once again , that give him grass , a bat , and he is surely the best striker of a ball in the world . Unfortunately for the Frenchman , Arnold Boetsch , the Australians , Jason Stoltenberg and Pat Cash and the Americans Malivai Washington and David Wheaton , Edberg is not a cricketer and amply demonstrated his tennis talents by winning his first Stella title for the loss of just one set . Edberg 's performance was near perfection as the famous Queen 's Club pavilion court has seen . It did n't matter that there was an uncomfortable breeze throughout the week , an overcast and threatening sky and a lively court . Runners up The next ten names out of the hat will each receive a Head t - shirt . To win one of these terrific prizes answer the following three questions and send your answers on a postcard to : 1 Which of the following two Head players reached the finals of the Italian Open in May this year ? Head Nodal and Head Double Power Wedge systems 3 In one set of a match , Mr Smith wins by 63 . His opponent , Mr Jones wins each of his three games off the first advantage from deuce . Mr Smith wins each of his sex games losing only two points in each to Mr Jones . Of the 150 companies entered in this singles and doubles company tennis competition , twenty are from Edinburgh and Glasgow . The event began in June , with a Scottish Regional Finals day to be held on September 14th at the Stirling University Indoor Centre , from which one Ladies ' and one Men 's team will be invited to the National Finals at the Vanderbilt Club , London , on October 5th . In addition to winning the Nomura Challenge Trophies , the Men 's and Ladies ' champions will win a luxurious weekend break , with guest , at the exclusive Chewton Glen Hotel in the New Forest . Runners - up will win a one night stay at the Chewton Glen or an equivalent Scottish hotel , with additional prizes of rackets , sportswear and accessories for all National finalists . Sanctioned by the Lawn Tennis Association and the Scottish Lawn Tennis Association , the event , now in its second year , is sponsored by Nomura International , one of the world 's leading investment banks . The event began in June , with a Scottish Regional Finals day to be held on September 14th at the Stirling University Indoor Centre , from which one Ladies ' and one Men 's team will be invited to the National Finals at the Vanderbilt Club , London , on October 5th . In addition to winning the Nomura Challenge Trophies , the Men 's and Ladies ' champions will win a luxurious weekend break , with guest , at the exclusive Chewton Glen Hotel in the New Forest . Runners - up will win a one night stay at the Chewton Glen or an equivalent Scottish hotel , with additional prizes of rackets , sportswear and accessories for all National finalists . Sanctioned by the Lawn Tennis Association and the Scottish Lawn Tennis Association , the event , now in its second year , is sponsored by Nomura International , one of the world 's leading investment banks . Other teams competing in this year 's event include Saatchi Saatchi , Barclays Bank , Prudential Corporation , British Airways , Abbey National , Mercury Communications , ICI and Nikki Securities . Bueno heads information network Tennis legend Maria Esther Bueno takes on a new challenge as Chairman of Tennis Interlink Limited , a new venture launched to create a unique , membership base , international network for tennis - related information and services . Ms Bueno , who won 20 Grand Slam titles in an on - court career abruptly curtailed through injury in the late sixties , commented today : Tennis Interlink is an exciting new concept which will enhance our sport at many levels . I am delighted to be associated with such a far - reaching project that will act as a clearing house for many people 's activities across the world through a service dedicated to the needs of an unrestricted membership . Although she lives in Brazil , Ms Bueno remains active in tennis through regular personal appearances in several countries . It features a highly aerodynamic wide - body graphite frame for easy manoeuvrability and greater power and includes Slazenger 's Optimum Mass System at the 3 and 9 o'clock positions on the frame to extend the sweet spot and so improve playability and ball control . Available at most good sports shops , the Challenge 26 retails at around 45.00 . Styled to win The first Slazenger clothing collection designed by Coats Viyella is action packed both in terms of styling and colour . There is a very clear , clean cut approach to the whole collection with the accent on strong graphics and sports oriented motifs to create renewed interest in the contemporary classic shapes of the shirts , shorts , tops , sweaters , track suits , joggers and shell suits which make up the whole range . The fifth event on this year 's Reebok Grand Prix Circuit at Doncaster turned into a personal triumph for the Ingham family from Heywood , Lancs . Michael , the second of three tennis playing brothers , took the 21 and under title with a powerful 63 63 victory over Graham Hobbs ( Dorset ) : whilst younger brother Craig , fought back from one set down against James Lake ( Lincs ) to win the 12 and under title 46 62 61 . Beating the Ingham family monopoly was Michael Calvert ( Yorks ) who won the 16 's title 76 46 75 against a tiring Richard Stamp ( Lincs ) . In the girls ' event , Catherine Wittenberg ( Kent ) , consolidated her position as leader of the Reebok 12 and under Grand Prix table by reaching the final , but missed out on maximum points when she lost to Claire Sewell ( York ) 64 61 . The 16 's final was an all Derby affair , in which Tina Crosen defeated Helen Frankland 62 63 , whilst the 21 and under title went to Lizzie Jelfs ( Oxon ) who outfought one of our top student players , Maggie Loughton ( Yorks ) 76 46 75 with an excellent performance . A win over British No. 17 , Katie Ricket in a ratings tournament at Alfreton in May , confirmed her rapid progress . That victory followed on from success in the Dewhurst International in March , where she came through from being a reserve qualifier to reach the semi - finals . Between the Dewhurst and the Ratings tournament , Joanne won the 16 and under Seat finals . She is strong and athletic says Slater and she has a big serve . She can volley , too , which means she is developing into a fine all - court player . To do that she worked through a minefield for two weeks , finally beating the tiny Spanish girl Arantxa Sanchez - Vicario 63 64 . Having won the Australian Open and now the French it means that Seles is on a Grand Slam roll , though she swiftly pointed out that Wimbledon 's grass might be her downfall . But was she trying to confuse the plot by saying : I know that it is impossible for me to win four Grand Slam tournaments this year . Some burning sun , black clouds , rain and wind were the backdrop to another highly agreeable fortnight in Paris at just about the perfect time of year . But tennis players do n't seem to know where they are or what the weather is like . The only thing I really want is for Alonzo Kettless to carve me an East Suffolk Policeman 's helmet , said Chief Superintendent Rom Rumsby on his retirement . Alonzo chose mahogany , with the braid separating the bulk of the helmet from the peak . It took him about 150 hours to complete , and won him a City and Guilds senior award for excellence . Spoonerisms : Bertie Somme is planning spooncarving classes in September , teaching techniques for making functional spoons . Cost for the class , on 14 September will be 7 . They being agreed , one may as well go back to the finger in the wind ! Prize tribute Lee Dickenson explains how he came to carve the massive Chindit sculpture , which won the Arbortech Woodcarver competition at the 1990 Woodworker Show . Lee used nothing but this disc to carve the piece with an angle grinder , and he describes some of the effects the tool can achieve . The burn marks are most easily achieved when the Woodcarver has lost its edge Fig. 1 An early sketch of a Chindit Lee used the natural lines of the walnut lump to portray the soldier moving in the jungle The Chindit went on to win the Arbortech Carving Award at last year 's Woodworker Show , sponsored by MM Distributors of Bexhill - on - Sea Fig. 2 Special jungle effects with the Woodcarver Tool Test Electric Carving I found these pictures , Like Shadow of War by B. Freestone from Harrow ( left ) , to be the most vibrant , and the most attractive to view . This piece is a fine example of the use of timber grain and colour to illustrate the depth of movement and texture in the sky and air around the figure R.L. Soale 's Peace Perfect Peace ( above ) , is a more typical entry to the marquetry classes , and won the Jack Fletcher Trophy for the best piece in the Secondary category , for marquetarians who have never won an award . There seems to be an attraction amongst marquetarians for depicting Dickensian scenes of cobbled streets populated by pseudo - Dickensian characters . This picture has a more contemporary scenario , and successfully portrays a village at sleep This picture has a more contemporary scenario , and successfully portrays a village at sleep One piece that uses more veneer than most in a variety of flavours is Orpheus , by P.R.O . Stephens , who won the Jim Jelley prize for the best applied marquetry by a beginner . It is in fact a table , with hinging top , of about 36in diameter . That it was made by a beginner is a statement of the quality of entries at the National Marquetry Exhibition . It failed to strike me immediately , and I questioned the judges ' decision replacing it with one of the entries to the three veneers class . The piece has grown on me , though I do wonder if there is any prejudice towards marquetry made of many pieces of veneer My favourite piece at the exhibition was E.G. Neale 's Happy Eater , which won a second prize in the three veneer category . The cartoon brings to life the humour of these famous characters . The exhibition itself was brilliantly organised by the Harrow branch of the Marquetry Society , with one awe - inspiring collection of competition entries , and those on display only . Michael McLaughlin 's block plane ( middle left ) and A. Wright 's smoothing plane ( near left ) . For humour there was Ian Ford 's rat tool , and below it Lee Dickenson 's Kirchen carver Dennis Hurst 's smoothing plane wins the Koch carving clamp Winner Dennis Hurst of Wigan Second Philip Wooller of North Allerton Third Alan Toplin of Basingstoke WE WOULD like to thank our sponsors , The Woodworks , for donating the prizes for this competition . Their range of carving and turning products can be found at The Field , Shipley , Heanor , Derby DE7 7JJ , ( 0773 ) 719842 . Each one has inherent hazards . I tried to arrange guides on the drum sander but quickly gave up. My bandsaw competes with the radial - arm for clatters and bangs so the big router won with a large chamfer bit . Two strips of waste wood were slowly fed over the revolving cutter and cramped to the table . These pointed fingers were adjusted to be my guide and , apart from the very ends of each cut , were quite reliable . Great news the 306million electrification of the East Coast main line was approved in one go on 27 July . A veritable flood of new locomotive liveries , some smart , some misguided and dreadful , transformed the station scene from a mass of standard blue and grey to an unpredictable display of sector showing off . The Western Region won the prizes however for its nostalgic application of lined GWR steam - style livery to five of its top - link diesels . Sir Edward Elgar would have been delighted . The economist 's Utopian dream of a rural railway without station staff , platelayers and expensive signalling staff came closer with the introduction of radio signalling over the Far North lines from Inverness . A contradiction in style during this change of aulement or alignment can distort the design . Nevertheless an unusual change of aulement or alignment can add interest and draw attention to a dancer 's statement . for example : the swift change from the grand dvelopp la seconde which Odile makes facing the audience and her sudden turn to arabesque when she looks straight into the kneeling Siegfried 's eyes in the Act II pas de deux of Swan Lake ; it is Odile 's triumph for she knows she has won Siegfried 's heart . Even more exciting changes of aulement can be found in Ashton 's Birthday Offering where each soloist dances an old step at a new angle , without breaking the rules or older conventions of nineteenth - century ballet . He then gives an entirely new quality to the class - room exercise on which these enchanements are based. P. A. Newton Ex - pat Scouse is top Twit OUR chums at Twitbread once again wins the wooden spoon for naff PR . The brewing ( sic ) group 's might organ , Twitbread News , informs me that Twitters have made a special award to Paul McCartney as Scouse Personality of the Year . Scouse ? The group had claimed that drinkers would have to consume a not insignificant amount of their 2.2 light beer before reaching the .05 blood alcohol limit set for drivers in NSW . No less than 66 people mugs in Australian parlance volunteered to drink up to eight middies ( 285ml ) of the kangaroo 's by - product in an hour . The end result was that Tooheys won the day , with most of the drinkers still under the limit after an hour 's soaking . But the case left a few unfortunates in its wake . Two of the volunteers ran up the white flag and could n't stay the court . Pass the sick bag , Alice Springs . Crouch v. crutches I AM pleased to bring the glad tidings that the British Guild of Beer Writers cricket team have at last won a match . Thrashed mercilessly two years running by the Crouch Vale Brewery Ensemble in Essex , the BGBW geriatrics got their revenge last month by trouncing the brewers by eight wickets . It would have been nine wickets , but Lewis Eckett , editor of Club Horror , was Absent Without Leave . In the long term there may even be Nicholson 's pubs appearing in the business centres of other cities . The hardest part about expanding will be finding pub stock up to the Nicholson 's standards . They have won more awards in CAMRA 's pub design competition than any other company , most notably for their careful refurbishments . There will be no hasty purchases , as Tony is determined to keep a focus on the chain 's niche market , which he describes as the top end of the traditional ale market . Nicholson 's is known for its high standards . The full route is described below . All you have to do is send a signed statement from your pacer ( s ) together with a receipt from the charity , and Joss will send you a tankard . Those under 50 , and over - 50s who complete the traverse after the tankards have been won , will get a signed certificate . Naylor 's Lakeland Challenge The Route : Section One : Pooley Bridge , Barton Fell , Arthur Pike , Loadpot Hill , Wether Hill , Red Crag , Raven Howe , High Raise , Kidsty Pike just off the ridge , Rampsgill Head , High Street , Thornthwaite Beacon , Stoney Cove Pike , Pike How , Kirkstone Pass . The lid has a large top pocket accessed by a two way zip . I found this an extremely comfortable sack for lugging climbing equipment , tent and food into some of the more remote Scottish crags for a weekend 's sport . The sack won an award from the Design Council and comes with a number of extras including an eternal document wallet . A couple of hooks in the main compartment allow the wallet to be hung inside . Tom Prentice This month we look at gardens which have a rustic appeal 57 5,000 COMPETITION Another chance to win a fabulous Caribbean holiday with Guinness Original ADVICE CENTRE 58 FIDOR It is available in frosted , diamond and square - leaded designs , and even in stained - glass forms . TEST YOUR DIY SKILLS WITH GUINNESS ORIGINAL and win a holiday for two to the Caribbean In this fun competition from Guinness Original and DIY , you can test your d - i - y skills , pass on useful tips that can win you 100 , and have a chance to win a dream holiday for two to the Caribbean worth up to 3,500 , with another 500 spending money . The Star Prize is a two - centre holiday for two the sunny Caribbean islands of Antigua ( pictured above ) and Barbados , organised by Kuoni Worldwide . The winner and their partner will spend the first week in Antigua , based at Hawksbill Bay , with its four magnificent beaches . Caption Competition Can you think of a suitable caption for this picture ? To win a prize send in your captions as well as any photographs you think could feature in this section to : Dogs Today Entries to be received by September 2nd 1991 . The best caption wins 24 tins of Pedigree Chum , a big bag of Mixer , a sack of Pedigree Formula , and four packets of treats . To win a prize send in your captions as well as any photographs you think could feature in this section to : Dogs Today Entries to be received by September 2nd 1991 . The best caption wins 24 tins of Pedigree Chum , a big bag of Mixer , a sack of Pedigree Formula , and four packets of treats . Five runners - up will receive 24 tins of Chum and a bag of Mixer . News Hound Is this typical reader you ? If so , we 'd love to hear from you ! The most typical reader will win a special golden bone award . Send us your photo and tell us how similar you are to our average reader . Send your letters to : Typical Readers JUNE SOLUTION Ben 's parents were a Gordon Setter and an Afghan Hound . The first correct entry drawn out of the hat came from Caroline Fitzgerald from Stamford Brook , London , who wins a Golden Bone Award . Diabetic dogs Diabetes in humans is not pleasant , but nowadays it can be dealt with and controlled without too much inconvenience . Working Dog of the Year Show 1991 The second Working Dog of the Year Show , sponsored again by Pedigree Chum , will take place at Wembley Arena on Sunday , 13 October . Dogs Today has joined forces with Pedigree Chum to run an exciting competition for 10 lucky people to win free tickets to see this thrilling doggie spectacular . The Working Dog of the Year Show is scheduled for the Sunday after the horse of the Year Show and is set to become the top spectator event in London for dog lovers . The 10 winners will see dramatic displays by working dogs from all walks of life . DOGGIE POST BAG We love reading your letters and we 'll try to publish as many as possible . Our STAR letter wins a Good Boy hamper full of doggie goodies , and every letter published will win a special golden bone award . The editor reserves the right to edit letters . Please write to this address : Just as the wolf will chase its prey , Fido chases his ball . In the heat of the moment , the grey - coated wolf will wrestle with its quarry and Fido will violently shake rags until they lie motionless or chew squeaky toys until they squeak no more . The pack will pull the carcass apart , competing for the best of the kill , and Fido plays tug - of - war games , hoping to win the toy . Once successful , he will run around and not allow you to get hold of his prize . Not only do dogs play games to exercise their hunting skills , they play to determine who is boss . Toys should become the owners ' possession and be placed where Fido cannot get them . As often as possible , they should invite Fido to play and play nicely for some time so Fido enjoys himself . As the game progresses , owners should start to win the chase or the tug - of - war so , by the end of each game scenario before Fido has lost interest they are in possession of the toy , playing with it and not allowing Fido to have it . Finally , they should put the toy away . To Fido , this is a signal that he is subordinate to the rest of the family or pack . Some people are trying to include the Dobermann in that dangerous category . The Dobermann first came to the UK in the late 1940s , imported from Holland by a keen stockman , Lionel Hamilton - Renwick . Mr Hamilton - Renwick won Best of Breed at Crufts in the early 1950s , with Birling Rachel , the first of the breed to attract serious interest . Mr Hamilton - Renwick soon moved on to the Dobermann 's smaller relative , the Miniature Pinscher . The Dobermann really came into its own as a domestic dog in the 1980s and , subsequently , far too many were bred . The Dobermann really came into its own as a domestic dog in the 1980s and , subsequently , far too many were bred . One young and conscientious breeder , Graham Hunt , could foresee problems for the breed . Graham is the breeder of the top - winning Dobermann , Champion Sallates Ferris , who was the winner of the Working Group at Crufts in 1987 and 1989 . He has bred four other champions and captured the top Dobermann awards of 1987 , 1988 and 1989 . He owns just five dogs , including an imported dog and a bitch . With the death of Tixier - Vignancour a distinctive line of French politicians seems to have come to an end . It can be traced directly back to the anti - Dreyfusard cause of the late nineteenth century . Tixier - Vignancour declined to be described as anti - semitic ( he once sued Sam White of the Evening Standard for calling him this ) but he was in no danger of winning a righteous gentile award . His political heirs include Jean Marie Le Pen , leader of the Front National and the left - wing advocate Maitre Jacques Verges who attempted to revive the defence of blackmail during the 1987 trial of the SS officer Klaus Barbie . But neither of them can match the pungency of the original , an atmosphere of beaujolais , cigars and malevolence , and of political or legal plots being brewed in the all - night brasseries of Les Halles . Four regions were found to be above the average : Scotland , 12.2 per cent ; the West Midlands 12 per cent ; the South - west 11.6 per cent ; and London 11.5 per cent . Rates in the West Midlands , however , are still 8.3 per cent below the national average . The biggest rises about 12.6 per cent are being won in smaller companies with a turnover of less than 5m . This suggests that such firms are reacting on a more ad hoc basis to pressure in the market , the report says . The mechanical engineering sector has seen the largest increase , at 15.3 per cent , although pay is 7.3 per cent below the national average . But several senior finance officers said last week that between two and three dozen health authorities could face bed closures and service cuts in the next couple of months , with others deferring developments . Problems have arisen despite this year 's cash for the NHS appearing , when it was announced last November , to allow for real growth for the first time in years , even after taking into account inevitable pressures such as the rising number of elderly people . Since then , however , a whole range of staff from administrative and clerical , to senior managers , anciliaries and technicians have won pay rises above , and sometimes well above , the 5 per cent the NHS was given for inflation . Non - pay items such as drugs and equipment have been running above 7 per cent as inflation generally has risen . Cost - improvement programmes , which are meant to generate internal savings , are proving far harder to deliver , finance officers say . By JUDY JONES DENNIS SKINNER , the Labour Party chairman , won loud cheers from conference delegates yesterday when he demanded the return of water to public ownership without compensation to shareholders by the next Labour government . He also urged the party not to turn its back on traditional principles and values in its drive to agree an election - winning package of policies this week . In a speech that blended music - hall style with soap - box rhetoric , the veteran left wing MP for Bolsover , said : For too long the Labour Party has been trying to follow in the wake of Mrs Thatcher 's agenda . We have to escape from the time warp in which , unfortunately , some people are still caught after three election defeats in a row . Also , I had trouble with the gearbox , the lever became spongy and I was n't sure what was happening . It was quite a fretful race for me in many ways . If Senna had not either won the race or finished second , he would have been out of the championship . Senna said he realised that a good start was vital . If Berger took the lead into the first corner , then Senna would have difficulty getting by on such a tight and twisting circuit . But I do n't intend to give up. I will fight all the way . That is a sentiment which is quietly echoed by McLaren and Honda since , if Prost wins the title , he will take the coveted No. 1 to Ferrari next year . While Prost and Senna continued their dispute for this year 's title , Jean Alesi reinforced pit lane opinion that the young Frenchman is a future champion . After a stirring drive , Alesi finished fourth for Tyrrell and , along the way , he had to deal forcefully with Britain 's Martin Brundle , the Brabham driver eventually spinning off . I knew I was going to be tough to beat this week . I think I 'm a great putter , sometimes an incredible putter . It seems that every time I come back from a big disappointment I win . For putter read wedge . His big disappointment in the Ryder Cup was losing to Ronan Rafferty on the final day after twice putting the ball into water . AFTER four days of sparring , Eric Vanderaerden unleashed his Sunday punch to knock out the fading hopes of Sean Kelly , and the whole of Ireland , in the Nissan Classic , which finished in Dublin yesterday after five days and 925km . The Belgian , who had popped out of the clinches to snatch narrow verdicts in three mass sprint finishes , settled the race with a remarkable show in the 40km time trial . Not since 1985 , when he won a Tour de France time trial , had Vanderaerden shown such form against the clock . Not only did he catch a crestfallen Kelly , who had started a minute ahead of him , but he socked the hopes of Frenchman Charly Mottet and the Swiss powerhouse Thomas Wegmuller . Vanderaerden averaged more than 46kph to beat Mottet by nine seconds , then , aided by his Panasonic teammates , carefully controlled the afternoon race through the Wicklow mountains . Not only did he catch a crestfallen Kelly , who had started a minute ahead of him , but he socked the hopes of Frenchman Charly Mottet and the Swiss powerhouse Thomas Wegmuller . Vanderaerden averaged more than 46kph to beat Mottet by nine seconds , then , aided by his Panasonic teammates , carefully controlled the afternoon race through the Wicklow mountains . I now feel that I am back to the form I had three years ago , and after my performances in Ireland , I feel I can win the Paris - Tours classic next Saturday , he said . Kelly finished fourth overall , ousted from second place by Mottet and Wegmuller , and came close to losing the King of the Mountains honour . Only on the final climb of Sally Gap did he clinch victory as his rival , Gary Baker , was struggling back from two punctures . On and off the field the national game of the Land of Song is in a discordant mess . Losing was one thing but to lose as spinelessly as the Welsh XV did to Bridgend on Saturday was to add insult to severely injured pride . In all honesty we should have won by at least 15 points , Brian Nicholas , the Bridgend coach , said . As if 24 - 17 and derisive chants of Easy , easy were not bad enough , this humiliation was against a side who have made a wretched start to the season a week earlier Pontypool had given them a 35 - 6 going - over and were short of at least half - a - dozen first - choice players . Four of the absentees suffered the squirming discomfort of being among the Welsh squad . Volunteers visiting an ACET client have immediate access to professional nursing support through our 24 hour on call facility . I would like to be an ACET volunteer so what do I do now ? Telephone or write to Christine Catlin or Janet Sutton and ask for an application form . ACET P O Box 1323 London W5 5TF Tel : 081 840 7879 Newsletter AIDS CARE , EDUCATION AND TRAINING Issue No. 7 Letters would be welcome . Any contributions may be edited . Please write to : THE EDITOR , ACET NEWSLETTER , P.O . BOX 1323 , LONDON W5 5TF . Be an ACET - Link for your Church An ACET - link person , possibly an existing volunteer , would keep their church informed about our work and encourage people to consider becoming volunteers , help with fundraising ideas and circulate newsletters . An ACET - link will play a vital role as our work is growing so rapidly . If you would like to know more about being an ACET - link , please contact Chris Catlin/Peter Glover on 081 840 7879 or write to ACET , PO Box 1323 , LONDON W5 5TF . Peter Johnson UK Director Tear Fund Support Ugandan Work I have also campaigned for the Government to give AIDS greater recognition , not as a disease affecting specific sectors of the community , but as a social problem for which there must be adequate welfare provision . Organisations like ACET need this kind of support to enable people like myself to retain maximum control and continue to live at home . I have in recent years edited a self - help journal for people with AIDS , written for the national press and researched a variety of medical material for television . Without the help of ACET and other similar organisations I would not have been able to continue and maintain my independence . By working co - operatively , longterm , with the people around me , I hope to continue for some time yet . Members of my church have been working with ACET since it started 3 years ago. I have seen for myself the value of ACET 's work in the community and I would whole heartedly recommend other churches get behind the work in any way they can . If you would like to know more about us and about our work please telephone or write to : Peter Glover or Peter Fabian ACET , PO Box 1323 , London W5 5TF Tel : 081 840 7879 The producers worked closely with an AI researcher and concentrated on the work of Bruce Harris , a human rights worker in Guatemala . Viewers wishing to help were given the address of AI at the end of the programme : over 1,500 letters were subsequently received at the AI office . In response , AI sent out information packs on the case of Nahamn and people to write letters to the relevant authorities . With letters still coming in , AI will be sending out information on other street children 's cases in Guatemala many of Nahamn 's friends who witnessed the attack have been subjected to harassment from the police . Brazil The government subsequently announced to the press that a research visit to Sri Lanka would be considered favourably if a formal request were made by AI . Taiwan In the April/May letter writing campaign , there was an error in the appeal on behalf of Taiwanese prisoner Huang Hua . As there is no Embassy of Taiwan in the UK , please do not copy any appeals to another embassy , as proposed on the letter writing page . We apologise sincerely for this clerical error , and regret the confusion and inconvenience it has caused . In addition we are still receiving enquiries about prisoners featured in the first two series in 1988 and 1989 , and we have recently received a copy of a letter from Alattin Sahin , the Turkish prisoner of conscience in the 1988 , which someone has received on his release . The programmes , which this year featured 19 prisoners of conscience or disappearances , received 15,000 phone calls and letters . All those who have written to the prisoners will be pleased to know that Henrick Gjoka from Albania , Reverend Lawford Imunde from Kenya and Ernesto Diaz Rodriguez from Cuba have been released . Hong Song - dam from South Korea has had his prison sentence reduced while Khalid el Kid from Sudan has been moved to Kober Prison , Khartoum , Sudan . If you have had your letters to Dr Nguyen Dan Que from Vietnam returned , could you please send them to Dr Que 's brother , Dr Nguyen Quoc - Quan , . If you have had your letters to Dr Nguyen Dan Que from Vietnam returned , could you please send them to Dr Que 's brother , Dr Nguyen Quoc - Quan , . From the letters we have been receiving this year it appears that the Jehovah 's Witness from Greece Andreas Christodoulou has been passing some of the cards on to his colleagues who are also imprisoned Jehovah 's witnesses , who want to correspond with people in the U.K. Fortunately we have someone in the office who has been able to translate their letters . Please continue to write until all the prisoners of conscience in the series are free , or until there have been satisfactory investigations into those who have disappeared . Artists for Rochdale Do you support human rights in Rochdale ? The Group will work on behalf of service and ex - service personnel whose human rights are being abused and will be involved in the development of human rights awareness in armed services training . it has an ex - RAF man as its Secretary and a Major and a Wing Commander among its participants . If you have served in the armed forces and would be willing to assist in the work of this group , or if you can assist with contacts in ex - service organisations like the British Star Association , please write to : . GLOBAL WARNING No matter where in the world human rights violations occur from India to Iran , Chile to Czechoslovakia Amnesty International is there to warn the world . Their cases were featured in a British Section Christmas card campaign in 1990 and they received 1,704 cards as a result of the appeal . In early 1991 AI received a letter directly from the two men . They had copied out the names and addresses of everyone who wrote to them and enclosed the list with a message of thanks and good wishes , asking that it be sent on . Also in Indonesia , Agil Riyanto bin Darmowiyoto , a law student , continues to serve a 15 - year sentence imposed for subversion in 1987 . He is one of a group of seven young Muslim activists in Brebes , Central Java , convicted on charges arising from their involvement in Muslim groups known as usroh , aiming to deepen awareness of Islamic teachings . AI believes they are held because they opposed the government 's policy towards the Shi'a community . Three Moroccan prisoners of conscience remain in prison . Ali Idrissi Kaitouni was given a 15 - year sentence for writing poems about social injustice and political oppression in Morocco , deemed by the state to constitute a crime against internal security . Mohamed Srifi , a literature student , was sentenced in 1977 to 30 years imprisonment for advocating that Morocco become a socialist republic . Assistant teacher Habib Ben Malek was sentenced in the same trial in 1977 to 20 years ' imprisonment . Change is possible . Amnesty International is launching its 30th Anniversary appeal for 30 prisoner cases around the world in 1991 . Tens of thousands of Amnesty members and supporters in over 100 countries will be writing letters to governments about these particular cases . Out of the list we have selected the following five cases for appeals by members of the British Section . Please write courteous letters to the heads of the governments indicated and let us know of any replies that you receive . Tens of thousands of Amnesty members and supporters in over 100 countries will be writing letters to governments about these particular cases . Out of the list we have selected the following five cases for appeals by members of the British Section . Please write courteous letters to the heads of the governments indicated and let us know of any replies that you receive . MOROCCO MOHAMED SRIFI ABD AL - RU'UF GHABIN Reported being tortured Please write to : Bookshop owner Abd Al Ru'uf was arrested by Israeli security forces in the Beach Refugee Camp in August 1990 . He was accused of distributing leaflets for an outlawed Palestinian organization , the PLFP , which he denies . Fr Jin has apparently refused he is in good health despite his age and is not prepared to admit to any criminal activity to secure his release . He is currently held at the No. 3 provincial prison at Yuxian in Henan . Please write courteous letters appealing for Fr Jin Dechen 's release to : CUBA Orlando Azcu Rodriguez : a 33 - year - old cigar factory technician , he is serving a three - year sentence for advocating free elections . The Yugoslav federal criminal law was changed in 1990 and many people convicted for similar non - violent political activity were released . It is reported that on 22 March Nijazi Beqa and five other political prisoners there went on a hungers - strike against their conditions . Please write appealing for the immediate and unconditional release of Nijazi Beqa to : CAMEROON Olivier Nwaha Binya'a : a Jehovah 's Witness , he has been detained without charge or trial since May 2984 because of his religious beliefs . In November 1990 , a further letter arrived , saying the young woman 's father was ill : he wanted 150,000 Dirham , and his wife should give 100,000 Dirham to the guard . Send me photographs of the children . He wrote that he was lying on a concrete floor ; he mentioned acute rheumatism , chronic bronchitis ; My ribs are tight , I have a lot of fever , I cough all the time . I am exhausted I cannot sleep at night my heart is weak my feet are heavy HERE ARE TWO RESULTING LETTERS Your Excellency , I am writing to you about the case of Im Su - Kyong , who was arrested for ten years for attending a peace march from North Korea to South Korea . The thing is , she was arrested for ten years for going to North Korea without government permission . I feel that this sentence is far too harsh . Her college library has interesting books , as well as the latest art magazines . Her course teacher has given her a reading list , and the library staff are good at helping students with all sorts of interests . As part of the course , she has to choose a subject of her own about which to write a paper ; one of her difficulties is to know how to form her own views , not just copy already received opinions . She is looking for critical views against which to pitch her own ; it seems that she may have chosen the wrong sort of topic , since on a holiday in Italy she had been stunned by the newly renovated Michelangelo ceiling in the Sistine Chapel in Rome , and although there were plenty of books about it , many of them went into extravagant detail . Happily her supervisor has guided more than one student through topics about Michelangelo , and has a route map prepared , including introductory and background books , but also passages from longer scholarly works . She is looking for critical views against which to pitch her own ; it seems that she may have chosen the wrong sort of topic , since on a holiday in Italy she had been stunned by the newly renovated Michelangelo ceiling in the Sistine Chapel in Rome , and although there were plenty of books about it , many of them went into extravagant detail . Happily her supervisor has guided more than one student through topics about Michelangelo , and has a route map prepared , including introductory and background books , but also passages from longer scholarly works . If the two girls compare notes one day , the New Yorker will complain about the useless articles she read ; the newspaper articles were almost always short , written maybe by hard - pressed critics who were only allowed short articles , further cut down by sub - editors . Still , by reading , and looking at Lee Krasner 's pictures in New York galleries , she was able to defend an independent liking for her SoHo artist . In London , it was a rather different story , since the literature available needed discrimination , much of it being historical and iconographic , establishing data of little interest to the art student . To her surprise , there proved to be perceptive judgements about qualities in Michelangelo 's work , almost hidden in catalogue entries ; more than one art historian , apparently , was not only learned but had an eye . ART CRITICISM AND ART HISTORY Do art historians write about the past , while art critics write about the present ? Things are not so simple , as some art historians write well about the present , with a generosity of feeling and approach enriching to contemporary culture . They are capable of assessing modern art in its own terms , partly from experience gained through judging work of other periods within quite different terms . They are capable of assessing modern art in its own terms , partly from experience gained through judging work of other periods within quite different terms . Meyer Schapiro , who had a specialist concern with Romanesque art , was an open - minded historian of this sort . He wrote enthusiastically about the later work of Arshile Gorky : Gorky 's atmosphere , veiling the hard opaque wall of the canvas , evokes a nocturnal void or the vague , unstable image - space of the day - dreaming mind . And he remembered the painter : I used to meet him most often in the museums and galleries fixed in rapt contemplation of pictures with that grave , searching look which was one of the beauties of his face . Roger Fry acknowledged German scholarship as a precursor of serious art historical studies in this century . Fry was a connoisseur of Renaissance art , but also he defended Post - Impressionism ( a term he invented ) , was a painter , and published a monograph on Czanne . In 1933 he wrote as follows in a lecture at Cambridge University : An enormous amount of work has been done and perhaps still more remains to be done in arranging works of art in exact sequence of time . It is here that the Germans have done so much pioneer work , and indeed the whole tendency of their art historical studies has been to regard works of art almost entirely from a chronological point of view , as coefficients of a time sequence , without reference to their aesthetic significance . A guide to art reference books published in 1969 had 2,500 entries , some of which referred to series ; for example , there was a single entry for the series of monographs on individual artists , called Klassiker der Kunst , also published in French as Classiques d'Art , in which there are thirty - eight books . This guide was extensively revised over nine years , and was republished in 1980 as a Guide to the Literature of Art History , intended for persons doing serious research in the field of art history . Another sort of writing about art is what artists themselves have written , either about their own work or about other artists . This may be by way of theory , or on more matter - of - fact lines about technique or such questions as composition . Some writing by artists takes the form of instruction ; in every period manuals on how to do it , whether drawing , making sculpture or other technical tasks are found , though their incidence is irregular , and such treatises are often the work of minor artists , rather than the great ; Leonardo is an exception . But , seeing that a fine picture is nature reflected by an artist , the criticism which I approve will be that picture reflected by an intelligent and sensitive mind . Thus the best account of a picture may well be a sonnet or an elegy as for criticism properly so - called To be just , that is to say , to justify its existence , criticism should be partial , passionate and political , that is to say , written from an exclusive point of view that opens up the widest horizons . THE ADVOCATE A partial and passionate critic also writing in the middle of the nineteenth century was John Ruskin , as devoted to Turner as Baudelaire was to Delacroix . The internal politics of Surrealism were complicated by rivalries and ideological disputes ; in the case of Andr Breton 's association with Dali , his earlier support gave way to a denunciation of the artist , who was expelled from the group . Another famous figure , Joan Mir , initially praised by Breton as the most Surrealist painter , later described his Surrealist phase as having lasted only for a matter of months . A personal friend of an artist may have a real advantage in writing criticism , as he may learn about artistic intentions which are not explained to others . This places a critic in a privileged position , but also with a responsibility to make clear whether views expressed are those of the critic or those of the artist . This distinction can be limpid if the artist is directly interviewed , and the interview is verbatim ; but there are problems of evidence with filming and tape recordings , as well as with interviews , since the viewer or reader is unlikely to know how they have been edited . Writing on were unaffected by French bourgeois taste . Like Apollinaire , they saw a rift between the old century and the new . Gertrude Stein later wrote a book on Picasso , in which she put the point like this : One must never forget that the reality of the twentieth century is not the reality of the nineteenth century , not at all and Picasso was the only one in painting who felt it , the only one . More and more the struggle to express it intensified . Such polarities were evidently valuable aids to several generations of Wlflinn 's pupils who could benefit from his personal teaching as well as the rather more rigid theory in his books . Wlflinn used such terms to distinguish epochs ; they are only partly useful as interpretation , since Wlflinn tended to be more interested in art as an independent phenomenon than as having meaning intended by the artist . Wlflinn wrote Renaissance and Baroque in 1888 , which in the preface he described as follows : The subject of this study is the disintegration of the Renaissance . It is intended to be a contribution to the history of style rather than of individual artists . Occasionally a book has almost achieved immortality , like John Ruskin 's Stones of Venice , but even more modest books can call up the spirit of a place ; and a private letter may illuminate both a person and a work of art . It is easy to sympathise with a traveller who writes : I have seen a quantity of things here churches , palaces , statues , fountains and pictures ; and my brain is at the moment like the portfolio of an architect , or a print - shop , or a common - place book . This is from one of the letters written by Shelley in Italy , which goes on to describe the painting of St Cecilia by Raphael : You forget that it is a picture as you look at it There is a unity and perfection in it of an incommunicable kind . Interpretation of the artist 's work , however , depends on the artist 's own account , since Nordenfalk had the deliberate intention of presenting Van Gogh the writer and thinker . The sober intentions of his book were very different from the novels , plays and films which have created a mythical figure in modern culture of the artist as isolated and neglected , recognised only after his death , and whom the phrase genius and madness are near aligned seems to fit . The novel Lust for Life by Irving Stone , published in 1934 , is the most famous of these productions , popularising a vein of interpretation established early in the century by some of Van Gogh 's first advocates , such as the taste - maker Julius Meier - Graefe , who defended Van Gogh in 1906 , and went on to write a book in his praise in 1921 called Vincent . But this was a drama , the story of the circumstances of Van Gogh 's life ; No attempt has been made , wrote Meier - Graefe , to make a critical analysis of the pictures , which enter upon the scene only in so far as they concern the drama directly or indirectly . ARTISTS OWN WRITING ARTISTS OWN WRITING Van Gogh is famous not only for his art , but for his writing . He did not write an autobiography , but his letters have been a source of fascination to a wide audience , especially artists . Luckily , he had a correspondent in his brother Theo in whom he could confide and with whom he could explore ideas about art ; the letters are thus an invaluable source of interpretation . From the distance of a century , some of Van Gogh 's enthusiastic appraisals of the art of his time look curious ; but then , this artist acting as a critic was especially vulnerable to admiring art with a moral purpose , or work from which he was able to draw inspiration . What private letters from an artist can do best is to elucidate what was uppermost in an artist 's mind at the time , often artistic aims which would be difficult to discover otherwise . Besides which , there are some artists whom it is a pleasure to know even a little better from their letters . Many readers must have sighed with regret that so few of Gainsborough 's letters have survived , since the charm of his style is so fresh ; it is easy to sympathise with him writing about his professional commitment to portraiture , on behalf of two fine ladies , his daughters : I 'm sick of Portraits and wish very much to take my viol - da - gamba and walk off to some sweet village , where I can paint landskips and enjoy the fag - end of life in quietness and ease . But these fine ladies and their tea - drinkings , husband - huntings , etc. , etc. , etc. , will job me out of the last ten years , and I fear miss getting husbands too . Writing on Auguste Rodin can make the point . According to George Heard Hamilton , Rodin became a figure of international significance , the most admired , prolific , and influential sculptor since Bernini . His secretary , the poet Rainer Maria Rilke , wrote with feeling about his work , but during the 1920s Rodin was less regarded , and not until after the Second World War did his reputation revive under the stimulus of exhibitions and increasingly careful cataloguing of his work . A decline of the sculptor 's reputation derived not only from the political discredit into which the regimes of the years before 1914 had fallen , but also from a distaste for allegory , and a revulsion from naturalist sculpture ( which the young Brancusi expressed forcefully as a dislike for beefsteak ) . With the rise of modernism , Rodin 's reputation fell ; with the decline of modernism , Rodin 's fame is growing again . The interpretation of imagery , the circumstances of production , the place of the work in the artist 's career , the historical context , the precise information about the work 's appearance and condition , these are things that can be fully discussed in a monograph . VERSATILE ARTISTS A monograph on an artist who practises in several fields can be unusually interesting , since the writer 's brief is to write with equal competence on different topics . Occasionally the challenge is too daunting , and teams of writers combine forces rather than one author attempting to rival the knowledge and skills of a Leonardo . More frequently work in different media is split up into specialist studies , so that although there are general studies of Gauguin 's work , there are also specialist monographs on his prints , and on his sculpture and ceramics . EXHIBITION CATALOGUES Exhibitions are major arenas for spectators of art , as well as for artists ' struggles to achieve reputations and recognition . This section will consider not what the critics write in reviews of exhibitions , but the criticism which is contained within the exhibition catalogues ; not the commentary from the box , but the programme of events . A first broad division between types of exhibitions needs to be made . There are shows which could be grouped under the heading of historical exhibitions ; there are mixed exhibitions and group exhibitions of works by living artists ; and there are exhibitions in dealers ' galleries , notably solo shows . The subtitle of the show was Women artists move into the mainstream , 1970 1985 . The catalogue is 300 pages long with eight essays , as well as artists ' biographies . In this instance the individual exhibited items are unnumbered and put in a check list ; the main critical writing is within 136 pages , written in ten sections by Judith E. Stein ( six sections ) and Ann - Sargent Wooster ( four sections on video ) . Such a catalogue inevitably tends to describe and characterise artists rather than evaluate them , while interpretation is likely to be left to quotations from the artists . Here is a passage about a picture by Judy Rifka : In Square Dress , a dancer , seen from above , is set off against an exuberant field of abstract color patches and architecturally evocative lines and circles . A dealer will have chosen his critic with special care for an introduction , an ideal candidate often being a sympathetic friend , perhaps a curator . In 1904 Sidney Colvin was Keeper of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum . Colvin had known Burne - Jones , and was persuaded to write a preface for a London gallery show . His text preserves a careful balance between deference , quotation and his own selective critical comment : The nature of Burne - Jones 's aims and predilections in art are well - enough known by this time , and have been defined by himself absolutely fitted to this thought : I mean by a picture a beautiful romantic dream of something that never was , never will be in a light better than any light that ever shone in a land no one can define or remember , only desire . ( a ) references to signatures , inscription and dates refer to the present state of the work ; ( b ) the term bears a signature and/or date and/or inscription means that in our opinion the artist 's name and/or date and/or inscription have been added by another hand ; ( c ) the term signed and/or dated and/or inscribed means that in our opinion the signature and/or date and/or inscription are from the hand of the artist . Such caution is prudent in a business where errors of judgement can be extremely expensive ; at least the reader of an auction catalogue knows clearly what view has been taken by the cataloguer on a number of questions . The auction catalogue can also quote from other authorities , which will be inevitable in a case where a scholar has written a catalogue raisonn , and advantageous if the context of the work is made clearer by the artist 's correspondence or other publications . Long catalogue entries recall the cynical remark that the price of a painting is in ratio to the length of the bibliography in the sale catalogue . Besides seeking to establish the authenticity of works in the sale room , auctioneers are also concerned that the title to ownership is secure . I could n't understand why I 'd not been killed when there were so many others who It took me a long time to accept the fact that now I should not be killed that I should be one of the survivors . After all that I was going to live on alone to write the Memoirs to listen to Mozart in Salzburg . OWEN The new student does not perform to audiences immediately , and the first term 's production project will probably only be attended by staff teaching voice , movement and acting to enable individual assessments to be made on training . Improvisation There have been many books written about improvisation and if I were asked to choose just one it would be Keith Johnston 's Impro which is straightforward , understandable , and theatrically aware . Nowadays , nearly every young person has probably had some experience of basic improvisation at their school or through the extensive TIE ( Theatre in Education ) tours . In drama schools , improvisation is about finding a way of expanding the imagination and liberating the senses , which can get too confined if students work entirely from a text all the time . If any professional person has shown an interest in your work do n't let it go , but try to cultivate their interest , however tenuous it may seem you will soon know if it 's going to be any use for the future . In the first place you are your own agent . You are entering the market for the first time when you write a letter about yourself to either agent , casting director , producer or director . If an agent is interested in you he may well have useful comments on the photo you send of yourself , on your style and how you present yourself . Remember this will be a professional opinion from someone who is interested in the qualities you now have to offer , so bear such comment well in mind . Yes . There 's lots of new plays being written that I look at and say Oh yes there 's lots of opportunities there . I mean , Sugar and Spice for example by Nigel Williams ; I 'd love to have a go at doing the part of Sharon sometime , I think anything that is well written that 's important . A.R. Being well written ? I mean , Sugar and Spice for example by Nigel Williams ; I 'd love to have a go at doing the part of Sharon sometime , I think anything that is well written that 's important . A.R. Being well written ? AMANDA Yes .